Transformation in architecture from 1970-2000

TEAM - 9

Transformation P RA N AY A M A S A 1 9 1 1 0 0 0 2

1970-2000

S H RE YE S

G UP TA

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Before 1970

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Modernism

International style

Modernism in architecture ...It was associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings.

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A strictly rational use of (often new) materials, structural innovation and the elimination of ornament.

The style became characterized by an emphasis on volume, asymmetrical compositions, and minimal ornamentation.

Ex : Sydney opera house , Brasilia ,Coventry cathedral, park hill etc.

The most common characteristics of International Style buildings are

Brutalism •

Brutalist buildings are characterized by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design.

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The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome color palette

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materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.

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Ex : Boston city hall, Rudolf hall, Barbican center etc.

- Rectilinear forms - Light - Taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration - Open interior spaces and a visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.

• Ex : Villa Savoye , Bauhaus school , Lovell house etc.

o Prefabrication / Structuralism Nakagin Capsule Tower Tokyo 1972

•Architects: Kisho Kurokawa •Location: Ginza, Tokyo, Japan •Typology: Residential / Apartments •Materials: Steel and Reinforced Concrete

•Stories: 13 Floors (140 Units) •Total Floor Area: 3,091.23 m2 •Project Year: 1970 – 1972

Modernism Materials

International style Prefabrication

Rectilinear forms

structural innovation

plane surfaces

Open interior spaces Volume

Brutalism

Asymmetrical compositions Minimal ornamentation.

concrete construction geometric shapes monochrome color

Advantages of prefabrication style • •

Brings innovation in building materials and construction techniques.

Improvement of construction accuracy.

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Reduction of energy consumption in buildings.

Reduce in loss of construction material.

Saving lots of labor cost.

Saving construction cost and time.

2 interconnected concrete towers

Capsule joinery Each capsule is connected to one of the two main shafts only by four high-tension bolts and is designed to be replaceable.

140 identical Prefabricated capsules.

Section and Elevation

11 & 13 floors housing

Cells filled with • a bath unit • conditioning system, • color television.

Floor Plan of the tower

DIMENTION : 2.5 m by 4.0 m

Window Diameter : 1.3-m

Post modernism Movement against traditional, classical styles and sought to make buildings dynamic and fun while breaking the rules.

Anti-reaction to the simple & plane modernism style { where ' less was more ' (minimalism) , no relation with history and ornamentation. }

COLORS • •

Typically, colored glass, ceramic tiles and stones are used on exterior surfaces.

Use of bold primary colors and metallics .

FRAGMENTATION A secret weapon among Postmodern architects.​ •

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Break up large commercial buildings into different, smaller structures to represent their meaning and function.

Mix of different building materials and a variety of Heights can allow each building or home to be unique

SHAPE Asymmetry , an important element .

No floor plan in a Postmodern house is completely symmetrical, which helps contribute to the personalization and uniqueness of the home.

Ex : Bank of America Center Beverly Hills Civic Center

o Post modernism Museum of

Contemporary Art Los Angeles 1986 •Architects: Arata Isozaki •Location: Los Angeles, California, United States •Typology: Museum •Client: MOCA •Year of completion: 1986 •Topics: Postmodern Architecture, Colour in Architecture

COLORS •

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SHAPE

colored glass and stone used on exterior surfaces.

Use of bold RED color in façade.

FRAGMENTATION

Each part of the building has its separate function & form.

Varying Height

Use of different shape volumes which give the building assymitrical elevation ..

Conference Space Sky Light

Museum

Exibition Space

Theater

Museum Entrance

Outdoor Eating

Library

Roof Top Eating

o Interpretation in Post Modernism Day Building and Binoculars Los Angeles 1991 •Architects: Frank Gehry •Location: Los Angeles , California •Typology: Commercial building ( Advertising) •Materials: Steel and Reinforced Concrete, glass • Total Floor Area: 75,000 m2

•Project Year: 1991

COLORS Bold Primary colors Grey

Brown

HUMOR You might have heard the phrase “if walls could talk.” If Postmodern walls could talk, they would be hilarious. While you might have never thought about architecture being expressive of humor, Postmodern style uses “camp” humor – meaning something that’s so bad, it’s actually good. For example, a building that appears like it’s about to collapse, but it was strategically designed to look that way.

FRAGMENTATION Each part has different Form & Function

SHAPE Boat

Binocular

Trunk

COMPLEXITY Playful and extravagant forms, often using decoration that is not functional (anti-“form follows function”)

The building is situated next to the main street and it can be notable from three different styles used on the main facade. The front view of the building shows massive sculpture of binoculars that functions both as pedestrians as well as car entrance.

Interpretation of The copper tree like building.

Interpretation of The binocular building.

The building is made primarily of two materials: steel frame and concrete.

Interpretation of The boat like building.

Floor Plan of the binocular building

The Binoculars, 43 feet tall, act as the entrance portal to the interior and the exaggerated, decorative focal point of the building as a whole.

The exterior of the Binoculars building got its look from the painted cement plaster and the interior is done from the gypsum plaster.

The sculpture-like building is to unite the white, boat-like building, and the copper treelike building. The Binoculars, forty-three-feet tall, act as the entrance portal to the interior and the exaggerated, decorative focal point of the building as a whole.

Deconstructivism • Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the 1980s.

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It gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building

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characterized by an absence of obvious harmony, continuity, or symmetry.

• Besides fragmentation, deconstructivism often manipulates the structure's surface skin and deploys non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate established elements of architecture.

• Ex : walt Disney concert hall, Vitra design Museum , Günter Domenig’ s Jewish museum , Dancing building etc.

o Deconstructivism Guggenheim Museum Bilbao 1991-97

•Architects: Frank Gehry •Location: Bilbao, Spain •Typology: Museum •Materials: Steel and Reinforced Concrete,

stone glass and titanium •Total Floor Area: 24,000 m2 •Project Year: 1991 – 1997

Curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random

Brilliantly reflective panels , reminiscent of fish scales

FISH SCALE PATTERN

Randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light

Interior is designed around a large, light-filled atrium with views of Bilbao's estuary

Urban context, unfolding its interconnecting shapes of stone, glass and titanium Glass of the windows has also been treated to prevent light from damaging the exposed pieces

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The Guggenheim Museum is a fusion of complex, swirling forms and captivating materiality that responds to an intricate program and an industrial urban context.

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The metallic form of the exterior looks almost floral from above, from the ground the building more closely resembles a boat, evoking the past industrial life of the port of Bilbao.

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Constructed of titanium, limestone, and glass, the seemingly random curves of the exterior are designed to catch the light and react to the sun and the weather.

Structure : • • • •

The building’s walls and ceilings are load-bearing containing an internal structure of metal rods that form grids with triangles.

CATIA calculated the number of bars required in each location, as well as the bars’ positions and orientations.

In addition to this structure, the walls and ceilings have several insulating layers and an outer coating of titanium.

Organic Architecture • Organic architecture is a philosophy which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world.

• Organic architecture strives to unify space, to blend interiors and exteriors, and create a harmonic built environment that is not separate or dominant from nature but part of a unified whole.

Ex : Among the many famous structures Wright designed, two of the most celebrated are: •Fallingwater - Wright's most famous work, it uses natural stone and an existing mountain stream to blend habitation and nature.

While Sullivan believed that "form follows function," Wright argued that "form and function are one.“ • The structure must therefore be designed as if it was molded by nature for and from that landscape.

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Likewise, the color scheme must derive from fields and woods to match the elements of nature.

Another key component of this architectural style is simplicity.

Open spaces are valued as the amount of rooms is reduced.

o Organic Architecture Satellite House Complex Mexico 1995 •Architects: Javier Senosiain •Location: State of Mexico, Mexico •Topics: Organic Architecture, Color

Architecture •Type: Houses •Project Year: 1995 Organic Architecture is not a style of imitation, but rather, a reinterpretation of Nature's principles to build forms more natural than nature itself.

Influenced by architects such as Gaudi, Hundertwasser, and Frank Lloyd Wright,

• This small complex of four houses is located in Ciudad Satellite, on the outskirts of Mexico City.

• The inclination of the lot, which rises approximately 1.5 meters above street level, was used to bury the units partially.

• As one approaches the complex, an undulating façade resembling two eagles with outspread wings seems to envelop the four pedestrian entrances.

Partially Underground

Lots of use of Natural vegtation , flora & Green cover ( to make it feel as if naturally made )

Followed the rule :

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No Straight Line No plane texture

The units of the house that buried partially in under ground.

Section of satellite house

Interiors with hard texture , the round shape of the structure represents organic architecture

The shape of the unit like satellite , the façade resembling two eagles with out spread

The structure is partially under ground

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