Methodological considerations for life cycle assessment of clay masonry

ADVANCES I N S U STAI NAB LE D EVE LO PM E NT R ES EARC H

2 3 rd I N T E R N AT I O N A L

S U STAI NAB LE D EVE LO P M E NT RES EARCH SO C I E TY CO N FE R E N CE

JUNE 14-1 6, 2017 BOGOTÁ, COLOM BIA

2 3 rd I N T E R N AT I O N A L

S U STAI NAB LE D EVE LO P M E NT RES EARC H SO C I E TY CO N FE RE NCE

INTRODUCTION The series Advances in Sustainable Development Research includes the Book of Abstracts and selected Papers of the 23rd Congress of the International Sustainable Development Research Society ISDRS held in Bogotรก-Colombia in the School of Management at Universidad de los Andes in June 2017.

The abstracts and papers that were selected had a complete peer review process. They show the richness in interdisciplinary approaches, theories, models and applied research presented in the different streams and tracks designed for the conference.

This is an important contribution to the discussion of the state of the art in the different dimensions of sustainable development. This is a conference that offers an academic space known for its interdisciplinary approach as well as a space for academics and practitioners. Here, the reader will find a broad approach including different visions, theoretical orientations to sustainable development as well as a richness in research methodologies from quantitative to qualitative.

Inclusive sustainable development was the main theme of the conference. By inclusiveness, we understand the objective of creating a more equitable society by ensuring wider access and opportunities across social groups, regions and economic sectors as well as reducing the high income disparities that occur today. How to achieve the objective of inclusiveness is a matter of intense discussion and concern as the movement behind the sustainable development goals shows.

Governments, private enterprises and communities must play an important role on this process. We believe that Universities must also be engaged in this societal purpose.

This Book of abstracts and proceedings clearly contribute to that important aim.

Sincerely, Eduardo Wills Herrera Academic Chair of 23rd ISDRS Conference Bogotรก - Colombia

BOGOTร , COLOM BIA, JUNE 14-1 6, 2017

23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference

Methodological considerations for the Life Cycle Assessment of clay masonry Sergio Ballén Zamora1, Adriana Cubides Pérez2, Amparo Hinestrosa Ayala3, Liliana Medina Campos4, James Ortega Morales5 1

Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogotá, Colombia, Calle 34 N 5-71, saballen@unicolmayor.edu.co Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogotá, Colombia, Calle 34 N 5-71, acubides@unicolmayor.edu.co 3 Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogotá, Colombia, Calle 34 N 5-71, lhinestrosa@unicolmayor.edu.co 4 Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogotá, Colombia, Calle 34 N 5-71, lmedinac@unicolmayor.edu.co 5 Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogotá, Colombia, Calle 34 N 5-71, james.ortega@unicolmayor.edu.co 2

Abstract This paper presents the progress of an investigation developed in 2016, whose general objective was to set a methodology for the life cycle assessment of clay masonry in Cundinamarca State, based on the evaluation of energy resources consumption.

Recently, progress in the study of energy efficiency in the production of the brick industry in Cundinamarca State have been developed, taking into account the equipment of combustion and / or fuel injection, as well as the combustion process and its proper functioning. On the other hand, regardless of the development of eco-labels methodologies type I, the LCA in this industry does not constitute an element that leads to an eco-label type III regulated by ISO 14040: 2006. This data could be an input for national and local sustainable construction policies, energy efficiency, low-carbon growth, environmental product declaration, and also, makes it as easy to deploy of standards under the Colombian Environmental Seal of the Ministry of Environment, and whose main goal is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency from the construction industry and the brick industry.

Keywords: materials, energy efficiency, masonry, life cycle assessment

1.

Methodological introduction

Developing a LCA process is complex because of the large number of variables and requirements at the moment of data entry and the compilation of inventory data, therefore, a protocol is required that will determine the study in line of needs of a specific product, goal, need or performing a specific function. International standards and literature are iterative in terms that this kind of study is not useful to compare products with different conditions and purposes, but rather services and / or quantities of a product that perform the same function. For that, is necessary to identify clearly the system limits, after the proposed application, the hypotheses, the exclusion criteria, data, the economic constraints and the intended recipient (Antón, 2004).

As part of the established LCA methodology, the development is divided into structure and application, which feed each other.

In turn, the structure consists of a series of already defined methodological steps that relate each other: objectives definition and scope, quantification through inventory analysis, results interpretation and impacts evaluation, according to the drawn objectives (according to Fig. 1), which account of a standard structuring of sequential activities necessary to reach the objective of analysis and its possible applications.

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As set in the standards, it is necessary to clearly define the objectives specifying in detail the subject’s areas and the final goal, because the study will be developed in different ways according to what is expected of it. Questions such as the reasons for carrying out the study are resolved, who is addressed to, intentions and decisions derived from the results, the type of information required, if it will be submitted to an eco-label, whether comparisons will be made, if the results will be published or whether an environmental improvement will be made.

Figure 1. Stages of Life Cycle Assessment. Source: self-made.

To delimit the system in products such as masonry, the most practical is to develop a study that cover from obtaining the raw material to its use as a constructive element in a building, that is, from the cradle to the door, as the study developed by Cosude (n.d.) in Peru. This includes the analysis of the extraction of raw material for the mortar jont used in the construction of a particular area of the wall, depending on whether it has confinement columns and the cement - sand ratio.

The scope, the geographical and temporal sphere and the budget should be delimited according to the objectives, and also showing the systems to be studied, the hypothesis, the level of detail and the research data. This will give way to define the functional unit of the system1, which identifies more accurately what to be analyzed and how to express the inventory analysis, making it a key point of this stage.

1

ISO 14040: 2006 defines a system as a "set of material and energetically connected unit processes that perform one or more defined functions".

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According to ISO 14040: 2006, the functional unit is a "quantification of the function of a system of a product, service or activity, which is used as a reference unit in the LCA study". In other words, it is a reference for the mathematical recording of inputs and outputs, and describes the function of the system, which makes it easier to compare them with those of another system when required. This means that the functional unit is determinant for success when it comes to comparative studies because an equivalence it needs.

Another aspect to keep in mind is that there must be some reliable and valid method to measure the selected functional unit.

As in the first approximations to these studies was taken as unit a product that is a unit of physical type, this was used to mention all inputs and outputs of the system, therefore, a compound that composes the sample should be taken as a base of measure.

"For example, in the case of an industry dedicated to produce polymers for use as packaging, if quantitation environmental impact of one of its products is raised, the object of study can be defined as '1 g of polymer' or '100 kg of polymer'. However, if we wanted to compare the function of two different polymers, it would be relevant to define the function that both products share, for example, "bottling mineral water", so that the functional unit to be studied would be, for example, grams of each polymer used for packaging 1.5 liters of water" (Feijoo et al, 2007b, cited in Rivela, 2012. 113, Translation by authors).

In the case of agricultural systems, the main function is food production, so that one kilogram of fresh product could be considered as a functional unit. In the case of clay masonry, the usual functional unit corresponds to 1 square meter of nonbearing wall (Cosude, n.d.).

According to ISO 14040: 2006, it is necessary to define the limits of the system, which are the stages and their units that are part of the life cycle of the product or service studied. If within the delimitation, it is concluded that one or more stages must be omitted, it must be sufficiently argued, and provided that it does not significantly alter the overall results (Rivela, 2012: 113).

In the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), environmental loads comprise data manifested in recorded inputs and outputs of matter and energy of a product, process or service throughout its life cycle and which in turn produce negative impacts in the environment as they are the different pollutant emissions, effluents, solid residues, consumptions of resources, noises, radiations, odors, etc.

(Cause-effect relationship). In this way, the inventory includes the collection and technical quantification of these data to be evaluated and the calculation procedures to quantify those environmental loads related to the system, the functional unit and declared objective, including the impact category to be studied (e.g. contained energy, carbon footprint, water footprint, etc.).

In general, the inventory begins with the registration of raw materials and energy from nature, and ends with the management of product residues that are discharged equally in nature; In case they do not come or are not discharged into the environment, their origin or destination must be specified. In her work about LCA methodology for buildings evaluation, Beatriz Rivela (2012) cites James Fava to state the stages that comprising the LCI (Translation by authors):

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1.

"Construction of the flowsheet according to the system limits established at the stage of objectives and scope definition.

2.

Data collection of all activities in the production system. It is necessary to establish the origin of these data: bibliographic and / or in situ measurements; in this latter case, the methodology employed should indicated.

3.

Calculation of environmental burdens relating to the functional unit.

4.

Normalization or data related to the used units.

5.

Balances of matter that allow to interrelate the entrances and exits between the different subsystems.

6.

In and out flows quantification of the system and from nature and from and to the technosphere.

7.

Global inventory.

8.

Calculations documentation"

In this way, inventory data collection is one of the longest, expensive, variable and complex phases of the LCA, as it requires measurement of consumption and waste in the field and primary information that is not always easily accessible, since without it, the results may not be reliable. The data recorded can be classified into four groups: direct measures, published documents, electronic sources and personal communications (von Bahr, 2001, cited in Rivela, 2012).

The inputs and outputs should be assigned to different byproducts with well documented procedures. For this same reason, when there are alternative allocation procedures, a sensitivity analysis should be carried out to explain their implications and to assess the effects of the chosen methods and data on the obtained results, as established in ISO 14044: 2006. Because the quality and reproducibility of the data recorded may determine the success of a study, adding to the complexity in collecting the data inventory, the databases has a big importance to find or to edit such records and performing a LCA, the reason why different specialized software incorporated one or more databases as inventory. There are different databases in the market, developed by specialized institutes in different countries, standing out the Swiss.

Among the most used databases around the world are Ecoinvent (Switzerland), Eth-esu (Switzerland), Buwal (Switzerland), Idemat (Netherlands), Ivam (Holland), Elcd (European), U.S. LCI (USA) LCA Food DK (Denmark), Danish Io (Denmark), Bousted Model (United Kingdom), Us Lci Database (Canada), Gemis (Germany) and Gabi Database (Various); Of these, the most used to perform building materials assesmenet is Ecoinvent, which was developed by the Swiss Center for Life Cycle Inventories, by the number of incorporated processes in this industry. However, one of the major difficulties in incorporating some of the databases is that there is no traceability in obtaining such data, so they can not be checked for reliability and it makes harder to edit if attached to a different geographical and temporal delimitation is needed, diferenet of the original country of the study2, which is the case of the Latin American context and especially in Cundinamarca State, Colombia.

In the development of a LCA, the databases are useful for assigning environmental loads to each of the stages and processes of the study objects, that includes several products or cycles, because in very few cases linear processes of a single process of inputs and outputs are presented; on the contrary, most processes produce more than one product (by-products) with several input lines of raw materials and also recycle the intermediate products and their waste, which need to be registered.

2

These data are based on information related to the energy matrix, the technology used and the transport systems of each country or region.

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Inputs and outputs should be assigned to the different by-products with well-documented procedures. For the same reason, when there are alternative allocation procedures, a sensitivity analysis should be performed to explain their implications. This assignment procedure is standardized by ISO 14044: 2006 and is described in three steps by Rivela (2012).

The first step is to avoid allocating by choosing to subdivide the process so that the input and output data can be independently assigned, or to expand the system including additional functions. In the second step the inputs and outputs can be divided between the products or functions, reflecting the quantitative changes in the system. Finally, in the third step, the allocation of inputs and outputs can be proportionally based on other types of relations between co-products (economics, etc.), provided that a physical cause-effect relationship can not be established as a basis (Rivela, 2012: 123).

Software for developing LCA usually also includes one or more methodologies for performing calculations from inventory data regarding resource consumption, emissions, and the resulting damage to human health and the environment. These methodologies are grouped into two types according to the cause-effect relationship to get the calculation of the environmental impact, which are called "final effect impacts" and "intermediate effect impacts". There is a wide range of methodologies developed by different international organizations3, of which the most widely methodologies used in different fields of research are Ecoindicador 99, CML 2000 and ReCIPe, where the first is classified as “final effect" type, The second as an "intermediate effect", and the last one as a newly created methodology that integrates both types and their use is growing because of the simplicity in the results communication (Rivela, 2012). The IPCC2007 methodology (with intermediate effect) has been applied in a similar masonry study by Cosude (s.f.) and created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, specializing in the effects of climate change and impacts from gas emissions of greenhouse effect.

The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is a technical process of analysis and interpretation of the environmental loads recorded in the inventory and is determined by ISO 14040: 2006, indicating the impacts obtained due to the selected impact category. The most common impact categories are climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, soil and water acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone formation, and indicators of primary energy use; however, according to the eco-labeling needs of certain products, some industries have developed particular categories.

This phase is composed of six sub-stages or elements, the first three considered mandatory by the standard are: selection, classification and characterization, which include the selection of categories, indicators, their classification and a characterization under a model whose units are equivalents for all categories; after that, it defines areas of protection from human health, natural environment, sociocultural environment, and renewable resources. The last three elements are considered optional, which are normalization, grouping and weighting.

In the mandatory selection and classification element, one or more environmental categories should be selected for their analysis based on the inventory and, in turn, the indicators that represent them, whose calculation is given in the characterization. In the optional element of normalization, the obtained results are divided in factors that represent real or estimated values to let be compared between different categories and against certain characteristics of the environment. On

3

Some of more known methodologies are CML2, CML92, EPS2000, IPCC2007, Ecoindicador95, Ecoindicador99, Impact2000+,

TRACI2002, Ecopuntos97, EDIP97, LIME, ReCIPe, MEEUP, and others.

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the other hand, the weighting is able to measure between the different categories to establish global results (or a "Environmental index") indicating which could be more harmful than the others; This type of result is very debatable and there is no scientific consensus about it, which is why little is applied and can lead to subjective judgments, as mentioned by Rivela (2012: 126).

According to María Asunción Antón (2004: 52), the allocation of environmental loads to a process and their characterization is performed through the use of a ν column vector associated where the environmental loads are grouped into types of environmental impact and which contains all Information about all possible impacts throughout the life cycle, where each element corresponds to a particular polluting. Each flow of mass and energy in a process (kg·s-1) is associated with this vector whose elements are expressed in mass (kg of pollutant per kg of product) or energy (kJ·kg-1) according to the functional unit, to be accumulated and make balances.

Thus, the process is divided into units or subsystems with a system of equations that calculate the vectors of output or intermediate currents, making the inventory to be made in a similar way to the balance of matter. "The whole system solution allows a detailed knowledge of the origin of the pollution that is awarded to each product" (Ibidem).

In the case of clay masonry, the selection of impact category is based on those that the industry prefers to show publicly, and identifies as inefficient processes and requires improvement; Thus, it has been identified as potential categories to be developed later and communicated in the current context of climate change (quantified in Kg CO2eq) and the primary energy use (quantified in MJ) that leads to establish the energy embedded in a unit of masonry. The rigour with regard an inventory analysis can be carried out will be reflected in a correct classification, characterization and later graphing by the software. This takes into account the consumption of energy used in the manufacturing process of masonry through machines, equipment, metering plant, mixers and transport of raw materials.

It is worth mentioning a study with similar characteristics carried out by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (Cosude, n.d.) in Cusco, Peru, which develops a LCA and compares the results obtained from analyzing artisanal, mechanized and concrete masonry, Concluding that the mechanized brick has a 36% greater environmental impact by emissions of CO2eq related to the artisanal brick, due to the consumption of energy and transport and the production inputs. Likewise, when concrete masonry is obtained there is an increase of impacts of 175% and 102% related to the brickwork and mechanized brick respectively, due to the consumption and impacts of the cement and transport of the raw material, and inputs of the production plant. This study becomes a point of reference to develop in an applied way the present research and to produce new results to be contrasted in collaboration with different national bricklayers interested in extending their commitment with the environmental sustainability.

2.

Types of energy and classification

With the purpose of developing the process of life cycle inventory analysis, which is necessary to quantify the consumption and emissions in a LCA process, field visits are being developed to different bricklayers in Cundinamarca State in order to establish a quantification of Consumptions, emissions and spills, in view of the impact categories that are of interest in this

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study, such as the indicators of primary energy use (and its consequent embedded energy) and the climate change that is calculated in carbon dioxide Equivalent (CO2-eq) to which a convention is assigned a value of 1.

Within the extraction, processing, transport, distribution and installation of the clay masonry involves several types of energy that have undergone a series of transformations, and their classification depends on their subsequent quantification of energy consumed in the analysis of the cycle inventory lifetime. To do this, we identify the natural elements or resources from which the different types of energy are obtained and how these are presented in nature in a primary form, their transformation into secondary energy and their final presentation used in each of the systems, machinery, equipment, among others.

The water resource in dams is subjected to a height change, which produces electrical energy that is used during the clay masonry production process, in ventilation, lighting, water pumping and grinding, sifting and cutting engines. On the other hand, the resource that are found on underground layers of the earth in solid, liquid and gaseous state that are coal, oil and gas, are transformed into thermal energy used for the operation of furnaces such as coal and chemical energy such as the hydrocarbons used for the operation in vehicles and machinery, and the gas that has been implemented in the production processes. Finally, manual energy is taken into account, which is evidenced when the workers of the plant use their own energy to extract, transport, distribute and install materials, tools and equipment that participate during this stage of the clay masonry life cycle (Fig. 2).

Taking into account the levels of production at the national level of clay masonry elements, the study focuses the analysis of the life cycle of the cradle to the door of clay standard block No. 4 and 5 in the Cundinamarca region in a medium brick factory that has a high degree of technification.

As will be discussed later, inventory analysis is one of the phases of the methodological structure of life cycle analysis that quantifies the impacts of a product, service or process through the recording of inputs and outputs of the system. In this research, a classification of the types of energy involved in the masonry production process is developed to determine in the future the participation of each of these types, and to calculate the total of energy consumptions and estimate the primary energy used, embedded energy and its equivalent in CO2 emissions. This information is key to identifying, interpreting, comparing and evaluating the phases of greater environmental impact in production, as well making decisions to improve the quality of masonry, optimize processes, analyze potentials, evaluate regulations, reduce impacts on The environment (waste, dumping and emissions), and as an environmental product communication strategy.

The aspects to be taken into account in the analysis are grouped by the inputs and outputs that are presented in each of the extraction and manufacturing processes of block No.4; the data are grouped in input of raw material, energy consumption, transport and emissions and for the present study we focus on the energy consumption.

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Figure 2: Types of energy, transformation and uses. Source: self-made



IMPUTS

Consumption of raw materials: Sand, silt, water Energy consumption: materials / fuels - electricity / heat Transport consumption: as the type of machinery and fuel used



OUTPUTS

Emissions to water, soil and air Solid and liquid wastes

In terms of energy consumption, the variables that are in each of the stages within the type of life cycle analysis are given by the types of energy, units of measure, quantities.

3.

Process tree and information gathering

For the development of the exercise in order to obtain the first results of the tree of process of the cycle of life of the block, a series of processes were done and are described below:

1.

Processes Identification.

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Within the methodology for describing the life cycle of any material and specifically the Masonry Block, it is very important to recognize its processes through documentation and through site visits, where each and every one of the methods used can be known in live, from extraction to storage for subsequent shipment to sites for construction and implementation. As a result of this understanding, 8 main processes were identified: "Extraction and maturation of clay in open pit ", "Sorting and selection", "Storage", "Mixing", "Molding", "Drying", "Cooking" and "Storage", each of these processes could be classified, due to its unique characteristics and defined processes in the production plant. For their characterization, photographic material, videos and the testimonies of the different production managers were necessary who delivered the first hand information.

2.

Analysis of all processes.

Once the general processes were identified and characterized from the extraction to the delivery of the material (Life cycle from the cradle to the door), each and every one of the processes was analyzed through inputs and outputs described in the following numeral. Both the inputs and the outputs were characterized according to their nature, e.g. transport, mixing, extraction, etc., in which the types of machinery, their type of fuel, types of inputs for their operation were analyzed: water, oil, fuel, etc.

3.

Development of the process tree.

A process tree (Fig. 4) is a tool that was thought to be used because it makes easy to describe complex processes in which is found, for example, "Life Cycles of Materials" that in this case is Block No 4. In this case, it is important to emphasize that in the description of any process it is indispensable to know it very well, as a first step, achieving this objective in the visit made to the brick "Arcillas de Colombia". Based on this knowledge, later, it was drown in a clear and objective way to better understanding of the processes.

The guidelines for defining and identifying each of the 8 processes that could be established in the Complete Life Cycle were started, so that three large instances could be identified at the same time: Inputs, process and outputs.

Figure 3: Processing process tree. Source: self-made.

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Figure 4: Process tree. Source: self-made.

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Inputs: Are the inputs elements of each process, which in this case related to transportation, which for the specific case consists of all inputs needed to move the machines involved in each of the identified activities.

Process: This is the category used to identify the major processes that make up the general cycle of life, that for purposes of this exercise were 8 processes namely: "removing and maturation of the clay open pit", "classification and selection "," storage "," mixing "," molding "," drying "," cooking "and "storage ".

Outputs: Are output elements, resulting from each process that are generally environmental effects, either by air or land route (effects on water, soil, etc.). For the context of the study, they were constituted in the elements resulting from the combustion of the machines involved in each of the processes identified.

4.

Built of technical data of quantification of inputs for each processes

As a result of the identification, analysis and developed of the Process Tree, The analysis was made as an example, the scope of this research and the effects of time, the first of the processes called "extraction and maturation of open clay", from which all its inputs were analyzed, which are limited to the transport of the raw material identifying two main sites. The first of them from the original quarry to the site of the plant where they are organized (route 1) and the other (route 2), distributes the clay once matured to take it later to plant and continue with the process.

Later, the types of vehicles that make the routes were analyzed, analyzing model, capacity, brand, type of fuel and consumption of the engine, in order to establish the consumption of fuel according to the route and thus establish with its capacity, which is the percentage of consumption per brick block proportional to its weight, compared to the capacity of each vehicle and type.

Figure 5: Analysis of the machinery used in the process "Extraction and maturation of open clay", according to its performance and characteristics. Source: self-made.

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In the composition of a brick were analyzed its main components, as well as the average weight that is 2.2 kg, composed of 0.708 kg of water, 1,254 of clay, 0.726 kg of sand and 0.22 kg of Limo. These data were obtained from an investigation carried out by Amalia Sojo, in the document "Applications of Life Cycle Analysis in Building.pdf"

At the same time, consumption and capabilities of vehicles were obtained from the document "table of fuel yields for vehicles, machinery and equipment maintenance"4. This document is the product of a similar research, it illustrates in detail many vehicles that participate in the quarries of clay extraction, coinciding with those used in the brick fabric studied.

According to the data analyzed for route number one, it was possible to determine that in Block 1 "Extraction and maturation of open clay" each block No. 5 consumes 0.000268637 liters of fuel. According to the analyzed data for route number two, it was determined that in the the process one "extraction and maturation of open clay" each block No 5 consumes 0.0000048352 liters of fuel. In conclusion, for this process adding the two routes, for each block of brick Number 5 are consumed 0.000316 Liters of diesel fuel.

Table 1: Data retrieval memory traversed one and Data retrieval memory traversed two. Source: self-made.

5.

Conclusions

LCA is a tool for producers of materials that allows them to assess environmental impacts, to ecosystems and human health, that are generated by manufacturing processes and / or processing resources, associated to a product or process that is being developed, with the objective of develop strategies aimed to optimization and subsequently made a public declaration to achieve a greater reputation. The design and implementation of consumption reduction strategies are reflected in the final and operating costs of the building and, consequently, its valorization.

4

http://www.capufe.gob.mx/site/normateca/normas/77_Bases_para_la_Administracion_del_Parque_de_Maquinaria_a_cargo_de_CAPUFE_d ic_05/Anexo05.pdf

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Nombre recorrido 1: Cantera sitio de acopio Planta

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE Y MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRA

PROCESO: TRANSPORTE Unidad 1.EXTRACCION A CIELO CARACTERISTICAS: ABIERTO DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

CARGADOR

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

ROMPE TERRONES

ELIMINADOR DE PIEDRAS

OTRO:

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de acopio Planta- Sitio de tratamiento y preparaciòn

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE Y MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRA

PROCESO: TRANSPORTE CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE 2. CLASIFICACION Y SELECCIÓN

RENDIMIENTO

Unidad

OTRO: (1)

OTRO (2):

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- CLASIFICACION Y SELECCIÓN

PROCESO: TRATAMIENTO Y PREPARACION DE LAS ARCILLAS Unidad CARACTERISTICAS: MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

CARGADOR

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

DESINTEGRADOR

LAMINADOR/ REFINADOR

OTRO:

N/A N/A M3 N/A Lt/h

Nombre recorrido: Sitio preparaciòn- Depòsito

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE

PROCESO: TRANSPORTE

3.DEPOSITO

CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

Unidad

CAMION

MONTACARGAS

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

CARGADOR

MEZCLADOR HUMEDECEDOR

LAMINADOR REFINADOR

BOMBAS HIDRONEUMATICAS

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

CARGADOR

BOQUILLA

BANDA TRANSPORTADORA

BOMBAS HIDRONEUMATICAS

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de depòsito- Sitio mezclado PROCESO: TRANSPORTE CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO 4. MEZCLADO

CARGADOR

OTRO:

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE Unidad

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- MEZCLADO PROCESO: MEZCLADO Unidad CARACTERISTICAS: MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de mezclado - Sitio de moldeo PROCESO: TRANSPORTE CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE 5. MOLDEO

RENDIMIENTO

OTRO:

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE Unidad

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- MOLDEO

PROCESO: MOLDEO CARACTERISTICAS: MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

LAMINADOR/ REFINADOR

N/A N/A M3 N/A Lt/h

Unidad

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

N/A N/A M3 N/A Lt/h

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de moldeo - Sitio de secado

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE

PROCESO: TRANSPORTE CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE 6. SECADO

RENDIMIENTO

Unidad

CARGADOR

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

km /m N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- SECADORAS

PROCESO: SECADO Unidad CARACTERISTICAS: MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

SECADORA TIPO TUNEL

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

N/A N/A M3 N/A Lt/h

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de secado - Sitio de coccion

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE

PROCESO: TRANSPORTE CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE 7. COCCION

RENDIMIENTO

Unidad

CAMION

RETROEXCAVADORA

Unidad

HORNO TUNEL

8. DEPOSITO

CARACTERISTICAS: DISTANCIA 1 MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

OTRO: (2)

DESAPILADORA

OTRO: (1)

OTRO: (2)

N/A N/A M3 N/A Lt/h

Nombre recorrido: Sitio de coccion- Sitio de depòsito PROCESO: TRANSPORTE

OTRO: (1)

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA-COCCION

PROCESO: COCCION CARACTERISTICAS: MARCA MODELO CAPACIDAD TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE RENDIMIENTO

CARGADOR

km /m N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

TIPO DE MAQUINARIA- TRANSPORTE Unidad

CAMION

MONTACARGAS

CARGADOR

OTRO:

km N/A N/A M3 N/A KM/Lt Lt/h

Table 2: Matrix for the collection of technical data. Source: self-made

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There is progress in the study of energy efficiency and minimization of impacts in the production of the brick industry in Cundinamarca State, taking into account the equipment of burning and / or fuel injection. In the big industry, measures have been taken in areas such as fuel consumption, air supply, fuel system and fuel distribution. fuel injection burning equipment have been analyzed in different types against the combustion process and its proper functioning, which in turn depend on the ratio of the loaded material, product type, time of process, type of furnace and air and fuel requirements made with stoichiometric calculation5; This allows to reduce fuel consumption and levels of pollutant concentration that are required by environmental regulations (CAEM, 2013).

Despite these advances and the development of methodologies for eco-labels type I, the LCA in this industry does not constitute a consolidated element that leads to a DAP or eco-label type III. Thanks to the inter-institutional alliances created in the framework of this research, there is an interest of the producers in making their processes much more efficient and sustainable, which implies a minimization of the impacts and their communication. Against this, the methodology established by the ISO 14040: 2006 sees the challenges of data collection in field to develop inventory analysis and quantify their impact on the brick industry, and whose methodological structure is to be fully analyzed by the present investigation in the course of this year.

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