Does Net Zero Design LEED to Net Zero Cost?

Does Net Zero Design LEED to Zero Cost?

Presented to Society for College and University Planning July 12

1

Learning Outcomes 1. Identify building candidates at the master plan level to optimize net zero design options.

2. Define performance goals that drive design toward net zero.

3. Educate building occupants, facilities maintenance, and administration to facilitate the shift to a net zero paradigm.

4. Incorporate post-occupancy evaluations, measurement, verification, and recommissioning to ensure a successful outcome.

Expanding Number of Zero Net Initiatives

• University of California Climate Neutral Action Plans – UCSB Student Services / Division of Student Affairs ZNE Initiatives

• • • •

California State University Sustainability Building Practices LACCD’s Sustainable Building Program DSA Grid Neutral Schools Program California Public Utilities ZNE Non-Residential Goals – All new construction ZNE by 2030 – 50% of existing buildings ZNE by 2030 • Architecture 2030 • AB32 Global Warming Solutions Act

California Warming

Anticipated Climate Changes in CA

Plausible Increases in Los Angeles Average Temperatures IPCC Scenario A2

IPCC Scenario B1

Based on 2009 Scenarios Project climate modeling http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/index.html

Trends in Building Energy Use National Historical Data for Non-Residential Buildings

Plug loads are driving increasing energy use

Trends in Building Energy Use

Trends in Building Energy Use

Energy Prices Rises and Volatility in California

Electricity and gas prices have risen at an annualized rate of 5-6% since 1970

Post Occupancy Performance Certification New ASHRAE Building EQ Label • In the near future all green building certification programs will have some form of post-occupancy performance evaluation • LEED – Disclosure of building performance • Required for all certified projects • Must allow USGBC access to utility data for at least 5 years

LEED NC Version 3 – Energy Performance Credits • Achieving ZNE provides significant opportunity for LEED Credits

100 80

LEED NC Points

• EAc1 Optimize Energy Performance (19) • EAc2 Optimize On-Site Renewable Energy (7) • EAc3 Enhanced Commissioning (1) • EAc5 Measurement and Verification (1) • EAc2 Increased Ventilation (1) • EAc7.1 Thermal Comfort – Design (1) • EAc8.1 Daylight and Views – Daylight (1) • ID ZNE (1) • RP EAc2, EAc8.1 (2)

60 40

34 Points

20 0

LEED NC

ZNE

Integrated Design Process Post-Occupancy Performance Climate Analysis

Whole Building Models

Detailed Modeling and Design Performance Goals

Shoebox Modeling

Parametric Analysis

Pushing the Envelope

Low Energy Systems

Energy Savings at the Least Cost

ZNE

Building Life Time Cost

Transition to on-site renewables

Minimum LCC

Energy Savings

100%

• Energy efficiency and conservation should come first • Add on-site renewables when cost analysis shows it is cheaper than more aggressive energy efficiency

Energy Savings at the Least Cost

• Simulation tools are available which find the least cost curve • Example here is from BeOpt developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Output is a set of alternative ‘measure packages’ for achieving ZNE

Lifecycle Cost Example • What is the net present value of eliminating utility bills?

• How much capital investment is justified to achieve ZNE? • Hypothetical new building in California: • • • • • • • • •

100,000 sf Construction cost of $300/sf Energy use intensity of 40 kBtu/sf/yr 60% electricity and 40% gas consumption Electricity cost of $0.14/kWh and gas cost of $1.00/therm Cost of photovoltaics is $5/watt Study period of 25 years Real discount rate of 3% ZNE achieved using energy efficiency and rooftop PV

Return on Investment The higher the increased project cost to achieve ZNE the lower the rate of return To achieve an ROI of 3% the cost of ZNE would need to be approximately $5.6M

Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours, time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions

Efficiency vs On-Site Renewables

Assuming a budget of $5.6M for PV, the building must have an EUI of 16 kBtu/sf/yr to achieve ZNE

The Path to ZNE Making ZNE financially attractive is possible through aggressive levels of energy efficiency None monetized benefits should also be considered: -Healthy high quality spaces -Improved productivity -Employee recruitment and retention -Hedge against rising energy costs

Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours, time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PV Single Story Building Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr) 200

PV PV

150

100

PV Solar Budget

50

0

Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yr PV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yr PV Covers 50% of roof area

Grid Neutral Net Zero Energy EUI = 25 EUI = 40

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PV Two Story Building Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr) 200

PV 150

100

PV Solar Budget

50

0

Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yr PV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yr PV Covers 50% of roof area

Grid Neutral Net Zero Energy EUI = 25 EUI = 40

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PV Three Story Building Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr) 200

PV 150

100

PV Solar Budget

50

0

Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yr PV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yr PV Covers 50% of roof area

Grid Neutral Net Zero Energy EUI = 25 EUI = 40

the PlugPerformance Loads Post Watch Occupancy

Owner/PM

A/E

O&M The Commissioning Process

GC

the PlugPerformance Loads Post Watch Occupancy

• Commissioning • Conduct design reviews • Verify Training for Operators and Occupants.

• Perform a Post Occupancy Review by 10 months after completion.

• Measurement and Verification • Develop M&V Plan • Measure actual energy use • Verify actual versus predicted energy cost

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

San Diego Community College District Overview Propositions S and N Construction Bond Program

$1.555 billion construction bond program provides for 80+ projects at City, Mesa and Miramar Colleges, and six Continuing Education campuses:    

State of the art teaching and learning facilities Major renovations and modernizations Campus-wide infrastructure projects Green Building Policy

25

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Environmental Sustainability Policy

Environmental sustainability is an essential goal of the District.

Global warming, diminishing resources and escalating costs of energy and rubbish disposal require that management at all levels focus on the efficient and effective use of energy and resources.

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San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Green Building Policy • The Board of Trustees is committed to environmental stewardship as a fundamental operational objective and integral to fulfilling our educational mission.

• The Board recognizes its fiscal responsibility to use taxpayers' dollars wisely for the best long-term, long-range investment.

• The goal of this policy is to provide working and learning environments that are: – – – – – 27

Efficient in use of energy, material and water Easy to maintain and operate Thermally, visually and acoustically comfortable and healthy Safe and secure Sited in an environmentally responsible manner.

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Green Building Policy: Goals Exceed Title 24 of California Code of Regulations energy efficiency standards by at least 10%.



10% of the energy utilized by the project must be renewable with at least 5% generated on site.



Divert at least 75% of construction and demolition debris from landfills. 

Pursue formal LEEDTM certification with LEEDTM Silver as a minimum standard; Gold or higher where applicable. 

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Green Building Policy: Methodology •Incorporate life-cycle costing that includes initial construction costs, operating costs, maintenance repair and replacement costs •Integrated systems design

•Perform commissioning and facility performance evaluations

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San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Total Cost of Ownership Example • 50 year design life • 100,000 square foot classroom building • Design and construction cost - $30 million • Capital Renewal: 2% of current replacement value (APPA benchmark)

• O&M Budget $5.69/square foot • Inflation: 3%

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San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Savings in O&M and Capital Renewal

Total Cost of Ownership

11%



53% 36%

Save 5% in  Cap. Renewal

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Save 10% in O&M

D&C: Cap.R: O&M: Total:

$30M $101M $149M $280M

Savings Total NPV $5M $1.1M $15M $3.4M $20M $4.4M

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

BIM Standards

http://www.sdccdprops-n.com/BUILDING%20STANDARDS/SDCCD_BIM_Standards_Ver01.pdf

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

BIM: Sustainable Design BIM was used to optimize efficiency by making sure that at key times of the year the panels on a classroom building with sloped roofs would not be in the shade.

This example shows shading on the building in the afternoon on December 1st.

33

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station • Will be first LEED Platinum project for a

community college in San Diego County • Passive cooling & lighting systems • Green roof and green screen • Reclaimed water • Solar chimney

34

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station

SOLAR CHIMNEY

Monthly Heating, Cooling and Fan Energy (kBtu/sf)

2.50 Mechanical System Only 2.00 Mixed Mode Natural Ventilation System

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

GREEN WALL

Metro Station

Bus Stop

Student Union Project Site

Bus Stop

NORTH

CAMPUS PLAN

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: -MIXED MODE HVAC -NIGHT FLUSHING -EXTERIOR SHADING -DAYLIGHTING -PHOTOVOLTAICS

Operable Windows For Natural Ventilation Will Support Night-Flushing

Perspective Views Of Concrete Frame

Exposed Concrete Frame Works As Thermal Mass: It stores The Heat During The Day, Night-Flushing Cools It Down Over Night

Concrete structural system SUSTAINABILITY

Large North Facing Glass Walls

Borrowed Light Through Extensive Interior Glazing.

North Facing Roof Mounted PV Panels Skylights

Skylight With Bench-Seating Section Cut: Three Story Volume

Sunshade Structures On South and East Facing Glazing

Clerestory Skylight

Daylighting strategies

SUSTAINABILITY

Daylight In Multi Purpose Space

Ecotect Model With Daily Sun Path

Light monitors angled and oriented correctly so that no direct sun enters the space Analysis of Initial Design

Analysis of Corrected Design

SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: -EXTERIOR SHADING -DAYLIGHTING -PHOTOVOLTAICS

Exterior sun shade structure - prevents heat gain, glare Interior light shelf -reflects daylight deeper into the room

ORIGINAL SUNSHADE

REVISED SUNSHADE WITH LIGHT-SHELF

ATRIUM DESIGN DAYLIGHT FACTOR FOR 1ST FLOOR

SOUTH FACING SKYLIGHT, WITH PV INTER LAYER

CLERESTORY DESIGN

SOLATUBE APPLICATION - BRING DAYLIGHT TO FIRST FLOOR ISSUES: - ADDITIONAL SHAFT SPACE - FIRE RATED SHAFT, NEED FIRE DAMPER

UNIVERITY OF SANTA BARBARA RECREATION CENTER Rec Center 1 Pavillion Gym Rec Center 2 Multi-Activity Center

Rec Center 1 Activities Gym, Weight Rooms, Squash/Racketball Courts and Offices

4,000,000 Pool Heating Pool Pumping

3,500,000

Rec 2 building Outdoor Lighting Rec 1 building Outdoor Lighting Sports Lighting

Pool Closed

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

kBtu

00 9 2/ 1/ 2

20 08 10 /1 /

00 8 6/ 1/ 2

00 8 2/ 1/ 2

20 07 10 /1 /

00 7 6/ 1/ 2

00 7 2/ 1/ 2

20 06 10 /1 /

00 6 6/ 1/ 2

00 6 2/ 1/ 2

20 05 10 /1 /

00 5

0 6/ 1/ 2

Site Energy (kBtu)

3,000,000

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: -NATURAL VENTILATION -RADIANT FLOOR -DAYLIGHTING -EXTERIOR SHADING -PHOTOVOLTAICS -SOLAR THERMAL SPACE HEATING

Rolling 12 Month Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/sf/yr)

120

Energy Consumption for Existing Berkeley Libraries West

North

South

Central

Claremont

100

80

60

40

20

EUI Performance Design Goal = 20 kBtu/sf/yr

0

Sep-07

Dec-07

Mar-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

Mar-09

Jun-09

Sep-09

WIND DRIVEN NEGATIVE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND THERMAL CHIMNEY

INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH AIR

Thank You

Questions?

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