Placemaking: A Solution For Urban Loneliness

Research and Develo pment Project 2021

a research about:

Placemaking: A Solution For Urban Loneliness brought to you by:

Ahmad Fariz Al Hazmi Urban Designer Intern

RESEA RCH A ND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

SHIR VANO CO NSULTING

LOREM IPSUM (IE: INTERNS BA TCH #6)

CONTENTS BACKGROUND Understanding Loneliness Green & Public Open Space and Mental Health Research Question & Research Aim LITERATURE REVIEW Urban Loneliness Sense of Belonging Coping With Loneliness (Psychological Perspective) Extroversion & Introversion in Public Space Placemaking Definition & Importance Placemaking & Loneliness METHODOLOGY Data Collection M ethod Research Framework RESULTS & DISCUSSION Online Survey Benchmarking RECOMMENDATION& CONCLUSION

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BACKGROUND

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UNDERSTANDING LONELINESS

W hat is Loneliness?

Loneliness

Loneliness is an unpleasant feeling experienced by an individual due to the mismatch between their desired social relationship and their existing social environment (Perlman, 2004).

The mismatch can be subjective in terms of the quality of felt intimacy and/or objective in relation to the quantity of social contacts.

The desired quality of social relationship can also be the similar shared of interest, social skills and/or personal characteristic which are unmet by an individual in the social environment they live in. (De Jong, Garvield & Havens, 2004; Perlman & Letitia, 1981)

Individual

Social Environment

No Relationship

A Individual’s Desire

B Mismatch

Level of Intimacy Subjective

The otherwise

Shared interest and/or social skills Desired personal characteristic

Objective

The Offer

Number of Social Contacts

Sources:: Perlman, Daniel & Peplau, Letitia. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness Personal relationships 3. Personal relationships in disorder. 3.

31-43.

Mellor, David & Stokes, Mark & Firth, Lucy & Hayashi, Yoko & Cummins, Robert. (2008). Need for Belonging, Relationship Satisfaction, Loneliness, and Life Satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences.

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UNDERSTANDING LONELINESS

Lonely ≠ Alone

“

“

One can enjoy their solitude or being alone without experiencing loneliness.

Meanwhile, one can be in a crowd yet struggling with loneliness.

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UNDERSTANDING LONELINESS

Loneliness Among Introverts & Extroverts Typical Conception

Dealing with Loneliness

Introverts are energized to spend time for themselves and enjoy solitude and silence.

Lonely introverts are seeking for more connection and understanding

Extroverts are energized by being with others, interested in talking and exchanging ideas.

They also want to be the focus of attention.

Lonely extroverts are less selective. The social stimulation they crave leads them to seek out exciting situations and people in general

Source: Yadegari, Zohre & Alinaghi, Behnoud. (2020). The effect of introversion and Extroverts of individuals in the socialization of public space. Technium Social Sciences Journal.

However, we cannot simply put ourselves in one of the category in dealing with loneliness because each individual is unique.

Source: Mueller, K. (2019, May 23). Yes, Introverts Get Lonely, Too — But in a Different Way. IntrovertDear.Com.

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UNDERSTANDING LONELINESS

W hy Loneliness is an Issue?

It has negative aspects on people’s wellbeing: 1

Mental Health • Depression • Suicidal Ideation • higher levels of psychological distress and lower levels of psychological wellness.

• Anxiety and schizophrenia

Sources: Mellor, David & Stokes, Mark & Firth, Lucy & Hayashi, Yoko & Cummins, Robert.

(2008). Need for Belonging, Relationship Satisfaction, Loneliness, and Life Satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences.

2

Physical Disorders • • • • •

Heart Disease Stroke Cancer Diabetes Alzheimer

“Loneliness is associated with a reduction in lifespan similar to that caused by smoking 15 cigarettes a day.” (CBC, 2018).

HealthAnalytics. (2019, December 11). Urban loneliness: Little-understood,lifethreatening public health challenge. Health Analytics Asia.

Khatri, N. (2018, April 27). The Health Risk Of Loneliness And How To Tackle It During The Parenting Years. CBC.

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UNDERSTANDING LONELINESS

Countries That Have Taken Action To Overcome Loneliness 1

The United Kingdom

2

Rotherham Loneliness Heatmap Source: Ageuk.org.uk

UK Strategy to tackle Loneliness Source: Gov UK

Japan

In February 2021, Tetsushi Sakamoto was assigned as the first minister of loneliness to combat the exacerbated crisis of loneliness and social isolation in the country as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. This is also as a response to the worrying figures on suicide case.

Source: The Japan Times

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GREEN & P UBLIC OP EN SP ACE AND M ENTAL HEALTH

3 Mechanism of Green & Public Open Space Can Enhance Mental Health

1

Providing a venue for physical activity

2

Promoting social contact and strengthen the sense of community

3

Facilitating contact with nature for stress reduction and attention restoration therapy.

Source: James Hutton Institute, Miller, D., & Morrice, J. (2014, February). Contribution of Green and Open Space to Public Health and Wellbeing (MLU/ECA/UGW/847/08).

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GREEN & P UBLIC OP EN SP ACE AND M ENTAL HEALTH

“

If high quality public space enhances “sense of community”, and if "sense of community" is inversely related to loneliness, then creating shared social spaces could both reduce loneliness and prevent it from the outset.

“

Public Space and Loneliness

(Julia Hotz)

Source: Hotz, J. (2018, November 19). Triumph of the commons: how public spaces canhelp fight loneliness. Apolitical. https://apolitical.co/solution-articles/en/public-spaces-fightloneliness

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RESEARCH QUESTION & RESEARCH AIM

Research Questions 1

How is the Urban Loneliness in Jakarta?

2

How do we solve it through placemaking?

Research Aim To identify the suitable placemaking framework and design that respond to urban loneliness

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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URBAN LONELINESS

W hat About Urban Loneliness?

Urban Loneliness is an urban phenomenon in which many of the urban dwellers encounter loneliness, ironically, in a city of million of people.

It has become a health epidemic and a public health issue. This phenomenon has threatened the health and wellbeing of the people that can trigger rising rate of chronic physical and mental illness.

Sources: HealthAnalytics. (2019, December 11). Urban loneliness: Little-understood,lifethreatening public health challenge. Health Analytics Asia.

Matthews, K. (2018, May 3). Understanding the Unique Challenges of Urban Loneliness. Planetizen Blogs.

The "Nighthawks” painting (1942) by Edward Hopper illustrates what it's like to be lonely in a city of millions.

Source: CBC

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URBAN LONELINESS

What is It in Our City That Results in Loneliness?

1

2

Migration To Cities. Despite the opportunities that cities can offer, newcomers have to leave their community behind. Although to be in a new community is possible but the time of the process can be isolating.

Urban Transience. Cities are lacking in the permanent residents which consequently there will be no permanent community and shrinking of social circles. This is due to more urban dweller shifting to live outwards the city quarters to suburbs area because of the cheaper housing price and a friendlier economy.

Sources: Matthews, K. (2018, May 3). Understanding the Unique Challenges of Urban Loneliness. Planetizen Blogs.

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URBAN LONELINESS

What is It in Our City That Results in Loneliness?

3

4

5

The Architecture of Loneliness. According to 2017 survey in Vancouver, Canada, people living in Highrise housing are more likely to avoid interaction with strangers and less likely to know their neighbors. (CBC, 2018) Long Commuting. According to Robert Putnam, Harvard political scientist, long commute makes people feel lonelier and a cause of social isolation. He further explained that 10 minute of commuting results in 10% lesser ”social connections”. (Lowrey, 2011) Lack of Public Space & Community Activity. Public space is significant to provide the venue for the social interaction. Although public space is adequately provided, but there is no activity driven by and for the community, it becomes solely a place where strangers come and create no social relationship.

Sources: Nair, R. (2018, November 25). The architecture of loneliness: How Vancouver’s highrises contribute to isolation. CBC News.

Lowrey, A. (2011, May 26). Your Commute Is Killing You. Slate Magazine.

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SENSE OF BELONGING & SPACE

Loneliness and Sense of Belonging Sense of Belonging is the need for positive, pleasant and desirable social relationships with people other than strangers. A failure may lead to feelings of social isolation, alienation, and loneliness. (Mellor et al., 2018) Sense of belonging is also regarded as a relationship between the individual and a particular environment which encompasses a shared feeling, emotion and culture.

(Yadegari et al., 2020)

Sense of Place (Relationship between Individual & Place) One of the facet

Sense of Belonging to A Place

Sense of Belonging

Social Interaction

Creates

Failed

Reinforces Social Relationship

Loneliness

The components of Individual Factors and Environmental Factors is important for the sense of Belonging.

Source: Yadegari, Zohre & Alinaghi, Behnoud. (2020). The effect of introversion and Extroverts of individuals in the socialization of public space. Technium Social Sciences Journal.

Mellor, David & Stokes, Mark & Firth, Lucy & Hayashi, Yoko & Cummins, Robert.

(2008). Need for Belonging, Relationship Satisfaction, Loneliness, and Life Satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences.

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COP ING W ITH LONELINESS

Coping With Loneliness (Psychological Perspective) Coping With Loneliness (Perlman & Peplau, 1981) Change the desire level of social contact Adaptation: To adapt with their situations and feelings to the bleak reality.

Task Choice: Avoid the feeling of loneliness and select the tasks and situations they can enjoy alone.

Changed Standards: To change the standard for who they want to have the social relationship with .

Achieving Higher Level of Social Contact

To establish or improve social relationship.

“Making oneself more physically attractive, joining clubs, initiating conversations with other people, deepening existing relationships and the like.” (P.53)

Source: Perlman, Daniel & Peplau, Letitia. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness Personal relationships 3. Personal relationships in disorder. 3. 31-43.

Minimizing Loneliness To change the importance of the mismatch between desired and achieved levels of social interaction.

• Simply deny that there is a • • •

mismatch.

Devalue the social contact and rationalize their plight.

“Loneliness is positive growth”.

To reduce deficits caused by loneliness by satisfying their needs in alternative ways.

Engage in behaviors designed 17

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EXTROVERSION & INTROVERSION INPUBLIC SPACE

The Concept of Extroversion & Introversion In P ublic Space Personality Needs of Introverts and Extroverts From Space

Creating a place that considers the needs of the introverts and extroverts will help them enhance their sense of belonging.

Simply said introverts are more interested to a place distant from the crowd. Meanwhile extroverts are interested in a more vibrant place.

Extroversion

Introversion • • • •

Existence of privacy in space A space for long-term use Relax in the environment Having the right perspective for oneself

• • • •

Space to present yourself Several diverse spaces A space for group activities Space scale for energy discharge

Therefore, a public place requires space that is a stress-free environment and space for variety of activities to create socialization.

(Yadegari et al., 2020) Source: Yadegari, Zohre & Alinaghi, Behnoud. (2020). The effect of introversion and Extroverts of individuals in the socialization of public space. Technium Social Sciences Journal.

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PLACEMAKING DEFINITION & IMPORTANCE

W hat is P lacemaking?

“Placemaking is the process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play and learn in. It is a means to an end; the end is the creation of Quality Places.” (Wyckoff, 2014).

Placemaking is about reimagining and reinventing public spaces as the heart of every community by paying particular attention to the physical, cultural, and social identities that define a place and support its ongoing evolution. (Project For Public Space, 2007) Source: What is Placemaking? (2007). Project For Public Space. https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking FAICP, Wyckoff, M. A., & MSU Land Policy Institute. (2014). DEFINITION OF PLACEMAKING: Four Different Types.

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PLACEMAKING DEFINITION & IMPORTANCE

W hat is Quality Space?

Places with a strong sense of place is a quality space (Wyckoff, 2014).

Results Safe

Characteristics of Quality Space:

Connected

Mass, density and scale appropriate to place on transect

Welcoming

Human scale – designed for people Walkable – pedestrian oriented; and bikeable.

Allow Authentic Experience Accessible Comfortable Quiet Sociable

Simple Formula for Placemaking that results in quality space:

Proper Physical Form

+

Proper Mix Use of Land & Functions

+

Proper Mix of Social Opportunity

= Quality Activities in Quality Places and a Strong Sense of Place

Civic Engagement Source: FAICP, Wyckoff, M. A., & MSU Land Policy Institute. (2014). DEFINITION OF PLACEMAKING: Four Different Types.

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PLACEMAKING DEFINITION & IMPORTANCE

W HY IS P LACEM AKING IM P ORTANT?

Placemaking is driven by the community and create places for the community.

Placemaking is a bottom-up process.

Placemaking process is centered around the people who use the particular space to understand their needs and aspirations for that space and for their community.

What are their needs?

What are their aspirations?

Source: FAICP, Wyckoff, M. A., & MSU Land Policy Institute. (2014). DEFINITION OF PLACEMAKING: Four Different Types.

Results Strengthen social relationship Strengthen sense of belonging Creating Public Space Through Placemaking

Placemaking involves the individuals and community to engage and participate in all the process to create a quality public space.

Strengthen sense of place Contributes to people’s health, happiness, and well-being Inclusive public space Vital and Vibrant public space Offer more economic opportunity

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PLACEMAKING & LONELINESS Achieve Common Vision

Match Social Environment

Individual Sense of Place (Relationship between Individual & Place)

Urban Situational Factor

Individual Desire

Placemaking

Offer Sense of Belonging to A Place

Sense of Belonging

Reinforces

Urban Transience

Failed

Social Interaction

Social Relationship

Architecture of Loneliness Loneliness

Long Commuting Lack / Uninviting Public Space & Community Activity

Individual Coping

Community Involvement Change Desire Level of Social Contact

Placemaking

Create Quality Space

Community Involvement

Urban Migration Mismatch

Creates

Community Involvement

Achieving Higher Level of Social Contact

Introversion

Minimizing

Extroversion Mental Desire to Space

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METHODOLOGY

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DATA COLLECTION M ETHOD

Online Survey Jakarta as the biggest metropolitan city in Indonesia is selected as a study case.

• To identify the urban loneliness phenomenon in Jakarta based on each regions • To understand the factors to the Urban loneliness in Jakarta Target Respondents: 97 (Margin of error: 10% and Confidence level: 95%) Duration: 14 days

Secondary Resources Secondary data is obtained to conduct benchmarking analysis • Placemaking by Think City • Tree Hole Plan – Urban Mental Desire – Tokyo Loneliness 24

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DATA COLLECTION M ETHOD

W hy Jakarta?

Population & Migration (2020) Growth 2010 - 2020

10%

Long Daily Commute Road Transport 1.5 – 3 hour/trip

Jakarta, 10,560,000 population

Population Density 15,906 people/km2 In Migration 124,177 population Out Migration 157,411 population (Statistik Jakarta)

Apartment Market

(Indonesia Traffic Watch)

Public Transit 71 minutes/ roundtrip

72%

of the riders spend more than 2 hours everyday

(Moovit Insights)

2020 Supply 26,000 Unit Projection 2020 - 2023

89%

Supply until 2023 49,200 Unit

31% South Jakarta 25% West Jakarta 17% North Jakarta 15% East Jakarta 7% Central Jakarta 5% CBD Area (Investor.id)

Previous Research on Loneliness Amongst Teenager in Jakarta

Female teenager in Jakarta experience more loneliness than the male teenager (Emotionally and Socially).

Teenager in Jakarta have a higher level of loneliness compared to other regions due to the income gap amongst them.

(Wedaloka & Turnip, 2019) Sources: Wedaloka, K. B., & Turnip, S. S. (2019). Gender differences in the experience of loneliness among adolescents in Jakarta. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 16(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v16i1.11311

Muzakir, I. (2020, February 11). Tiga Tahun Mendatang, Pasokan Apartemen Jakarta Capai 49 Ribu Unit. investor.id.

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DATA COLLECTION M ETHOD

How to M easure Loneliness?

Approaches

items

Response Categories

Notes

Indirect Measure (The 3 item UCLA Loneliness scale)

1. How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

Hardly ever or never, Some of the time, Often

Selected measurement. It is not used to diagnose if someone is lonely, but it measures how frequent of individual/groups to experience loneliness.

Often/always, Some of the time, Occasionally, Hardly ever, Never

People understand the term “loneliness” differently and some people might be reluctant to admit to loneliness when asked directly.

2. How often do you feel left out?

3. How often do you feel isolated from others?

Direct Measure

How often do you feel lonely?

Indirect Measure Items 1. How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

2. How often do you feel left out?

Scoring Hardly ever/never

Some of the time

Often

Total

1

2

3

9 – Highest : Most frequent to feel lonely 3 – Lowest : Least frequent to feel lonely

3. How often do you feel isolated from others?

(Source: Office for National Statistic, United Kingdom)

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RESEARCH FRAM EWORK Research Aim:

To identify the suitable placemaking framework and design that respond to urban loneliness

Research Questions:

Data Collection:

Data Analysis:

Analysis Output:

How is the Urban Loneliness in Jakarta?

How do we solve it through placemaking?

Online Survey

Secondary Resources

Mapping

Descriptive Analysis

Benchmarking Analysis

Map

Survey Interpretation

Placemaking Framework and Ideation

Drawing Conclusion: Possible Recommendation 27

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RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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ONLINE SURVEY

HOW IS URBAN LONELINESS IN JAKARTA?

- Online Survey -

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ONLINE SURVEY

Respondents’ Profile Total Respondent:

> 35

Male

97

Respondents in Jakarta

By Age (Years Old)

By Gender

30%

Female

70%

3% 26-35

22%

17 – 25

75%

By Occupation

Employed

61%

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ONLINE SURVEY

Urban Loneliness in Jakarta How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

Jakarta Loneliness Score Average:

5.24 Respondents of Jakarta some of the time feel lonely.

15%

20%

39%

41% of respondents in Jakarta some of the time feel lack of companionship

15% Often

43%

41%

How often do you feel isolated from others?

How often do you feel left out?

45% 42%

Some of the time

40%

Hardly ever or never

43% of respondents in Jakarta hardly ever or never feel left out,

45% of respondents in Jakarta hardly ever or never feel isolated,

but 42% of them sometimes feel left out.

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ONLINE SURVEY

Regional Loneliness Respondents of West Jakarta experiences loneliness more frequent compared to the respondents of Central Jakarta.

Most Frequent

Loneliness Score (Mean) 6.5

6.14

5.18

4.86

4.73

Least Frequent

Limitation: The obtained number of respondents for East, West and North Jakarta are not adequate to represent the actual population of each regions.

West

North

South

East

Central

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ONLINE SURVEY

Social Environment and Loneliness COMPATIBILITY WITH THE PEOPLE AROUND

NEIGHBORSHIP How well do you know your neighbors?

“I like the character of the people in my neighborhood”

“I feel like part of the community in my neighborhood”

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Loneliness Score (Mean) 6.17 4.75

All

5.63

5.17 4.33

Mostly Only a few Not a t all

Respondents who do not know their neighbor at all experience more frequent of loneliness.

SENSE OF COMMUNITY

4.22

5.79

6.25

4.55

Strongly Agree Agree

Unsure Disagree Strongly Disagree

Respondents who strongly dislike the character of the people in their neighborhood are more frequent of feeling lonely.

6.5

4.9

5.23

6.5

5.07

Strongly Agr ee Unsure Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree

Respondents who strongly feel and strongly don’t feel a part of their community experiences the same frequency of loneliness.

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ONLINE SURVEY

Personality and Loneliness Number of Respondents (%)

Introvert Respondents experience loneliness slightly more often than the extroverts.

INTROVERT Loneliness score (Mean):

5.43

37%

Do you consider yourself as an introvert or extrovert?

EXTROVERT Loneliness score (Mean):

63%

4.92 Introvert

Extrovert 34

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ONLINE SURVEY

Urban migration and Loneliness Number of Respondents (%)

FROM OUTSIDE JAKARTA Loneliness score (Mean):

5.28 40%

Are you originally from Jakarta?

Respondents who migrate and settle in Jakarta feel lonely slightly more often than the respondents who live in and are originally from Jakarta.

60% Respondents ’ Origins (Outside Jakarta):

• • • • • •

West Java Central Java East Java Yogyakarta East Kalimantan West Kalimantan

• • • • •

South Sulawesi South Sumatra North Sumatra Jambi Bali

FROM JAKARTA Loneliness score (Mean): Yes

5.18

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ONLINE SURVEY

Likeliness of Urban Transience In Jakarta 3% 16%

15%

“I plan to live in Jakarta permanently in the future”

26%

36%

of respondents plan to live in Jakarta in the future.

40%

of respondents are unsure if they want to live in Jakarta in the future.

Strongly Agree Agree Unsure

40%

Disagree

18%

of respondents want to move outside Jakarta in the future.

Strongly Disagree

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ONLINE SURVEY

Types of Housing and Loneliness TYPES OF HOUSING

What type of housing do you currently live in?

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Studio Apartment / Single Room Apartment.

6.25

Apartment / Flats (2 or more bedrooms)

Landed housing

Co-housing (Kos)

5.8

Respondents who live in high rise housing, especially studio apartment, show relatively higher frequency of experiencing loneliness.

5.19

5.03

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ONLINE SURVEY

Daily Commute and Loneliness COMMUTING TIME

MODE OF TRANSPORT

How long does it take for one way of your daily commute?

What mode of transportation do you use for your daily commute?

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Private Transport > 1 hour

5.51

6.18 Public Transport

30 mins - 1 hour

5.19

5.67 4.75

E-hailing/Taxi

< 30 mins

4.69

The longer the commuting time the more frequent the respondents to experience loneliness.

Active Transport

4.4

Respondents who use private transports for daily commute tend to feel lonely more often than those who walk or cycle.

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ONLINE SURVEY

Public Open Space and Loneliness MAIN REASON TO VISIT PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

FREQUENCY TO VISIT PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

What is your main reason for visiting a public open space?

How frequent do you go to Public open space?

Hardly Ever/Never

Some of the time

Often

Loneliness Score (Mean) 6.08

13%

5.33

68%

18%

4.28

Respondents who hardly ever or never visit public open space shows higher frequency of loneliness.

No. Respondents

No. Respondents

51.2%

Recreation

34.5%

Exercise and sport

8.3%

Socializing

6%

0%

Other: • To do assignment • Just to pass by • Me time • Shopping • For new atmosph ere Community activity

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ONLINE SURVEY

Public Open Space and Loneliness REASONS FOR NOT VISITING PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

None is nearby

Why do you hardly ever or Never go to a Public Open Space?

Number of Selection

Low maintenance

46.2%

No nearby public open space

46.2%

Low maintenance of public open space

38.5%

There are not many activities in public open space

30.8%

Boring and uninteresting public open space

30.8%

Lack of safety in public open space

3%

Other: • Don’t know what to do • Busy of work • No time

No activities

Not interesting

Not safe

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ONLINE SURVEY

Community Activity and Loneliness AVAILABILITY OF COMMUNITY ACTIVITY

PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY ACTIVITY

Is there any community activity held in your neighborhood?

Have you ever participated in community activity in your neighborhood?

Loneliness Score (Mean)

Number of Respondents

Loneliness Score (Mean)

5.59

4.86

53%

47%

4.9

Yes No

4.85 4.5 Yes

No

The absent of community activity leads to higher frequency of loneliness amongst the respondent.

Often

Some of the time

Meanwhile, those who never participated, though community activity are available in their neighborhood, experience loneliness slightly more often than those who often participated.

Never

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ONLINE SURVEY

Preferences On Components In Public Open Space 3 Most Selected Components:

What do you seek in public open space?

Space for self-relaxation and long-term use

Number of Selection Space for Self-relaxation and long term use

75

Green and water features

60

Space for sports or working out activities

45

Space for commercial activities

42

Individual Co-working open space

Green and water features

37

Space for socialisation

37

Space for cultural activity

34

Playing area

33

Group Co-working open space

Space for group or community activities

Space for workouts

3 Least Selected Components: Playing area

Space for community activities

30 22

Group Coworking space

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ONLINE SURVEY

Preferences On Components In Public Open Space (Personality) THE MOST PREFERRED COMPONENTS

Extroverts

THE LEAST PREFERRED COMPONENTS Introverts

Extroverts

Introverts

Space for self-relaxation and long-term use

Space for self-relaxation and long-term use

Group Co-working space

85%

36%

Space for socialization

Green and water features

Green and water features

Space for group or community activities

Group Co-working space

64% 53%

Space for socialization

53%

67%

33%

Space for sport and working out activities

30%

28%

Space for group or community activities

48%

16%

Space for sport and working out activities

44%

(Percentage of extrovert respondents selected each component)

(Percentage of introvert respondents selected each component)

(Percentage of extrovert respondents selected each component)

(Percentage of introvert respondents selected each component)

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BENCHMARKING

P LACEM AKING BY THINK CITY City making Agency in Malaysia

- Benchm arking -

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BENCHMARKING

Think City – Malaysia

WHO?

Think City is a Malaysia based regional citymaking agency with a diverse team of varied backgrounds from architects to historians to investment analysts.

GOAL

To create a more people-friendly cities.

PARTNER

Government, Community, Private Sector, and International Organizations.

PRACTICES

Placemaking, Resilience, Analytics, Conservation & Adaptive Reuse

PLACEMAKING PROJECTS >120 Public realm improvement projects >120 Space activation projects 5 Public park transformations 8 Laneway improvements

(Source: Think City)

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BENCHMARKING

Medan Pasar Placemaking – Kuala Lumpur

Before

(Source: Think City)

After

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BENCHMARKING

Rain Garden, Butterworth

(Source: Think City)

Laneway Improvement

(Source: Think City)

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BENCHMARKING

HOW

DID IT?

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Think City’s Approach To P lacemaking Their Definition on Placemaking:

Holistic Set of Placemaking

Placemaking is the process of “ creating vibrant places where

Strategic Placemaking (Area Improvement Plan)

people want to live, work, play and learn in.

“

The process includes planning, design & management and is fundamentally grounded in community participation

Hardware Public Realm Improvement

Software Space Activation

Orgware Place Management

Heartware (Empathy & Guinness) The community feels inspired and empowered to contribute assets, resources and insights to strengthen their sense of place, belonging and identity

(Source: Think City)

(Source: Think City)

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Think City’s P lacemaking P rinciples

THE PRINCIPLES

Foster inclusivity and participation Shift the paradigm from just community engagement to participation and ownership.

Understand behaviors to influence behavior Understand current behaviour patterns to define desired behaviours of the community.

Make a journey Placemaking is an iterative process, it adapts and evolves over time in response to the community’s changing needs.

Catalyze innovation through small actions Small demonstrative projects provide the space to test creative innovation and design

Consider the economy Fostering business activity, creating jobs and increasing incomes help to increase ownership and care for space.

Create more than a destination Shape identities, association and continued use of space that truly makes it a place.

Encourage learning and relearning Failures help to improve solution and more successful implementation.

(Source: Think City)

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Hardware – Public Realm Improvement THE COMPONENTS & TOOLS Economy/Functional Drivers • Desktop research • Demography & land use • Place assessment Community & Culture Drivers • Cultural mapping • Stakeholder mapping and engagement • Community is the expert

Design excellence • Forms support functions • Participatory design process • Design sensitive (social, environment, economy) • Risk management

Place Creation • Space activation plan • Place management • Co-creation with community

Sustainability • Climate adaptation and nature-based solution • Energy efficiency solution • Low maintenance and sustainable design outcome

(Source: Think City)

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BENCHMARKING

Software – Space Activation LEVELS OF SPACE ACTIVATION

PROCESS OF SPACE ACTIVATION

Butterworth Fringe Festivals 2018

Mooncake Festival 2020 at Lorong Kwai Chai Hong

Private Level

Initiatives by private organizations that involves community efforts for programming.

(Source: Think City)

Ideation and determine the purpose and 1 location for the programme 2 Identify, engage, and manage stakeholders

3 Research and specify tools for programming

Community involvement

City-wide events that takes place for the community to participate.

Community participation

City Level

4 Roll out the space activation plan

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Orgware – Pl ace M anagement Management Who is assigned to manage? Government/Private/PPP/etc.

What is Orgware?

Orgware allows places to maintain a good dynamic in the long term.

Financing Identify resources and budget

Engagement Define goals, level, method, and do synthesis and evaluation Leadership and Partners Identify partners, influencers, collaborators and conformers

(Source: Think City)

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BENCHMARKING

URBAN MENTAL DESIRE, TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN 1st Prize Winner proposal in Bubble Design Competition About “Eliminate Loneliness Through Design” (Gandong Cai & Mingjie Cai, 2019)

- Learning and U nderstanding -

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BENCHMARKING

Urban M ental Desire the current urban public space “ While pays more attention to the physical construction for the promotion of public health, systematic and specific studies on mental health is insufficient.....

Source: CAI, G., & CAI, M. (2021). URBAN MENTAL DESIRE —TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-0-040001

“

....Different user groups have variegated mental desires in public spaces which cannot be addressed simply by generic solutions of the design for urban open spaces (e.g., urban parks)

A shift from grey infrastructure and green infrastructure to spiritual infrastructure to respond to the city's increasing desires of mental health.

Spiritual Infrastructure offers the lonely individuals a chance to get along with themselves, the space, and the feeling of loneliness.

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BENCHMARKING

The Recognition of Loneliness Rationale: Neglected minority and their desires on public space.

APPROACH TO LONELINESS:

The design of public spaces often focuses on satisfying the typical desires of the majority.

The Theory of Salutogenesis: coined by medical sociologist Aaron Antonovsky

The “lonely” individuals who do not want to bother others and unwilling to be disturbed—feeling nervous in crowded places.

Mental desire gap in public space

Excessive focuses on mitigating negative impact of potential illness and lowering disease risk.

Shif t

The author (p.08):

“ Urban built environment can

reshape the society’s understanding of loneliness by encouraging the public to get along with loneliness through spatial design methods .

Salutogenic Orientation Model

“

Those who enjoy the interaction with strangers can freely behave in public space.

Pathogenic Orientation Model

Faces one’s physical and mental health condition positively.

"From Eliminating to Elevating" : Overturning such negative understandings of loneliness and suggests a new way of thinking.

Source: CAI, G., & CAI, M. (2021). URBAN MENTAL DESIRE —TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-0-040001

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BENCHMARKING

Urban Tree Hole: Empathy of Loneliness Between Human and Nature Rationale:

Natural elements

• Lonely individuals pay less attention to feelings of

loneliness than the way loneliness is treated by society and the annoyance of others because of loneliness.

Tree

Sky

Water

• For lonely people, privacy and togetherness (company) is the antidote and strategy to cure loneliness.

Ignored, silent and lonely

• Instead of creating an isolated place for people to stay

in, the tree hole space invites accompanies from nature—such as tree, sky, and water—to the users by a sequence of spatial design strategies.

High density and fast-paced urban life

URBAN TREE HOLE PROJECT Scientific Prove: Natural elements can improve mental health.

Roger Ulrich on a group of patients who experience anxiety:

•

The patients with the tree view had better recovery from frustration, fewer negative evaluative comments, and shorter hospitalized days, compared with the wall-view patients.

The project attempts to establish an oriental empathy: human and nature can “share” and “communicate” the feeling of loneliness temporarily.

Sharing Communicating

Source: CAI, G., & CAI, M. (2021). URBAN MENTAL DESIRE —TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-0-040001

Lonely Individual

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BENCHMARKING

Urban Tree Hole Design Approach Urban Tree Hole Site Selection

The user starts a silent conversation about the experience of loneness with the overlooked street tree.

The user can look down to meet the sky which should have been found by looking up.

The water curtain blocking the noise, helps create a place for users to get along with the nature – water.

Source: CAI, G., & CAI, M. (2021). URBAN MENTAL DESIRE —TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-0-040001

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BENCHMARKING

The Use and Management of Urban Tree Hole Urban Tree Hole Guidebook:

• It presents the locations and instructions of the urban tree holes • It also provides a message board for the users to write down and share their stories and experience about loneness and the tree holes.

• The circulation of the Tree Hole Guide can create a collective communication tool for the lonely individuals.

Tree Hole is designed as a “One Person, One-Time” Place:

• It is for one person use, exclusively at a specific time span and operated by a reservation mechanism

Traditional Public Park

One Person Park

Only Public

Can switch between public and private modes through management;

Occupy a large amount of urban land

Being inserted into the existing urban spatial system

Own abundant resource of landscape

Absorbs adjacent natural elements as the supplement of landscape resource.

Source: CAI, G., & CAI, M. (2021). URBAN MENTAL DESIRE —TOKYO LONELINESS TREE HOLE PLAN. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-0-040001

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BENCHMARKING

THE KEY TAKEAW AYS

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Urban Tree Hole Plan

Positively respond the loneliness

Deep understanding of the mental desire of the lonely people towards the built environment Enhance the communication and sharing experience between the lonely people and the natural elements in the city Create a spiritual infrastructure that offers a peaceful aloneness experience with more privacy in public space and enhance the sense of place of the lonely people

Key Takeaways

Placemaking Holistic Approach

Reduce loneliness by encouraging the social interaction throughout the placemaking process Enhance the sense of community by assisting them to realize and achieve their shared common vision Create quality places which reflects the community aspirations and improve the sense of belonging and sense of place amongst the community.

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RECOMMENDATION

Preventing Worsen Urban Loneliness In Jakarta Through Placemaking Possible Factors

Solutions

Design Excellence Public Space

Low sense of community

Lack of neighborship

Architecture of loneliness

Provide Social & Spiritual infrastructure and natural elements

Locating placemaking hardware nearby public transport station as a short getaway for urban commuters

Inadequate & low quality open public space

Commuting

Approaches

Create Third-Place Destination Maximally utilize all spaces in commercial areas through placemaking

Create Vibrant Commercial Area Strengthen The Neighborship

Impacts Reflects Community vision. mental desire and sustainability Economic opportunity Establish relationship between the individuals and their surrounding environment Encourage social interaction Establish deeper relationship

Landed Housing Provide distributed placemaking hardware throughout the residential area Highrise Housing Provide public space in each apartment level

Opportunity for neighborhood community activities Enhance sense of belonging and sense of place Preventing worsen urban loneliness 63

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RECOMMENDATION

Designing A Responsive and Adaptive Hardware of The Placemaking

Natural Elements and Sustainability

PRIVACY Public space with more privacy reflecting individual’s mental desire on space and for self relaxation

Spiritual infrastructure

Natural Elements

Opportunity for interaction between individuals and nature

Social infrastructure

Healthy venue for the community

PUBLIC A space for: • Cultural celebration • Social interaction • Community activity • Economy opportunity

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RECOMMENDATION Open space and Park

Create The Third-Pl ace Destination Besides shortening the commuting time and encouraging the use of public transport.

Creation of third place could be a great solution to prevent loneliness.

Along pathway

Locating nearby workplace

Key player such as the Local Authority or a citymaking agency/consultant can identify suitable places to become the third-place destination for placemaking.

Create destination nearby Public transport station or parking area

Second Place

Third Place

First Place

Workplace

Public Space

Home

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RECOMMENDATION

Pl acemaking In The Commercial Area • Encourage the design of double frontage Back Lane as public space

• • •

Centralized Public space

Back Lane as public space with More privacy

shophouses A more vibrant commercial activities To create an interesting commercial destination To prevent crimes

• To create more than just a •

commercial destination To allow a more variety of activities

• To provide comfortable space for those who •

seek for a quieter environment Establish the relationship between the visitors and the environment

Natural features Commercial shop

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RECOMMENDATION

Placemaking in the Landed Residential Area Distributed Location of Placemaking Hardware

• Provide opportunities for more neighborhood activities • Provide a venue for interactions and to create a deeper •

neighborhood relationship Establish a relationship between the individuals and their neighborhood environment

Children Friendly Streetscape

• Aims to bring back children to play on the street • To create a more vibrant neighborhood • To provide venue for more activities on street Landed housing

Residential property Developer can consider this approach in the residential master planning,

Mix Use

• To complement the creation of a more localized destination

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RECOMMENDATION

Pl acemaking In The Highrise Housing Conventional Design of Highrise Housing

Solution: Floor Plan Design Responding Loneliness

Side Elevation Public space in each floor

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Public Park/Open Space

Unit

Parking Area

Vertical human circulation discourages interaction.

Lift

Floor Plan Layout Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit

Unit Lift

No destination in each floor – Lack of opportunity for social interaction between the neighbors on the same floor

Urban Co-Housing Project in Seattle Source: CBC, 2018

Provide open public space as a destination in each floor to provide the venue for interactions and opportunity for a deeper relationship between the neighbors Residential property developer may consider the design.

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CONCLUSION

To Conclude...

Placemaking which aims to create a quality public space, not only it promotes social interaction, but it provides a platform for people to establish a relationship with the environment. Therefore, it can reduce the negative effects of loneliness.

What are important to note?

More appreciation to the living environment and the social environment.

Consideration to mental desire of the people on public space in the designing process

Inclusivity, shared common goals of majority is not enough, contribution from the minority and from those who has difficulty to share their vision should be encouraged.

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