The Gorbals: Landmarks and Memories

THE GORBALS L A N D MARKS AND ME MORIES

GORB AL S HI S T OR Y GR O U P

Funded by Spirit of the Gorbals © 2018 Gorbals History group

THE GORBALS L AN D M ARK S AN D M E M O RIE S Welcome.

This booklet is dedicated to the history and changing face of the well known Glasgow district 'The Gorbals'.

Within these pages you will find a collection of historical summaries based around Gorbals landmarks, some presently standing and some lost to fire or the builder's wrecking ball.

Interspersed with these histories are memories of some of its residents past and present. These are complemented by photographs of the buildings and their occupants.

We hope you enjoy this look back on a fascinating and much misunderstood district of Glasgow.

Š 2018 Gorbals History Group

CALEDONIA ROAD CHURCH The Caledonia Road Free Church was one of three classically inspired Glasgow churches designed by Alexander ‘Greek’ Thomson. Built between 1856 and 1857, it was Thomson’s first attempt at a church building, and very much informed by his deep religious convictions. Thomson was an elder of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the Caledonia Road Church became his local house of worship until his death in 1875. The American architectural historian Henry Russell Hitchcock, in his 1963 book Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, wrote ‘[Thomson has built] three of the finest Romantic Classical churches in the world’.

The congregation vacated the church in 1963, and it was subsequently purchased by Glasgow City Council. In October 1965 the building was gutted by fire and partly demolished, leaving the main section of the structure derelict. Various plans to renovate the building have been proposed, but costs have proved prohibitive. The current proposal, dating back to 2007

and currently seeking funding, includes exhibition spaces dedicated to Thomson, offices for the Alexander Thomson Society, a café, studios, and flats.

After the 1965 fire, the site remained closed to the public until July 2014, when it was opened as part of a collaborative project between the research and design collective Lateral North and the art organisation WAVEparticle, leading to a number of art exhibitions and staged performances in the open air shell of the building. In 2017, Freedom from Torture Scotland started a new project ‘Healing Neighbourhoods Community Garden’ within the space, with the aim of helping survivors of torture recover from traumatic experiences and memories through gardening, arts, and social activities.

CITIZENS THEATRE The Citizens began in 1943 as a repertory company based at the Old Athenaeum on Buchanan Street. It was Panto King Harry McKelvie who invited the company to take up residence at the Royal Princess’s. On September 11th 1945 the Royal opened its doors for the first time as the Citizens Theatre. Over the following years a host of innovative and new productions were staged.

The local constructor John Morrison first proposed the venue to address the deficit of theatres in the Southside. Campbell Douglas, a contemporary of Alexander ‘Greek’ Thomson, designed what would become Her Majesty’s Theatre. The venue opened on December 14th 1878 with the pantomime Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, giving manager James Frederick McFadyen an initial success. However, a financial dispute between McFadyen and Morrison led to the incumbent being replaced by Hardcourt Cecil Beryl. The venue became the Royal Princess’s Theatre, and reopened on December 22nd 1879 with a performance of New Babylon. Such was the success that Babylon’s author Paul Merrett sent Cecil Beryl a letter of congratulations.

Playwright Jenny Knotts has strong connections to the building, with several family members working at the theatre in various capacities during the 1960s and 1970s. Recently she talked of her long association with the venue, starting with her first vivid experience of the Citz: ‘My earliest memory of the building is of lots of glass, impossibly tall statues and gold bannisters, which hung dangerously around eye level. The carpeted blocks in the foyer made excellent climbing frames and the whole place felt like my playground. I have a hazy memory of white walls with red paint dripped down them like blood. I think this was the décor for one season, but the only evidence I can find of it is a little bit of it which remains on the base of a pillar in the dress circle, hidden by the Dress Circle bar.

I also remember driving past the theatre on the day of my grandfather’s funeral and seeing the shutters pulled down in the middle of the day. He had worked at the Citz for decades, right up until his death. The theatre was closed that day to allow staff to attend his funeral.

My Nana began working at the Citz in 1963 and retired in 2003 at the age of 80. The chair she sat in as an usher, M13, located at the back of the stalls on the centre aisle for easy access to mutterers, splutters and sweetie paper-rustlers, was dedicated to Mary by staff and patrons. Her family purchased the chair during the recent refurbishment of the auditorium. She was the face of the Citizens for 40 years, running the stalls with unwavering professionalism, and greeting regulars warmly by name. Over the years her role as Head Usherette also included chasing away children who were lighting candles just outside the big wooden doors of the Dress Circle, in the former tenement back court (now Dress Circle bar over) to prevent the building going up in flames; and catching an audience member mid-punch as he swung for a performer in the Circle Studio and guiding him out of the auditorium and away from the stunned actor.’

One play had a particular resonance for Norrie McNamee, who unexpectedly found himself ‘centre stage’ when attending a performance of Sky High and After That: Gorbals Voices in 2006:

‘This play was developed by 3rd year RSAMD students. They interviewed local residents and people who worked in Gorbals.

I was interviewed because I worked as a concierge in Norfolk Court high-rise flats. All sorts of questions were asked about my time as a concierge. In the play the concierge character was named Norrie. I was flabbergasted to hear myself quoted word for word about working in Gorbals; not that I was bad mouthing Gorbals — far from it, but just as well it was dark in the theatre, as my face was red. I had a quick look around to make sure my former manager was not in the audience. One newspaper reviewer wrote that they doubted Norrie the Concierge and one of the Gorbals women portrayed in the play existed. I should have written to the critic and told him both of us were very real.

In fact many folk were interviewed, so all the parts were based on real people.’

In recent years the theatre has gone through a series of redevelopments but 2018 will see the Citizens move to a temporary home to allow a major refurbishment set to cost at least £19.4m.

FLORENCE STREET CLINIC During the 1930s—in the days before the NHS—Glasgow’s School Health Service embarked on a programme of building clinics to serve schoolchildren throughout the city. One of the largest was its facility at Florence Street, opened in 1937. It provided dental care, vaccinations and hygiene to the children of the Gorbals, and many residents of a certain age have mixed memories of visiting here, particularly for dental treatment. In recent years the building has been used as a mental health resource.

Peter Mortimer’s memories of a dental visit to Florence Street: ‘I’m sure many people from the Gorbals like me hold childhood memories of terror when Florence Street Clinic is mentioned, because it was here that dental ‘care’ was dispensed to the school kids of the district.

We knew our dental hygiene back then was poor, and was made even worse by all the sugary sweets eaten at that time. Hard sweets sold from big jars in shops, penny dainties, sticky buns from the Shan Shop all contributed to our dental decay, making a visit to Florence Street inevitable. The surroundings were functional, and the smell of disinfectant hung in the air. The moment of dread arrived when your name was called and into the treatment room you were led by your Maw, trying to reassure you that ‘everything will be okay’.

The dental chair seemed enormous, and all the equipment looked like something from a horror chamber, and that’s what it turned out to be.

The grinding and noise of the drill feeling as though it was going to take your head off was horrible. Afterwards the inside of your mouth had a new resident, what felt like a big ingot of metal, disguising itself as a filling in your tooth.

Glad to say my regular visits to the dentist hold no terrors for me these days, as the treatment and level of care are superb, but I’ve got to admit, when I first sit in the dental chair nowadays, just for a nanosecond, Florence Street comes back to haunt me.

GORBALS CINEMAS Eglinton Street would be synonymous with cinema, boasting two large houses within yards of each other. The earliest Gorbals picture halls, however, were more modest affairs, with the Wellington Palace (opened in 1907) and George Green’s Picturedrome (1911). A local bookie known as Wee Titch converted the old Free Church building on Cumberland Street, opening it as the Paragon in 1912; the venue would later be taken on by Richard Singleton. Singleton’s son George reminisced about the ‘rickety’ old cinema: The patrons were a tough and dirty lot and to maintain cleanliness the place was saturated in carbolic disinfectant, but saying that the Paragon was a good earner and father and I would fill every last pew. When Oscar Deutsch wanted to expand his Odeon circuit in Scotland, I sold him our chain just before the Second World War. Odeon got the rickerty old Paragon and I was able to build some proper cinemas with the money.

In neighbouring Oatlands, the Hippodrome (an old variety hall) was opened as a cinema, and in 1931 renamed the Ritz.

Even as a perennially poor earner it somehow survived until 1961. In 1921 Wee Titch converted the United Presbyterian Church on Eglinton Street to the New Bedford cinema. The present building was constructed in 1932, after fire destroyed the original. George Green purchased the building in 1936 to

complement Green’s Playhouse at the top of Renfield Street; he operated the venue until its closure in the mid 1970s.

The New Bedford also operated for many years as a bingo hall, but was bought in 2003 by the Academy Music Group, a leading operator of music venues. As a concert hall it has hosted an eclectic mix of acts that include Debbie Harry, James Brown and the late great Lemmy Kilminster with Motörhead. It is interesting to note that two of Green’s mega cinemas would become music venues: the Playhouse becoming the greatly missed Glasgow Apollo; and the Bedford reopening firstly as the Carling, and later the O2 Academy. On gig night the queue can stretch around the block—a sight perhaps not seen since the 1940s!

Another Eglinton Street wonder was the Electreum, which boasted a narrow highly coloured façade in the Glasgow Style; it opened in 1916 and survived until the mid 1950s. The Bedford’s near neighbour the Coliseum opened in 1905 as a music hall before becoming part of John Maxwell’s Scottish Cine and Variety Theatres chain. Its major claim to fame came on January 7th 1929, when it premiered the first talking picture The Jazz Singer to a Scottish audience. Gordon Coombes, head of ABC’s Glasgow operation in the early 1950s, recalled the Coliseum: There was much vocal interchange between patrons, generally at the top of their voices and a constant changing of seats to visit friends in different parts of the gallery. Now and again a fight (known as a ‘rammy’) would develop, but no-one seemed to get seriously hurt. Everyone appeared to accept such carryings-on as a normal part of a visit to the old Colly after all it only cost 10 pence to get in. By a strange quirk of the acoustics the more sedate occupants of the seats in the stalls and the circle remained oblivious to the noisy proceedings above their heads.

In 1962 the Coliseum experimented with ‘Cinerama’, but when the fad died out ABC was left with a white elephant. Renovations at the Sauchiehall Street ABC led to the closure of the Coliseum, its last screening on October 11th 1980. The venue was a bingo hall between 1987 and 2003, before returning to disuse. In the early hours of May 26th 2009 a massive fire ripped through the building, and by mid June the site was cleared in one of the fastest demolition exercises the city has ever seen.

GORBALS CROSS Gorbals Cross was fully developed during the 1870s by the City Improvement Trust—based on the plans of City Architect John Carrick, which had a plaza at the convergence of Ballater and Main Streets. In 1878 the iron founders George Smith & Co. erected the drinking fountain with its cast iron clock faces. This would be a meeting point for many people in the area, as Ralph Glasser recalled in his 1986 book Growing Up in the Gorbals: People walked unhurriedly over to the Cross from the periphery, took a drink of water from the fountain, stood and stared, passed the time of day with friends. They took one of the large iron beakers, pitted and dented from years of rough use, and pressed its rim against a button under the spout to release a jet of sparkling water, crisply refreshing, that came from Loch Katrine in the Trossachs, some forty miles to the north of Glasgow.

Across from the fountain, a gents toilet was opened in 1894; it comprised six urinal stalls, six WC’s, hand basins. It had an attendant and would be expanded in 1908 to accommodate 18 urinal stalls. Adjacent to the toilets was a telephone box, and in 1914 the fountains in the clock tower were replaced with seating. In 1922 Main Street was renamed Gorbals Street.

The fountain was demolished in 1932, as it was considered a traffic hazard. Glasser remembers people’s response to the fountain’s removal:

For a long time Gorbals folk behaved as if this had not happened.

They returned again and again, halted at the periphery of the crossing and stared with unbelief at the empty place in the centre; turned and paced about restlessly, deprived of a mysterious comfort, vital but indefinable.

A large section of the Gorbals Cross area was demolished in 1975, with redevelopment of the area ongoing through the 1990s and into the 2000s. Recently the nearby tower blocks have come down to make way for new housing projects.

In recent years a plan to recreate the fountain has been led by community activist David O’Neill, with help from Historic Scotland.

There are no records of what happened to the original structure, and the plans and specifications for the original fountain have also been lost.

However, a replica of the fountain still stands in—of all places—Basseterre, on the island of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean. George Smith & Co. had supplied the design, based on the Gorbals fountain, to be dedicated to Thomas B.H. Berkeley, a former president of the General Legislative Council of the Leeward Islands Federation, who died on December 6th 1881. The Berkeley Memorial Clock was unveiled in 1883. Recently, Steve Anderson and Eddie Horn of Glasgow Caledonian University’s School of Engineering and Built Environment visited Saint Kitts to make a 3D laser scan of the Berkeley Memorial as a basis for recreating the fountain in the Gorbals.

HAYFIELD PRIMARY SCHOOL As the population of the Gorbals grew in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so too did the need for a municipal structure, which included the provision of schools. Hayfield Primary School was built in 1903 to a design by the architect John Hamilton, at what was known at the time as South York Street (later renamed Moffat Street). It was of a fairly standard design, having a central hall with galleries, with classrooms off. The school was built on the site of the former Hayfield Foundry. In 1905 an accommodation block fronting onto Rutherglen Road, containing a dinner hall and shower block, was added. As the area became depopulated, schools in the district began to close, and Hayfield Primary was one of them. Only the accommodation block survives, and is in use as offices for the Centre for the Deaf.

Peter Mortimer’s memories of Hayfield My first day at school was at Hayfield in 1961, and I have to admit, from that day onwards, I always liked school. The main block had a central hall with galleries on the upper floor and classrooms, accessed by a stairwell at each end (as I remember it). There were two playgrounds, separated by a wall with a metal gate, and on the Rutherglen Road side of the school was another block which housed the dinner school and the ‘sprays’; this block is still in use as a centre for the deaf.

I remember at playtime a man called Dougie, who owned a wee shop at the corner of Hayfield and Moffat Streets, came across to the school railings with a big tray round his neck, selling sweets through the railings to the kids. Two things stick out in particular in my mind about Hayfield.

The first was a visit by a travelling theatre group, who performed the fairy tale ‘Rumpelstiltskin’, the tickets probably costing about a shilling. We sat crossed legged in the central hall and I was enthralled by the performance.

Another highlight was a visit to Kelvingrove Art Galleries. I recall walking into the main hall and being blown away by the scale of the building, I had never seen anything like it. The collection of armour and swords, stuffed animals, ethnic costumes and so on, opened my eyes to a world way beyond the Gorbals.

HUTCHESONTOWN DISTRICT LIBRARY As Glasgow continued its growth as a major industrial city the need for a municipal infrastructure was met head-on by the authorities, with a programme of building libraries, washhouses and baths, and community centres in the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries.

A site was identified at McNeil Street for a library to serve the Hutchesontown district of the Gorbals, and with the help of money donated to the city for the construction of libraries by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, the project was soon underway.

The preferred architect for the Carnegie sponsored libraries in Glasgow was Inverness born James Rhind, who was to design seven of the nine structures.

The library was built at a cost of £6,000 and opened on 17th November 1906 by Baillie John Battersby, who represented the Hutchesontown Ward at the City Chambers. It had an opening stock of 9,600 books for lending and reference to the local community.

The library building is adorned on the top of its dome by a sculptured winged female who is reading a book in her outstretched open arms. This model is repeated on the libraries at Parkhead and Dennistoun with an identical figure, almost certainly being formed from the same mould. The building is further adorned with stone sculptures depicting St Mungo and six figures holding emblems from the city’s coat of arms. All of the sculpture work is accredited to William Kellock Brown.

The library closed in 1964, replaced by a new facility at Cumberland Arcade. The building was later used by various organisations, including the Gorbals Initiative in 1994. It is currently in use as a children’s nursery.

Peter Mortimer recalls: I must have been about five or six when I got my first library ticket when my father took me to McNeil Street Library, and it was to be the start of a life-long passion with reading and books.

I was intrigued by the wood panelling on the walls and the calm, serene atmosphere where the female librarian would ensure a no talking rule. I remember on the counter there were wooden trays with tickets stacked, which would be married up with the books to be borrowed. A date was stamped in the book indicating its date of return, and of course a fine would be applied if the loan period overran.

The boys and girls had their own library upstairs and it was here that I would scan the shelves for books that caught my eye. My earliest memory is having a real liking of the Ladybird series of books which covered a wide array of topics and stories. Following on, I graduated up to Enid Blyton and particularly remember the title The Castle of Adventure. The story of young kids and their pet parrot having these escapades took me out of the Gorbals into another world, and thus I discovered the joy of books.

Like many, our family left the Gorbals and I was never back in the library at McNeil Street, however around a year ago I did get inside with the walls adorned with kids’ paintings reflecting its current use as a nursery. However, some of the wood panelling on the walls still exists and the stairwell seems unaltered.

I now regularly visit the Mitchell Library researching the history of our city, attend the Gorbals Library History Group at Crown Street, but it is McNeil Street where I will always remember having my first experience of a library, and I’m so glad books have played such a big part of my life.

John Wright recalls: As a boy I was a keen reader and was seldom without a book.

My primary school days were spent at Oatlands Primary School, situated at the corner of Gilmour Street and Caledonia Road. I was a member of the library at McNeil Street, and one of my teachers, Mr Gray, learned this. He spoke with me one day, encouraging me to continue reading books, and recommended that I read The Wind in The Willows, which I did, and thoroughly enjoyed, and thought it a wonderful tale.

I have never forgotten the joy of reading this book gave me as a young lad, and now as a great-grandfather I included a copy of the book in my seven year old great-granddaughter’s Christmas stocking recently.

After all these years this is a joy, stemming from my boyhood visits to McNeil Street Library.

ST FRANCIS CHURCH AND FRANCISCAN FRIARY The roots of this impressive Gothic revival building go as far back as 1868, with the religious order of the Franciscan friars purchasing some land on what is now Cumberland Street. With the growing population, a larger space for worship became necessary, thus paving the way for the foundations of this church being laid in May 1880.

Its formal opening took place on the 1st of June 1881, overseen

by Cardinal Manning and Archbishop Charles Eyre of Glasgow.

For a period of 112 years this was the main centre of Roman Catholic worship within the Gorbals. In the late 20th century, with a declining population and the further demolition of the surrounding housing stock, its doors closed, with the last service held on the 16th of November 1993. Margaret Robb recalls the last mass:

On the night of the closing mass, thousands of people—who with police guidance—lined the streets around this beautiful church, some of who were turned away from the altar without holy communion, such was demand to attend this final time of worship. From one who witnessed the efforts proposed to keep St. Francis open, we are grateful for the service of the Franciscan minors of the present day in Blessed John Duns Scotus Church and Friary.

Prior to closure of St Francis Church, a meeting had been held in the adjacent hall. The Archbishop Thomas J Winning sent his representatives to discuss constructive proposals with those in attendance, some who came from far and wide, on how to save this fine building. One idea came from Canada, whose Franciscan Order of Friars Minor (Western Canada) offered to twin with the Glasgow based order, along with a funding programme to help keep the building as a place of worship. All efforts sadly ended in vain and the building was closed.

After lying empty for a few years, in 1995 it was purchased by Glasgow City Council, with a view to converting the building into a new community hub for use by various local groups. The newly refurbished St. Francis Centre opened in 1998, and has been going strong ever since, hosting many clubs, events, and seminars amongst other activities.

ST LUKE’S CHURCH AND SCHOOL St Luke’s Church and School was constructed in 1908 for the needs of the Glasgow School Board to serve the local Roman Catholic population, who by the turn of the 20th century made up a large part of the Gorbals population. It was an unusual building at the time in that it combined the chapel (housed on the ground floor) with the classrooms in the three storeys above, used for teaching children from Primary 1 through 7.

The site of the school and church (pictured below) is about halfway along Ballater Street, opposite what is now Gorbals Leisure Centre. Ballater Street was originally called Govan Street, yet this building was in the parish of Hutchesontown, as Govan Street bordered the Gorbals district to the west (the neighbouring St John’s RC Church, demolished in the early 1980s, was in the parish of the Gorbals). The last intake of pupils for this school was in August 1978; it finally closed its doors in June 1979. The St Luke’s building was demolished in 1987 and its replacement church (built in 1975 and barely visible at the bottom left of the picture), is now home to the Franciscan Order and re-named as ‘Blessed John Duns Scotus’.

James Friel recalls: A standout memory about my days at the school back in the 1950s was a local bakers called ‘Mark’s’, situated nearby, that sold tea bread and other treats that our parents would buy, and hand them through the railings to us, waiting, hungry in the playground at the break.

Anthony Bertuccelli recalls: I vividly remember my first day at St Luke’s School back in August 1977, to a four year old what seemed like giant classrooms, and its bizarre high placed massive windows. The building had an ‘end of days’ feel about it which turned out to be the truth as my class was the second last intake before the building closed for good two years later, with all of us relocated to the nearby St. Francis primary.

TWOMAX BUILDING The Twomax Building is the oldest surviving building in Hutchesontown, dating from the early 1820s. At that time Glasgow was growing rapidly, with industrialisation taking place and factories beginning to be built. During the first half of the 19th century weaving became the major economy in the city, with cotton mills being built—notably in the Anderston, Bridgeton, and Calton districts. Alexander Brown & Co. established a cotton mill opposite the Gorbals Burial Ground.

The four storey high structure was later extended to the rear during the interwar years. By the late 19th century part of the works became known as the Excelsior Sauce & Pickle Works, premises of Samuel Hannah & Co. Adjacent, at the corner with Commercial Road, was the New Adelphi Mill, built around 1886 by William Wiseman & Co., hosiery and wool merchants. Their Twomax brand was produced by a mainly female workforce. In 1998 the complex changed use, with a mix of office accommodation and flats. To the rear the now redundant chimney has had a fake smoke feature added at the top, which rotates in the wind like a weathervane, and is a reminder of this slice of Gorbals industrial history.

TwoMax In this knitwear factory in the soo-side wummen toiled with cotton and flax.

‘Twas founded by 2 Macs, Mr McLure + McIntosh, shortening it to Twomax.

From every street in the Gorbals oor women worked hard every single day.

Others came from Kinning park or Oatlands, which wasn’t all that far away.

We all knew somebody who worked there, a relation or maybe a neighbour.

And those wummin diddny half earn aw their pay with all their daily labour.

Workers all headed for Rutherglen Rd, to get into work by the Factory horn.

Some of them came from Florence street, where oor Benny Lynch was born.

Making fashion knitwear for Marks n Spencer, C+A and shops over the Toon Until the demand for it’s Clothing collapsed, and sadly Twomax closed doon No more a knitwear factory, it changed to housing allocation to get folk cosy Women hoping to get new housing, opposite weans were playin in the Rosie Another part of Glasgow/Gorbals history ends Twomax’s is now sadly forlorn Hope my Twomax poem keeps alive this memory to a generation yet unborn Danny Gill

ST. ANDREW’S SUSPENSION BRIDGE Built in 1855, the St. Andrew’s Suspension Bridge spans 220 feet across the Clyde from McNeil Street to Glasgow Green. It was designed by Neil Robson, with the steelwork fabricated by P & W McLellan at their Clutha Works in Kinning Park. The bridge replaced a ferry at the site and was an important crossing, allowing workers from Calton and Gorbals to cross both ways to places of work such as the UCBS bakery on McNeil Street and the Templeton carpet factory at Greenhead. The bridge has been referred to as Harvey’s Bridge, being named after Bailie Harvey, who was a driving force in the project to build it.

Connie Friel recalls: When I was about eight or nine I used to go to the open-air swimming baths at Greenhead Street, and we would cross the footbridge into Glasgow Green and so on to the baths. On our return journey we would cross the bridge into McNeil Street and would often find biscuits lying in the cobbled street, which would have fallen off bogies by workers from the Co-operative Bakery.

We would gather them up and take them to a man selling ice cream from a cart standing next to the bridge, and get the biscuits topped with the delicious ice cream.

Fond memories.

Produced by: Gorbals History Group Funded by: Spirit of the Gorbals (a Spirit 2012/Fourteen project) and New Gorbals Housing Association.

Written by: Peter Mortimer, Stuart Gibbs, Anthony Bertuccelli.

Edited by: Scott Chase Cover design: Anthony Bertuccelli Photography by: Anthony Bertuccelli: Florence Street Clinic 2018 Norman McNamee: St Francis Centre 2010, Hutchesontown Library 2018, Hidden Chapel 2016.

Scott Chase: St Andrew’s suspension bridge 2015.

Stuart Gibbs: Bedford St. Cinema 2015, Healing garden 2017, Caledonia Road Church 2015, Citizens Theatre 2015, Twomax building 2015.

Leslie Bertuccelli: St Luke’s school building 1987.

Photographs also supplied from the personal archives of: Connie Friel (St Luke’s School 1955), Peter Mortimer, (Hayfield Primary – class 1960s), and Catherine Brogan, (Shop – Crown Street 1920s).

Photographs of Caledonia Road Church 1960s and Citizens Theatre in the 1970s courtesy of Glasgow Planning Department.

Photograph of Hayfield Primary School courtesy of Mitchell Library Glasgow.

Thanks also to: Natalie Terry – New Gorbals Housing Association Karen Hutchison – Gorbals Library and Learning Centre All current and past members of Gorbals History Group Personal anecdotes supplied by: Jenny Knotts, Connie Friel, James Friel, Margaret Robb, John Wright, Peter Mortimer, Norman McNamee, and Anthony Bertuccelli.

Memory in Gorbals Cross chapter (Page 12) by Ralph Glasser, from ‘Growing Up in the Gorbals’, Chatto and Windus, 1986.

Twomax Poem kindly supplied by Danny Gill.

Printed by: Johnston Mailing Designed by: Offshoot Design

© 2018 Gorbals History group