D
was celebrated as a love poet before he wrote his Comedy. He assigns lovers to the upper, least severe regions of hell. ANTE
Throughout the Inferno, Dante dramatizes sin as a self-wounding: the punishment does not simply fit the crime, it is the crime, enacting the particular soul’s self-destructive defect: traitors, who have made themselves hard and cold to their loyalties, are eternally frozen in ice; murderers boil in blood. And the souls who have wounded themselves with misguided erotic energy are eternally thrown about, as by a tornado. The descriptions of the noise, of the souls in flocks buffeted through dark air like birds in a storm, of the populated hurricane a turmoil stilled a bit for Dante’s eloquent dialogue with Francesca make this one of the most vivid scenes in the Comedy. The voice of Virgil mediates an encounter between life and death, with a tone of impassive knowledge, beyond both. The voice of Francesca expresses her yearning for her story to be known: the passion to enter again, even for a moment, even if only through the living mind of Dante, our world of life and light. And the voice of Dante expresses a strange desire intellectual and moral and erotic to hear Francesca tell her story. Here with a sympathy in contrast to his coolness or disdain or hostility toward sinners lower down in hell Dante is moved by the presence of Francesca da Rimini: eager and even excited to hear her narrative. When she has finished speaking, with the weeping silent shade of her lover Paolo at her side, Dante actually faints. Francesca’s story was well-known: she betrayed her husband Giancotto da Rimini by having an affair with his brother Paolo. In the Inferno, her narration does not include those relationships. She does not even name Paolo, nor Giancotto, who killed the lovers the moment he discovered their secret. Instead, Francesca narrates the immediate, physical details of a couple whose sexual imaginations are inflamed partly by one another and partly by a literary imagining of adulterous love: they are reading together the story of Lancelot and Guinevere. Art, with its power not only to express passion but to inspire it, is at the center of Canto V. — Robert Pinsky
CANTO V Libretto DANTE: Now I can hear the notes of agony In sad crescendo beginning to reach my ear; Now I am where the noise of lamentation Comes at me in blasts of sorrow. I am where all light is mute, with a bellowing like the ocean Turbulent in a storm of warring winds, The hurricane of Hell in perpetual motion Sweeping the ravaged spirits as it rends, Twists, and torments them. Driven as if to land, The reach the ruin: groaning, tears, laments And cursing the power of Heaven. I learned. They suffer here who sinned in carnal things— Their reason mastered by desire suborned. As winter starlings riding on their wings From crowded flocks, so spirits dip and veer Foundering in the winds’s rough buffetings. Upward or downward, driven here and there With never ease from pain nor hope of rest. As chanting cranes will form a line in air, So do these souls come, uttering cries— wind tossed, And lofted by the storm. Master, my guide— Who are these people, by black air oppressed? VIRGIL First among these you wan to know Was obeyed as empress in many tongues— she so embraced Lechery that she decreed it justified Legally, to evade the scandal of her lust: She is that Semiramis of whom we read, Successor and wife of Mimus, she possessed The land the Sultan rules. Next, Didi who died By her own hand for love, and broke her bow To Sychaeus’s ashes. After her come lewd And wanton Cleopatra. See Helen, too, Who caused that cycle of many an evil year; And great Achilles, the hero who love slew In his last battle. Paris and Tristan are here— DANTE: Poet, I would willingly Speak with those two who move along together; And seem so light upon the wind. VIRGIL: When they drift closer then entreat them hither, In the name of love that leads them:they will respond, Shifting their course amid the merciless weather that Batters them toward us. Call them against the wind. DANTE: O wearied souls! If Another does not forbid, Come speak with us As doves who desire has summoned, With raised wings steady against the current, glide Guided by will to the sweetness of their nest, May you two leave the flock, and Dido, and speed Through the malignant air, till you have crossed To where I stand so strong was the compulsion Of my loving call. They spoke across the blast:
FRANCESCA: Oh living soul, who with courtesy and compassion Voyage through black air visiting us who stained The world with blood: if Heaven’s King bore affection For such as we are, suffering in this wind, Then we would pray to Him to grant you peace For pitying us in this, our evil end. Now we will speak and hear as you may please To speak and hear, while the wind, for our discourse Is still. My birthplace is a city that lies where the Po finds peace with all its followers. Love, which in gentle hearts is quickly born, Seized him for my fair body which, in a fierce Manner that still torments my soul, was torn untimely away from me. Love, which absolves None who are loved from loving, made my heart burn with joy so strong that as you see it cleaves Still to him, here. Love gave us both one death. Cain awaits the one who took our lives. These words were borne across from them to us. When I had heard those afflicted souls, I lowered my head until I heard the poet’s voice VIRGIL: What were you thinking? DANTE: Alas, that sweet conceptions and passion so deep Should bring them here! Francesca, your suffering makes me weep For sorrow and pity but tell me, in the hours Of sweetest sighing how and in what shape Or manner did Love first show you those desires So hemmed by doubt? FRANCESCA: No sadness Is greater than in misery to rehearse Memories of joy, as your teacher well can witness. But if you have so great a craving to measure Our love’s first root I’ll tell it, with the fitness Of one who weeps and tells. One day, for pleasure, We read of Lancelot, by love constrained: Alone, suspecting nothing, at our leisure. Sometimes at what we read our glances joined, Looking from the book each to the other’s eyes, And then the color in our faces drained. But one particular moment alone it was Defeated us: the longed for smile, it said, Was kissed by that most noble lover: at this, This one, who now will never leave my side, Kissed my mouth, trembling. A Galeotto, that book! And so was he who wrote it; that day we read No further. All the while the one shade spoke, The other at her side was weeping; My pity Overwhelmed me and I felt myself go slack: Swooning as in death, I feel like a dying body. FRANCESCA: With joy so strong that as you see it cleaves till to him here DANTE: Alas, that sweet conceptions and passion so deep should bring them here. VIRGIL: Entreat them hither in the name of love that leads them, they will respond.
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