Issuu

Number 102 | November 2020

ON THE HUNT A closer look at a formidable family of predators

FEATURE: How a green recovery is both possible and critical

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Social Welcome media from link/Web our Chair link

FIRST WORD From our Chair, Linda Rosborough

In the current circumstances, it is more important than ever that there is a strong voice for nature and the environment.

he crisis facing Scotland’s wildlife and nature looms ever larger, with a pressing need to find solutions. Now is the time for a green recovery that prioritises the restoration of nature, and its enjoyment by people, as well as meeting the climate challenge and wider goals. Earlier this year, the Trust worked with partner organisations on A Nature Recovery Plan – a document that outlines a clear list of immediate, and high-impact, actions that are needed to support the Sign up to the Trust’s recovery of nature in mailing list at Scotland (see pages 16-17). scottishwildlifetrus t. In the current org.uk/sign-up circumstances, it is more important than ever that of members and donors, there is a strong voice for we were able to report a nature and the environment, strong and steady financial and it is hugely significant that position during this most the main Scottish conservation challenging of years. organisations have come together in this However, we also highlighted the way. We now call for immediate action many uncertainties and difficulties ahead, on these measures and encourage which makes us especially grateful to all political parties to include them in their those who responded to our emergency manifestos as we approach the 2021 Covid-19 appeal, plus our legacy donors. Scottish Parliamentary elections. Such generous contributions have Of course, Covid-19 continues to greatly helped our financial resilience impact us all; our lives have changed. during this testing time. During the pandemic, the Trust has I am delighted to say that most of our worked hard to ensure we remain effective practical nature conservation work has as an organisation and continue our vital continued. Although we furloughed field work to protect Scotland’s nature. staff initially, by the summer we were Much of our activity has moved online able to bring almost all staff back to – including our National Members’ Day work. Following careful planning, we and AGM in September, which saw a also re-opened our four visitor centres high attendance. Thanks to the support in August. Local groups have also

adjusted to a new way of working together and have held extremely effective Zoom meetings, while educational activities and project work also recommenced soon after the lifting of lockdown restrictions. Inevitably, however, there have been some constraints on our activity, and we have not been able to do all that we would have liked. We have been grateful for the flexibility shown by our funders and to our staff and volunteers who have risen to the challenge of working in these particularly demanding circumstances. With our enhanced dependence on digital communication and meetings, it’s well worth signing up to the Trust’s mailing list. Many of us automatically tick the box to opt out when we join things – I did, then wondered why I was not receiving the monthly eNewsletter! Finally, with life a bit more constrained once again, now might be a good time to join your local group. Again, by signing up to the Trust’s mailing list and selecting that you would like to receive information from your local group, you’ll find out more about what they are up to and how to get involved. NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 3

WI NIGHN A LUX T OF AIRD URY AT SH ARGY OTEL, SEE P LL. A

Contents

Inside this issue

GE 33

06 BURROWED MUD

A closer look at this seemingly monochrome world reveals a wealth of colourful sealife.

08 NEWS

News round-up from the Trust and the world of conservation.

A CHANGE OF PATH As efforts to rebuild the economy continue, Rich Rowe explores the importance of restoring nature as part of a promised ‘green recovery’.

Q&A

MEET THE MUSTELIDS

SALMON AQUACULTURE

BIG PICTURE

We speak with Calum Duncan from the Marine Conservation Society.

Anna Levin explores a fearsome family of predators that teaches us much about the ecological role of species that kill for a living.

What are the possible alternatives to open-cage salmon farming?

How lockdown opened one photographer’s eyes to local wildlife.

TALKING POINT

Embracing nature and wild spaces. Otter on the River Tweed, Laurie Campbell. Image taken from Otters: Return to the River by Laurie Campbell and Anna Levin (revised edition due for publication in 2021).

Scottish Wildlife magazine is published by the Scottish Wildlife Trust. © Scottish Wildlife Trust. No part of this magazine may be reproduced without the express permission of the publisher. All photography © Scottish Wildlife Trust unless otherwise stated. The Scottish Wildlife Trust accepts no liability for omissions or incorrect data in advertisements and letters. Views expressed in Scottish Wildlife are not necessarily those of the Scottish Wildlife Trust. ISSN: 0143 1234. Registered office: Harbourside House, 110 Commercial Street, Edinburgh EH6 6NF. Tel: 0131 312 7765. Fax: 0131 312 8705. Email: enquiries@scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk. Website: scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk. The Scottish Wildlife Trust is a company limited by guarantee, registered in Scotland (no. SC040247). It is also a Scottish registered charity (no. SC005792). Scottish Wildlife is published three times a year: March, July and November.

The Scottish Wildlife Trust is affiliated to The Wildlife Trusts, a UK-wide network of 46 Trusts with more than 2,000 wildlife reserves. 4 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

Deadlines for news: 1 January, 1 May, 1 September. No unsolicited articles please. Scottish Wildlife is free to members. Membership rates from 1 April (excluding discounts for paying by Direct Debit): Individual (concession) £40 (£18); Joint (concession) £47 (£24); Family £57; Watch £18; Life (joint) £900 (£1,300); World/Overseas £45. Patron: HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay. Chair: Linda Rosborough. Vice-Chairs: Karen Chambers, Bill Lambert, Kenny Taylor. Chief Executive: Jo Pike Managing Editor: Pete Haskell editor@scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk Contributing Editor: Rich Rowe Design: Connect connectcommunications.co.uk Advertising: Elliot Whitehead 0131 561 0021, Clare Stebbing 0131 561 0024. Printing: InkMark – inkmarkltd.com

Spotlight: Phosphorescent sea pen

PHOSPHORESCENT SEA PEN

SPECIES SPOTLIGHT:

(Pennatula phosphorea)

Sea pens are colonial animals that are made up of many anemone-like ‘polyps’, each of which have a specific role within the colony.

Sea pens are named for their resemblance to old-fashioned quill pens that were made from the flight feathers of large birds.

Growing up to 40cm long, phosphorescent sea pens luminesce in a blue-green colour when disturbed as a defence mechanism to startle predators.

Phosphorescent sea pens are a favourite food of Dover sole, despite studies showing that they have narcotic and appetite-diminishing properties.

Three species of sea pen can be found in the mud of Scotland’s sea lochs, where they trap plankton and other small food particles in the water column.

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Spotlight: Burrowed mud

MUD, GLORIOUS MUD AT FIRST glance, burrowed mud might not necessarily be a marine habitat that has you immediately reaching for your snorkel and mask. But on closer inspection, this seemingly monochrome environment shows its true colours. Typically occurring in waters below 50m depth, but also found in Scotland’s inner sea

lochs where there is little current, this habitat is the realm of mud-dwellers. From the seafood-lovers’ favourite – langoustine – to giant sea pens, mud shrimps, mud volcano worms, and the many species highlighted below, there is a wealth of life hidden in the burrows and mounds that pepper the mud’s surface, helping to keep it aerated.

This is, however, a delicate and vulnerable habitat. Pollution, changes to water flow (e.g. due to the construction of bridges or barrages) and bottom-trawl fishing for langoustine can all cause significant damage. It is for this reason that the habitat is classified as a ‘Priority Marine Feature’ and is protected in eight locations around Scotland.

ANGULAR CRAB

FIREWORKS ANEMONE

Also known as the ‘mud-runner’, this small and distinctive crab occurs in muddy marine habitats from Shetland to southern Africa. Individuals are often found sharing burrows with species of fish and shrimp.

This large burrowing anemone makes its home in the muddy seabed of Scotland’s west coast sea lochs. Individuals can have up to 200 stinging tentacles, each of which curls up if the anemone is disturbed.

PHOSPHORESCENT SEA PEN

PSOLUS PHANTAPUS (SEA CUCUMBER)

Occurring between 10-100m depth, these pinkish sea pens consist of multiple types of polyp. The primary polyp loses its tentacles and forms the central stem, while secondary polyps form the ‘branches’.

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This species of sea cucumber grows up to 20cm long and buries itself in mud or gravel seabed habitats, where it uses its bushy tentacles to catch food drifting past in the current.

Spotlight: Burrowed mud

A E

RESERVES MUDDY MARVELS

If you fancy exploring some exposed mud without having to don a wetsuit, here are a selection of reserves for you to explore and enjoy. NORWAY LOBSTER Growing up to 25cm long, Norway lobsters – or langoustines – live in burrows dug into the muddy seabed and are considered to be the most important commercial crustacean in Europe.

A MONTROSE BASIN

The extensive tidal mudflats on this reserve are home to a huge number of invertebrates that attract many species of waders and wildfowl. Our four-star visitor centre provides a fantastic viewpoint across the mudflats at low tide. Please book your visit in advance on our website.

B DRUMAINS REEDBED

On the edge of the Solway Firth, this reserve has coastal reedbed, saltmarsh and mudflat habitat, attracting a wide range of birds from waders to warblers. Livestock is often present on this reserve.

C SOUTHWICK COAST

Just six miles south-west of Drumains Reedbed, this reserve has wooded cliffs, an excellent viewpoint across Mersehead and the Solway, and a path that leads through a natural rock arch to the extensive saltmarsh.

D LOCH FLEET

THORNBACK RAY These egg-laying fish grow to just over a metre long and are found all around the British coast. During the day, thornback rays often bury themselves in sand or mud on the seabed before coming out at dusk to hunt.

Our reserve at Loch Fleet on the east Sutherland coast encompasses a number of different habitats, including sand dunes, mudflats, coastal heath and pinewoods. Highlights at this reserve include otters, pine martens, Scottish crossbills and crested tits.

E ALLOA INCHES

This reserve is comprised of two small islands in the River Forth – Alloa Inch and Tullibody Inch. At low tide, an area of mud is exposed around the southern end of Tullibody Inch, attracting birds such as shelduck and redshank.

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Nephrops and anemone © Peter Bardsley, Angular crab © Paul Naylor, Fireworks anemone © Alexander Mustard/2020VISION, Norway lobster © Paul Naylor, Phosphorescent sea pen © Alexander Mustard/2020VISION, Psolus phantapus (Sea cucumber) © Paul Naylor, Thornback ray © Paul Naylor

Scottish Wildlife Trust news

Latest news

News from the Trust, our projects and the wider world of conservation

KEEP UP TO DATE

All the latest Trust news is available on our website scottishwildlife trust.org.uk

Beaver at Knapdale

Wonderful support from our members

THE Trust has been overwhelmed by the generosity and support from members in response to our emergency Covid-19 appeal this summer. So far, supporters have helped raise more than £60,000 – every penny of which will go directly towards tackling the problems our wildlife reserves have faced since lockdown restrictions were introduced. This work includes managing invasive species, safely removing hazardous materials that have been illegally fly tipped on our reserves and undertaking essential path repairs. In a further invaluable boost to our recovery efforts, the National Lottery Heritage Fund awarded the Trust a £197,000 emergency grant to support a range of work, including the reopening of our visitor centres. The response to our Covid-19 appeal has been fantastic but there is still a long way to go to fill the gap which the pandemic has caused. Many grant schemes remain closed and we are bracing for the impact that the end of the government furlough scheme may have on the economy. We are also acutely aware that the downturn in new members joining the Trust due to cancelled events will have an Covid-19 impact for years to appeal come. Please dona te today – visit Sarah Robinson, sc o tt ishwildlifetru Director of st org.uk/covid . Conservation

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Beaver sign

Help us keep track of Scotland’s beavers HAVE you seen a beaver? Tracking the spread of Scotland’s newest native mammal is vital, both in terms of their future conservation and for planning national surveys of the species. Working alongside the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) and the Mammal Society, the Trust is encouraging the public to record any sightings and signs of beavers as the animals gradually make their way into new parts of the country. A legally protected species since 2019, beavers have begun to spread out from Tayside into the catchments of the Forth and Clyde. Signs have been recorded in areas including Stirling, Kippen and Tillicoultry. Earlier this year, a lone beaver was even spotted swimming around a dockyard in Govan. “Tracking beaver signs is one of the most important things that people can do to help us understand whether we have a thriving and expanding population in Scotland,” explained Gill Dowse, the Trust’s Knowledge & Evidence Manager. “This can inform where additional introductions could take place to

support a healthier population based on a larger number of animals. It can also help us understand what impact licensed lethal control is having on their range.” Beavers are most active around dawn and dusk, so field signs are often more obvious than the animals themselves. The tell-tale clues of their presence include gnawed and felled trees with a characteristic pencil shape, as well as dams and lodges. Freshly gnawed wood will often appear bright orange, making it stand out strongly against the background. “Recording signs of the wildlife around us is easy and fun,” commented Dr Helen Taylor, Conservation Programme Manager, RZSS. “It is also something people can do to help wildlife at the same time as going out for a family walk, or even just visiting the shops.” The easiest way to record beavers is through the free Mammal Mapper app. For more on the app, and how to record sightings, check out our video at scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/ beaversightings

Scottish Wildlife Trust news

ALTHOUGH they abandoned the regular nest at Loch of the Lowes Wildlife Reserve in Perthshire earlier this year, ospreys LM12 and NC0 still successfully raised a chick in their first season as a breeding pair. The male osprey, LM12, has bred at Loch of the Lowes since 2012, raising 15 chicks during that time. NC0, a female who was ringed at a nest near Loch Ness in 2016, is LM12’s third mate. Sadly, it was not possible to ring this year’s youngster, or establish if it was male or

Guillemots nesting on Handa Island

female before the birds migrated. Sara Rasmussen, the Trust’s Perthshire Ranger, said: “It was a privilege to watch LM12 and NC0 form a strong pair bond this spring. I’m absolutely delighted that they have been able to successfully raise a chick, and we’re hopeful that they’ll go on to have many more seasons together.” The Osprey Protection Programme at Loch of the Lowes is supported by players of People’s Postcode Lottery.

Mixed summer for Handa’s seabirds © Scottish Wildlife Trust

Ospreys, LM12 and NC0

Let’s get digital LIKE many organisations, the Trust has explored new ways to engage with members online, with this year’s AGM and National Members’ Day held as online events for the first time. An increasing number of our local groups have also looked to offer online talks in place of their winter events schedule. These have proven to be very popular, so we hope to continue to organise these events in collaboration with local groups over the winter months. We have also chosen to replace our printed events guide with a new online booking system, so that we can react quickly to future guidelines. To view our schedule, and sign up to our mailing list, please visit our website.

Breeding success for osprey pair

MONITORING of seabird populations on Handa Island Wildlife Reserve during the 2020 breeding season highlighted a positive trend for several key species. This summer, the guillemot population was at its highest level since 2004, while the razorbill population saw a slight decline on 2019, but still remains higher than in the previous three years. Meanwhile, rangers observed a slight increase in the number of breeding Arctic skuas, with 21 nests recorded – two more than in 2019. However, there was less positive news for several other species, with all-island counts showing a decline in numbers of shags, terns and great black-backed gulls. Terns of any species have now failed to breed on Handa for five years. Due to lockdown, Trust Rangers Erika Poltz Faggiani and Johnny Rolt, together with Assistant Ranger Roxy Buhus, were the only people on the island for much of the 2020 season. They carried out a range of tasks in addition to wildlife monitoring, including removing non-native trees, beach cleans and path repair work.

Bringing new life to Cumbernauld CONSERVATION volunteering has made a difference to the lives of over 500 people in Cumbernauld through the Creating Natural Connections project. And exciting plans are under way to get even more people involved. Planting native trees and clearing scrub from peatlands are vital for creating and restoring important wildlife habitats. These activities also provide ways for young people to gain confidence and new skills. To help respond to the growing economic crisis

caused by Covid-19, the Trust and our partners, The Conservation Volunteers, hope to offer new traineeships and open up even more opportunities for volunteers. We are also working to help people at risk of poor mental health to enjoy the benefits that being in nature can provide. We have launched an urgent appeal to raise £25,000 for this work. If you’d like to support this initiative, you can find out more by visiting scottishwildlifetrust. org.uk/Cumbernauld NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 9

Scottish Wildlife Trust news

IN BRIEF

How we’re helping communities to tackle marine litter

All aboard TWO new Trustees – Alasdair Lemon and Emma Steel – were elected at the Trust’s Annual General Meeting in September. Alasdair currently works as RSPB Scotland’s Conservation Officer for Argyll and is Group Secretary for the Trust’s Stirling and Clackmannanshire Local Group. Emma works in policy and government affairs, specialising in rural issues. Both Alasdair and Emma are also members of the Trust’s Young Leaders group. We would like to thank Andrew Binnie and Amanda Forsyth, who have both retired from the board. Bill Lambert is now our Vice-Chair for finance. © Zsuzsanna Bird

FOLLOWING a successful pilot project near Ullapool, four remote beach clean stations have been deployed in the West Highlands through the Trust’s Living Seas project. The stations contain litterpicking equipment to allow local people and visitors to carry out beach cleans when they visit. The pilot station at Dun Canna has already prevented several tonnes of litter from building up on the beach or entering the sea since it was installed in 2017. It is emptied regularly with help from Keanchulish Estate. Following the success of this trial, and thanks to support from two local fishing boat skippers, a station has now been installed at Melvaig. A further station has been delivered to Staffin on the Isle of Skye, while two more have

been sent to communities in Coigach. These stations are part of ongoing efforts to help coastal communities tackle the problem of marine litter. “The station we installed at Dun Canna has made a real impact,” said Noel Hawkins, the Trust’s Living Seas Communities Officer. “Everyone is very aware of the problems that marine pollution can cause for wildlife, so it’s great to be able to do something positive to help tackle the issue. “I’m hoping that further collaboration between the Trust, the fishing industry and local communities will lead to more stations appearing around Scotland’s coastline.” The Trust’s Living Seas project is supported by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.

From little acorns … © Skye Eco Museum

THE team at Little Assynt Tree Nursery is doing its bit to extend Scotland’s most northerly oak wood. Staff collected oak, hazel and aspen seeds from Loch a’ Mhuilinn National Nature Reserve near Scourie. The seeds will be grown in the nursery so that saplings with local provenance can be planted in a few years’ time.

Champions for change THE Trust is working in partnership with National Farmers Union Scotland to provide a platform for farmers to champion land use changes which, if scaled up, could prove transformative for wildlife. Around 75% of Scotland’s land is used for agriculture, which means farming practices can have a big impact on biodiversity. Giving individual farmers a platform to show how they are tackling the nature crisis can inspire others and encourage better government policies.

Welcome back! THE Trust’s four visitor centres reopened to the public in August after weeks of work to ensure the safety of visitors, staff and volunteers. As part of social distancing measures, visitors must book for Loch of the Lowes and Montrose Basin. See our video guides on these measures at scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/visitorcentres 10 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

Litter collected during the beach clean

Scottish Wildlife Trust news

From left: Euan McIlwraith, Alistair Longwell, Allan Bantick, Gill Dowse, Helen Taylor and Gordon Buchanan

Thermal image of a red squirrel

Funding for red squirrel ‘game-changer’ in the south of Scotland A NETWORK of volunteers in the south of Scotland has received funding from the Red Squirrel Survival Trust to purchase thermal imaging equipment and trail cameras, which will increase their ability to monitor woodland where red squirrels are holding on. Thermal imaging has been referred to as a ‘game-changer’ in red squirrel conservation. It reduces the time needed to carry out reliable surveys of red squirrels, and increases the likelihood of spotting greys in areas where they would pose a threat to native populations.

THE Fight for Scotland’s Nature campaign has launched a petition calling for stronger laws to protect Scotland’s nature following Brexit. While the Scottish Government’s Continuity Bill contains proposals for establishing a new environment watchdog to replace vital safeguards provided by the EU, these plans do not go far enough and would leave our natural environment at risk. Crucially, the campaign is calling for the new environment watchdog to allow individuals to challenge decisions that affect their environment, and for it to be truly independent of government. To sign up, visit fightforscotlandsnature.scot/ petition by Thursday 12 November.

THE Trust has called for the Scottish Government to put nature at the heart of decision-making to tackle the growing biodiversity and climate crises. Despite high-level pledges to tackle these emergencies, the Programme for Government, published in September, offered little hope that this can be achieved before it is too late. Dougie Peedle, the Trust’s Head of Policy, said: “We believe a green, transformative recovery is needed for Scotland to emerge from the economic crisis caused by Covid-19 in a way that also improves human wellbeing and reverses the decline in nature. “The Programme for Government contains a number of welcome measures, including further commitments to restoring peatland and creating new woodland. “What is lacking is a sign that nature is entering the mainstream. Unfortunately, all too often it is seen as a nice thing to have, rather than the foundation blocks that support all human life. “There are opportunities to invest in nature-based solutions in a way that helps reduce the need for spending in other areas, for example through a Natural Health Service that reduces future spending on direct healthcare.” As the Scottish Government reviews key plans on climate change and infrastructure later this year, the Trust continues to lobby for a coherent, long-term investment in nature. For much more on this topic, see our lead feature on p18.

Celebrating our volunteers MANY congratulations to the winners of our Trustees’ Awards for Volunteering. Roy Sexton, pictured, who recently stepped down as Chair of our Stirling & Clackmannanshire Local Group, won our Lifetime Achievement Award. He revived the group 20 years ago as a retirement project with his wife Sue. Roy helped save the rare sticky catchfly from extinction around Stirling. Linda Rosborough, Trust Chair, said: “Dedicated and passionate people lie at the heart of every conservation success story.” Supported by players of People’s Postcode Lottery, the Awards were

Fight for Scotland’s Nature

The Red Squirrels Forum for South Scotland brings together 350 volunteers from 18 conservation groups. It is supported by the Trust-led Saving Scotland’s Red Squirrels partnership. “Community action represents the future of red squirrel conservation in our region,” explained Dr Stephanie Johnstone, Saving Scotland’s Red Squirrels’ Conservation Officer in South West Scotland. “This vital field equipment will make the most of volunteers’ valuable time and increase their impact.”

Call for bolder action on nature

presented at our National Members’ Day. Learn more about the winners and volunteering with the Trust on our website. Winners: Roy Sexton – Lifetime Achievement Award. Peter Garson – Species Champion. Alasdair Lemon – Young Volunteer. Young Leaders – Group Award.

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Scottish Wildlife Trust news

Upland habitat around Suilven, Assynt

Best in show TWO members of the Trust’s herd of hardy Shetland cattle took prizes at the Shetland Cattle Herd Book Society’s online show this summer. Fleecefaulds Daria, a homebred cow, won the dry cow in calf class, while Geldron Faddom, a three-year-old bull bought by the Trust this year, came second in the bull class. The Trust’s Flying Flock of sheep and cattle serves as a vital tool for keeping grassland on our reserves in good condition.

Wild land, wild habitats

Europe’s largest Marine Protected Area is created in Scotland

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Prize-winning cow Fleecefaulds Daria

Another round at Coul Links THE Trust is greatly alarmed to learn that a new application for a golf course at Coul Links in Sutherland has been submitted to Highland Council, less than a year after similar plans were rejected by the Scottish Government following our lengthy campaign. “It’s astonishing that this application has come back in largely the same form, with no evidence that the serious impacts on the natural environment previously identified have been addressed,” said Bruce Wilson, the Trust’s Public Affairs Manager. “We can

Coul Links

only hope that the Scottish Government’s decision in February, and their repeated commitments to tackling the crisis facing nature, draw a line in the sand. Highland Council should refuse these plans at the first possible opportunity.” A former Trust reserve, Coul Links is covered by various national and international designations reflecting its status as one of the most important places for wildlife in the world. The campaign to save these dunes was supported by tens of thousands of people.

THE Trust has welcomed the creation of Europe’s largest Marine Protected Area in Scotland’s seas. The West of Scotland Marine Protected Area covers more than 100,000 square kilometres – an area larger than Scotland’s mainland – between the Western Isles and Rockall. It is designed to protect features and species including coral reefs and deep-sea sharks from threats such as fishing and seabed mining. More than 30% of Scotland’s seas are protected areas, in line with global targets proposed by the UN, but only one-third of Scotland’s 30 Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas offer true protection from threats such as overfishing and unsustainable aquaculture. There has also been slow progress on areas to protect mobile species including basking sharks and minke whales, which the Trust campaigned for in 2019.

highlighted how areas of centuries-old peat cuttings have revegetated and now support concentrations of ‘quaking bog’ communities, dotted with white-beaked sedge. This demonstrates how once intensively managed land can recover given time and freedom from disturbance. The survey has been carried out as part of the National Lottery-supported Coigach & Assynt Living Landscape Partnership. Data will be added to NatureScot’s Habitat Map of Scotland – a growing repository for habitat and land use data.

A DETAILED survey of the wild landscape around Suilven and Canisp in Assynt has revealed an exceptional concentration of globally scarce and important upland habitats, including blanket bog, heathland, alpine and sub-alpine plant communities and sub-arctic fellfields. Sadly, a series of recent and accidentally started ‘wildfires’ around Suilven have destroyed several areas of internationally scarce Atlantic heath habitat. More positively, the survey

Commercial feature

UNDERSTANDING ACCESS RIGHTS IN SCOTLAND

Linsey Barclay-Smith, a partner at law firm Morton Fraser, examines the legal position around irresponsible access – and what landowners can do to combat it.

SCOTLAND’S much-lauded access rights exist for all to enjoy, with the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 enshrining in law the right of access to most land and inland water throughout Scotland. However, problems can arise when individuals abuse these rights. At a time of reduced staffing on reserves, and with more people spending time in Scotland’s countryside, understanding the legal rights and responsibilities around access is vital for all. Scotland’s longstanding ‘right to roam’ includes a right to cross land and to be on land for recreational purposes – for instance, sightseeing, walking and wildlife watching – as well as for educational purposes, such as furthering an understanding of an area’s natural or cultural heritage. There are exceptions, however, with land such as school playing fields and farmland on which crops are sown or growing excluded from these rights. Crucially, access rights are granted on the understanding that people exercise these rights in a responsible manner. An individual is considered to be acting

responsibly where they: • do not interfere unreasonably with the rights of other people; and • act lawfully and reasonably and take account of the interests of others and of the features of the land. Respecting people’s privacy and peace of mind, and taking care of the environment, are just some examples of this.

ACTING IRRESPONSIBLY

Where a member of the public exercises their access rights irresponsibly, they are no longer entitled to these rights. In other words, they are trespassing. A number of statutes make trespass a criminal offence in particular circumstances, yet trespass on the whole is a civil wrong. In such cases, the landowner should first ask the trespassing party to modify their behaviour; failing this, they can ask them to leave. Should the trespasser refuse, confrontation or use of force is to be avoided. The police can be contacted for assistance if difficulties arise. Persistent or serious breaches of access rights may have to be dealt with by the

courts, which can determine whether or not access rights have been exercised responsibly. A court may grant an interdict (or a court order) to prevent trespassers from entering the land. For this, the identity of the trespassers must be known, and the court must be satisfied that there is a reasonable likelihood of trespass in the future. A landowner may also seek redress for damages from the court on the basis that trespassers who cause damage are liable to pay the costs of repairing that damage. Where any court order is obtained and breached, this may then turn into a criminal matter. Any activity which amounts to an offence, a breach of interdict, or other order of a court is also excluded from access rights. Where a person is acting illegally, the police can pursue criminal charges against them. The Environmental Protection Act 1990, for example, makes the disposal of waste without the necessary permit – or fly tipping – a criminal offence. Charges may also be brought following examples of recurring antisocial behaviour and damage to property. Landowners may wish to approach their local authority for assistance with investigating offenders, and with passing on information to the relevant authorities. Overall, any activities that amount to a breach of a person’s access rights, or indeed criminal activity, should be reported to the police. If the breach is persistent and/ or property is damaged, advice should be sought as to what redress is possible through the courts. LINSEY BARCLAY-SMITH PARTNER 0131 247 1340 Linsey.barclay-smith@morton-fraser. com

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Wider news

THE first official Red List of Scotland’s Mammals has revealed that one in four Scottish mammal species are threatened with extinction, and half need urgent action. Wildcats and harvest mice are on the brink of extinction in Scotland. Even more familiar species such as hedgehogs, foxes and otters are also at risk. The new Red List is produced by the Mammal

Society. The charity argues that while reintroductions could benefit some species, fundamental changes are needed in land management and planning to provide the space and habitat needed for wildlife to thrive. Mammal Society Chair Fiona Matthews said: “Things have to change rapidly if we want our children and grandchildren to enjoy the wildlife we take for granted.”

Scotland’s endangered mammals Critically Endangered: Scottish wildcat, harvest mouse Endangered: Eurasian beaver, polecat Vulnerable: Orkney vole, hedgehog, otter, Nathusius’ pipistrelle bat Near Threatened: red fox, red squirrel, water vole, mountain hare, Leisler’s bat

Nothing fishy going on here... THIS kingfisher’s cheeky choice of perch in Kirkcudbright caught Sally Lloyd-Jones’s eye. Her image is one of 44 from around the globe short-listed in the 2020 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards. The two other entries from Scotland are a comical pair of puffins and a ‘laughing’ common seal perched on a rock. See the winning images at comedywildlifephoto.com

Lockdown reveals the importance of local green spaces © Katrina Martin / 2020VISION

MORE than 70% of Scots made greater use of their local green spaces during lockdown, according to polling by WWF Scotland. The survey shows the majority of people appreciated having access to green spaces and experiencing nature during lockdown, with three-quarters of people agreeing that green spaces had been important to them during lockdown. Seven in ten of the people polled also said they would like to have more green spaces near them. WWF Scotland Director Lang Banks 14 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

commented: “These findings make it clear that nature is a boost to people’s wellbeing and that the majority of people in Scotland really valued having the opportunity to get out into nature during lockdown. “Sadly, we know that not everyone has access to green space, with people living in the most-deprived areas less able to enjoy nature close to home. It’s in all our interests that everyone is afforded the chance to enjoy easy access to green spaces and more nature.”

‘FOREVER chemicals’ found in many everyday items, from food packaging and cookware to clothing and carpets, are building up in our environment. PFAS (Per- or PolyFluorinated Alkyl Substances) are a group of more than 4,700 industrial chemicals, some of which can take more than 1,000 years to degrade. There is growing evidence that they are toxic to both people and wildlife, and that they are building up in the food chain. Conservation charity Fidra has been working to create awareness of this issue for several years, and has even lent its expertise to the producers of the Hollywood film Dark Waters, starring Mark Ruffalo. Many retailers have already supported a call to cut PFAS from clothing, particularly the stainresistant coatings used in school uniforms, which were found to last for just 20 washes – or less than one term. To help Fidra find PFAS in food packaging using a simple test, and to sign a petition encouraging supermarkets to remove chemicals from packaging, visit pfasfree.org.uk/beadtest

Quarter of Scotland’s mammals threatened with extinction © Lister Cumming

Fidra targets ‘forever chemicals’

Be prepared

One of the first Knapdale beavers

BE PREPARED Paul Ritchie used to work with the Scottish Wildlife Trust as Director of Finance and Resources. He has seen first-hand how important gifts in Wills are to the Trust’s work. Here he talks about his personal decision to make a Will and include a gift to the Trust.

If I had one wish for Scotland’s wildlife, I would return some of the animals we humans have killed off. I’m a big fan of the Scottish Beaver Trial and would love to see a wild lynx here one day.

Making a Will isn’t something I thought about until quite recently. On the one hand, I know the odds are that I won’t die for a few decades yet. On the other, I have friends and colleagues who have seen partners, brothers and sisters pass away in their 30s and 40s. I’m a fairly organised person and a believer in the motto ‘be prepared’ so I took the decision and wrote my Will. I’m now rather hoping it will quietly gather dust for many years. Once I had made the decision to write a Will, I wanted to make sure it reflected who I am. On and off I find myself thinking about what’s important to me in my life. It comes down to two main things: people and the planet we live on. I try to reflect this in all aspects of my life, which is why I wanted to do so in my Will. Gifts to family members feature prominently, and so do gifts to charities, including the Scottish Wildlife Trust. Like many people, I have more than one charity

Paul Ritchie

Lynx

which is close to my heart. My gift to each is a proportion of my estate – which may turn out to be a lot of money or a little. Either way, I know it will make a difference to causes I care about.

There is no ‘typical’ person who leaves a gift in their Will to the Scottish Wildlife Trust. What each shares is a deeply held wish to help protect Scotland’s wildlife for the future. If you want to talk to us about leaving a gift in your Will, call Liz on 0131 312 4772.

NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 15

Nature Recovery Plan

A NATURE RECOVERY PLAN

arlier this year, we teamed up with WWF Scotland and RSPB Scotland to publish a major new report detailing 11 transformative actions for nature’s recovery in Scotland. These actions, designed to help tackle the climate and biodiversity crises, will also contribute to Scotland’s green recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic by creating nature-based jobs, supporting local economies and delivering many other benefits to people, including for health and wellbeing. Here, we provide a brief overview of each of the actions. For more detail and to read the full report, visit scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/nature-recovery-plan

16 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

ENSURE THAT ALL NEW DEVELOPMENT IS NET POSITIVE FOR NATURE

If the principle of ‘net positive’ was embedded into our planning system, new developments would be required to have an overall benefit for nature. This would bring additional benefits such as improving our wellbeing and strengthening communities.

ESTABLISH A SCOTTISH INVASIVE NON-NATIVE SPECIES INSPECTORATE

As one of the leading causes of biodiversity loss globally, invasive non-native species are a major concern in Scotland and can have significant economic impacts. Investment in a national inspectorate would help to prevent new invasive species becoming established.

Nitrogen derived from human activities such as fertilising land for agriculture is a significant source of pollution that negatively impacts freshwater habitats and human health. To tackle this, we need Scotland-wide regulation and measures to reduce nitrogen use and waste.

Planting more trees is key to combatting climate change, but which species of tree and where they are planted is critical. Increasing native tree cover will benefit other native wildlife at the same time as locking up carbon.

INTRODUCE AND APPLY NEW RULES TO IMPROVE THE USE OF NITROGEN

Unnaturally high numbers are causing damage to habitats and presents a major barrier to woodland regeneration. Given the importance of these habitats for both biodiversity and carbon capture, deer numbers must be brought under control.

REDUCE DEER POPULATIONS AND MAINTAIN THEM AT SUSTAINABLE LEVELS

1 5

DELIVER A SIGNIFICANT EXPANSION IN SCOTLAND’S NATIVE WOODLANDS

Nature Recovery Plan

Connectivity between habitats is key to supporting nature’s recovery. We must transform the way we use land in between nature sites to allow wildlife to disperse and thrive, and do so on a national scale.

END BURNING ON PEATLAND AND THE COMMERCIAL EXTRACTION AND SALE OF PEAT FOR HORTICULTURE

As one of the world’s most peatland-rich nations, Scotland is in a strong position to show leadership by recognising the role of peatlands in tackling the climate and biodiversity crises, and by investing in their restoration, protection and sustainable management.

COMMIT TO AT LEAST 30% OF SCOTLAND’S SEAS BEING HIGHLY PROTECTED

While 30% of Scotland’s seas are now protected, many sites are not being adequately managed. To reverse the loss of marine biodiversity, this area must be expanded and sufficiently protected by producing and implementing effective management plans.

NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 17

Farming today has many environmental impacts and current policy does very little to encourage sustainable practice. While there are many good examples of wildlife-friendly farming, this must become the norm, with delivery of environmental benefits rewarded.

TRANSFORM SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL POLICY

Requiring that certain grouse moor management standards are met through a licensing regime would help to reduce illegal raptor persecution, regulate the culling of mountain hares and enhance the carbon storage potential of moorlands.

INCLUDE A SCOTTISH NATURE NETWORK IN THE NATIONAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK

3 7

IMPLEMENT LICENSING OF DRIVEN GROUSE SHOOTING

A paradigm shift in fisheries management is urgently needed. Legislation should adopt a broader ecosystem approach that ends overfishing, minimises damage to non-target species and habitats, and leads to a recovery in the health of marine ecosystems.

2 6

INTRODUCE NEW LEGISLATION TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE, LOW-IMPACT FISHING

Green recovery

A change of path As efforts to rebuild an economy shattered by the Covid-19 pandemic continue, there are promises of a ‘green recovery’ – one in which the already urgent need to restore nature in Scotland has become more relevant than ever, writes Rich Rowe.

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Green recovery

A grey seal off the Isle of Coll. Scotland's Year of Coasts and Waters is one of many national milestones that has been delayed or extended due to the impact of Covid-19.

uch has been the collective trauma of the past nine months that it seems a long time ago that 2020 was being billed as a ‘super year’ for action on the joint climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. It was also the year when Scotland was set to step firmly into the limelight and adopt a leadership role. But that was then, and this is now. One by one, the national milestones and major international events scheduled for 2020 fell victim to a virus that put all other policy planning on hold. The focus on our marine and freshwater habitats as part of Scotland’s Year of Coasts and Waters. Key updates to the Scottish Government’s Climate Change Plan. An international biodiversity workshop in Edinburgh. A meeting of world leaders in Kunming, China, to adopt a new global biodiversity framework. And the big one: the 2020 UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow under the presidency of the UK Government. All pushed back or extended until 2021. Given the expectation that accompanied the turn of the year, it’s hard not to feel a sense of missed opportunity. “There is a feeling of trepidation around the fact that this was meant to be such a significant year for nature, and with a real focus on Scotland,” comments Bruce Wilson, the Trust’s Public Affairs Manager. “The fact that the First Minister had confirmed that she would go to China for the UN Convention on Biological Diversity meeting was a big moment. There has never been that level of interest in biodiversity before.” But perhaps not all of the momentum has been lost. As part of its commitment to a green recovery from the ravages of Covid, the Scottish Government convened an independent economic advisory group that made clear how investment in natural capital and nature-based solutions would help deliver for the climate, wildlife and for people.

NATURE RECOVERY

Placing nature closer to the centre of policy planning is the message enshrined in a new document co-authored by Bruce alongside his policy counterparts at RSPB Scotland and WWF Scotland. Also supported by a host of other conservation bodies, A Nature Recovery Plan outlines a list of 11 immediate and high-impact interventions to restore nature in Scotland on land and at sea (see previous spread). Written before the pandemic, the document was due to be published just as lockdown came into force. Understandably, it was NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 19

Green recovery

held back and then revisited through a Covid recovery lens. “It actually didn’t need much of a refresh,” recalls Bruce. “As well as covering quick wins for nature, the actions were equally relevant for economic recovery.” Rather than changing any of the actions, the authors instead highlighted those that fitted closely with a green recovery. “We focussed on the ones that would have high on-the-ground impact, tackle bottlenecks and unlock action underneath,” comments Isobel Mercer, Senior Policy Officer, RSPB Scotland. Distilling the list to just 11 interventions was challenging, but the plan provides a strong framework, believes Sheila George, Food and Environment Policy Manager, WWF Scotland. “We have identified the key interventions in the short-to-mediumterm that, taken together, will help us meet the climate challenge, the biodiversity challenge and a green recovery,” she says. Scale, ambition and connectivity are key themes – with each action closely interlinked. One intervention, the expansion of Scotland’s native woodlands, for example, is not possible without also reducing deer numbers (another intervention). Similarly, transforming land management subsidies to reward nature-friendly and climate-friendly farming connects with ambitions around changes to land management practices generally. And as part of a wider vision of a wellbeing economy, large-scale landscape restoration projects sit alongside nature-rich spaces in towns and cities. “Investing in nature in this way would have huge implications for health and wellbeing, as improving access to nature has lasting health benefits that help save money over the long term,” notes Isobel.

Native woodland reflected at dawn, Loch Vaa, Cairngorms National Park

Improving access to nature has lasting health benefits that save money. For the Trust, a commitment to developing a Scottish Nature Network as part of the National Planning Framework is perhaps the most pressing action. “We lack strategic planning in Scotland when it comes to nature,” says Bruce. “While there is public money for small-scale, one-off projects, there is little coherence.” Biodiversity, like everything else, benefits from being networked and connected. “Governments would never consider building traditional grey infrastructure in an ad hoc way, with a

road here and a roundabout there and just hoping that it all connects up. To build a road network you would apply strategic planning and green and blue infrastructure should be no different.” Importantly, the interventions add detail to some of the broad brushstrokes around natural capital. In many cases, nuance is everything. One example is the expansion of native woodland where there is a strong argument for meeting both the climate and nature challenges as it locks up carbon and improves wildlife habitats. The most recent Programme for Government included a commitment to expand tree planting to 80,000 hectares a year. That sounds encouraging, but planting in Scotland has historically focussed on non-native commercial species, which misses several tricks. “Our report focuses on a balanced, diverse approach to woodland expansion, calling for at least 50% of new plantings to be native species that bring biodiversity value,” explains Sheila. “If we don’t have biodiversity firmly at the centre of decisionmaking then we lose that nuance.” The devil is in the detail, adds Bruce. “In the case of woodland, the detail is in having natural capital that provides a range of benefits, not just economic value. We also need to tackle the climate crisis, but again just doggedly going after carbon means we miss opportunities to make lasting improvements to wellbeing and biodiversity as well. It’s all about the mix.”

MOMENT OF RESET

People valued time spent outdoors even more during lockdown

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There is hope, too, that the experience of millions of people during lockdown will also feed into the conversation. Stories are myriad about how people found solace in nature during such a challenging time. Equally, there are

Green recovery

in amongst this awful situation, which we do need to hold on to.” The message is that by investing in nature now, we can create a more diverse and resilient economy that is better able to cope with some of the shocks that have been seen in the past.

LEADERSHIP ROLE

Scotland is home to 60% of the UK’s peatlands

targets, there is a risk that biodiversity will be left behind.” One challenge, of course, lies in the complexity of identifying a single overarching target for nature. “It’s much more difficult, so we are always going to be talking about lots of different actions that are connected to each other and that probably holds us back a bit,” admits Sheila. “We need a route map to identify what the actions are and that’s exactly what we have tried to contribute to with this nature recovery plan.” And the importance of the call for transformative change that underpins the plan cannot be understated. “When we do emerge from this [Covid], we still have a nature and biodiversity crisis waiting for us and that is going to require change,” says Sheila. “The longer we delay the more painful it will be, so the more we build into the recovery now the better it will be for us all in the long term.” Rich Rowe is contributing editor of Scottish Wildlife.

Nature-based jobs can play a major role in a green recovery

many more who did not have the luxury of access to nature and who felt its absence more acutely, often with dire consequences for their mental health. And what of the drop in emissions, with fewer cars on the road and planes in the sky, or the sightings of animals emboldened by the lack of human disturbance? It’s hard to imagine a more powerful collective epiphany around the value of nature and our impact upon it. Amid the pause of lockdown, there has been an opportunity to ask important questions around what we want our lives to look like afterwards. We have already slipped back in some regards; people have become busy again, and there now seem to be more cars on the road than ever before (albeit in part due to fears over use of public transport). At this key moment of reset when governments are looking to stimulate the economy, there are parallels with the most recent economic crash. “In 2008, there were green stimulus packages but they were insufficient and failed to deliver the long-term change needed for climate and nature,” says Isobel. But challenge also brings opportunity. “If we learn from some of the mistakes and make this a green recovery, we can invest in industries and sectors that accelerate action around the climate and biodiversity crises, rather than investing in areas that hold us back.” Sheila George couldn’t agree more. “Nature-based and outdoor jobs are among the things that we can roll out first, upskilling people be it in planting trees, managing deer, restoring peatland, and so on,” she says. “The opportunity is there for transformative change, but we need to maintain the focus on what kind of recovery we would like to see. We’ve had some positive experiences

But what of Scotland’s leadership role that was predicted at the turn of the year? The signs are that the Scottish Government still wants to demonstrate its leadership credentials, although action now needs to follow words. “There remains an appetite to lead the way internationally, but that absolutely needs to be followed up with sustained effort and investment,” stresses Bruce. “We are chronically underfunded across the environment spectrum in Scotland, so funding is a huge issue and so is backing for this within all levels of government.” With a disproportionate number of vulnerable species and amount of vitally important habitat – including 60% of the UK’s peatlands – Scotland has the ingredients to make a difference. But one concern is that action on biodiversity lags behind action on climate. “On the climate side, the Scottish Government has legally binding, and deliberately ambitious, targets that are not going away, so that helps keep the focus,” notes Sheila. It feels different on the biodiversity side, however. “We have warm words that biodiversity will be linked in to the climate crisis, but what we don’t have are these being backed up by legally binding targets, or resourcing, or the sectoral plans for business that will help us recover nature. In the absence of such

NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 21

Q&A

Calum Duncan Head of Conservation Scotland, Marine Conservation Society

How would you summarise the current health of Scotland’s seas? While there are some glimmers of hope, Scotland’s seas are in a diminished state due to climate change, overfishing, unsustainable development and pollution. Scotland is home to internationally important populations of seabirds, seals and dolphins, and habitats such as flameshell beds, maerl beds and coldwater coral reefs, but all four governments within the UK have failed multiple targets due this year to ensure that our seas are in good health and that fishing is sustainable. Business as usual has brought our seas to the brink, and transformative change is urgently needed. How would you describe our current relationship with the sea? It is diverse and varied. For many, the ocean is vital for supporting livelihoods in fishing, wildlife watching, aquaculture or offshore energy. Many people now realise that single-use plastics are choking the ocean and that they rely upon the sea for a sense of wellbeing. Some remain unaware that we rely on the ocean for half the oxygen we breathe, to help regulate the climate, and that we have stunning sealife on our doorsteps. We still have a long way to go before we stop taking the ocean and all it does for us for granted. Some 30% of Scottish waters are now covered by a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), but what level of protection do they actually provide? We were pleased when the most vulnerable inshore MPAs were protected from trawling and scallop dredging in 2016, and we welcome the recent designation of the West of Scotland Deep-Sea Marine Reserve but, disappointingly, progress on the remaining MPAs has been slow. Having more than 2,000 square kilometres of inshore waters off-limits to damaging fishing is welcome, but a recent study by Marine Scotland Science highlighted that this represents less than 1% of seabed swept by mobile fishing gear. We need to urgently protect all the remaining MPAs from damaging activity, 22 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

including bottom-towed fishing gear to which the majority of sites remain exposed. How would you like to see this network of MPAs develop further? Our goal is that by 2030 at least 30% of Scotland’s seas are highly protected, of which at least a third is fully protected from damaging activities. These internationally recognised definitions respectively mean only light extraction (highly) and no extraction or deposition (fully), and the MPA network is a crucial component to achieving that, though not the only one. As I write, we still await several large new MPAs, while management measures for all our offshore MPAs and remaining inshore sites are urgently overdue. We also await necessary measures to protect vulnerable features beyond the MPAs. What role can marine wildlife tourism play in helping protect our seas? It can play a vital role in helping raise awareness of our marine life and the

threats faced, provided of course that the Marine Wildlife Watching Code is adhered to. Any activity, whether wildlife watching, fishing, aquaculture or offshore energy, has a legitimate role in the socio-economic fabric of Scotland’s often fragile coastal communities, provided that they operate sustainably. In other words, they should not exceed marine environmental limits, although unfortunately many have. Finally, what has been your most memorable experience of exploring Scotland’s coastline? It’s hard to pick just one! Descending through clear, cold waters off the Isle of Lismore, a steep field of boulders and large cobbles resolved out of the 30-metre twilight. There, clinging to prominent corners were prehistoric Celtic featherstars (Leptometra celtica), a Priority Marine Feature related to starfish and sea urchins. What stays with me was a powerful feeling that we may have been the first people ever to visit this ancient scene.

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NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 23

Predators News

Anna Levin explores a fearsome family of predators that teach us much about the ecological role of such species – and how we learn to live with animals that kill for a living.

MEET THE MUSTELIDS

Otter An otter feeding, Isle of Mull 24 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

Predators

ll across Scotland today, predators are out hunting. Many more will join them as dusk falls this evening. They will slink into burrows, slip into rivers and scramble up trees to raid nests and dens; they will prowl, pounce and kill with skilful precision and remarkable strength. Yet they move with such stealth that they are rarely seen by their human neighbours, and their presence is often undetected and certainly underappreciated. But, perhaps, that is about to change. With European lynx the next species on the agenda for possible reintroduction, attention is turning to the place of predators in the Scottish landscape. It’s troubled ground, with strong opinion on all sides; after all, the reintroduction of the strictly vegetarian beaver has hardly been without opposition, so the potential return of an apex predator raises even bigger questions about ecological roles, impacts on other species and, especially, potential conflict with humans. But while such issues are debated, what can we learn from existing predators about their role in Scotland’s ecosystems, and our attitudes towards them? There have been no large land predators in Scotland for centuries – the last wolf was, reputedly, killed near Findhorn in 1743 – but there are plenty of smaller ones, which brings us back to a fierce family: the Mustelidae. More commonly known as the ‘weasel family’, its members are characterised by long bodies, short legs, strong jaws and sharp teeth. In Scotland, mustelids are represented by a gang of seven. It includes the largest British land carnivore, the badger, and

GAINING LOST GROUND

Protective legislation since the 1980s and ongoing habitat restoration have led to the recovery of pine martens across much

Pine martens and polecats were persecuted to near extinction.

Stoat

Weasel

of their former territory – with benefits for another key Scottish species. Before Emma Sheehy became a Conservation Officer for the Trust-led Saving Scotland’s Red Squirrels project, she studied pine marten interaction with squirrels in both Scotland and Ireland. Her research demonstrated that the presence of pine martens heavily suppresses grey squirrel populations to such an extent that it reverses the usual competition dynamics between squirrels. “Reds do better than greys where pine martens are present, in any habitat,” Emma explains. As pine martens and red squirrels have lived alongside each other for millennia, red squirrels evolved an innate caution around their agile foes. Grey squirrels have only ‘met’ pine martens relatively recently in evolutionary terms, and seem oblivious to the threat and are therefore vulnerable. “Predators get a bad rap, from the first fairytales you hear as a child to headlines in the papers today,” believes Emma. “The mink is a good example of a non-native predator that’s had a hugely negative impact on native species, and this feeds into the narrative around predators. “But what we’ve seen with the pine marten is a native predator recover and help to combat an invasive species. It shows the return of native predators can bring benefits – and raises questions about what other damage has been done that could have been prevented if it had not been for the paucity of natural predators.” So, pine martens are good news for red squirrels, but of course ecology is always more complex than just ‘goodies and baddies’. There are environmental concerns about

the smallest, the weasel; one of the rarest mammals in the country, the polecat, and one of the most abundant, the stoat; two conservation success stories, the otter and pine marten; and one unwanted visitor – the American mink. While many mustelids are omnivorous, with insects, fruit and berries featuring prominently on their seasonal menu, they are also predators – often with an impressive ability to take and carry away prey that is many times larger than themselves. This capacity to kill has historically put mustelids in conflict with people, especially poultry farmers and gamekeepers. The attitude encapsulated in literature, such as when Kenneth Graham’s Toad Hall was beset by gangs of “skirmishing stoats and bloodthirsty weasels”, is a perception that has often informed attitudes towards them. Stoats were the target of intense predator control in the 19th Century, although they successfully dodged population decline by moving and reproducing fast. Pine martens and polecats, however, were persecuted to near extinction.

Polecat

NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 25

Predators

Once, I saw an otter take an enormous dogfish almost the same size as itself.

the impact of rising pine marten numbers on species of wild birds that are already struggling. And there are conflicts with people who keep birds, from householders with hens in the garden to those whose livelihoods depend on raising and breeding them. “Pine martens are small and smart, they dig and climb and even swim to reach prey,” explains Emma. “Like many mustelids, they may get into a pen and kill everything. This can be perceived as evil, and killing for fun, but they are just following their instinct to cache abundant foods. It can be a problem, especially where pine martens are relatively new to an area and there maybe isn’t the experience or funding to improve poultry housing.” Crucially, individual species need to be seen not in isolation but in terms of their wider habitat and the complex network of interactions that occur within them. “Our main focus is on an ecosystem scale, working for connected, healthy habitat,” explains Sarah Robinson, the Trust’s Director of Conservation. “The return of the pine marten tells us that the habitat is there, and that pine martens have – and will continue to – naturally spread to our reserves.” The mustelid family reveals insights into the dynamics of predator and prey, native and non-native. “Inevitably, we are going to see change from any predator returning, because of what we have become used to in the absence of certain species,” adds Sarah. “The natural world is dynamic, change is constant, but we also have to address unnatural, human-induced changes – for example, by managing the

invasive American mink. Its presence has had disastrous consequences for native wildlife such as water voles and ground-nesting birds.”

OTTER COMEBACK

Although still classified as ‘vulnerable’ on a recent Red List of Scottish Mammals, otters have also made a return to much of their former range across Scotland. However, unlike some of their mustelid cousins, their disappearance was not down to deliberate persecution but the use of chemicals in pesticides that washed into rivers and accumulated in the food chain. When the toxins were banned, and habitat restored, otters began a gradual return. Though elusive, otters have been recorded at many Trust reserves, including Bawsinch and Duddingston in Edinburgh, Loch of the Lowes in Perthshire, and Handa Island off the coast of Sutherland – where Ranger Johnny Rolt has spent lockdown as part of a team of three and always feels “truly blessed” when he spots one of the animals. “They are incredible creatures and so elusive that it makes a sighting even more special,” explains Johnny. “You have to put the time in, but they’re worth the wait.”

Badger

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Pine marten

On Handa, it’s the intertidal zone of rocks and seaweed that is the otter’s domain. “I’ve mostly seen them feeding on crustaceans and catching fish that shelter in the seaweed. Once, I saw an otter take an enormous dogfish, almost the same size as itself!” However, the joy that many wildlifewatchers feel when they encounter an otter is not always shared by those whose fish or ducklings disappear from the garden pond, or anglers concerned about fish stocks. And otters can also be an expensive problem for fish farms and commercial fisheries. But Johnny says that the local fishermen he has spoken with are also pleased to see otters – “they are seen as a good thing” – with one even describing the delight of watching them make snow slides in his garden. “Otters are apex predators at the very top of the food chain,” adds Johnny. “So, if otters are here it means there is a healthy environment – the water quality is good and fish stocks are plentiful.” Pluses and minuses, gains and losses. It’s all part of the picture of living with predators and raises questions that have no easy answers. Who gets to decide which species are more important? And how do we make such decisions? “The word ‘predator’ has negative connotations even for those who love wildlife,” concedes Sarah Robinson. “Ultimately, we need to celebrate biodiversity, and mustelids are a fascinating part of our natural environment that we don’t celebrate enough.”

Mink

Salmon aquaculture

SALMON AQUACULTURE What are the alternatives to open-cage farming?

While open-cage salmon farming brings important economic benefits to Scotland, it also comes with significant cost to the marine environment. Dr Sam Collin explores what practices might be adopted to ensure the sustainable expansion of the industry.

almon farming in Scotland has received significant attention in recent years for two quite different reasons: its impact on the wider marine ecosystem (which was investigated in two parliamentary inquiries in 2018); and the increasingly important contribution it makes to Scotland’s economy – in 2018, salmon production contributed £585 million and employed 1,800 people. The Scottish Wildlife Trust is particularly concerned about the environmental impact that open-cage salmon farming has on the marine environment. Among a number of environmental risks, those of most 28 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

concern are the impact on marine life from farm waste (faeces, uneaten food and medicines); the threat to wild populations from escapees and sea lice; and the impact of acoustic deterrents (or seal scarers) on marine mammals, in particular harbour porpoises. The Trust’s concerns were further elevated in 2017 following the release of the Scottish Government and salmon farming sector’s ambitious new vision to double salmon production by 2030. A growth plan based on ‘business as usual’ aquaculture practices risks exacerbating the environmental impact of an activity considered to be both

unsustainable and ecologically damaging, and as such could have devastating consequences for Scotland’s marine life. While the environmental impacts of salmon farming are a major concern, it is important to recognise the case for growing the sector. In addition to economic benefits and job creation in coastal and island communities, farmed salmon represents a valuable source of protein-rich food, produced with a relatively low carbon footprint and low consumption of fresh water. At a time when a growing world population places ever greater demands on dwindling natural resources, and faces the

Salmon aquaculture

challenges of a changing climate, low carbon emissions and water use are valuable attributes. However, one difficulty lies in determining the relative importance of different environmental impacts: in other words, do the low-carbon and watersaving benefits of salmon farming justify the environmental and ecological degradation? Reducing our carbon footprint is essential for tackling climate change, but so too is the carbon-storing potential of healthy marine ecosystems. It is inevitable that the salmon farming industry in Scotland will continue to expand, but the key question is how this expansion will, or rather should, take place. The current practice of open-cage farms that directly impact the surrounding marine environment cannot be considered the future of salmon farming. Alternative technologies must feature if salmon farming is to expand and be sustainable. There are two alternatives – semi-closed and closed farms – that are most often highlighted and there are compelling arguments in favour of both. Semi-closed farms remain located in the sea, but a combination of physical barriers separating farmed fish from the surrounding waters, waste collection systems, and water pumps significantly reduce the environmental impact. Closed systems, meanwhile, are effectively salmon farms on land, where every aspect of the environment is controlled with water pumps, biofilters

and thermostats to recreate salmon’s natural environment. This enables salmon production to take place anywhere in the world, with farms potentially located closer to markets, which would in turn reduce transportation costs and emissions. However, there are challenges with both of these systems that prevent widespread introduction. Open-cage farms have low carbon emissions and

Do the lowcarbon and water-saving benefits of salmon farming justify the environmental degradation? water use precisely because water exchange and waste disposal are services provided at zero financial cost by the sea (although there is, of course, an environmental ‘cost’). As soon as a barrier is placed between farmed fish and the surrounding environment, water pumps and waste management are required, which significantly increases energy consumption. Additionally, water consumption is also a concern. While semi-closed systems can pump water from the

surrounding sea, closed systems on land require water to be provided. The extra cost of increased energy and water consumption, along with the start-up funds required to invest in new technology, make both semi-closed and closed systems unattractive to developers and, as such, they are unlikely to be adopted widely. As with all new technologies, semi-closed and closed systems are in the early stages of development; closed salmon farms have only recently begun to produce farmed salmon at a small scale but are not ready for the large scale the market requires. While the widespread use of closed salmon farms is unlikely to happen in the near future, there is already interest in semi-closed systems in Scotland – with one application in progress in Loch Long, Argyll. In time, it is expected the costs of closed and semi-closed systems will drop, making both more viable. The socio-economic benefits of salmon farming are sufficient for Scottish Ministers to back expansion, but environmental, economic and market drivers will play important roles in exactly how that expansion takes place. The most likely scenario is a future that contains a combination of all three systems which will evolve depending on technological advancements, financial incentives and improvements in our understanding of environmental impacts. Dr Sam Collin is the Trust’s Marine Planning Manager. NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 29

An open-cage salmon farm in Loch Fyne

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BIRD FEEDING IN WINTER

ust keeping warm is the greatest demand on our tiny garden birds during the winter months and it is the additional energy they obtain during the day which allows them to survive the cold nights. Maintaining a core body temperature which is typically 2°C higher than ours, but in a frame with a much greater surface area relative to its volume, is no mean feat. Birds’ energetic lifestyle also means they must consume extra calories, when they may have to shiver throughout the night to stay warm. If they have managed to lay down enough fuel in the form of fat, most species can withstand surprisingly low temperatures for a few nights but making sure that they can get this fuel is, quite literally, vital. Therefore, we can all help with supplementary winter feeding by providing a generous supply of highenergy foods that are easier to process. An abundance of activity at the bird feeders is evidence that they are very much aware of the need for additional food.

30 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

Sunflower hearts are a great staple, allowing birds to feed at maximum efficiency as they do not waste energy de-husking the seed first; or try no-waste mixes such as CJ Wildlife Hi-Energy No Mess Seed Mix. Use with tables or hanging seed feeders which are designed with perching rings rather than traditional straight perches as these allow birds to feed in their natural position, facing forward. This improves visibility when looking out for predators, giving them the confidence to stay at feeders longer; vital when daylight hours are limited and temperatures are sub-zero. Fat-based foods are a great way to pack essential calories into a small space. Both favourable with the birds for concentrated energy source that the body can store, but also very versatile to use in a variety of feeders or simply put on the ground. CJ Wildlife Peanut Cakes and Fat Balls are enormously popular and come in a range of recipes with added nutrients. You can also add food around quieter parts of your garden for the more timid

species, but always ensure that you have a good supply of food in store so you don’t get caught short when your garden birds need it the most. Try to avoid disturbing the feeders, whether refilling or cleaning, during the first and last hours of the day. These feeding times are generally the busiest, and most important, as the birds recover from or prepare for the long night. You may want to think about putting out extra feeders during cold snaps to reduce queues. This is a key time of year to find variety and action at the feeders; time to welcome the winter visitors such as the brambling, redwing and fieldfare which have travelled thousands of miles to escape the harsher weather in Iceland, Scandinavia, or Russia. Plus, increasing numbers of starlings and goldcrest are present as resident numbers are joined by relatives from the continent. And finally, with birds consuming lots of dry seeds, don’t forget to make sure that there’s always clean, fresh water available for drinking and bathing to keep their plumage in good condition.

The big picture

Mark Connelly

For Mark Connelly, lockdown brought a few benefits, and some precious moments. A Glasgow-based owner of a whisky festival – and an occasional extra in films and on TV shows – Mark has long enjoyed landscape photography in his spare time. “But at the beginning of the year, I branched into wildlife photography,” he explains. “I was incredibly glad as, when lockdown happened weeks later, it gave me a creative outlet that I could explore in local areas when travelling further afield wasn’t an option.”

This image of a wren was taken in the city’s Alexandra Park near the start of lockdown, when people were only allowed out once a day for exercise. “I would take my daughter to the park and we would look for birds and other wildlife,” says Mark. “This was when the birds were starting to build nests and breed, so we got to see quite a few species being industrious and, over time, learn their songs, calls and habits.” And it was not just Mark who benefited. “My daughter really loved those walks and our wildlife knowledge

THE BIG PICTURE

improved dramatically,” he adds. “I’m not sure I have actually seen that many wrens before but have definitely made up for it this year when we heard and saw them daily. “Watching this particular one pull hair from a feeder that had been set up in the park was an amazing experience for us both and something we would likely never have seen if not for our lockdown nature walks together.” Camera: Nikon D610; Lens: 200mm-500mm f5.6; Shutter speed: 1/1000; Aperture: f5.6; ISO: 1250 NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 31

Watch out for

Watch out for... Some things to enjoy over the coming months Book

Book

A Life on our Planet: My Witness Statement and Vision for the Future

Antlers of Water: Writing on the Nature and Environment of Scotland

David Attenborough Published by Witness Books ISBN 9781529108279 Hardcover RRP £20 COULD there be a more qualified witness of the damage wrought on the natural world by mankind? In his new book, Sir David Attenborough, at the age of 94, reflects on an extraordinary life that has seen him explore the natural world in all its colour and glory – and observe at first hand a staggering decline in the planet’s biodiversity. As he writes in his sleeve notes: “As a young man, I felt I was out there in the wild, experiencing the untouched natural world – but it was an illusion. The tragedy of our time has been happening all around us, barely noticeable from day to day – the loss of our planet’s wild places, its biodiversity.” Urgent and impassioned, this is a book borne of a lifetime’s experience. It is a record of the mistakes made in the past and, in places, presents a harrowing view of the future that awaits if humans continue to live how we do. But it is also

Edited by Kathleen Jamie Published by Canongate Books ISBN 9781786899798 Hardcover RRP £20

a book full of hope, as this giant of natural history film-making describes how we can begin to turn things around, if we have the collective will to do so. “This is my witness statement, and a vision for the future,” he writes. “It is the story of how we came to make this, our greatest mistake – and how, if we act now, we can yet make it right.” Essential reading.

Television

A Perfect Planet BBC One, January AS WELL as authoring an important new book (see review above), Sir David Attenborough returns to our screens in January to present A Perfect Planet – a new, five-part series that explores how the intricate forces of nature shape and support the place we all call home. The underlying premise is that our planet could not be more suited to life. It’s perfect, a one in a million. Earth orbits at the optimum distance from the sun; it tilts at just the right angle and has a decent32 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

sized moon to hold it in place. Meanwhile, its day-to-day workings create the conditions for plants and animals to survive: a global weather system circulates and distributes fresh water to all corners, while a cycle of marine currents delivers nutrients to even the deepest parts of the ocean. As a result, life is possible almost everywhere. The first four episodes focus on how weather, ocean currents, solar energy and volcanoes drive diversity of life. This series concludes with an episode exploring the impact of the world’s most recent global force of nature: us.

IT IS testament to the award-winning editor, Kathleen Jamie, that the range of contemporary styles captured in the pages of this book are as diverse as the Scottish landscapes and wildlife that feature within. This is the first ever collection of contemporary prose, poetry and photography on Scotland’s nature and landscapes and, with contributions from well-known names such as Jim Crumley and Amy Liptrot, it showcases some of the very best nature writing that Scotland has to offer. With 23 contributors providing comment on everything from walking to wild swimming, red deer to wasps, and remote islands to windowsills, most readers will find something that they can connect with but, as is the nature of anthologies, few will enjoy everything.

Prize draw

Win a night of luxury at Airds Hotel

ew Highland retreats can match Airds Hotel & Restaurant’s beautiful setting in Port Appin on Scotland’s glorious West Coast (airds-hotel.com). With breathtaking scenery and varied wildlife on all sides, Loch Linnhe looks its very best as the sun goes down in a blaze of glory behind the Morvern Mountains, reflected in the mirror of the loch’s surface. Enter this issue’s competition and you might win an overnight half-board stay (two sharing) with a warming whisky mac waiting in the room on arrival. In winter, Argyll’s snow-capped coastal mountains create a magical scene, and Airds’ cosy ambience, combined with a flawless mix of contemporary design and

classic Scottish elegance make for a great escape and lasting memories. Try an exhilarating Highland hike in the crisp winter air, followed by an unforgettable dinner. After a night of luxury and Airds’ legendary Scottish breakfast, depart relaxed and fully refreshed. And don’t wait to find out if you have won: Airds has some excellent offers available right now including three nights for two and a great value, three-night break between Christmas and New Year. To book or find out more, call the hotel on 01631 730236.

For your chance to win, simply answer this question: Which loch does Port Appin sit on? Send your entries to: Scottish Wildlife Trust Competition, c/o Connect Publications, Studio 2001, Mile End, Seedhill Road, Paisley, PA1 1JS. Terms and Conditions: Valid from 6 January to 18 December 2021. Prize subject to availability. Excludes 12-14 Feb, 2-4 April and months of May to September. Non-extendable and not exchangeable for cash. All usual T&Cs to apply. Entries must be received by 23 December. Entry data will be used by Connect Publications (Scotland) Ltd solely for managing this competition.

Members’ Survey

Important insights MANY thanks to the hundreds of members who took the time to complete the survey included in the July issue of Scottish Wildlife. Feedback from our valued membership helps us to understand what’s important to you. Here are a few of the initial results from the survey: • More than a quarter of you visit the Trust’s website on a monthly basis, but nearly a fifth of you have never been on the website. This reiterates to us the importance of offering both digital and paper-based communication to our members. • Around 66% of you said that one of the main reasons for visiting the Trust’s website was for information on our reserves. We endeavour to keep these pages as up-to-date as possible, so it’s a good idea to check a reserve page

One in five members said they visit reserves on a monthly basis.

before visiting. • More than half of you said that you have visited between one and five reserves, and that you visit reserves once or twice a year. Why not explore a new reserve this winter and share your experiences with us by post or social media? • More than 75% of you said that you value our reserves primarily as safe havens

for wildlife across Scotland. As well as providing this, we use our reserves to demonstrate good practice and innovation to others. • Conservation on our wildlife reserves, campaigning for Scotland’s wildlife and objecting to damaging developments were the three Trust activities that you felt were of most importance. To stay up-to-date with these things and more, sign up to our monthly eNewsletter. • More than 85% of you said that making a difference to wildlife conservation was one of the most important benefits of your membership. We love to hear this, because members provide an incredibly important foundation to all our work to protect Scotland’s wildlife. And we were delighted to see almost 45% of respondents have considered leaving a gift in their Will. If you would like any information relating to how you can leave a gift to the Trust in your Will, or would like help in writing or changing your Will free of charge, please contact Liz Eadie on 0131 312 4772. NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 33

Talking point

us on Twitte r: @Sc otWild Faceb life ook: fa scottish cebook.com / or ema wildlifetrust il us: e n quiries @scott ishwild lifetrus t. org.uk

For many people, maintaining a connection with nature, and each other, became more important than ever during lockdown. From improving our gardens for wildlife to visiting wild places, here is how three Trust volunteers coped.

Maintaining connections TO help volunteers like Naomi Tayler maintain a connection with nature, and fellow volunteers, our National Lotteryfunded Cumbernauld Living Landscape partnership organised weekly sessions over Zoom. Each one explored a different topic, such as identifying pollinators and bird calls. “I have three children at home, one

of whom can’t cope with being outdoors, and my husband is a key worker,” explains Naomi. “It was challenging for me to leave the house at all between March and August. “These online catch-ups were a bright spot of my week. The rest of the time, I was either playing referee with the kids or out at the supermarket, and this gave me back a sense of community. I enjoyed mixing with folk © serserenestarts

Fresh experiences AS the Covid-19 outbreak developed, Chinedu Nsude, a postgraduate student based in Aberdeen and one of the Trust’s Young Leaders, realised he needed to spend more time with nature. “The pandemic made me remember how important the natural environment is and think about what I should do to help conserve biodiversity,” he says. Chinedu made time to visit Aberdeen beach, took part in the 30 Days Wild challenge, and posted content on social media – particularly the Wildlife Champions Facebook group – to help spread the message

34 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE NOVEMBER 2020

about biodiversity. He also encouraged his neighbours to give birdwatching a try on World Migratory Bird Day. “For many, this was their first bird-watching experience,” Chinedu recalls. Fast forward to today, and a small, socially distanced group has since enjoyed several outings to a number of locations. The rather different birdwatching protocol, with group numbers of no more than five and the use of face masks and bird identification apps on individual phones rather than field guides, has done nothing to dampen enthusiasm.

that I had a lot in common with – everyone was always looking to learn, and it created a nice atmosphere.” Naomi was inspired to increase the number of wildflowers in her garden. “My knowledge and interest in wildflowers and insects, in particular, have increased,” she says. “I’m still no expert, but I do now feel very motivated and I have already seen a big change in the insects visiting my garden.”

Creating a wildlife haven WHEN Connie Dawson built It also quickly gained the a small pond in her front attention of local wildlife, garden in St Andrews during attracting frogs, dragonflies, lockdown, it became a magnet water snails, beetles and both for wildlife and for birds. passers-by. Connie, one of our Young “During lockdown, my Leader volunteers, says: “I garden became a haven – a had regular, socially place I could unwind and distanced visits from connect with nature,” children who came to she explains. “I see the pond and its decided to build a patrons. I brushed small wildlife pond up on tadpole facts to extend that to share with the haven for wildlife, children – such as © Connie Dawson in the hope it would how tadpoles both encourage consume their tails for biodiversity and keep my energy – and we all spirits up. became extremely attached to “Building it was the tiny frogs that the surprisingly simple. I used a tadpoles eventually became!” preformed lining with an Inspired by Connie, some inbuilt wildlife escape route of the neighbours have since and then added some aquatic mentioned plans to create soil and marsh marigold to their own ponds, so there get it started.” could soon be a growing The pond soon became a network for wildlife in the talking point as neighbours area. As Connie says: “It just stopped to look over the wall goes to show the impact that and chat as it was being built. one tiny pond can have!”

Talking Point

WE’D TO HA LOVE VE YOU SUG TALKINGESTIONS FR OR G POIN T TOPI CS Talk to

Advertise in Scottish Wildlife

Contact Elliot Whitehead Tel: 0131 561 0021 or email: elliot@connectcommunications.co.uk

Investing in Scotland’s wildlife Our corporate members are part of a community that recognises the importance of protecting Scotland’s wild places. Becoming a corporate member is a clear statement to your staff, clients and the public that you care about Scotland’s natural environment. Any business of any size can become a corporate member, and we can tailor benefits and work packages around your requirements. If you would like to discuss how your business can make a difference for wildlife, please contact Liz on 0131 312 4772 or eeadie@scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk

“The future of nature is under threat and we must work together: Governments, conservationists, businesses and individuals, to help it.” Sir David Attenborough

“Anyone who cares about wildlife has a marvellous opportunity to do something

NOVEMBER 2020 SCOTTISH WILDLIFE 35