20 21 ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO LIFE AS A STUDENT TAN SEOW WEI
2
CONTENTS
04
14
26
32
38
NUS M(ARCH) YEAR 5 SEM 1 & 2
NUS BA(ARCH) YEAR 4 SEM 2
NUS BA(ARCH) YEAR 4 SEM 1
NUS BA(ARCH) YEAR 3 SEM 2
NUS BA(ARCH) YEAR 3 SEM 1
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
FUKUOKA: GROWING RESILIENCE
BAGAN: A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
3
4
Y5S2 2021
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
M (ARCH) YEAR 5 SEMESTERS 1 & 2
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS Thesis tutor: Adj. Asst. Prof. Peter Sim
In light of the watershed general election of 2020, there has been expectations that Singapore will transition into a more competitive democracy. From staging protests to conducting a “trial by internet”, citizens are demonstrating an outspoken outlook which is increasingly displeased with the paternalistic mindset of the state. Yet time and again the government has in moments of doubt opted for authoritarianism over accountability. Liberal ideas of justice and democracy are often linked with chaos and instability, portraying freedom of speech as a vice that should be tightly controlled or removed. Judging from the election results, the government’s hegemonic and hierarchical instincts is quickly reaching its end of the rope and something has to give before it escalates into a full-fledged riot in the future. Taking into account the dilemma between Singapore’s historical sensitivity towards civil disobedience and the push for greater transparency and democracy, this thesis speculates how civil discourse can occupy a more permanent and legitimate place in our society in the near future. Architecture hence comes into play to mediate this uneasy position.
Supervisor’s comments: Given that its stability and prosperity has been built upon strict governance, how will the ever-growing desire for a more open, politically active, and discursive society change Singapore’s urban landscape? This project asks: What could a space of collective and actionable civil discourse take? It re-imagines the ubiquitous coffee shops, hawker centres and wet markets, as a new typology – a flexible multi-functional space which operate interchangeably as a food centre/market/sundry shop/Peoples’ Parliament. Central to the idea is an open floor plate with cleverly conceived modular, mobile and transformable units. These can serve as stalls, enclosures, and tiered seating, making the spaces full flexibility to be configured as market/hawker centre or parliament at any given time. The project’s depth lies in how it engages and critiques multiple tropes – Urban design and architecture as tools to control vice and dissent, the fabricated realities of Chinatown, the difficult delineation between control and anarchy, the cautious and hesitant steps towards open and effective civil discourse, and the exploitation of ‘hawker culture’ for tourism. - Adj. Asst. Prof. Peter Sim 5
6
7
REIMAGINING CHINATOWN STRIKING A BALANCE
The crux of the problem is having to strike a middle ground between an increasing number of citizens who desire for a more liberal democracy, the government’s inclination of shutting down free speech due to an entrenched myth of vulnerability and societal fear of change and insecurity. Chinatown is demarcated as a green zone for civil discourse with incentives for NGOs and humanitarian organisations to set up their offices in the district. Civil discourse is speculated as a desirable and managed activity economically which can help to boost Singapore’s image as a creative and vibrant society. The key facility for this district is The Commons, an alternative parliament for the common man.
8
MASTER’S THESIS
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
THE COMMONS
AN ALTERNATIVE PARLIAMENT With societal and historical sensitivity in mind, this thesis theorizes that the government will not allocate a free space purely for civil discourse so as to maintain a degree of control. In line with how gambling is allowed to take place within a larger framework of tourism and entertainment, the primary function of The Commons is a wet market and hawker centre which celebrates our local hawker culture and bolstered as a tourist hotspot. Its function as a space for civil discourse comes in secondary.
9
MASTER’S THESIS
THE COMMONS
AN ALTERNATIVE PARLIAMENT The Commons is essentially a wet market and hawker centre on most days and an alternative parliament on others. Due to the operating hours of the wet market from morning till noon and the flexible working days of the hawker stalls, it offers up certain windows of time in which the wet market or hawker stalls are not in use. With a flexibility in the arrangement of spaces, programs which facilitate civil discourse can fill in the gaps within these windows of opportunity. It is an economical and productive use of a building which can transform its spaces according to different needs. This is a solution which also reflects the government’s position on free speech. The availability of the space for civil discourse is dependent on and controlled by operating hours of the wet market and hawker centre. While there has to be a space for civil discourse, the mundane appearance in addition to the multi-functional character of the building makes it clear that it is a pragmatic move made by the government, rather than a place which glorifies dissent.
10
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
MASTER’S THESIS
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
THE COMMONS DETAILS
11
MASTER’S THESIS
DEBATE IN SESSION
12
exhibition day
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
meeting in progress
MASTER’S THESIS
THE SANCTUARY
OFFICE SPACE FOR LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL NGOS
Alongside The Commons, The Sanctuary comprises office spaces for NGOs and humanitarian organisations and an asylum/ help centre within the district. These spaces will occupy the backend of the shophouses and temporary extension of the space will be allowed into the back lanes. They are lower in value with cheap rental fees to incentivise the organisations to set up their offices there. This presents Chinatown with a new image as a space for the common man instead of its accepted touristic and artificial image currently.
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
Movable police/ information booths scattered around the district
Backend of shophouses rented out as cheap office spaces to local & international NGOs
CHINATOWN: A GREEN LIGHT DISTRICT
Contrary to becoming a breeding ground for anarchist or extremist tendencies, Chinatown as a green light district aims to create a climate which is more forgiving and a society which is more resilient. It is a zone where political diversity and dissent is tolerated due to a common consensus that it will benefit the state moving forward. It is in hopes that the reimagined Chinatown will be able to usher in a new era for Singapore.
Top floor of shophouses serve as an asylum/ help centre for locals
Temporary extension of space to the backlane
13
14
Y4S2 2020
GROWING RESILIENCE
FUKUOKA, JAPAN
BA (ARCH) YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
FUKUOKA: GROWING RESILIENCE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE OPTIONS RESEARCH DESIGN STUDIO 2 Studio tutor: Prof. Tsuto Sakamoto
“The bamboo that bends is stronger than the oak which resists” Natural disasters are indicators of the severity of damage done to Mother Earth. In face of these unfortunate events, it highlights the humbleness and fragility of humans against nature. The aftermath of a disaster is often devastating, leaving a sense of loss and desperation in its wake. Through the use of bamboo as a symbol of hope and resilience, this project aims to empower and enhance the daily lives of villagers in the disaster-stricken zone of Hiraenoki. The strength of bamboo lies in its flexibility, bending with the wind but never breaking, capable of adapting to any circumstance. It suggests resilience, where it has the ablity to bounce back even from the most difficult times.
15
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
COMBINED HAZARD MAP
The combined hazard map identifies areas with a risk of landslide and/ or flood as well as the resultant danger and damages to the surrounding areas.
16
HIRAENOKI PROPOSED MASTERPLAN
At the macro level, Bamboo & Kaki plantations, detention ponds, bamboo swales and retention ponds are introduced as landslide mitigation strategies which also contribute to the natural scenery of the village.
GROWING RESILIENCE
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
GROWING RESILIENCE
OVERVIEW SITE PLAN
Existing houses and bamboo walkway Bamboo workshop Bath house/ Safehouse LONG ELEVATION
EXISTING HOUSES
ABANDONED HOUSES/ GUEST HOUSE
17
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
BAMBOO WALKWAY
CONNECTION TO EXISTING HOUSES
PUBLIC WALKWAY PERSIMMON DRYING
RETRACTABLE ROOF
PRIVATE WALKWAY LAUNDRY DRYING
EXERCISE STAND PULLEY SYSTEM PLANTERS
18
GROWING RESILIENCE
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
GROWING RESILIENCE
BAMBOO WALKWAY
VIEW FROM BAMBOO WALKWAY At the micro level, the bamboo walkway which connects to the exising houses of the villagers serves to improve and enhance their daily lives. The pulley system which is integrated with the walkway not only increases the efficiency of household chores and activities but also allows the elderly to exercise while doing so. The bamboo walkway doubles as an escape route during times of disaster.
WALKWAY VARIATIONS
SHELVES/ DISPLAY
COMMUNAL AREAS/ PAVILION
VERTICAL GARDEN 19
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
BAMBOO STRUCTURE
DETAIL A: COLUMN-BEAM CONNECTION
DETAIL B: BAMBOO ROOF CONSTRUCTION
DETAIL C: BAMBOO BRACING
BAMBOO ROOF
DETAIL A & B
BAMBOO BRACING
BAMBOO FLOOR
CONCRETE FOOTING DETAIL C
20
GROWING RESILIENCE
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
GROWING RESILIENCE
BAMBOO PROCESSING WORKSHOP
Besides allowing visitors to appreciate the beauty and verticality of bamboo, the bamboo processing workshop aims to empower the locals through increasing the ease and efficiency of bamboo processing. The bamboo workshop doubles as a lift to transport villagers to the safehouse during times of disaster
21
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
SOAKING & DRYING OF BAMBOO
GROWING RESILIENCE
DISASTER LIFT
PULLEY SYSTEM POLYCARBONATE ROOF
BAMBOO ROOF
STEEL MESH FLOORING/ ROOF
MANUAL CHAIN HOIST & PULLEY SYSTEM
BAMBOO SOAKING BAMBOO DRYING/ DISASTER LIFT
22
VIEW OF BAMBOO PROCESSING WORKSHOP
23
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2
BATHHOUSE/ SAFEHOUSE
The bathhouse which is located at the safest area in the village, away from any flooding or landslide risk doubles as a safe house which the villagers escape to during a disaster.
BATHHOUSE SAUNA BATHS
COMMUNAL ROOMS REST AREA SAFE HOUSE
24
GROWING RESILIENCE
VIEW OF BATHHOUSE
25
26
Y4S1 2019
A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
BAGAN, MYANMAR
NUS BA (ARCH) YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1
BAGAN: A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE OPTIONS RESEARCH DESIGN STUDIO 1 Studio tutor: Prof. Khoo Peng Beng
Located in the ancient city of Old Bagan, this project aims to propose an alternative to heritage tourism through formulating the city as a library of memories. Often compared to the Angkor Wat Complex in Cambodia, Bagan was open to the tourists relatively recently. The magnificent temples of Bagan attract hundreds of travelers every day and it is becoming one of the most famous archaelogical sites in Southeast Asia. The communities living in Bagan are in a period of transition where most locals are still farmers who depend on meagre rainfall to cultivate their crops. Many locals would rather join the less strenuous and more lucrative tourism business despite the ineivitable threat to the preservation of monuments and landscape caused by the tourism industry.
27
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1
A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
This project seeks to reimagine the experience of Bagan through introducing new layers of intervention.
RETHINKING OLD BAGAN MASTERPLAN
It aims to bring back the golden age of the ancient metropolis where activities were centered around the ancient monuments. Through mapping out all the ancient temples and monuments in Old Bagan, a voronoi grid is generated which serves as the main circulation route in the new landscape. Below is a step-by-step explanation for the design of the proposed masterplan
STEPS
1. Mark out all the temples, stupas and monumens
2. Generate a voronoi grid
3. Select the main circulation roads
4. Masterplan is designed around the new circulation roads
LAYERS
TEMPLES
MAIN ROAD
FARMLAND
ACTIVITIES
NODES
WATER 28
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1
PLANNING SYSTEM
A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC ARTS AND CRAFT CLUSTER
VARIATION OF NORMS
COMMERCIAL
VARIATION OF NODES
CENTER OF SILENCE
WATER HARVESTING
INDOOR SPACE
OUTDOOR SPACE
POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS
EXHIBITION AREA CLASSROOMS TOURIST ACCOMMODATIONS
ARTS AND CRAFTS WORKSHOP STORAGE SPACE LOCAL HOUSES
MARKET LIBRARY
CLASSROOMS
EXHIBITION SPACE
STORAGE SPACE
WORKSHOP
WORKSHOP
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
SHARED SPACES
LEARNING CLUSTER
ARTS AND CRAFT CLUSTER
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
FARMING CLUSTER 29
A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1
ARTS AND CRAFTS CLUSTER
Terraced rooftop garden allows inhabitants on every floor to have an unobstructed view of the monuments
SECTION AL PERSPECTIVE A 1m
0
2m
1m
3m
4m
5m
COMBINED CLUSTERS
All the clusters are connected through the rooftop garden, allowing visitors to have a seamless and enjoyable journey exploring Old Bagan. Visitors will have a chance to learn more about the local culture through the varied and unique experiences found in each cluster
SECTION AL PERSPECTIVE B 1m
30
0
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1
VIEW OF SELECTED PRECINCT
A LANDSCAPE OF MEMORIES
THE NODE
AROUND MAHABODHI TEMPLE
COMMUNITY CENTER/ TOWN HALL
SECTION AL PERSPECTIVE A 1m
0
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
31 SECTION AL PERSPECTIVE B
32
Y3S2 2019
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
BUONA VISTA, SINGAPORE
NUS BA (ARCH) YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE DESIGN STUDIO Studio tutor: Prof. Hans Brouwer
Located in Buona Vista, along the cycling path network proposed by LTA, the Cycling Experiential Hub aims to showcase the beauty, speed and efficiency of bicycles, thereby promoting the use of bicycles as a sustainable mode of transport. It is a place for cyclists to see and be seen, where the spatial experiences of both cyclists and pedestrians are enhanced through the carefully curated paths. The building also seeks to promote coexistence between the cyclists and the pedestrians
33
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
SITE PLAN
FLOOR PLAN
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
The allocation of spaces in the building is determined by the three interfaces of the site: the green corridor, the civic district and the neighbourhood. For the ease and convenience of users, the bicycle workshop is located near the green corridor, the changing area is located near the civic district and the cafe is located near the neighbourhood
LOWER FLOOR PLAN
B
A’ CAFE KITCHEN
WORKSHOP
Interface with neighbourhood: Outdoor sitting area for customers Rest area for elderly
Open cafe kitchen on lower level: cyclists are able to grab their food and go
Interface with green corridor: Outdoor rest area for cyclists
CHANGING ROOM
Steel columns of walkway help to: Mitigate 90 degrees turn Separate parking and cycling space
B’
CONCEPT DIAGRAMS
UPPER FLOOR PLAN
A
CAFE DINING AREA
Upper level indoor dining area
Elevated pedestrian walkway Courtyard separates cafe from cycling facilities: Separation of facilities for cyclists and general public
SERVANT VS SERVED SPACES
CYCLIST CIRCULATION
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE AA’
34
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
MULTIPLE ENTRY POINTS
Multiple entry points: Open connection to surrounding areas
Bamboo cladding: Shadows created enhances the spatial experience and provide a sense of rhythmn for cyclists
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
BAMBOO CORRIDOR & PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS BAMBOO CORRIDOR CONNECTION DETAILS
300mm x 300mm HOLLOW STEEL BEAM
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY CONNECTION DETAILS
50mm BAMBOO ROOF CLADDING STEEL COLUMN WELDED TO STEEL BEAM U-SHAPED FITTING
HANDRAIL
SPIDER FITTING
300mm x 300mm HOLLOW STEEL COLUMN
THREADED ROD
STEEL C-CHANNEL
I-BEAM
C-BRACKET
50mm BAMBOO WALL CLADDING
BAMBOO DECKING WELDED CONNECTION
100mm BAMBOO BEAM BOLTED TO STEEL COLUMN
BAMBOO CONNECTION DETAILS: SQUARE LASH BAMBOO DECKING 100mm STEEL COLUMN
FULL THREADED ANCHOR BOLTS TIGHTENING BOLT NUTS STEEL COLUMN BASE PLATE
CONCRETE FLOOR
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE BB’
35
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
SERVED SPACES BICYCLE WORKSHOP
TIMBER ROOF CLADDING TIMBER FRAME CURTAIN WALL
PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE
GLASS CEILING
SERVANT SPACES BAMBOO CORRIDOR
BAMBOO ROOF CLADDING
BAMBOO WALL CLADDING
36
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
Clear distinction in the spatial qualities of the served and servant spaces through proportion, scale and materiality
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
CYCLING EXPERIENTIAL HUB
37
38
Y3S1 2018
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
GUNNEDAH, AUSTRALIA
NUS BA (ARCH) YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY DESIGN STUDIO Studio tutor: Greg Norman
This project aims to design a living environment which can help to improve the health of the people. Through applying the Healthy Living Principles in the development of an intergenerational housing model in Gunnedah, it is hoped that the design will be able to provide its inhabitants with a safe and well-functioning household. In addition, the design also seeks to enrich the relationship between the older community members and the young which has numerous beneficial outcomes including the exchange of knowledge, caring for the young, maintaining aged care clients’ connection to family and country amd the fulfillment of community roles.
39
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
HEALTHY LIVING PRINCIPLES
1
3
WASHING PEOPLE: WET AREA DESIGN HEALTH HARDWARE
HANDICAP FACILITIES
IMPROVING NUTRITION: KITCHEN DESIGN
There are adequate amount of cupboards or shelves for storage of food or utensils The entire kitchen area is well ventilated and well lit, to prevent the build up of mould and to deter cockroaches and vermin HEALTH HARDWARE
2
WASHING CLOTHES: LAUNDRY DESIGN
4
A laundry should provide storage space for dirty washing, ample space and services for a washing machine, laundry tub, high shelves or cupboards to store cleaning products and a place to dry clothes HEALTH HARDWARE
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE AA’
KITCHEN HARDWARD
REDUCING IMPACT OF CROWDING: DEVELOPING THE EDGES OF THE HOUSE AND THE YARD
The design of the house and yard allows for the resident or community housing organisation to change, adapt or extend the house to meet future needs.
LAUNDRY HARDWARE
HLP 1: WASHING PEOPLE
HLP 1: WASHING PEOPLE
WET AREA:
HANDICAP WASHROOM:
THRESHOLD SPACE:
DINING:
KITCHEN:
Cabinets to prevent clothes, towels and toiletries from being put on the floor
Plants and bushes along threshold space
Outdoor and indoor dining areas
Adequate amount of storage space above bench height
Folding doors allow flexibility in space
Minimal low level storage to keep safety hazards away from children
Separate shower, and toilet facilities
laundry
Provision of cabinets
Adequate amount of space for wheelchair
Natural light and ventilation
Natural light and ventilation
HLP 3: IMPROVING NUTRITION
No cabinets above the stove Kitchen is well lit and ventilated
40
SUMMER SUN
CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT
WINTER SUN
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
DESIGN CONCEPT
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
SITE PLAN
GRANDMA IS THE CORE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, BOTH LITERALLY & FIGURATIVELY
SEPARATION OF PRIVATE & COMMUNAL AREAS
COURTYARDS: CONNECTION B/W INSIDE & OUTSIDE
22 JUNE WINTER SOLSTICE SUNRISE: 06:58
SUNSET: 17:06
SUMMER WINDS
ORIENTATION OF HOUSE MAXIMISE EXPOSURE TO SUMMER WIND AND MINIMISE EXPOSURE TO WINTER WINDS
SLIDING DOORS ALLOW FOR FLEXIBILITY OF SPACE
TREES AND BUSHES AS A BARRIER OF PROTECTION
WINTER WINDS SUNSET: 20:03
SUNRISE: 05:53
22 DECEMBER SUMMER SOLSTICE
YARD AREAS
SECTION BB’
ROOF FORM
ROOF FORM ALLOWS WIND AS WELL AS WINTER SUN TO ENTER
OPEN-ROOF COURTYARD
CLOSED-ROOF COURTYARD
Communal/ gathering space
Intimate and quiet space
STUDY ROOM Can be turned into a bedroom for guests
HLP 2: WASHING CLOTHES LAUNDRY ROOM
High storage to keep washing powder away from children Laundry basket for dirty clothes Large table for folding clothes
41
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
FLOOR PLAN
ROOF PLAN WALKWAY FROM ROAD TO HOUSE
DRIVEWAY FROM ROAD TO HOUSE
OPEN-ROOF COURTYARD
FRONT PORCH STORAGE
KITCHEN
Big trees to shade the sun and prevent dust from blowing into the house
DINING
OUTDOOR DINING
Outdoor campfire area for family to gather & relax
CLOSED-ROOF COURTYARD
Open-roof courtyard: gathering space Folding doors allows for flexibility of space
Threshold space between communal and private areas
CAMPFIRE
Handicap toilet is easily accessible from grandma’s bedroom
BEDROOM 1
SECTION CC’ Big trees at the west side of the house help to shield the house from the harsh afternoon sun
WINTER SUN
CAMPFIRE PIT SUMMER WIND
BEDROOM 4
STUDY ROOM/ EXTRA ROOM
C OUTDOOR DRYING
Closed-roof courtyard: intimate and quiet area
SLEEPING OUT
RAMP
BEDROOM 3
Outdoor area to dry clothes
SUMMER SUN
GRANDMA
BEDROOM 2
Laundry: storage space for dirty clothes, washing machine. laundry tub and high cupboards to store cleaning products. Big table for folding clothes
42
YARD
RAMP DRIVEWAY
Plants and bushes to separate the house from the road and to provide more privacy
LIVING ROOM
CORRUGATED METAL ROOF
Outdoor gathering space for the family
B
A WASTE DISPOSAL
The design of the house and yard allows for the resident or community housing organisation to change, adapt or extend the house to meet future needs.
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
C’ Shaded outdoor area for sleeping out
SLEEPING OUT LAUNDRY
A’
VEGETABLE PLANTING
B’
HLP 4: DEVELOPING THE EDGES OF THE HOUSE:
HLP 2: WASHING CLOTHES
HLP 4: DEVELOPING THE EDGES OF THE HOUSE:
EAVE
OUTDOOR DRYING
LAUNDRY ROOM
OUTDOOR SLEEPING AREA
OUTDOOR PLANTING
Block summer sun but allow winter sun to enter
Sheltered outdoor area for drying clothes
High storage to keep washing powder away from children
Shaded outdoor area for sleeping out
Large table for folding clothes
Located at the east side of the house, away from the harsh afternoon sun
Planters for planting of vegetables/ crops
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
43
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1
44
HOUSING FOR HEALTH
45
AR CH