Studio B and C- REUSE- Urban spaces in Manchester

MA A+U

Copyright © 2021 Manchester, United Kingdom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manchester School of Architecture Manchester Metropolitan University (Student ID: 20100976) University of Manchester (Student ID: 10810406) Copyright reserved by Sharvari Ravindra Mate MA Architecture and Urbanism

Acknowledgement The compilation of this study would not have been possible without the expertise of Prof. Eamonn Canniffe. I would like to thank Prof. Canniffe and my design mentor Dr. Youcao Ren for their guidance and support throughout my research and design period.

I would also like to thank Dominic Sagar and Karan Gandhi for reviewing my work during the semester and sharing with me their feedbacks to help improve my portfolio.

Lastly I would like to thank my family and my friends at Manchester School of Architecture for supporting me and keeping my spirits high during the academic year.

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Manchester hosts one of the biggest recognised Pride Parades internationally every year. The Gay Village symbolises the acceptance and freedom experienced by all the communities living in the city. The annual Pride Parade is the event that attracts national and international attendance towards the support of LGBTQ+ community, but rest of the year, the city lacks a visual and experiential identity that it stands for. The Gay Village helps support its members in the society. This area deserves a separate identity in terms of its usage of public spaces around the pubs and the streets.

The aim of my project is to recognise the usage of space and enhance the experience with respect to the public spaces and introduction of activity spaces to help and support the community all year round.

The project aims at recognising and designing versatile spaces that can be shifted and rearranged during the Pride Parade to ease the heavy footfall experienced during the annual weekend event.

The area contains heritage structures and a notable characteristic to its land use and user groups, making it a strong identity for Manchester City to preserve and enhance. It has a centrally connected location within the city which gives it an opportunity to be experienced by visitors and tourists.

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Abstract

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Introduction

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Research

9- 22

City structure

Situation around the site

History of the site

Regeneration projects proposed on site Analysis of Portland Street SRF

Site experience

Listed buildings

City Council document

Analysis of site according to research

Program

23- 38

4

Built space

Project focus development

Typology 1

Strategies

Side elevation

Manifesto Impacts

Precedent

Material usage

Design program

39- 54

Front elevation Axonometric details and sections

Experience of built space

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5

55- 88

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Public spaces Typology 2

Typology 5

Typology 3

Experience at street level

Experience of public space Parklet design detail

Comparative analysis Typology 4

Canal integration design details Experience of Canal Street

Dedicated lane details

Site Model 89- 94

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6

Bibliography

95- 98

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1

Introduction

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City structure

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City Centre

The Roman fort of Mamucium was established by 78 AD at a site overlooking the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Medlock. In medieval period, the cathedral was the centre of town’s culture, economy and administration. During industrialisation, working and living districts like Ancoats became a symbol of Cottonopolis. Spinningfields started its regeneration journey in 1997. It is a major commercial hub today.

For future planning Mayfield regeneration planning will develop residential, commercials and a park in the next 10 years.

United Kingdom Manchester

Manchester and the history of its neighbourhoods

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Manchester’s built heritage and public spaces

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hester C c n a M ity Ce nt r

Site experience Cathedral Medieval town centre

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His

Bus in reta ess and il dis trict Spin Pos ningfield ti s rege ndustria nera l tion

Piccadilly garden Urban open space

Town Hall Administrative centre

Castlefield Roman beginnings

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Manchester’s Gay Village has a historic influence on the social, architectural and urban identity of the city’s centre. The location of The Gay Village is crucial in the inclusion of various user groups. The design, activities and the heritage element of the neighbourhood requires integration and preservation with its patrons and the communities especially with the rapidly developing periphery and the inclusion of taller and denser residential units around the site.

The Village Community focal point

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I first visited the site during the Pride Parade of 2019. The Gay Village was transformed into the centre stage of the events including the ground parking facility and the streets as vehicles were not allowed within the city centre during the weekend. Public transport had to be used to reach the city centre which added to the experience of the event as the festivities could be observed right from the periphery of the city centre.

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My visit to The Gay Village after the commencement of the Pride Parade was a very different experience. The presence of vehicles and parking changed the land use activities for the rest of the year. I observed less facilities of public engagement and pedestrian involvement. The ambience of the democratic and inclusive space was only experienced during the parade weekend. This space needed a public space intervention and strategies to overcome the lack of inclusive design

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History of the site Inclusivity through public space design

Visibility

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1985 First pride parade took place for charity and AIDS awareness

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Today LGBTQ+ community owned and supported businesses create a nightlife ambience which has become a distinct characteristic of the Canal street

196 Homosexua decrimi

1990 Manto pub changed the concept of nightlife in the Gay Village with big glass windows and promoting visibility rather than anonymity

1950 The Union pub became a safe heaven for the LGBTQ community members with cloudy window glasses to safeguard identities of socialising crowd inside

19th Century Cotton mills and warehouses exist as Grade II heritage listed buildings today

965 ality partially inalised

Post industrial boom, the less used canal and abandoned warehouses became a red light district

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Anonymity

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Research

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2 pg

Situation around the site

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Sackville Street

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Richmond Street Canal Street

Bloom Street

35% Commercial

30% Mixed use 10% Parking

15% Community

5% Green

5% Educational

Chorlton Street

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Portland Street

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Listed buildings on site

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Existing architectural typology around parking space 14

Regeneration projects proposed on site

2011

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Figure ground

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2021

Figure ground

Manchester New Square is a development by the canal with 351 apartments, wellness centre, 24 hours concierge and security, and car parking spaces

KA is a re project office spac space. Th developed a few ele the indust incorpora the d

SRF proposal Figure ground

Portland street Strategic Regeneration Framework

Manchester New Square Mixed use project

KAMPUS Mixed use project

Sources: Kampus- https://kampus-mcr.co.uk/ Manchester New Square- https://www. manchesternewsquare.com/ Portland Street SRF- https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/ downloads/download/6995/portland_street_strategic_ regeneration_framework_2018

Site 2 The site is bounded by Portland Street, Chorlton Street, Major Street and Sackville Street and comprises a 20-storey glass office tower (Manchester One). The tower is sited within the centre of the block and away from the back of pavement line on all roads by some 15 metres. Along Major Street is the existing vehicle ramp to the multi-storey car park above Chorlton Street Bus Station. The ramp then crosses the road at high level to the adjacent site 3. There is also a two storey Public House at ground floor level on the corner of Portland Street and Chorlton Street.

The site is owned by the City Council.

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Site 3 The site is bounded by Major Street, Chorlton Street, Bloom Street and Sackville Street and comprises the Chorlton Street Coach Station at ground level and four storeys of multi-storey car park above. There is also a public house at ground floor level on the corner of Sackville Street and Major Street.

site 3

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The site is owned by the City Council with a multitude of leases in place to operators, including the coach station.

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Site 4 The site is bounded by Major Street, Sackville Street, Bloom Street and Abingdon Street and comprises the Bloom Street NCP surface car park and two storey public house (New York New York) which is outside of the site boundary on the corner of Bloom Street and Abingdon Street. In addition to the provision of vehicle parking, the car park is also used by The Village community to support the area’s events offer. There are currently no proposals to develop this site at this time.

View northt

The site is owned by CP Co 4 Limited as a Freehold title.

Proposed tower (SRF) View east

View west

Manchester One (existing) 27

Proposed Hotel (now constructed) Manchester One

Proposed Hotel (now constructed)

Proposed hotel

Consented hotel

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3- View north along Portland Street showing both hotel proposals in the foreground and the extension to Manchester One in the backgound.

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1- View along Sackville Street towards Portland Street.

To the left of the new pedestrianised Sackville Street office units sit in the foreground with the hotel on Portland Street in the distance. To the right the residential towers rise away from Bloom Street on a retail podium.

for Site 3 and 4

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Proposed tower

et view

in SRF

Strategic Regeneration Framework (SRF) released in October 2018 primarily focuses on the Portland Street reconstruction.

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View south

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d o e ix t t m ex ne y 2 re r n O e t sto we ter i S 1 to s 3 se che u an M d f n 3 rey e oo a te sto us h r 1 rey i S 1 d wit te sto rey tels i e 3 ix r S 0 to o h s m we en 1 6 r to ard 1 sta g 4 4 rey e street view proposed te sto us i S 0 d 1 ixe ing m uild The b

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AMPUS esidential with cafés, ces and public he project is d by retaining ements from trial past and ating them in design.

Site 1 The site is bounded by Portland Street, Sackville Street, Major Street and Abingdon Street and currently comprises a consented planning scheme for a 10 storey 4* hotel adjacent to a refurbished 13 storey office building. The office building is now subject to a separate planning application for a ground floor + 16 storey 4* hotel development.

The site is owned by the City Council.

2- View across Chorlton Street and Bloom Street.

The two residentail blocks sit above a retail podium rising to the new tower at the corner of Portland Street.

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although this is restricted by the street pattern.

Analysis of Portland Street SRF Key Restaurant/retail space/Flexible Events Space

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A new public car park is located on Major Street and backs onto the proposed hotels. An L shaped building wraps this along Sackville Street and Bloom Street, providing retail and restaurant units. Part of this building is also proposed as community use. The L shaped block terminates at level five in response to the scale of surrounding buildings along Bloom Street. The car park located in the depth of the urban block continues up to level 10, relating in scale to the proposed hotels and provides a garden space at roof level.

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Circulation / entrance / ancillary space Community space

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Throughout the SRF, there is an attempt to maximise green infrastructure, although this is restricted by the street pattern.

Circulation / entrance / ancillary space

plan levels 21-31

Office / residential

plan levels 06-10

residential / flats sp ac es

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levels 01-20 residentialplan / flats

plan levels 01-05

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ground floor plan

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Visual identity?

Site heritage?

ground floor plan

Source: Portland Street SRF- https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/ downloads/download/6995/portland_street_strategic_ regeneration_framework_2018

. m te q. ity i S s n u s 5 75 mm ace Co sp 3

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Circulation / entrance / ancillary space

Streetscape?

What facilities, activities and design elements Public makes it an identity for 24 space planning? the communities?

10% Parking

15% Community

10% Parking Portland street SRF proposes a vertical development within the 4 sites adjacent to Portland Street. The existing parking spaces are proposed to be shifted into Major Street Parking for public use. While the proposal mainly focuses on providing facilities like restaurants, retail spaces, hotels, residential apartments, offices, community spaces and open spaces in terms of public spaces and roof gardens, the proposal has a commercially inclining aspect which may result in segregated and over managed public spaces around the public realms of the site.

2% Community

8% Green

5% Green

5% Educational

20% Retail

40% Residential 20% Offices

User group engagement SIte use analysis

With respect to the provision of community spaces in Site 3 and Site 4, the facilities and activities supported within these spaces need to be described in more detail. The site is a focal point for LGBTQ+ community, Asian community, students, working professionals and city centre residents. The community aspect is a crucial character of the site and hence this user group must be an important priority of the regeneration proposal addressed to the site.

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35% Commercial

30% Mixed use

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City Council document

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City Centre Transport Strategy (CCTS) ‘The revised City Centre Transport Strategy will set the strategic framework for how people will travel into and out of the city centre and how they will move within the city centre. It will set out proposals to further enhance the city’s public transport network and reduce car based trips over the longer term period, leading to the overall share of public transport, cycling and walking trips increasing as the preferred modes of travel. This will contribute to the city’s and Greater Manchester’s zero-carbon targets by increasing nonmotorised trips and increasing the usage of public transport. The proposals will aim to reduce emissions and improve air quality on some of the currently most heavily polluted streets in the city centre.’

- CCTS report released in February 2021

Environmental Impact Assessment - the impact of the decisions proposed in this report on achieving the zero-carbon target for the city

Source: City Centre Transport Strategic Consultation Outcome 2021 19

City Centre Transport Strategy Consultation Outcomes 2021 Who participated in the consultation?

How was the consultation held?

Online survey

Aims and strategies to achieve the are listed in the CCTS

2,426 respondents

When was the survey held?

September to November 2020

Increase connectivity with the wider North

Increase public transport routes

Cleanliness of streets and safety for pedestrians

More care free streets in city centre

Disability friendly proposals needed

Activities inviting in the City Centre

Remove unnecessary parking spaces

Improve cycle routes and parking spots

14.46% of respondents live in the City Centre

Concerns regarding HS2

Modes of transport to come into City Centre

37.7% of respondents live in the Manchester area

Preferred movement within City Centre

42.33% of respondents state that they would normally walk around the city centre

Bus 24.36% Tram 21.37% Car /Van/Motorcycle 15.69% Train 13.5% Cycle 12.36% Walk 8.53% Taxi 7.5%

Leisure/ Social – 49.50% Shopping – 48.80% Work – 41.67%

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What were the comments raised in the survey?

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Analysis of site according to research

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Unsafe and unmanaged alley ways

Under management of public spaces

Lack of pedestrian and public space design elements

Sin lan of p sp

Inco with aim of target c

ngular nd use parking paces

onsistent the future zero carbon t for the city centre

Unsustainable land use pattern with space reserved for stationary function

Lack of accessibility, physical and visual connection with the water element

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Potential public spaces dominated by consumer activities

Lack of inclusive public spaces dedicated for social outdoor activities to interact with canal area

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Program

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3 pg

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Project focus development

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Portland street strategic regeneration framework released in 2018 proposes the development of existing parking spaces into retail, offices and residential blocks

The thesis proposes an integrated development of the neighbourhood without changing the density of the built environment and involving community and public utility spaces.

Multi functional

Built space usage

Local aesthetics

Interactive design

Community centric

Unsegregated activities

Public space usage

Introducing public outdoor furniture Pedestrian streets Multi use spaces Urban furniture

Flexible usage

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Remodelling existing car parking building

Sustainably remodelled

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Manifesto What do I aim to achieve with the design intervention?

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Community centric

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To initiate land use for the community and the various user groups of the site

Climate centric To consider the Council’s aims and strategies for City Centre development

Public centric

To promote streets and open spaces for public interaction

To maintain the heritage, character and built density of the site

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City centric

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Strategies and space functions Design permeable built space Promote mixed use pattern

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Improve connectivity

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Car free zone boundary

Provide multi use spaces

Bus route Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Pedestrian path Cycling path

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Impacts Promote mixed use pattern

-Daily use -Event use -Social use -Activated use

Urban context impacts -Pedestrians -Cyclists -Disabled -Public transport -Visual

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Improve connectivity

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Design permeable built space -Inviting structure -Continuous public space flow -Improved chances of active zones

Provide multi use spaces

-Active frontage -Community use -User groups activity support

-Safer streets due to public activities -Better cross site connectivity -More route options

Permeable streetscape -More user groups initiated -Employment opportunities -Sustainable social growth -Public space maintenance

Activity areas around channels of connectivity

Mixed use activity possibilities

Enhanced social outdoor activities

Accessibility improvement -Less private cars -Less parking spaces -More public space reclaimed -Money saving -Health benefits

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Social context impacts

-Democratic public spaces -User oriented activities -Public forum activities -Sense of ownership

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Precedent Design precedence

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Material usage

Reused glass

Recycled metal

The UK manufactures 750,000 tonnes of flat glass each year, threequarters of which goes into glazing products for buildings. Currently, the recycled content of flat glass produced in the UK is between 20%–30%.

There are various methods of recycling glass in order to make it fit for re purposing such as crushing, screening to remove contamination, air classification, optical sorting, size classification and washing and drying.

Britain exports 15 million tonnes of industrial waste each year, half of which is valuable scrap metal.

Metals are collected, sorted and then shredded. The scrap is then melted and purified and finally allowed to cool to solidify. Metals— including steel, copper, and brass—are valuable commodities to recycle.

Sala Beckett project by the Flores & Prats studio 35

Designers, and design firms have been awarded steel from the demolition of the Eastern span of the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Bridge. The steel has been made available for use in public projects throughout California

Sources: https://ukconstructionblog.co.uk/2019/02/26/recyclingbuildings-10-building-materials-that-can-be-reused-afterdemolition/

Reclaimed concrete

Recycled wood

In the UK, average wastage level of concrete is about 4%, while brick and block is around 6%.

Concrete and brick can be recycled by crushing them into rubble.

Once sorted, screened and contaminants are removed, reclaimed concrete or brick can be used in concrete aggregate, fill, road base, recasting.

Wood waste from building sites including new builds and refurbishments amounts to around 0.85metric tons per year in the UK. Wood can be reused, repurposed, recycled, or burned as bioenergy.

Recycled wood can be used in pathways, coverings, or particleboard.

SOS Children’s Villages Lavezzorio Community Center / Studio Gang. Image Cortesia de Studio Gang

‘Brothers in Benches’ street furniture installation by street artist r1 in Johannesburg

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https://www.archdaily.com/

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Design program

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Built space usage

Public space usage

Typology 1

Typology 2

Existing parking building remodelled into community welfare centre

Existing parking ground redesigned into multi use public space

Public events area Workshops Exhibition area Community centre Charity and NGO offices Workspace for start-ups Co working spaces Cafeteria Flea market Gardening initiative Restaurant and pub Art installation space

Street furniture Movable public furniture Green scape Covered seating Picnic space Listed building backdrop Typology 3 Back alleys of pubs and restaurants introduced with detachable parklets for social activities and night life experience Typology 4 Integration of Canal street with public furniture and streetscaping for inclusive public space experience Typology 5 Route proposals for bus lanes and cycle lanes within the site to facilitate ease of transport in car free zone

Typology 5

Typology 2 Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Typology 1 Typology 3 Typology 4

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Built space

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4 pg

Typology 1

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The existing structure of the four floored parking building is composed of concrete columns and metal I section beams in a grid to support the dead load of the parked cars. The floor plates are concrete slabs with ramps connecting each floor plate for movement of cars up to the fourth floor.

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The existing structural framework of the parking building

Reusing the existing structural framework to retain the street’s characteristic, reduce construction material wastage and enable a shorter renovation time for the reutilisation of the space for community purposes.

Reuse

2 Natural connectivity

Involvement of various user groups by introduction of mixed use activities, creating employment opportunities and an active street frontage to initiate sustainable maintenance of the neighbourhood.

Hollow core and receded edges to allow natural light into the structure for efficient energy management of structure during available daylight use.

3 Visual connectivity

4

Removal of alternate floor plates to increase floor height of staggered floors to connect with the structure’s surrounding for visual appreciation of the neighbourhood’s urban characteristics.

5 Increasing pedestrian route options by creating permeable ground level design and introducing ramps and lifts for inclusive accessibility for vertical connectivity.

Mixed use

Physical connectivity

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Strategy and impacts of the remodelling for use as community welfare centre

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Front elevation

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Side elevations

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Axonometric details and sections Rooftop

Gardening initiative

4th floor

Career hub and skills workshop

3rd floor

Co- working spaces

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A

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A

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Staircase and toilet service shaft 2nd floor

Workspace for start up support

1st floor

NGO and charity offices

Ground floor

Flea market and exhibition space

The Village history installation and cafe

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Section B B 48

Section A A

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Experience of built space

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Bloom Street entrance

The Village HistoryExperiential installation A permanent installation is designed on the first slope at the ground floor level from the Bloom Street entrance. This installation showcases various stages of the history of The Gay Village related to the LGBTQ+ community. The experience of the installation is to observe the intensity of light travelling through various openings, cloudy class and then leading into space with transparent glass up to an open gallery.

The feeling generated is that of gradual openness and transparency while moving along the slope.

FROM ANONYMITY TO VISIBILITY

Transparent glass Cloudy glass

Graphitti

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Windows with bars

Open gallery

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Experience of built space

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Vertical connectivity with slopes

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Experience of built space

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Flea market on ground level

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Public space

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5 pg

Typology 2

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Free access

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Connectivity

Removal of boundary separators to access the space freely, avoid segregation and increase cross pedestrian activities.

Designing public furniture customised for accessibility and multiple angles of visual connection with the surroundings.

The asymmetric public furniture initiates a visual appreciation space and a democratic use according to the user’s needs.

Retain

Multiuse

Retain the flooring asphalt material along with the parking space floor pattern. The trees on the periphery are retained to be integrated in the greenscaping design.

Designing and placing movable public furniture in the central axis to create a multi-use space long with low maintenance greenscaping along the periphery and between the floor patterns.

The space is designed to better integrate during the time of public events around the year. The covering over the periphery is to make the space usable during the unexpected spells of showers.

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Public furniture details

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Experience of public space

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Public space view with hotel in background

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Experience of public space

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Public space view with hotel and listed buildings in background

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Experience of public space

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Public space usage during events after removing movable furniture

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Typology 3 The street identity

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The neighbourhood has a visual identity of brightly coloured community themed murals. The texture of brick walls along with murals is retained and emphasised while introducing street furniture elements.

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Retain

Customise

Material details

What are parklets?

Wooden pallets

‘Parklets are public seating platforms that convert curbside parking spaces into vibrant community spaces.

Also known as street seats or curbside seating, parklets are the product of a partnership between the city and local businesses, residents, or neighbourhood associations. Most parklets have a distinctive design that incorporates seating, greenery, and/or bike racks and accommodate unmet demand for public space on thriving neighbourhood retail streets or commercial areas.’

- NACTO (www.nacto.org)

Parklets design guidelines Vertical elements for safety and demarcation

Back alley space usage Individual pubs lay out temporary outdoor seatings in the alley creating uneven maintenance with garbage bins and unkept sidewalks between pub entrances.

Introduction of customisable and movable parklets between the alley provide a chance of maintenance and multiple usage options.

Visible marking for moving traffic

Width of a parking space

Wooden pallets have sustainable advantages of being1. Durable 2. Easy to repair 3. Possibilities of recycling 4. Easy and local availability

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Height flushed with side walk to avoid tripping

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Parklet design details

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Possible customisation options 68

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Comparative analysis

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Unmanaged parking of cars within neglected space

Waste space created by space between buildings

Exposed garbage from the pubs and restaurants

Unmanaged segregation of street during night service

Parklets

s placed between back alleys 70

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Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Typology 4

pg

Canal and street connections

Street level integration

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Tow path level integration

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Canal integration design details

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View from the bridge on Chorlton Street towards Canal Street

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Experience of Canal Street

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View from Sackville Street towards Canal Street

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Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Experience of Canal Street

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View of Canal Street with tow path level integration

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8m 1.5m

One- way lane

Cycle lane

Footpath

2.5m

Bus lane

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2m

Footpath

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Typology 5

The existing lane system on Sackville Street (towards Portland Street)

4m

0.5m 2m

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4m

Footpath

2m

Drive lane

Cycle lane

2m

Parking bylane

Footpath

The existing lane system on Sackville Street (towards Canal Street)

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Dedicated lanes proposal

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Chorlton Street

Sackville Street

Bus lanes Bus lanes planned as one way system on Sackville Street and Chorlton Street. The bus stops are proposed on dedicated bus lanes within walking proximity from the ground floor entrances to the community welfare centre. The dedicated bus lanes in car free zones reduce the hindrance of cars to make streets around public spaces more pedestrian safe.

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Chorlton Street

Cycle lanes marked in colour on the road create easy access and manoeuvring by cyclists within the site. Car free zone also enhances the experience of cycling while reducing the dependence on parking spaces.

Sackville Street

Cycle lanes

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Experience at street level

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Dedicated bus and cycle lanes along Typology 1 and 2

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Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Site sections

A

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B

B A

Section A A

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Retain Rethink Reassign Reuse | Urban spaces in Manchester |

Site sections

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Section B B

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pg

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Site model

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6 pg

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Public space

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Bibliography

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123–148.

Carmona, M. (2010b) “Contemporary public space, part two: Classification.” Journal of urban design, 15(2) pp. 157–173.

Carmona, M. (2019) 62. The many evolving faces of our contemporary public spaces. Matthew-carmona.com. [Online] [Accessed May 23rd, 2021] https://matthew-carmona.com/2019/03/04/the-many-evolving-faces-of-our-contemporary-public-spaces/.

Carmona, M., Oc, T., Heath, T. and Tiesdell, S. (2001) Public places - urban spaces: A guide to urban design. Oxford, England: Architectural Press.

Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G. and Stone, A. M. (1993) Environment and behavior: Public space. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Charlesworth, E. (2005) City edge: Contemporary discourses on urbanism. Elsevier Science & Technology.

Dextre, J. C., Hughes, M. and Bech, L. (eds.) (2013) Cyclists & cycling around the world : creating liveable & bikeable cities.

Lima, Perù: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perù.

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Gehl, J. (2011) Life between buildings: Using public space. 6th ed., Washington, D.C., DC: Island Press.

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Gehl, J. and Gemzøe, L. (2006) New City Spaces. 2nd ed., Danish Architectural Press.

Gehl, J. and Koch, J. (2011) Life between buildings: Using public space. 6th ed., Washington, D.C., DC: Island Press.

Jacobs, J. (1961) The death and life of great American cities. Harlow, England: Penguin Books.

Madanipour, A. (2005) Public and private spaces of the city. London, England: Routledge.

Mehta, V. (2013) “Evaluating public space.” Journal of urban design, 19(1) pp. 53–88.

Moor, M. and Rowland, J. (eds.) (2006) Urban Design Futures. London, England: Routledge.

Moore, G. M. (2020) “Connectivity of public open space: its meaning for different functions.” Journal of urban design, 26(3) pp.

279–295.

Per, A. F. and Arpa, J. (2008) The public chance: New urban landscapes. Gasteiz / Vitoria, Spain: A+T Ediciones.

Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19 (2020) Gehlpeople.com. [Online] [Accessed July 5th, 2021] https://covid19.gehlpeople. com/lockdown.

Reijndorp, A. and Hajer, M. A. (2001) In search of the new public domain. Rotterdam, Netherlands: NAI.

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Taşan-Kok, T. (2020) How to be truly open: Rethinking public spaces in the post-covid city. Urbanet.info. [Online] [Accessed July 5th, 2021] https://www.urbanet.info/truly-open-rethinking-public-spaces-post-covid-city/.

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