Smart City Under The Challenges of Climate Change

Research and Development P roject 2021

a research about:

Implementation Of Smart City Under The Challenges Of Climate Change brought to you by:

Ghinaafia Putri Urban Planner Intern

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OUTLINE INTRODUCTION

Research Background Methodology LITERATURE REVIEW

Contemporary Concern: Climate Change Smart City:in Definition Smart CityFramework DISCUSSION

Six-Characteristics of Smart City In Respond to Climate Change Smart Governance:Policies and Commitment Smart People: Engagement of Different Actors

Smart Environment: Efficient Use of Energy and Water, Cities’ Emission Smart Mobility:Transportation Smart Living: Housing and Pleasant Living

Smart Economy: As an Outcome of Climate Actions CLOSSING LIST OF REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Research Background Average population growth rate of 1.38% over the last 20 years.1 The percentage of the world's urban populationw ill reach60.56% in 2020.2

More than 2 billion additional people expected in cities by 2030 - a pace that is the equivalent to building a city the size of New York City every 6 weeks.

Urban dan Rural Population 100% 90% 80% 70%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2000

2005

2010 Urban

2015

2020

Urban growth shows NO SIGN OF SLOWING

Rural

Source: Data.Worldbank, 2021

4 1,2 : Data World Bank. 2021. Population Growth (annual %). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?end=2020&start=1961&view=chart

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INTRODUCTION

Globally, cities consume about 75%of primary energy and emit between 50% – 60% of the world's total greenhousegases.3

5 3: UN Habitat. 2021. Energy Overview. https://unhabitat.org/topic/energy

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INTRODUCTION

Source: Kumar, 2021

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INTRODUCTION

“The most recent period in Earth's history when human activitystartedto havea significantimpacton the planet'sclimateandecosystems” 7

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INTRODUCTION

95% - 100% of increasing global temperature caused by human activity.

IPCC stated in the 2014 fift assessment

report, summary for policymakers that it is “extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature” from 1951 to 2010 was

caused

by

human

activity

(Hausfather,2018).

Source: Carbon Brief (2018) using Highcharts

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INTRODUCTION

Source: Carbon Brief (2018) using Highcharts

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INTRODUCTION

70%

of cities are already dealing with the effects of

climatechange, and nearly all are at risk.

Over

90% of all urban areas that are coastal,

putting most cities on Earth at risk of flooding from rising sealevelsand powerful storms.

The increased focus on cities over the past decade, coupled with the challenges that climate change will certainly bring about, has encouraged a large push by all scales of governments to generate activities, innovations, and transformative changes to help cities address the impacts of climate change.

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INTRODUCTION

Over the last several decades, the Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have influenced urbanplanning.

GeographicInformation System (GIS)

With increase of awareness about climate change and its evident consequences, the influence of information technologies is becoming more important because they enable simple and faster problem solving with simulations and great number of variants.

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INTRODUCTION

As the center of commerce, culture and innovation, and the birthplace for some of humankind’s greatest ideas, there lies opportunities for bringing new and innovative ways of monitoring, understanding, analyzing,planning, and managingcities For instance, technological shift enabled city to perform real-time decision making on realtime data. And that is, more or less, explains the concept of a smart city.

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The smart cities concept developed by Giffinger and Gudrun (2010) covers a wide range of the most important aspects in cities’ development: smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living.

With the use of ICT on every important aspects in cities’,

smart city expected to directing cities to be more sustainable.

In that matters, climate change supposedly has a place in developing smart city, considering it is a part what ‘sustainable’ aims for.

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INTRODUCTION

Nevertheless, There are some critics toward the implementation of smart city.

Whether the policy and governance of smart city will become too technocratic, narrowlyminded on technology, and also regard to other aspects of social and environmental sustainability.

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INTRODUCTION

Methodology Secondary Research

Relevant literature

Smart City Framework Identify the topic of research

Smart city; Climate Change; Adaptation and Mitigation

Climate Change Action Strategies

Collecting data available on internet

Combine and compare

Analyze data Implementation Of Smart City Under The Challenges Of Climate Change

Impact of Climate Change in Cities 15

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Contemporary Concern:Climate Change Climate change has induced a wide array of adverse effects, including sea level rise, floods, droughts, extreme weather events, and coastal erosion. In the future, hundreds of millions of people living in urban areas will be affected by different impacts of climate change (IPCC, 2014, 2001).

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Contemporary Concern:Climate Change Two main strategies as solutions for climate change recognised by the United Nations are mitigation and adaptation (Burton et al., 2005; Protocol, 1997).

Mitigation is defined as a human intervention to reduce the sourcesor enhancethesinksof greenhousegases(GHGs).

Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the damage they can cause, or taking advantage of opportunities that may arise.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Helping decision makers and communities understand the

potential opportunities associated with integrated solutions

for climate change will encourage urgent and deliberate strides towards

adapting cities to the

dynamic climate reality.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Helping decision makers and communities understand the potential opportunities associated with integrated

solutions for climate change will encourage urgent and deliberate strides towards adapting cities to the

dynamic climate reality.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Huang-Lachmann, J. T. (2019) stated that, there’s a rising trend within the publications on the topic of climate adaptation benefits and smart cities within the last 10 years. This suggests that both of these research area are becoming increasingly important. Thus, the understanding of the smart cities approach within the literature on climate change adaptation is a field worthy of increased attention andresearch.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City:in Defintion There is a lack of consensus on the definition and conceptualization of smart cities. Smart cities are conceptualized differently based on the field of research, as well as the purpose of building a given smart city.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City:in Defintion As a consequence, there still is a lack of conceptual clarity around the smart city concept, or inconsistent understanding of what it means. (what it means to be “smart” within local context).

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City:in Defintion a city in which ICT is merged with traditional infrastructures, coordinated and integrated using new digital technologies (Batty et al., 2012). a city that works with the community to implement ICT that ultimately improves the quality of life for the community (Deakin and Al Waer, 2011).

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LITERATURE REVIEW

ICT is not a sufficient criteria for enhancing city functions. In fact, a singular focus on technology and disregarding other key elements such as social, economic, and human capital or sustainability can paint an incomplete picture of smart cities.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City:in Defintion a city that “infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across

entities and domains” (Nam dan Pardo, 2011). smart cities use technology to enable sustainable development (Ahvenniemi et al., 2017)

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LITERATURE REVIEW

With many of the daunting climate change challenges cities currently face are being experienced across sectors and interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary strategies are often required

to solve them. The development of operational tools to support cities is crucial and, therefore, so is studying the commonalities and characteristics of smart cities and resilience(Papaet al., 2015).

Furthermore, the smart city framework developed by Giffinger and Gudrun (2010) w ill be used to examine the practices andbenefits of smart city in the field of climate change adaptation.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City Characteristics The

SMART MOBILITY

six

characteristics

of

smart

cities

developed by Giffinger and Gudrun (2010) are SMART GOVERNANCE

SMART ENVIRONMENT

useful to examine the smart city applications in cities, while the factors of the six characteristics (Giffinger and Gudrun, 2010) create a detailed and

SMART ECONOMY

SMART PEOPLE

clearly defined framework which could be used to define boundaries of smart cities.

SMART LIVING

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City Characteristics

SMART MOBILI TY SMART ENVIRON MENT

SMART ECONO MY

SMART PEOPL E

SMART GOVERNANCE

•

Participation in decision-making

•

Public and social services

•

Transparent governance

•

Political strategies & perspectives

SMART LIVING

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Smart City Characteristics

SMART MOBILI TY SMART GOVERNA NCE

SMART ENVIRON MENT

SMART PEOPL E

SMART LIVING

SMART ECONOMY

•

Innovative spirit

•

Entrepreneurship

•

Economic image & trademarks

•

Productivity

•

Flexibility of labour market

•

International embeddedness

•

Ability to transform

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Smart City Characteristics

SMART MOBILI TY SMART GOVERNA NCE

SMART ENVIRON MENT

SMART ECONO MY

SMART PEOPL E

SMART LIVING

•

Cultural facilities

•

Health conditions

•

Individual safety

•

Housing quality

•

Education facilities

•

Touristic attractivity

•

Social cohesion

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City Characteristics

SMART MOBILI TY SMART GOVERNA NCE

SMART ENVIRON MENT

SMART ECONO MY

SMART LIVING

SMART PEOPLE

•

Level of qualification

•

Affinity to life long learning

•

Social and ethnic plurality

•

Flexibility

•

Creativity

•

Cosmopolitanism/Openmindedness

•

Participation in public life

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City Characteristics

SMART MOBILI TY SMART GOVERNA NCE

SMART ENVIRONMENT

SMART ECONO MY

SMART PEOPL E

•

Attractivity of natural conditions

•

Pollution

•

Environmental protection

•

Sustainable resource management

SMART LIVING

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart City Characteristics

SMART GOVERNA NCE

SMART ENVIRON MENT

SMART ECONO MY

SMART PEOPL E

SMART MOBILITY

•

Local accessibility

•

(Inter-)national accessibility

•

Availability of ICT-infrastructure

•

Sustainable,

innovative

and

safe

transport systems

SMART LIVING

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Implementation Of Smart City Under The Challenges Of Climate Change

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DISCUSSION

Six-Characteristics of Smart City It is found that six-characteristics of smart city are not working in linear, instead they are depend on others.

SMART MOBILIT Y SMART GOVERNAN CE

SMART ENVIRONMENT

SMART ECONOM Y

SMART PEOPLE

SMART LIVING

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DISCUSSION

Six-Characteristics of Smart City It is found that six-characteristics of smart city are not working in linear, instead

SMART GOVERNANCE

they are depend on others.

SMART PEOPLE

SMART MOBILIT Y SMART ENVIRONMENT

Smart people and smart governance are acting as the foundation together with smart environment dimension.

Together, they build the base layer for further development

SMART ECONOM Y

of other smart city dimensions and climate change adaptation.

SMART LIVING

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DISCUSSION

SMART ENVIRONMENT

Six-Characteristics of Smart City It is found that six-characteristics of smart city are not working in linear, instead they are depend on others.

SMART GOVERNANCE

SMART PEOPLE

SMART MOBILIT Y

Smart people and smart governance are acting as the foundation together w ith smart environment dimension.

Together, they build the base layer for further development SMART ECONOM Y

of other smart city dimensions and climate change adaptation.

SMART LIVING

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DISCUSSION

Six-Characteristics of Smart City It is found that six-characteristics of smart city are not working in linear, instead SMART MOBILITY

they are depend on others.

SMART GOVERNAN CE

SMART ENVIRONMENT

SMART LIVING

Smart mobility and smart living consists of hardware and software around people who are living in the smart environment.

SMART ECONOM Y

SMART PEOPLE

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DISCUSSION

Climate Change Adaptation Smart Economy

Smart Mobility Smart Living

Smart Environment Smart Governance + Smart People Source:Huang- Lachmann, J.T. (2019)

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IN RESP OND TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Smart Governance: Policies and Commitment When city commites to such networking involved other region or country, it helps to pursue their climate goals. Governance and policies affairs in dimension of smart governance often cover only the operational and innovation matters of public service. It’s often missed the opportunity to implement monitoring andevaluation system in regards of climate changeactions.

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Smart Governance: Policies and Commitment Therefore, there is sometimes a disconnect between the governance of smart cities and the governance for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Many cities have plans for climate change adaptation and mitigation, but they are rarely driven by the smart city agenda, and vice versa. The separation of these two major policy areas could result in inefficient implementation and missed opportunities for meaningful

growth.

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DISCUSSION

Smart People: Engagement of Different Actors The previous studies have shown pratices of smart governance and smart people in climate

change

adaptation. First, there is participation of public in decision-making (Turhan, 2016; Hay and Mimura, 2006; Rajmis et al., 2009), where communities actively involved in planning and developing strategy of adaptation.

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Smart People: Engagement of Different Actors Second, raising awareness and bolster lifelong learning (Cartwight et al, 2013). Where public gaining more

information

and

have

been

trained

to

composing adaption strategy, therefore its empower them to develop more in a long run.

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Smart People: Engagement of Different Actors And the last, bridging people and governance (Gauthier et al., 2015). This is where planner stands in between to advocate or facilitate communities to become actively involved. It’s also an opportunity to do a cross-sectoral communication (Cartwright et al., 2013).

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DISCUSSION

Smart People: Engagement of Different Actors As this increasing the relation between communities and governance, this could become an opportunity for the vulnerable populations. Considering that, vulnerable populations are not only more likely to face severe impacts from climate change and related disasters, but they are also often left out the decision-making processes for climate action.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Efficient Use of Energy Based on facts that already stated before, cities has consume almost 70% of global energy consumption and responsible for the global emission causing climate change (especially when the recources is based on coal, fossil, oil, and other non-renewable source).

In dimension of smart environment, smart city aims to increasing the use of more renewable energy. Parks (2019) found that smart grids could help boost the integration of renewable energy sources,as well asimprove efficiency.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Efficient Use of Energy Integrating IoT in energy distribution also helps mitigate when there’s disaster causing electicity block.

Furthermore, renewable energy such as solar panel or hydropower helps meet the elecrity need on local scale.Thus,city doesn’t rely on one energy source (when demand decrease,so w ill the production)

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Efficient Use of Water When city is in hand of ICT, water use and conservation can surely be improved, including the reduction of leaks and tracking of broken pipes. The system monitoring technology can aid urban water management efforts which w ill further climate changeadaptation in drought-prone regions.

Implementation of ICT such as mapping and forecasting would help goverments to accurately assess the state of their finitie water resources, so they can meet curret demand and make plans to meet future growth in demand.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Cities’ Emission Cities (mostly in developing countries) often relying on cars and motorcycle caused by inadequate public transportation. Private transport is one of the world’s biggest sources of greenhouse gases, with emissions rising every year.

Source:OurWorldinData (2018)

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Cities’ Emission Data on increases or decreases in pollution due to traffic changes is analyzed for the causes of the pollution and used to plan accordingly, thus city could establishing priorities for initiatives to reduce emissions. Correct and current data is the basis for smart decisions.

In China, similar technology has been employed to monitor air pollution levels in real-time and relay that information to citizens (Tamboet al., 2016).

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Coastal Vulnerability During flooding from heavy rain, there are possible benefits in terms of water control, flood sensing, diversion of traffic, emergency services and even evacuation. With challenges of sea level rise, merged of ICT and infrastructure on smart citiy enabled cities to increase data acquisition and sharing information as a form of building resilience to change as it encourages preparedness. But when it comes to overcome such irreversible event, there are limits.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Environment: Coastal Vulnerability Cities required to be ‘smart’ as means taking decision based on what data, projection, and information about future climate impact said. Long-term temporal scale is a crucial element in climate adaptation analysis, therefore cities shall not stop on‘expecting what future may hold’ step, but taking a real action as well.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Mobility:Transportation In terms of climate change adaptation, both smart mobility and smart living focus on sustainable and innovative system. For smart mobility, city may apply congestion fee and tax-on emission policy. Whilst city provides adequate public transport, the policy applied encourage people to use public transport instead of private vehicle. As car and motorcycle contribute most of cities’ emission, this would help cities to cut its emission in largenumber.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Living:Housing and Pleasant Living In the housing quality factor, ICT enabled ones to stimulate the micro-climate to design and build a future climate-proof architecture. Such investments related to housing could also pay back in cost savings from energy, water and production of urbangardening.

It may seems the practice is handed over to individuals or housing developer. More than that, cities could applied smart livng on community housing and slums area. The smart living application in adaptation could improve social aspects: by using green measures and information tools, slums are being upgraded and the perception of the less privileged groups is also evaluated and incorporated in smart living inadaptation.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Economy: As an Outcome of Climate Actions On

the

focus

of

climate

change, economy

considered as an outcome of adaptation and mitigation.

As matter of climate economy, the benefits of climate actions are not always directly linked to cities’ making

more money in short term. It could be improved of quality

of

living,

satisfaction,

job

creation,

and

institutional and adaptive capacity.

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DISCUSSION

Smart Economy: As an Outcome of Climate Actions

Adaptation Sectors

Smart City Applications in Climate Change Adaptation to Increase Competitiveness

Benefits

Ecosystem services

Use of GIS for analysing heat, exposure and vulnerability

Ability to calculate the average value in monetary units of selected services provided by green spaces in urban areas

Extreme weather events

Use of GIS-based probabilistic model to calculate factors like wind and local topographical factors

Ability to calculate the costeffectiveness of adaptation strategis based on regional increases in damage costs for various climate change scenarios

Health

Use of meteorological model for health impact

Provide projections of economic impact of climate change adaptation related to human health

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DISCUSSION

Smart Economy: As an Outcome of Climate Actions Adaptation Sectors

Smart City Applications in Climate Change Adaptation to Increase Competitiveness

Benefits

Infrastructure

Regression model for calculating benefits of green infrastructure for climate change adaptation

Findngs provide implications that urban greening has the potential to save more money annually Adressing inequality toward access to infrastructure

Sea level rise and coastal system

Modelling the return water level corresponding to various returnperiods Use of diital elevation model for topography

Identifying adaptation options which are climate-proof could increase climate robustness and additional payback with cobenefits

Urban flooding

GIS-based risk assessment on flood damage Real In Options analysis

Ability to estimate the net benefits of climate adaptation measures for the future scenario

Water supply, water resources management, and droughts

Analysis of temporal patterns of water demands at different growth stages with local precipitation and temperature

Calculation of cost-saving, positive outcomes on the environment and water savings for households 58

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Conclusion Cities has faced many challenges, such as, urban growth that caused climate change, and in turn would cause huge impact to cities life. In regards of techonological shifts, cities have opportunities to make use of it in every cities’ aspect. And then, there goes the concept of smart city.

Referring to smart city’s characteristics that cover all the important cities’ aspect, including,

governance, people, economy, mobility, living, and environment, these framework may applied in climate change actions context as means to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

The implementation required cross-sector to work together, thus cities' would gain the benefits of it. Benefits consist of investment payback from energy and water costs savings, as well as possible avoided damages and reduced risks.

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Huang-Lachmann,J.T. (2019). Systematic reviewof smart cities and climate change adaptation. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal.

IoTNews. (2020). “Smart cities will help fight climate change but more awareness is needed”. Accessed on https://iottechnews.com/news/2021/aug/11/smart-cities-will-help-

fight-climate-change-but-more-awareness-is-needed/ Kolokotsa, Dionysia. "Smart cooling systems for the urban environment. Using renewable technologies to face the urban climate change." Solar Energy 154(2017): 101-111.

Kumar, P. (2021). Climate Change and Cities:Challenges Ahead.Frontiers in Sustainable Cities,3, 5.

Lin, B. B., Ossola, A., Alberti, M., Andersson, E., Bai, X., Dobbs, C., ... & Tan, P. Y. (2021). Integrating solutions to adapt cities for climate change. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(7), e479-e486.

Marić, I., Pucar, M., & Kovačević, B. (2016). Reducing the impact of climate change by applying information technologies and measures for improving energy efficiency in urban planning. Energy and Buildings, 115,102-111.

Papa, R., Galderisi, A., Majello, M. C. V., & Saretta, E. (2015). Smart and resilient cities. A systemic approach for developing cross-sectoral strategies in the face of climate change.

TeMA - Journal of Land Use,Mobility and Environment,8(1), 19–49 Parks, D. (2019). Energy efficiency left behind? Policy assemblages in Sweden’s most climate-smart city. EuropeanPlanning Studies, 27(2),318–335.

Rathore, M. M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A., & Rho, S. (2016). Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics. Computer networks, 101, 63- 80.

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