City Sanitation Planning and Service Delivery with Community

City Sanitation Planning and Service Delivery with Community Shantanu Raut

Table of Content 1. Background 2. Research Aim, Focus, Objectives & Research Question 3. Literature Review 4. Research Methodology 5. Working Conclusion 6. Recommendation 7. Reference

1. Background 695 million live in Africa Around 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation 500,000 diarrhoeal deaths each year Africa; 0.7; 22.46%

180,000 children under the age of five 500 children a day – in sub–Saharan Africa inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene.

World Average; 2.4; 77.54%

"Today, almost two billion people use a source of drinking-water contaminated with faces, putting them at risk of

World Average Africa World Sanitation Access Source:(WHO Radical increase in water and sanitation investment required to meet development targets, 2017) Radical increase in water and sanitation investment required to meet development targets, 2017) Source:(WHO

contracting cholera, dysentery, typhoid and polio,“. Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director

1.

Many Water Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH) programs and projects are being carried out by national and Background international governments and NGOs to tackle the problem of inadequate sanitation.

These programs aim to achieve the necessary infrastructure, which may not always provide continuously safe and reliable services.

Planning initiatives have yet to consider for integrated development that can provide a sustainable outcome to achieve universal access to safely managed water and sanitation services by 2030, the much more ambitious SDG targets.

Source: (WHO Radical increase in water and sanitation investment required to meet development targets, 2017)

Integrated Planning Approach

Tanzania Peri-Urban Areas of Iringa

Sanitation Planning and Service

Sub Sahara Africa

2. Research Aim & Area of Focus Research Aim

Understanding sanitation planning and service provision in a mid and low-income community with multi-stakeholder involvement

Understand the community ( Beneficiary) role in in sanitation planning process with the help of Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning (CLUES) framework.

Area of Focus

2. Objective

Evaluate understand Outcome Implementation

Objecti ve Role of community in sanitation planning

Need for Capacity Building for Participation :Sourcehttps://www.agrilinks.org/post/win-win-womensempowerment-gender-equality-food-security-and-economi c-well-being-burundi

2. Research "How can the sanitation planning

Question

process be improved with beneficiary community participation? " Sanitation Planning:

Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F %2Fwww.iswit.org%2Fparticipants.php&psig

WHO defines it as a “ step-by-step risk-based approach to assist in implementing local level risk assessment and management for the sanitation service chain - from containment, conveyance, treatment, and end-use of disposal �

(WHO. World Health Organization, 2016)

2. Research Question

“ Beneficiary community Participation “ : If Sanitation is Product address the end-user as “consumer ”.

But consider a case when low-income households community build / improved / upgrade latrine / toilet .

New technology or product, and construction methods

Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&ur l=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswit.org%2Fparticipants.

they may not have seen, touched, or used before.

This is going to possibly improve his life and health condition. That’s why we should address them as Beneficiary and for better outcome inclusiveness is essential . (Jenkins & Pedi, 2013).

3. Literature Review Tanzania is one of Africa's fastest growing economy.

1) Mtwivila

Africa

2) Kihesa Tanzania Iringa

3) Kitwiru 4) Nduli

40 million, in 2015, lacked access to "at least basic" sanitation In Tanzania.

In Iringa, only 24% of the population had access to "at least basic" sanitation, 37%, and 17% in urban and Peri-Urban areas.

Rapid urbanization and the development of new peri-urban areas.

Source: (USAID 2018)

Source: (Jenkins & Pedi, 2013).

3. Literature Review The area consists of households (99%) have a latrine, (80%) of which is unimproved.

1) Mtwivila 2) Kihesa

Filled Up Septic Tank Source: (Mahenge & Agenda, 2013)

No Municipal Sever lines in peri urban Area

3) Kitwiru 4) Nduli

Onsite Collection and use of Pit latrine.

Mechanized emptying service

Pit Latrine on the site Source: ( Mahenge& Agenda, 2013)

Source: (Jenkins & Pedi, 2013)

3. Literature Review

Case Study Reference (Jenkins & Pedi, 2017)

Regional Context (Republic, 2013) Regional Policy (Lufingo, M. 2019)

CLUES Planning Framework Reference (Parkinson et al., 2012 )

WHO Policies (WHO 215)

City Sanitation Planning (CSP,2017)

3. TheLiterature Review participatory approach applied in the sanitation plan development is derived from the CLUES planning framework(Bright-Davies et al., 2015).

The CLUES framework of planning is based on

The planning phase consist of seven stages: 1. Process Ignition and Demand Creation 2. Launch of the Planning Process 3. Detailed Assessment of the Current Situation 4. Prioritization of the Community Problems and Validation 5. Identification of Service Options

Components of the CLUES Source: Parkinson et al., 2013

6. Development of an Action Plan 7. Implementation of the Action Plan

4. Research Methodology Secondary Data 1) Literature Review on Case Study 2) Policy framework Review

Primary Data

1) Field Observation and semi

Limitation

1) Pandemic

structured Interview with the beneficiary

2) Lack of Access to funds

(Gov. Websites and Research papers etc. ) 3) Seminar outcome on Planning &

2) Interview with on field organizations and professionals

4) Limited data

Design of Sanitation Systems 3) Interview with Municipal Authority 4) Film and Video documentation

3) Time Constrain

5. Working Conclusion 1) Planning Methodology applied in Iringa provided a

5) CLUES approach may require different set of

positive response to community integration in

actors to have a different level of skills at each level,

sanitation planning. Focused Group Discussion

which must be adopted by training activities.

proved to be important tools.

7) However further research needed to be done with 2) The case study has also brought in the different

the help of more case studies to come up with more

perspectives and ambitions of the participants in the

concrete conclusions.

different locality as a result of capacity building.

3) The case presented that similar framework can be implemented in different context with similar constrains.

4) Community integrated planning consumes, more time than expert-led planning approaches.

6. Recommendation 1) Analysis of Social, Political, economic, private sector ‘s role.

2) Further policy framework and planning legislation could be research to understand the current sanitation planning process and identification of gap.

4) Understanding and finding the gap in existing community-led sanitation planning frameworks and further address those gaps to make the process more community-oriented.

7.

• Water for the World. (2018) Water for the World. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from

References https://www.waterfortheworld.net/the-water-challenge

• USAID. (2018). TANZANIA. Usaid.Org. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://www.usaid.gov/tanzania#:~:text=Tanzania%20is%20one%20of%20Africa’s, However%2C%20widespread%20poverty%20persists.&text=High%20population%20 growth%20and%20low,limit%20broad%2Dbased%20economic%20growth.

• WHO Newsroom. (2017). World Health Organization. Sanitation. https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Sanitation.

Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation • Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation (CLUES,2016). Sswm.Info.

Retrieved June 24, 2020, from https://sswm.info/humanitarian-crises/urban-settings/planning-process-tool s/exploring-tools/community-led-urban-environmental-sanitation-%28clues%29 • Understanding Poverty/ Water and Sanitation. (n.d.). The World Bank.

Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water • Bright-Davies, L., Schmidt, A., Duma, L., & Mbuduka, F. (2015). City Sanitation Planning: Part 1. 1–20.

• Cairncross, S. (2004). The Case for Marketing Sanitation. WSP Field Note, May.

7.

• Devine, J., & Kullmann, C. (2011). Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing. September, 66.

References http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Introductory-Guide-SanitationMarketing.pdf • Domini, M., Langergraber, G., Rondi, L., Sorlini, S., & Maswaga, S. (2017). Development of a sanitation safety plan for improving the sanitation system in peri-City Sanitation Planning and Service Delivery with Community urban areas of Iringa, Tanzania. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 7(2), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.256 • Jenkins, M., & Pedi, D. (2013). Guidance note 2 Consumer Behavior: How can we understand sanitation consumers in target markets?

October, 1–7. www.unicef.org/wash/.../Guidance_Note_2_-_Consumer_Behaviour.pdf • Lufingo, M. (2019). Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities for Strategic Sustainable Domestic Water Management. A Case of Iringa Region In Tanzania. J, 2(4), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.3390/j2040029 • Lufunyo, H. (2013). Impact of public sector reforms on service delivery in Tanzania. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 5(2), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpapr12.014

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