Highfield Level 2 Working at Height

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Ed. 1

April’ 18

International Work at Height Skills Highfield Place, Shaw Wood Business Park, Shaw Wood Way, Wheatley Hills, Doncaster, DN2 5TB UK Tel: 0845 2260350 Tel: 01302 363277

© Highfield Products Ltd 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, added to, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Highfield Products ltd. This publication is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by any way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the prior consent of Highfield Products ltd.

The UK and Middle East’s leading supplier of compliance, work-based learning and apprenticeship training materials.

About Highfield

● Established in 1982, a family-run business with over 250 staff across the UK and Middle East ● A market leader for multiple qualifications ● Over 2,000,000 learners across more than 100+ countries use Highfield training materials ● An impressive client list including some of the world's most recognisable companies and government agencies ● Over 15,000 training centres and trainers deliver Highfield qualifications across the globe ● Over 500 unique supporting training products ● Over 250 qualifications available.

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Ground rules

● Fire escapes ● Toilets ● Smoking ● Drinks ● Breaks ● Lunch ● Questions ● Talking over others ● Respect others’ points of view ● Timekeeping

As a courtesy to others please set your mobile phone to SILENT MODE. NEXT

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Highfield PowerPoint presentations KEY

Class Question

Individual Exercise

Key Point

Law

Group Exercise

Class Exercise

Handouts

Next Slide

Definition

KEY POINT

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Module guide

Risk assessment and rescue plan 1

Module guide

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Risk assessment and rescue plan

Introduction

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Introduction 7

2 Law and responsibilities

Work at height equipment

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Law and responsibilities

Work at height equipment Personal fall protection equipment

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Personal fall protection equipment

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Written assessment

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What is work at height?

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What is work at height?

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Work at height hazards

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Work at height hazards

5 Control measures hierarchy

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Control measures hierarchy

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Introduction

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Course aims

To improve the knowledge and skills of all learners who may work at height during their employment

To be informative and enjoyable.

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Course objectives

Learners will be able to understand the hazards from work at height and its equipment and to apply that knowledge to reduce the risk of injury to themselves and others

Pass the theory.

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Course scope

This course does not qualify the learners in activities such as: •

Erection of scaffolds (mobile or tower)

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Operation of mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs)

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The statutory inspection of such equipment

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Climbing aerial towers or similar

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Rope access.

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General health and safety

Health and safety is important for the following reasons:

Moral Legal Financial.

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Law and responsibilities

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Health and safety law basics

Under international safety laws the employers and employees have statutory duties for health, safety and environment in the workplace.

1. What does your employer have a duty to provide for you?

2. What do you have to do for your employer?

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Health and safety law basics What does an employer have a duty to provide? ● A safe workplace so far as is reasonably practicable ● Information, instruction, training and supervision ● Safe systems of work ● Safe tools and equipment, maintained and inspected as required

● A responsible competent person to look after HSE ● Emergency plans including provision for fire and first aid ● Insurance for employers ● PPE as required for tasks (free of charge to employees) ● Risk assessments and safety planning ● Safe access and egress – ways in, out, up or down for getting to the workplace.

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Health and safety law basics What does an employee have to do for their employer?

● Look after their own safety ● Look out for the safety of others ● Report any unsafe acts or conditions ● Follow company safety rules and instructions ● Use tools, equipment and PPE correctly as trained and instructed.

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Health and safety laws

Criminal

Civil.

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International Labour Organisation Employers Employees Self-employed Designers and manufacturers Occupiers of buildings in which persons work Governments.

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Other regional legislation ● OSHAD (Abu Dhabi) Codes of Practice ● Ministry of Manpower (MOM) ● Dubai Municipality Labour Laws ● PDO (Oman O&G) ● Saudi Aramco General Instructions ● Qatar Petroleum or Qatar Construction Standards.

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Core requirements for WAH by employers Avoid Work at height wherever possible

Plan All work at height tasks correctly using a risk assessment and method statement

Provide Correct equipment, permits and training for employees carrying out the tasks

Rescue Ensure an emergency or rescue plan is in place for all work at height.

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Core requirements for WAH by employees

Comply With work permits and risk assessments

Inspect All equipment and surfaces before use

Report Any issue that should stop work at height.

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Competence

The 3 measurements of competence: Trained - theoretical and practical knowledge

Experience – through applying knowledge

Confidence – to carry out tasks correctly.

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How much do you know?

Which of the following is NOT a duty of the employee?

Take reasonable care of themselves Take reasonable care of others Cooperate with the employer Write a risk assessment NEXT

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How much do you know?

What are the main employer’s responsibilities for WAH?

Provide fall arrest harnesses Ensure health, safety and environment department in charge Risk assess, plan and use competent persons and correct equipment Ensure that a fire extinguisher is in place NEXT

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How much do you know?

Which of these are recognised regional laws

ILO C155, Armaco Gls, OSHAD

Aramco, PSP, ComHSE British, French and Spanish

PUWER, LOLER and ComHSE NEXT

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How much do you know?

What are the three measures of competence?

Knowledge, experience and confidence

Training, assessment and competence Language, skills and application

Certified, over 18 and skilled NEXT

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What is work at height?

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How is work at height defined?

Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. You are working at height if you: You are working at height if you: ● work above ground or floor level ● could fall from an edge, through an opening or fragile surface ● could fall from ground level into an opening in a floor or a hole in the ground

Work at height does not include a slip or a trip on the level, as a fall from height has to involve a fall from one level to a lower level, nor does it include walking up and down a permanent staircase in a building.

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Introduction to work at height What are the most common causes of fatality to workers in the construction sector?

Falls from a height

Trapped by something collapsing/overturning

Struck by a moving vehicle.

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KEY POINT

Work at height musts

● Planning ● Supervision ● Carried out in a safe manner ● Risk assessment ● Emergency and rescue provision ● Environmental considerations ● Competence levels ● Equipment suitability.

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Hazards from work at height

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Factors that cause accidents Environmental factors The building or area we work in

● Floors (Holes through) ● Access and egress ● Space ● Lighting ● Temperature ● Dust ● Wind

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Factors that cause accidents Human factors The behaviour and ability of the individual

● Lack of knowledge ● Lack of concentration ● Horseplay ● Lack of capability.

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Factors that cause accidents Occupational factors The job or task that we carry out

● Manual handling ● Use of hazardous substances ● Use of equipment.

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What are the main hazards while working at height? ● Falls from height ● Dropped objects ● Equipment failures ● Lack of competence ● Improper use of equipment ● Overloading ● Tipping.

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Working at height Common causes of accidents when working at height:

Not providing a safe system to carry out work at height

Failure to recognise a problem.

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Injury and accident statistics GCC work at height accident statistics Estimated figures from ILO 2012-2015, over 120 people have died from falls from height at work Only around 40 of these fatalities were as a result of a fall from above 2 metres Approximately 50 of these were as a result of falls from portable ladders or temporary staging In these same years 3177 major injuries were recorded as a result of falls from height.

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How much do you know?

What are the main points to consider when carrying out work-at-height tasks?

Planning, prosecution, tipping Use best priced equipment Supervise all persons at height or floor Planning, supervision, risk assessment NEXT

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How much do you know?

What height are you deemed to be at height at work?

1.8 metres

2 metres 8 metres All of the above, any height you can fall and injure yourself from NEXT

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How much do you know?

Main hazards at height include: falls, poor equipment use, weather

weight of PPE tripping on stairway or road confidence of task requirements NEXT

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Control measures hierarchy

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Work at height hierarchy Hierarchy Levels of protection Work at height wherever possible

Avoid

Prevent

Against distance or consequence of a fall

Falls wherever possible

Mitigate/ Minimise

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Work at height hierarchy Avoid work at height wherever possible

● Can the work be carried out at ground level? E.g. ● using reach and wash window cleaning systems ● using hinged street lights so bulbs can be changed from the ground ● Can items be pre-fabricated at ground level? ● Use existing safe work at height gantry’s or walkways ● Can a control unit be positioned at ground level?

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Bad practice

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Work at height hierarchy Prevent falls wherever possible ● Consider use of permanent guardrails or temporary guardrails if the duration of work is short ● Use equipment with edge protection already in place, e.g. MEWP scissor lift ● Use ManSafe systems or restraint lanyards shorter than the distance to the unprotected edge.

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Good practice

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Fall prevention – guardrail standards

950mm min

470mm max

470mm max 150mm

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Collective fall prevention

Image result for boom lift clipart

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Personal fall prevention (work restraint) Only prevents the individual from a fall

When using work restraint, very careful attention must be paid to corners and edges of rooftops, where a sideways step could place the worker at risk of a fall.

Work Restraint systems use a fixed or adjustable lanyard, which may be of rope, webbing or steel wire, anchored back to a suitable anchor point. The lanyard is of a length that will prevent the user from falling.

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Work at height hierarchy Mitigate/minimise against distance or consequence of a fall

● Ensure all work at height has an emergency or rescue plan ● Consider use of safety nets to reduce distance, or air bags to reduce impact of a fall ● Use second line for rope access work with positioning lanyard ● Provide fall arrest lanyards with shock absorbers for any tasks where falls may occur.

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Collective fall protection Collective fall protection, systems such as: ● Ensure all work at height has an emergency or rescue plan ● Air bags and safety nets can be used when a number of people are working in one location ● Where the risk of a fall cannot be eliminated, work equipment and the correct type of Personal Fall Protection should be used These will minimise the distance and consequence of a fall.

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Individual fall protection Fall arrest

Minimise the consequences of a fall by the use of Personal Fall Protection Equipment (PFPE)

PFPE is to be considered the last resort.

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General safety ● Where there is a risk to others from falling objects, then the danger area should be cordoned off and warning notices prominently displayed ● All loose tools and equipment should be secured by means of a tether to the person or structure ● Personnel working within the drop zone should wear appropriate PPE. NEXT

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How much do you know?

What is the correct hierarchy for safe work at height?

Minimise, avoid, protect Prevent, protect, avoid

Avoid, prevent, minimise Avoid, minimise, prevent NEXT

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Risk assessment and rescue plan

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Definitions

Hazard Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk The likelihood of harm occurring

Risk assessment The identification of hazards, calculation of risk and reduction of risk either completely or to an acceptable level.

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Five steps to risk assessment

KEY POINT

Identification of hazards, calculation of risk and reduction of risk Principles of risk assessment

1 2 3 4 5

Identify hazards Identify those who may be harmed Evaluate risk by considering existing precautions Record the findings

Review and revise as necessary.

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Identify the hazards

● Slipping/tripping hazards (floors and stairs) ● Fire ● Chemicals and hot liquids ● Vehicles ● Moving parts of machinery ● Tools and equipment ● Dusts, fumes and poor ventilation ● Human factors ● Electricity ● Working at height ● Manual handling ● Noise ● Poor lighting 59

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1b

Decide who might be harmed and how

Employees Young persons Cleaners Contractors Disabled people Expectant mothers Inexperienced staff Lone workers Visitors Residents.

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Evaluate the risk KEY POINT

Are existing precautions and control measures satisfactory? If not… can they be improved?

Do they:

● reduce the risk? ● comply with the law? ● represent good practice?

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Evaluate the risk KEY POINT

Are existing precautions and control measures satisfactory? If not… can they be improved?

Have the staff: ● received training ● received information ● received procedures ● been advised about risk assessments ● been provided with PPE? 62

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) Designed to protect the wearer from one or more risks

Can risks be controlled by other means?

PPE is the last resort following risk assessment.

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Evaluate the risk A common method of evaluating the risk is to rate the likelihood of an incident occurring on a scale of 1 - 5 1 Unlikely to happen 2 Possibly could happen

3 Probably could happen 4 Probably will happen 5 Definitely could happen

And the consequences if it did happen

Risk rating = risk value

X consequence value

5 Death or multiple injury 4 Major injury 3 Lost-time injury (RIDDOR) 2 Minor injury 1 No injury.

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Risk assessment The risk value can be referenced with a risk matrix to categorise the risk as LOW, MEDIUM or HIGH Likelihood

Severity

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1 – Unlikely to happen

5 – Death or multiple injury

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2 – Possibly could happen

4 – Major injury

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3 – Probably could happen

3 – Lost time injury (RIDDOR)

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4 – Probably will happen

2 – Minor injury

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5 – Definitely could happen

1 – No injury

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Low risk

9-19

Moderate risk

20-25

Intolerable risk

TO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROCEDURES NEXT

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Hierarchy of control

Elimination Substitution Control/contain Alter

Protect Educate/Ensure.

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Record the findings

KEY POINT

Necessary to prove you did everything that was reasonably practicable.

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Review and revise if necessary

Review: Regularly

If changes in the workplace occur After an accident or near miss If new information becomes known.

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Rescue plan All work at height requires a risk assessment which includes a practised rescue plan in the case of an emergency Think about: ● the work being carried out ● the difficulty of accessing the worker by the rescue team Specific rescue training must be carried out at regular intervals to keep skills to an acceptable level

Training should not be carried out with live persons, a life-sized dummy should always be used.

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Emergency procedure

● Stay calm and quickly assess the situation.

Identify the hazards present ● Do not put yourself at risk ● Raise the alarm ● Establish the status of the casualty ● Assess the need for a rescue ● Perform the rescue if possible ● Do you need emergency services? If so call them ● Administer first aid (only if qualified to do so) ● How long have they been suspended? ● Report the incident.

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Risk assessment exercise Perform a risk assessment in teams using the sheets provided Think about: ● hazards ● who ● evaluate ● record ● review/revise.

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How much do you know?

What is the first stage in the risk assessment process?

Record the findings Evaluate the risk Identify who may be harmed Identify the hazards NEXT

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How much do you know?

What does a work at height risk assessment have to include?

Implementation Copies of competence certification Replacement equipment An emergency or rescue plan NEXT

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How much do you know?

How is a hazard best defined?

Something with the potential to cause harm The chance of harm occurring Calculation and reduction of harm Assessment of harm NEXT

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Work at height equipment

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Work at height equipment

● Ladders and steps ● Podium steps ● Scaffold and towers ● Rooftop harness ● MEWPs Image result for boom lift clipart

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Work at height equipment selection www.hse.gov.uk/work-at-height/wait/wait-tool.htm

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Ladders and steps – general rules Only use a ladder or stepladder: for access purposes only

for light work (if risk assessed) when a ‘handhold’ is available on the ladder or stepladder (or a point above for mini-steps) when three points of contact can be maintained.

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Ladders Considerations: ● ● ● ●

do not be complacent, think about the risks ladders are not safe for long-term use (30 mins max) cheap in price and mobile can be used if a risk assessment has been carried out

Factors to think about before use: ● securely fixed to stop slipping outwards or sideways ● site conditions – exposed element, ground and wall or structure used against ● can you safely stand on ladder and do the job required ● the ability, training and experience of the user ● the type of work required to be carried out and what tools will need to be used.

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Ladders and steps - selection criteria Must be Industrial rated BS EN131 or similar (no personal ladders allowed) Able to extend 1m higher than access point Support maximum load imposed Must comply with below mentioned lengths Must be inspected daily

Maximum Heights Metal ladders or reinforced GRP plastic

Wooden ladders

• 6.1m for industrial stepladder • 9m for a single industrial ladder • 15m for an industrial extension ladder

• 5.5m for platform stepladder • 5.5m for industrial pole ladder.

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Safe use of ladders What Not To Do ● Overload it (check safe working load) ● Over reach or stretch ● Rest ladders against weak upper surfaces ● Work above top three rungs ● Move ladder while it is being used.

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Safe use of ladders Important

75º

● Ladder rungs must be level ● Worker must be healthy and fit to carry out the task ● Tie or foot ladder properly ● 3 points of contact at all times ● Ladders must lean at angle of approx 75º (4 up 1 out) ● Ladder should extend 1m above landing ● Point for handhold.

1m min above access point

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Safe use of ladders - securing

To avoid slips of ladder you must secure it ● Tie ladder to proper point and make sure both stiles are tied ● Use a stability device that is safe such as a ladder strap ● Securely fix the ladder to the wall wherever possible above 3m. ● Foot the ladder as a last resort if unable to tie in

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Safe use of stepladder

What not to do ● Overload (check safe working load) ● Use where restraint devices cannot be fully opened ● Don’t use top two steps of stepladder ● Don’t use top three steps of swing-back or double-sided stepladders.

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Safe use of stepladders

While working on stepladders always face the activity to avoid side loads and keep stability e.g. drilling in solid materials

Where side-on loadings cannot be avoided you should prevent the steps from tipping over by tying in.

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Safe use of steps – pre-use checks Before using a ladder or stepladder you must check whether it is safe.

You must check the following:

Have no visible defects Detailed visual inspection Suitable ladders or step ladders for work Maintained and stored safely

Must be inspected daily.

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Practical session INSPECT, ACCESS / EGRESS / STORE A STEPLADDER AND LADDER Inspection:

Feet are in good condition Screws, bolts and hinges are secure On a stepladder, the ‘spreaders’ can be locked into place No obvious signs of damage (cracks/splits) Storage: Ladders or step ladders must be stored in a well-ventilated area.

Straight ladders in flat racks or wall brackets Step ladders in closed, vertical position.

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Podium steps

● Podium steps are a safe alternative to step ladders to gain access to a high level ● They are built from a framework of aluminium tube and snap lock/hook locking type fittings ● Should be erected by competent experienced operators ● They provide heights ranging from 0.42m to 1.9m.

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Safe use of podium steps They must be erected on firm level ground Check all components are free from damages and used correctly Podium must be erected in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions Climb in using steps provided only Castor breaks must be ON when steps are in use Check safe working load of platform Guardrail gate fully closed in position; do not stand on frame to gain extra height Must be erected following manufacturers instructions.

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Scaffolds and towers

● Scaffolds should be assembled, moved, inspected and dismantled by a competent person ● PASMA (Prefabricated Access Suppliers and Manufacturers Association) ● CISRS OSTS (Construction Industry Scaffolders Record Scheme) ● Overseas Scaffolders Training Scheme.

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Safe use of scaffolds and towers Scaffold must only be assembled by competent person In date inspection tag (at least every 7 days) Access areas and working areas should be clear and safe Toe boards should be attached minimum height of 150mm

Isolate tag and report any issues

Every platform should have guard rails at all sides to prevent a fall All components should be fixed properly and not loose.

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Rooftops ● Rooftops should only be accessed by qualified and competent person ● Caution must be taken when working on rooftops as there are many risks associated with this activity

Fall hazards: Roof edges

Through gaps and holes in roof Through fragile roof material and roof lights Falling objects from roof.

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Safe use of rooftops

● To avoid falls from rooftops or leading edges we need proper protection. Guard rails should be provided as per OSHAD standards in UAE ● Collective fall protection preferred over personal ● Any temporary guard rails should be installed and regularly inspected by a competent person every 7 days.

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Hazards on rooftops

● Fragile surfaces will not support your weight ● Approx. 20% of fatal accidents at height due to fragile surfaces

Important factors to be considered: Thickness of material Design and support structures

Age of material Roofs can become fragile after time Prevent unauthorised access.

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Short-duration work on flat buildings ● Short-duration work means working for minutes rather than hours Minimum requirements for short-duration work:

● A safe means of access on to the roof and for work at roof level ● Proper safety harness (measured lanyard) and anchorage point ● Appropriate for user and in good condition. ● Securely attached to anchor point.

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MEWPs ● Mobile elevating work platforms ● Used for working at height in various places ● IPAF PAL card allows you to operate the class you have been trained in ● You can work from a MEWP but not operate unless you hold a licence ● Licence by category ● 1a, 1b + 3a, 3b

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Safe use of MEWPs ● Must have a valid licence to operate a MEWP ● The machine must have an in-date 3rd party inspection certificate. Carried out every 6 months ● Pre-use inspection by operator ● Adjustable restraint harness in all boom-type machines(3b) and anchor at designated points ● In vertical machines(3a), safety harness is not recommended by IPAF but it can be used depending upon risk assessment ● A rescue plan should be in place.

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How much do you know?

What distance should be above the access when using a ladder?

0.5m 0m 2m 1m NEXT

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How much do you know?

A MEWP needs a 3rd party inspection done every:

6 months 1 year 7 days 1 month NEXT

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How much do you know?

Which 2 pieces of work at height equipment need an additional licence?

Stepladder and MEWP Scaffold/tower and rooftop Ladder and step ladder Scaffold/tower and MEWP NEXT

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Personal fall protection equipment

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Personal fall protection equipment

● Personal fall protection equipment (PFPE) is divided into three categories, which are (in order of increasing risk)

Work restraint Work positioning Fall arrest.

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Personal protective equipment Restraint, positioning and fall arrest equipment is deemed PFPE Should only be considered as a last resort when there is no alternative means of protection

● ● ● ● ●

Only approved fall protection equipment may be used when working at height Equipment must be CE / ANSI marked (certified European) Equipment must comply with the appropriate European (EN) or National (BS) standard.

Always refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines before use Those using PFPE must use an approved hard hat fitted with a suitable chin strap.

EN 361 NEXT

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Types of harness Single point

Fall arrest and restraint

2 point

Fall arrest, vertical climbing and restraint

4 point

Rope access

Work positioning, fall arrest and restraint

Fall arrest and vertical climbing, rope access and work positioning.

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Work restraint This is the safest option when using PFPE Lanyard too long

Equipment:

The worker is unable to fall from the edge due to the length of the lanyard

You should use a full body harness Attachment method – accurately measured lanyard or rope NEXT

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Work positioning During work positioning activities the worker is supported by their equipment.

During this type of activity workers must ensure they maintain both a primary and secondary attachment point (AP)

Equipment: Attachment method - twin ropes/lanyard EN 355/354 and pole strap Harness – full body or sit EN 361/358 ANSI Z359 (US) CSA Z259 (CAN).

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Fall arrest – lanyards They connect between the anchor and harness They have integral shock absorption to limit the arrest forces to below 6kN They can be a maximum of 2m in length

Most common types of fall arrest lanyard are single, twin or retractable Fall clearances allowing for shock absorber extension must be considered.

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Fall clearance

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Wearing a harness Risks when wearing a harness ● An ill-fitted harness can cause serious injury and can be fatal

What is suspension trauma? ● Loss of consciousness due to restricted blood flow (straps between your legs) ● Can become unconscious(faint) after as little as 3 minutes ● If you can, try to keep calm and keep your legs moving. This will help to circulate your blood.

The harness MUST be worn and tightened correctly NEXT

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How much do you know?

PFPE stands for:

Personal Fall Protection Equipment Proper Fall Protection Equipment Personal Fall Positioning Equipment

Painful Fall Protection Equipment NEXT

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How much do you know?

What are the 3 Categories of PFPE?

Harness, rope and lanyard Ladders, podium and MEWPs Work restraint, work positioning and fall arrest Single point, 2 point and 4 point harness NEXT

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How much do you know?

What is the maximum length of a fall arrest lanyard?

1.5m 3m 1m 2m NEXT

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How much do you know?

How long before suspension trauma can be fatal?

1 hour 5 mins 6 hours 30 mins NEXT

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Case Study 1: Ride Maintenance Fall A maintenance technician was assigned to inspect the upper framework of a roller coaster during early morning hours. The task required access at approximately 12 meters using a fixed ladder system and a short-duration work platform.

What Happened The technician accessed the structure wearing a full body harness but did not connect to a suitable anchor point. No formal work at height risk assessment or rescue plan had been prepared. While repositioning to inspect a joint, the technician lost balance and fell.

The fall arrest system partially engaged, leaving the worker suspended for several minutes before help arrived, leading to suspension trauma.

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Case Study 1: Ride Maintenance Fall Key Failures • Failure to plan work at height properly • Incorrect use of PFPE • No emergency or rescue plan • Lack of competent supervision Why This Case Matters

This incident shows that wearing PPE alone is not enough.

Planning, correct anchorage, and rescue arrangements are mandatory, exactly as covered in your Core Requirements for Employers, Risk Assessment, and Rescue Plan sections.

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Case Study 2: Ladder Slip During Decorative Installation at Park Entrance A decorative lighting team was installing themed banners and lighting above a park entrance at approximately 4 meters. A portable ladder was used for access.

What Happened The ladder was not industrial rated and was placed on uneven ground. The worker overreached while fixing decorations, causing the ladder to slip sideways. The worker fell, sustaining fractures to the arm and shoulder.

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Key Failures

• Incorrect ladder selection • Poor inspection and setup • Overreaching • Failure to follow ladder use rules Why This Case Matters This case reinforces that short-duration work still carries serious risk and must be properly assessed. It directly supports your ladder safety rules and equipment selection guidance.

Where to Incorporate This Case Study

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Case Study 3: Dropped Object Incident During Stage Lighting Adjustment During preparation for a live stage show, technicians were adjusting lighting fixtures mounted above the performance area. Work was carried out from a scaffold tower.

What Happened Tools were not tethered, and the drop zone below was not barricaded. A spanner slipped from the technician’s hand and fell, narrowly missing staff working below.

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Key Failures

• No exclusion zone • Failure to secure tools • Poor supervision • Inadequate general safety controls Why This Case Matters This incident highlights risks not only to workers at height but also to people below, a key learning point in your General Safety and Dropped Objects content.

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