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HOW DOES CBD WORK? CBD FOR MENTAL HEALTH 101 FAQS CBD FOR FITNESS WWE ROB VAN DAM INTERVIEW DOES CBD AID SLEEP?

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Search for ‘How does CBD work’ or the Endocannabinoid System online and you are instantly blinded by graphics and definitions only a scientist could understand. So, we asked science columnist for The CANNAVIST, Dr Richard Cunningham, to break it all down.

Before taking CBD, it’s imperative you know how and why it works internally. The fundamentals of how CBD works can be separated into two parts.

Q. What is a cannabinoid?

A cannabinoid is a class of chemical compounds that bind to the cannabinoid receptors found within the human body.

They are all hydrophobic/lipid soluble molecules. This means they don’t mix well with water and usually require a fatty substance for optimal efficiency.

An endocannabinoid receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical messages from outside a cell and there are two main types of these found within the body.

These are CB1 and CB2 receptors.

CB1 receptors are found mainly in the central nervous system and also near organs like the liver, lungs

PRESYNAPTIC (SENDING NEURON)

CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

and kidneys, while CB2 receptors are more associated with tissues of the immune system.

When a cannabinoid binds to a cannabinoid receptor, it acts as an inverse agonist, which means it activates the receptor to produce a biological tissue response. Whereas cannabinoid antagonists block a cannabinoid receptor from being activated by an endocannabinoid.

CBD is an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 agonists. An antagonist blocks or dampens a biological responce.

Q. What is the endocannabinoid system?

The grouping of the cannabinoid receptors, receptor proteins and endocannabinoids make up what is called the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

The ECS is involved in the regulation of a large range of physiological functions in the

CANNABINOIDS

RECEPTORS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

LIPID PRECURSORS

POSTSYNAPTIC (RECEiVING NEURON)

CB2 = White blood cells, Gastrointestinal system, tonsils and spleen.

CB1 = The brain and nervous system plus some peripheral organs and tissues.

body including mood, memory, fertility, pain-sensation and appetite. As such administration of cannabinoids, such as CBD, which are not naturally found in the body can influence some of these physiological functions mentioned.

This happens through interactions with the cannabinoid receptors of the body.

Different cannabinoids will have different physiological responses through how and which receptors they bind to, such as the appetite stimulating effect of THC, and the pain-relieving effects of CBD.

Dr Richard Cunningham has a PhD in medicinal chemistry from Queen’s University Belfast where he also worked as post-doctoral researcher before working in the US at the Mitchell Cancer Institute in Alabama. Among his areas of expertise are organic synthesis, nucleosides, nucleotides, cellular biology, vitamins, aminoglycosides, drug delivery, phosphorous chemistry and chemical analysis. Dr Cunningham is a regular columnist for The CANNAVIST, the UK’s only CBD and medical cannabis lifestyle publication, cannavistmag.com.

Mind OVER

MATTER CBD has skyrocketed in popularity over the past couple of years, with many relying on the legal cannabis extract for maintaining mental wellbeing. Relaxation, stress and anxiety relief top the list of reasons why Brits are turning to CBD.* With so many products to choose f rom, where do you start?

The facts are stark — men account for three quarters of all suicides in the UK. But as more and more of us open up about mental illness and get familiar with what good mental wellbeing looks like, we are having to adapt and find new tools to help us through the darkest times.

CBD has rapidly become an essential component of many mental health toolkits and with good reason. A growing body of research and countless anecdotal reports suggest that it could be an invaluable ally in the battle for overall wellbeing fitness.

That said, the CBD landscape is a minefield of pills and potions and it can be a challenge to understand which products to use.

Gordon Stribling, assistant editor for The CANNAVIST, the UK’s only CBD and medical cannabis publication breaks down the most common uses for this plant-based lifestyle hack.

Anxiety Anxiety is something of a taboo subject for us us men, who may be reluctant to seek help, or to use the classic term, ‘open up’.

The main NHS treatments for anxiety include SSRIs and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) which, let’s face it, may be intimidating or daunting to some. More and more British men are also finding relief from CBD-based products.

For anxiety, you’ll want a formulation that kicks in quickly. You’ll get the fastest onset by vaping CBD e-liquid. If you don’t like the idea of vaping, the next best thing is to try a tincture or oral spray, which can be administered under the tongue for rapid absorption and relief.

Stress We live in incredibly stressful times with the pressures of work, family and staying fit and healthy all vying for our attention.

When looking to combat stress with CBD, you might want something that you can add to your routine without the fuss.

You have a lot of options here, from CBD-infused

coffee you can top-up throughout the day to CBD rum or gin to help you wind down. There are even CBD toothpicks popular among golf fans (or so we’re told).

Sleep Poor sleep is just a byproduct of daily life for many of us and is often related to the aforementioned conditions. But while many just put up with it, lack of rest can take its toll on our mental wellbeing overtime. We become irritable and find it hard to concentrate, which just perpetuates other stresses, anxieties and frustrations we may be feeling.

For sleep, you’ll want a CBD product that metabolises slowly through the night. Products like capsules and gummies will work better in this regard than a vape or tincture. However, some people advocate taking a few drops of CBD oil during the day as opposed to an edible just before bed.

Pain Physical pain, especially that caused by injury, can massively impact our mental wellbeing because there’s no escape from it. Pain follows you around as you try to go about your daily life. It gets in the way which can be incredibly frustrating.

You will want to tailor your CBD product to the type of pain that you are experiencing. Again, tinctures and vapes are great for responding to pain that comes and goes.

But if you’re experiencing muscle pain from working out, for example, you can try CBD gels, rubs and transdermal patches, which include other soothing ingredients like tea tree, arnica and menthol.

Whatever way you choose to take CBD, start with a low dose and monitor your body’s response.

Build your dose accordingly. Don’t go for the strongest product on the shelf if you have never taken CBD before. Always consult your GP before taking CBD, especially if you are taking medication.

*Data sourced from The EU CBD Consumer Report 2019 by New Frontier Data.

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zzzZZZ Millions of us across the UK are sleeping worse now compared to pre-COVID-19. The outbreak is keeping us awake. Research shows taking CBD may be the new counting sheep.

By The CANNAVIST Lifestyle Editors

Reading the news before bed, late night snacking and worrying about work has left millions of Brits struggling to switch off at night, according to a recent study by health information resource Good To Know.

A poor slumber can influence our concentration levels, happiness and motivation. It can also have long term effects on physical aspects of our health like weight, sex drive and the ever-important immune system.

While there are many causes for insomnia, and probably a few more about these days, the main culprits are stress and anxiety, according to the UK Sleep Council. The national body for sleep health says sleep is just as important for our mental health as it is to our physical wellbeing.

“In terms of mental health, a great night’s sleep makes the brain work properly. It helps us to learn, remember, solve problems and make decisions, as well as safeguarding against stress, mood swings and depression. It’s rather worrying that the majority of people don’t sleep very well.”

The US Sleep Foundation agrees, adding that COVID-19 has concocted a new recipe for lack of sleep, with depression and

isolation, excess screen time and stress-related fatigue all in the mix.

So, is CBD good for sending us to sleep?

Consumer data shows more adults are using CBD effectively to help get to sleep than for other reasons. Data f rom CBD market intelligence leaders, the Brightf ield Group, appears to show more of us are taking CBD due to the global pandemic, and the main reasons for doing so are anxiety and insomnia.

“Anxiety is the number one ailment of CBD users; 53% of them report it. Depression and insomnia, which is likely to spike over the coming months are three and four,” according to Brightf ield.

There is also some clinical research to support CBD as a plant-based alternative sleep aid.

Research f rom 2018 published in the journal, Medicines, involving around 400 subjects reporting with insomnia suggests CBD may be helpful in managing sleep. In this investigation, participants f irst rated their symptoms of insomnia on a scale of 1 to 10. On average, most patients reported symptoms of around 6 on the scale. After

being treated with a ratio of CBD to THC via cannabis flower, symptoms reduced to be 2.2 on the same measuring scale on average, resulting in decreased signs of insomnia.

Another study published in the Permanente Journal combined anxiety and sleep among a series of case studies. Participants in this investigation were asked to complete anxiety and sleep assessments at the starting point and again one month into the trial. The sleep group were given 25mg of CBD in a capsule in the evening time while those suffering f rom bouts of anxiety took their micro dose in the mornings. After one month, anxiety levels had decreased in 79 percent of the people in that group, while sleep quality scores improved signif icantly in 66 percent of the sleep group, indicating better sleep overall.

One third piece of research on this is a 2017 review of sleep and cannabis, which was published in the journal Current Psychiatry Reports. Researchers found links between CBD and the body’s natural sleep cycle, something which further investigation is expected on as the consumer demand grows.

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GIVING A DAM A run-in with police over cannabis possession forced professional wrestler Rob Van Dam to give up two world titles. Now, after years of advocacy, he offers a sobering perspective by using his passion for CBD to help athletes with brain injuries.

Words by Gordon Stribling

I

n 2006, wrestling icon Rob Van Dam hit a career

though it was legal in the state?”

high, becoming WWE and ECW champion. But

Rob recently starred in an Amazon Prime

it would all come crashing down months later

documentary called Headstrong, which follows his

when he was busted for possession of cannabis,

attempt to shake off a lingering concussion as he

forcing him to forfeit both titles.

traverses across the US on a stand-up comedy tour.

During filming, he faced the very real prospect that

“Originally I tried it because of peer pressure,” he said

the years spent in the ring had possibly caused

in a recent interview with The CANNAVIST.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) – a

"I was wrestling in Jamaica on my 21st birthday and I

degenerative brain disease resulting from repeat

noticed that a lot of my bodybuilder role models liked

brain trauma.

marijuana.”

Thankfully, despite experiencing more than 500

But while America’s wave of state legalisation

concussions over his career, a brain scan revealed no

introduced many consumers to recreational cannabis

sign of CTE. Rob knows he is one of the lucky ones,

via the medical route, Rob’s journey took the opposite

adding that many of his friends have tragically ended

trajectory, as the bumps and bruises began to take

their own lives.

their toll.

As a pro-wrestler, Rob says, you just have to wrap

“It’s pretty common in wrestling. Statistically, wrestlers

yourself up and keep going.

don’t live that long. It usually seems to be derived

“In the early years, the guys who smoked seemed to

from depression that they get as a result from having

be the same people who did shrooms or whatever

a lot of concussions.”

“But maybe they were using it under the radar for

These experiences inspired Rob’s 'RVD CBD' range.

pain as an alternative to opiates.”

The end-goal is a direct formula for athletes.

After advocating for medical cannabis for many years,

Rob has been inspired by research showing the

Rob began to see the medical community becoming

potential for Cannabigerol (CBG) to regenerate brain

more receptive to it. His ex-wife had stage three colon

tissue. He’s also read that the NFL may soon develop a

cancer and, during a nutritional meeting, another

neuroprotective pre-game pill.

patient if there was a way to stimulate appetite.

“Why not pick the best components from all the “I said what about medical cannabis? And she said,

things I’m reading about, have some scientists put a

‘you know, I’m not allowed to bring it up. But since you

product together and try it for myself? I think it could

brought it up, I can talk about it.’

help a lot of people.

“I just thought, what a ridiculous policy to not be

“I don’t have any signs of CTE but I don’t know that it

allowed to save these people from suffering even

won’t come later in life.”

5 WAYS CBD can help your fitness regime 1. Power to the Protein Organic hemp and CBD protein products may boost your performance in the gym and much like synthetic protein powders, contain benef icial nutrients minus the harmful chemicals. Using a third party vetted, natural additive like CBD in protein powder can positively influence your workout regime by helping the body stay active and avoiding muscle spasms during strenuous exercise. Our pick is this giant tub f rom Applied Nutrition, which will set you back a nice £60.

2. Exercise and the ECS Taking a few drops of CBD oil a short time pre-workout can also have a positive influence on your performance. When soaked up by salivary glands, CBD is entered into the blood stream and gets to work on the endocannabinoid

REMEMBER Don’t forget to buy your CBD from a reputable source that’s guaranteed to be THC-free, especially if you are an athlete.

system receptors positioned all over the body. This has been shown to balance energy levels, mood and improves homeostasis and which can set you up for a solid day (and workout).

3. Water soluble Keeping hydrated is essential pre, during and post-workout. For extra calm when cooling down after a crazy cardio class, try sipping on a CBD water. With 60% of the body made up of water, water soluble CBD is rapidly absorbed when you need it most.

4. Soak it up Post-sweat sesh, there’s nothing like a long soak after pushing those muscles to the max. Make your bath time more relaxing with CBD bathsalts or a bath bomb, which may also help reduce DOMS. Game changer.

5. Mindful Massages Massage therapy has long been used to relieve tension, calm the mind, body and soul. A deep sports massage is recommended if you push your body to its limits on a regular basis, and CBD oils can make this even more soothing.

CBD’s natural anti-inflammatory properties get to work whilst your connective tissues are in recovery mode. Post massage, try a CBD-infused heated gel to reap the benef its.

CBD101 A team of CBD journalists at the UK’s only

CBD lifestyle publication, The CANNAVIST, present the basic knowledge you need to kickstart your CBD journey

have CBD from hemp, or CBD from marijuana. But in general, you’ll find that only hemp-derived CBD is legal in most places. Hemp and marijuana both fall under the cannabis family. The difference is, hemp contains far less THC, so that’s why CBD derived from hemp is widely accepted.

IS CBD THE SAME AS MEDICAL CANNABIS OR CANNABIS OIL? This is an easy one to get stuck on. In very potent concentrations,

IS CBD NEW?

not convinced, make sure you

CBD is used in pharma-grade

The Endocannabinoid System has

reach for a zero-THC product.

cannabis oil treatments, such as

WHAT’S ALL THIS ABOUT

the CBD you see in your nearest

been well-researched, particularly in the US, Canada and Israel, for

Sativex and Epidiolex. However,

several decades. In fact, research

BROAD AND FULL SPECTRUM?

health store is not medical

into the pharmacology of

Full spectrum refers to the

cannabis. Its more akin to

individual cannabinoids goes back

presence of CBD and its friends,

a supplement or holistic remedy.

to the 1940s, many years after the

some other cannabinoids, like

presence of a cannabinoid was

CBC and CBG. There may be trace

first detected in cannabis itself.

amounts of THC in this form of

WAY TO ABSORB CBD?

CBD is not something new,

extract. Broad spectrum refers to

Vaping delivers CBD

WHAT IS THE FASTEST

although many people hadn’t

an extract containing CBD, some

into the bloodstream

heard of it until the last couple of

of its buddy cannabinoids, but

almost immediately

years.

this version contains no THC.

upon inhaling. The

WHAT IS CBD SHORT FOR?

WHAT IS THE ENTOURAGE

absorption method

second fastest CBD is the abbreviation for

EFFECT?

is using tinctures

Cannabidiol.

This term was coined in 1998, when

(CBD oil drops).

IS CBD A DRUG? Legally speaking, CBD is not a controlled substance, so it is legal. It’s also non-intoxicating or mind altering so it doesn’t give any ‘high’ sensation. It doesn’t alter the mind in a way that controlled substances do, such as THC. WILL I GET HIGH FROM CBD? No, you won’t. But if you are still

two Israeli professors found that

Both of these

the endocannabinoid system

methods involve

demonstrated an ‘entourage effect’

the mucosal

leading to the general consensus

membrane, which

CBD

that CBD is more effective and

lines the walls of the mouth

better absorbed by the body when

all the way into the lungs.

combined with other cannabinoids (such as a full spectrum extract).

WHAT IS A TERPENE?

Researchers refer to the entourage

Terpenes are aromatic essential

effect as the concept of botanical

oils found in leafy green plants.

synergy.

Even your Christmas tree has terpenes – pinene! Terpenes found

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

in hemp give off a cannabis aroma,

BETWEEN MARIJUANA & CBD?

akin to what you may sometimes

CBD is one of the hundreds of

smell walking down a busy city

compounds that you can get from

street. Contrary to what some

cannabis. In its most basic form,

believe, there is no link between

it’s a fat-soluble extract. You can

terpenes and getting ‘high’.

Skincare on the other hand works differently. The penetrability of CBD is thought to be quite high, meaning it can be effective on localised inflammation on the skin.

CBD has been proven to be a great anti-inflammatory, which may be the reason so many people find it effective for muscles and joints.

I’M ON MEDICATION. IS CBD SUITABLE FOR ME TO TAKE? We like to think we know a lot about our favourite cannabinoid.

But we’re not doctors.

We would always advise that whatever your health circumstances, it’s best to consult your pharmacist or GP on whether CBD may benefit you, or if it is likely to interact with any of your medication.

WILL CBD SHOW UP ON A DRUGS TEST? If you consume a CBD product that contains detectable levels of WHAT IS A CANNABINOID?

ECS is to help the body achieve

THC, it may show up on a drugs

This term refers to any of a group

homeostasis. Think of it as a reset

test, but only if that test has been

of closely related compounds

mechanism.

designed to identify THC.

which include cannabinol and the active constituents of cannabis.

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE

CBD is a cannabinoid.

BETWEEN TAKING OIL

Researchers estimate there are

DROPS AND APPLYING

between 110 and 120 cannabinoids

CREAMS OR GELS?

out there.

CBD works in different ways for different people, depending on

WHAT IS THE

your endocannabinoid system and

ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM?

how you take it. Oil drops are one

This is a chain of receptors in

of the best delivery methods of

I’M AN ATHLETE, CAN I

the body which interacts with

getting CBD into the bloodstream

TAKE CBD?

cannabinoids like CBD. Dogs, cats,

in terms of bioavailability (how

Yes! As long as it comes from a

humans, we all have an ECS.

much CBD is absorbed) as they

broad spectrum or isolated extract.

This system is comprised of

bypass the first pass metabolism.

In January 2018, the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) lifted

two types of receptors which

Hold your desired number of

are responsible for helping the

drops under the tongue for about

its ban on CBD for professional

body regulate physiological

30 seconds and the thin layer of

athletes. However, you must

functions like pain, mood, memory,

mucosal membrane in the mouth

ensure the product you use is

appetite and fertility, according to

will allow the active contents of

guaranteed to be free of THC, as

researchers. The function of the

the oil to be absorbed rapidly.

this cannabinoid is still blacklisted.

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