SS Bio Science Issue 05

SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 05

THE DYNAMICS OF BIO SCIENCE

CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

5 8 1 1

FOREWORD Prof. Julian May

sCIENCE Bio Science

0

Bio-Economy Strategy

DST

7

DST Centre of Excellence

2

1 scIENCE STARS ARC Stars

3 3 4 4 4

0 ImmunologIST Dr Tandeka’s interview 3 CSir Biomanufacturing 0 DST Budget vote 2 DST Decoding of Eucalyptus 6 Bio science Institutions

4

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

FOREWORD

the

FOREWORD A vital basic need Food is so much part of our lives that we don’t often stop to think about what it is, where it comes from, and who was involved in bringing it to our plates and hands. However without enough food we will weaken and eventually die, and if we eat the wrong food, or too much food, we place ourselves at risk of preventable ailments such as diabetes or hypertension.

What food you eat defines who you are, with whom you eat defines your family and friends, and in some cultures, when you eat and when not, signifies adherence to your faith. In addition, there are millions of livelihoods involved in the production, processing, distribution, preparation and disposal of food, and when food prices increase, families experience hardship and may have to give up other items in order to survive.

Science plays a critical role in this food system. Science began to transform our food when the first farmers noticed that if they

weeded out undesirable plants, a tasty plant would flourish. When nomads travelled on horseback across the Mongolian Steppes with goat skins of milk tied to their saddle, science transformed milk that would spoil into yoghurt or cheese that lasted longer.

Fr. Gregor Mendel’s hybridizing experiments at St Thomas’s Abbey in the nineteenth century pioneered the science of genetics which eventually led to the Green Revolution in the 1960’s. As a result we were able to dramatically increase production and thus our ability to feed the world’s rapidly growing population.

Bio-science can now eliminate important nutrient deficiencies through food fortification or by modifying the genetic structure of the things that we eat. Bio-science can also identify opportunities for alternative uses of plant products, reduce crop losses and reduce wastage.

This edition of Science Stars introduces the new DST-NRF Centre of Excellence hosted by the Universities of the Western Cape and Pretoria. The Centre is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional virtual institution involving almost twenty South African and international organisations and more than 80 researchers. This edition also reports on new uses for a South African icon, rooibos, as well as the eucalyptus tree which we often use only as firewood. Enjoy reading about the science of food!

Prof. Julian May CoE Director Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

5

ED’S NOTE

LETTER FROM

THE EDITOR TECHNOLOGY THROUGH SCIENCE

team Science Stars

Managing Editor • Evans Manyonga editorial@sciencestars.co.za

Graphic Designer • Cinzia Joey Swartz Project Manager • Renata Williams Contributing Writer • Unathi Kondile

When I first heard about Biotechnology I got excited. Well, all things scientific excite me but this sounded sophisticated and also simple at the same time. I definitely knew what the ‘technology’ in Bio-technology meant and stood for, the only hard part was actually understanding what the three letters ‘b-i-o’ stood for. Well, that’s how it all started and my journey of discovery took me to a lot of interesting places and as they usually say, ‘the rest is history’.

So in short Bio-Technology is a combination of Biology and Technology. It covers a wide variety of subjects like Genetics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and is also concerned with many other subjects like Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology, Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology etc. Bio-Technology is the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria in industrial process.

Fortunately you have the rest of the issue to read and go through and your own journey of discovery will also begin, with your usual suspect and friend in all things scientific, Science Stars. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and also be motivated to take up Bio-technology subjects. As you will read in one of our profiles, no one knows where life will take us. You might be the next person who will find a cure for AIDS or Cancer. So read on and discover more. As we always say, the careers in Science are simply limitless! So here are yet more options to look at.

Finally we are looking forward to the upcoming National Science Week which will be in Bloemfontein at the beginning of next month.

We hope to see you there and we are sure it will be a super week.

Come by the Science Stars stand and feel free to interact with us. Till the next issue, work hard and take care.

Evans Nyasha Manyonga Managing Editor 6

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

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Ambassador • Azwindinni Muronga

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WHAT IS BIO SCIENCE

BIO-TECHNOLOGY Opening up new possibilities

I

f breeding strong hunting dogs is your

that uses biological systems, for example

Bio-Technology is a research oriented sci-

favourite thing to do, a career in bio-

using the extracts of the rooibos plant to

ence, which means biotechnologists spend

science is waiting for you. If you love

develop a cure for skin cancer or skin dis-

long hours in the lab using their Biology

studying biology, mathematics and chem-

eases in a lab.

and Technology knowledge. It covers a

istry at school, rest assured that there is

For years Sangomas/traditional heal-

wide variety of subjects like Genetics,

a whole new world waiting for you to dis-

ers have been using bio-technology to

Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology,

cover using biotechnology.

produce strong mutis or medicine. Your

Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and is

If you want to be the first person to create

local traditional healer uses primitive bio-

also concerned with many other subjects

a cure for HIV and make serious money, I

technology to convert plant extracts into

like Health and Medicine, Agriculture and

have a secret for you, it is bio-technology.

useful medicine or muti.

Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and

What is Bio-technology?

Biotechnology has applications in four

Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology,

Biotechnology is the use of living systems

major industrial areas, health care (medi-

Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-

and organisms to develop or make useful

cal), crop production and agriculture, non-

statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology

products, or any technological application

food (industrial).

etc.

8

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

BIO-TECHNOLOGY

To pursue a career in biotechnology one

burden that the world is facing. Modern

must love doing science experiments,

bio-technology is being used to manufac-

love solving problems and be prepared to

ture existing medicines relatively easily and

spend long hours in the lab. The biotech-

cheaply.

nology field can offer a person an oppor-

Also impressive is that Bio-technology

tunity to create new products that can

can be used to manufacture and maintain

change the world.

bio-based chemicals, biomaterials and

Bio-technology’s use

bio-energy and water and waste. This field

Biotechnology uses genetically modified

of bio-technology is called industrial bio-

crops to play a crucial role in helping to

technology and currently various countries

improve the heat-resistance and drought-

are using this technology to contribute to

tolerance of crops, resistance to certain

and grow their economies.

pests, diseases, stressful environmental conditions, resistance to chemical treat-

South Africa’s bio-technology sector is

ments, reduction of spoilage, improv-

still small but growing at a rapid rate. The

ing the nutrient profile of the crop and

Department of Science and Technology

addressing the challenges of climate

(DST) has already developed a strategy that

change, diminishing water and grazing,

will help grow the bio-technology sector.

and potential loss of biodiversity.

This means that in the near future there

Biotechnology is used to manufacture and

will be lots of job opportunities in the bio-

develop new and improved therapeutics

technology sector. See the bio career page

(drugs, vaccines, phyto-medicines and bio-

on page 10 and 11 to see which biotech-

pharmaceuticals) to address the disease

nology career path you would like to follow.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

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10

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

omy Strategy

WHAT IS BIO SCIENCE

DST

THE BIO-ECONOMY STRATEGY AGRICULTURE • Crops

• The

strategy involves the development of products and services that have a realworld need in government and industry.

• This strategy provides a high-level framework to guide biosciences research and innovation investments, as well as decision-making.

• All the relevant sectors need to support and commit to the strategy due to the multisectoral and long-term nature of biobased developments • Requires guidance and support from the relevant departments and industry sectors.

HEALTH

• Vaccines

• Biopharmaceuticals

The Bio-economy Strategy is thus not a Department of Science and Technology strategy – it is a South African strategy.

INDUSTRY

• Biofeuls • Munical Waste

• Remedy Instrustrial

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

11

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES BURSARY AWARDS FOR 2015 The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries intends to award comprehensive bursaries to qualifying applicants pursuing and/or intending to further their studies in critical scarce skills in the agriculture, forestry and sheries sectors for the 2015 academic year. The bursaries will cover tuition, accommodation, books, meals and monthly allowance. The bursary awards target the previously disadvantaged and impoverished persons from poverty-stricken and deep rural communities.

People with disabilities are encouraged to apply.

Fields of studies

Minimum requirements (National Senior Certicate)

1. B.Sc. Bioresource Engineering (Agricultural Engineering) 2. Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc.)

Mathematics and Physical Science 6 (70-79)

3. B.Sc. Viticulture and Oenology/ Soil Science/Plant Pathology 4. B.Sc. Food Science 5. B.Sc. Plant Pathology 6. B.Sc. Agric Soil Science 7. B.Sc. Agric Agronomy 8. B.Sc. Forestry and Wood Science 9. B.Sc. Geo-informatics 10. B.Sc. Marine Biology 11. B.Sc. Oceanography and Marine Biology 12. B.Sc. Ichthyology specialising in Aquaculture

Mathematics and Physical Science 5 (60-69)

13. National Diploma: Food Technology 14. National Diploma: Forestry 15. National Diploma: Fisheries Resource Management 16. National Diploma: Oceanography

Mathematics and Physical Science 4 (50-59)

16. Postgraduate studies (B.Tech, B.Sc. Hons, M. Tech., M.Sc., D.Tech. and Ph.D.) in different agriculture, forestry and sheries study elds linked to DAFF priority research projects.

Notes 1. It is worth noting that certain study elds are only available at certain institutions of higher learning: • B.Sc. Bioresource Engineering (Agricultural Engineering): University of KwaZulu-Natal • Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.): University of Pretoria • B.Sc. Viticulture and Oenology/Soil Science/Plant Pathology: University of Stellenbosch • B.Sc. Forestry and Wood Science: University of Stellenbosch • B.Sc. Oceanography and Marine Biology: University of Cape Town • B.Sc. Ichthyology specialising in Aquaculture: Rhodes University • National Diploma: Forestry: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University • National Diploma: Oceanography: Cape Peninsula University of Technology • National Diploma: Fisheries Resource Management: Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2. Applicants must be South African citizens.

3. Applicants must complete relevant bursary application forms available online at: www.daff.gov.za (Click the following: Branches, Food Security and Agrarian Reform, then Sector Education and Training and then Careers).

4. Successful candidates will be informed from 15 January 2015, after the National Bursary Committee has nalised the selection process. If you do not hear from us by the end of January 2015, consider your application to be unsuccessful.

5. All completed bursary application forms together with certied copies of ID and certicates/performance results should be sent to the following address:

The Director: Ms Amanda Shokane

For further enquiries please contact:

Directorate: Sector Education and Training Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Private Bag X250 PRETORIA 0001

Mr Looksharp Makaringi: Ms Boitumelo Maleka: Mr Frans Setsiba:

012 319 7923 012 319 7024 012 319 7848

NB. (i) The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries reserves the right to determine the total number of bursary allocations for the academic year based on the total budget available. (ii) The National Bursary Committee will make use of the Bursary Scheme’s 14-point system to allocate points to shortlisted applicants. (iii) The Bursary Scheme of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is in fullment of the sector strategic objective of elimination of skewed participation in the agriculture, forestry and sheries sectors.

Closing date for all applications: 30 September 2014

agriculture, forestry & fisheries Department: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

CAREER FEATURE

CAREERS IN BIO-TECHNOLOGY One for the future

B

a “substrate” with which it matches like a

science, which means most of the

Where can I get a job as an agricultural biotechnologist?

work in Bio-Technology is based on

Agricultural research institutes, many

an enzyme does its job without being used

research. Bio-Technology is a combina-

of which are linked to the Agricultural

up or destroyed, but being a protein, it is

tion of Biology and Technology. It covers

Research Council (ARC), universities and

completely bio-degradable.

a wide variety of subjects like Genetics,

commercial companies such as Mondi and

What do I need to become an enzymolo-

Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology,

Sappi.

gist?

Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and

Related careers

Characteristics: Natural curiosity about all

is also concerned with many other sub-

Plant Pathologist, Molecular

living things, good observation and analyti-

jects like Health and Medicine, Agriculture

Biotechnologist, Plant Molecular Biologist,

cal skills, patience.

Plant Breeder, Agricultural Scientist.

Important school subjects: Mathematics,

io-Technology is a research oriented

and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system

key fitting into a lock. Like other catalysts,

and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell

Biology, Physical Science.

Biology, Soil science and Soil Conservation, The Enzymologist Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Smoking chimneys and chemical waste

Relevant training and qualification:

Technology etc. Bio-Technology is the use

streams are side effects of modern living

Biotechnology; BSc – Biochemistry/Natural,

of living things, especially cells and bacte-

standards. Can we find more environmen-

Sciences/Biological and Life Sciences/

ria in industrial process.

tally friendly alternatives from Mother

Biotechnology/Microbiology/Molecular

We have compiled a number of prominent

Nature in the form of enzymes?

and Cell Biology/Chemical and Biological

careers in the Bio-Technology field.

Enzymes, which are a type of protein that

Sciences or similar

speed up biological reactions (catalysts),

B Tech - Biotechnology, M Tech –

Agricultural Bio-Technologist

are found in every living thing (plants,

Where can I find a job as an enzymologist?

This area of Bio-Technology focuses on

animals, humans, insects and microbes).

Pharmaceutical, food, brewing and agro-

enhancing and changing the genetic

Enzymes are made in the cells, according

chemical industries, research organisations,

makeup of plants. A new gene can be

to their specific genetic recipe. To work, an

universities, medical research institutes,

introduced in a plant for a specific pur-

enzyme needs a very specific target called

vaccine producing companies.

pose, e.g to resist certain diseases.

What do I need to be an agricultural biotechnologist?

Characteristics: Natural curiosity, methodical and precise by nature.

Important school subjects: Biology, Mathematics, Physical Science.

Qualifications MSc – Natural Sciences/Biological and Life Sciences/Biotechnology/Microbiology/ Molecular and Cell Biology or similar, M Tech (Biotechnology).

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

13

CAREER

the growing conditions of maize in South Africa, the agricultural market and the needs of those who use or eat the maize.

They also have to predict how these factors will change in the next ten years.

What do I need to be a plant breeder?

Characteristics: Passion for working outdoors; patience, as it can take five to seven years before a hybrid is ready to be sold; an ability to work systematically, independently and in teams Important school subjects: Biology, Mathematics, Physical Science

Qualifications: BSc – Natural Sciences/Biological and Life

Related careers:

Natural Sciences/ Biological and Life

Sciences/Microbiology/Molecular and Cell

Biochemist, Molecular Biologist, Molecular

Sciences/ Biotechnology/ Microbiology/

Biology/Agriculture or similar.

Geneticist, Microbiologist, Cell Biologist,

Molecular and Cell Biology/Human Life

Bioprocess Engineer

Sciences/ Bio-organic Chemistry/Chemical,

Where can I get a job as a plant breeder?

Molecular and Cellular Sciences.

Private, commercial seed companies (inter-

Where can I get a job as a medical Biochemistry is about trying to understand biochemist?

Bio-Chemistry

national and local) such as Monsanto, Pannar, Pioneer, Syngenta and various

the chemical processes that happen in

Mostly research institutions, including

smaller companies, public research insti-

living cells that are needed for the cell

universities and medical research groups

tutes and universities.

to survive, reproduce, and do its “job”. For

such as the Medical Research Council

Related careers: Plant Pathologist, Plant

example, the job of red blood cells is to

(MRC), biotechnology companies, some

Geneticist, Plant Biotechnologist, Genomics.

make haemoglobin which carries oxygen

multinational pharmaceutical companies.

around the body. To do all this, a cell

Related careers:

needs DNA.

Clinical Biochemist, Chemical Pathologist,

Bio-Chemists job is to find new ways to

Medical Scientist.

treat and cure medical conditions and dis-

This is an additional list of other career options: • Agricultural Biotechnologist • Bio-informaticist

eases by using his knowledge about what

Plant Breeder

happens within the building blocks of

Plant Breeders develop new, improved

cells. Bio-Chemists for example can con-

types of plants. A Plant Breeder can pro-

• Biosafety Regulator

clude through research that some people

duce a type of maize that produces more

• Conservation Geneticist

are less likely to get cancer because their

and better cobs, cope better with stress

“detox” genes code for the “best” enzymes

and can resist diseases that infect the

to remove toxins caused by smoking and

maize.

drinking.

Then can do this by selecting maize plants

• Biological Forensic Analyst • Bioprocess Engineer

• Environmental Biotechnologist • Enzymologist • Fermentation Scientist • Human Geneticist

with these characteristics and then breed

• Immunologist

What do I need to be a medical biochemist?

them. This results in the genetic “recipe” of

• Medical Biochemist

the plants being changed and improved.

• Microbiologist

Characteristics: Perseverance, commitment,

Once these “hybrids” have been fully test-

• Patent Attorney

analytical mind, meticulous nature.

ed, which can take many years, they are

Important school subjects: Mathematics,

sold to farmers.

Biology, Physical Science.

Most plant breeders specialise in one crop only. To do this job they have to under-

Qualifications: BSc – Biochemistry/ 14

stand the science behind plant breeding,

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

• Plant Breeder • Plant Molecular Biologist • Plant Pathologist • Technical Sales Representative • Veterinary Virologist

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021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.co.za www.sciencestars.co.za /sciencestars.faceb.co.za @ScienceStars2 Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

15

PROF JULIAN MAY

SCIENCE IN PRACTICE A strong academic

P

rof Julian May is based at the University Of Western Cape (UWC).

Who has been your biggest inspiration in all things scientific?

He obtained his doctoral degree in

Development Studies at The University

Depends what you mean by science. If

of the KwaZulu-Natal.. He is a Research

systematic knowledge building, then my

Associate at the Brooks World Poverty

first choice is Desiderius Erasmus (1466 –

Institute, the International Food Policy

1536), of economics (my discipline) then

Research Institute, the Department of

John Maynard Keynes, and if mathematics,

Social Policy, Oxford University and the

then Kurt Gödel.

South African Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.

Between 1994 and 1998, Prof. May led the

What do you think about the state of Maths and Science in South Africa at the moment?

Poverty and Inequality Report, which was

Prof Julian May

potential unless we first address issues of inequality, injustice and exclusion.

the first review of South Africa’s poverty

We face a serious crisis. It seems that

reduction policies after the Apartheid

maths is feared by many South Africans,

What is your favourite quote?

era. The Professor has also worked in a

rather than something that is to be

I have many, but this is a current favourite:

number of other countries. He worked on

enjoyed and something that helps. We

“If you think education is expensive, try

an evaluation of the World Bank’s social

are falling behind countries that are

ignorance.” (Derek Bok)

fund program in Jamaica, Nicaragua,

much poorer than us, as well as those

Zambia and Malawi, on bio-diversity stud-

with whom we will be competing with for

ies in Mozambique and Namibia, poverty

resources and markets. It is critical that

reduction strategy in Lesotho, Zambia and

we support initiatives to improve maths

Uganda, and on monitoring and evaluation

learning and usage in South Africa.

in Mauritius, Maldives, Namibia, Swaziland

Who is the best mathematician or scientist of all time in your view?

Once again I can think of many, but a current favourite is Tim Berners-Lee, the

What is your biggest mathematic or scientific regret?

inventor of the World Wide Web. He made

He was also the principal researcher for

Not paying attention during my algebra

most people.

the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics

classes in my matric year. It took me years

Survey (KIDS), a ten year panel study of

to fill in the gaps in my knowledge.

and Zimbabwe.

poverty dynamics. May has edited 3 books,

continuous learning easily available for

What can you say to our aspiring future scientists and mathematicians?

Learning is a life-long experience, requiring

than 120 working papers, research reports

If you were not actively involved in science and mathematics what would you be doing?

and other publications. His research

I might be a chef in a restaurant as I enjoy

you are at school or in college or university

interests are poverty and inequality, agrar-

cooking, or perhaps a photographer.

will you have the opportunity to devote

published over 60 papers in books and academic journals, and produced more

ian reform, and impact assessment meth-

serious commitment and energy. Only while

your full attention to this activity. Don’t

What are your thoughts on the potential of Bio-Science in SA?

squander this chance: the older person that

Science Stars had the brilliant opportunity of sitting down with Prof. May. We asked

There is immense potential for bio-science

grateful for the knowledge that you build

him a few questions. Read on and enjoy:

in South Africa, but we cannot achieve its

during this time.

odologies.

16

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

you will eventually become will always be

DST FEATURE

DST - NRF CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN FOOD SECURITY Ensuring a stable future “Hunger is not a natural phenomenon. It is a man-made tragedy. People do not go hungry because there is not enough food to eat. They go hungry because the system which delivers food from the fields to our plates is broken.”

Composition The DST - NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security (COE) is a virtual centre hosted by the Universities of the Western Cape and co-hosted by the University of Pretoria.

Researchers in the Centre are drawn from Universities of Cape Town, Fort Hare, Johannesburg, Nelson Mandela, North West, Stellenbosch University, Venda, Tshwane University of Technology, the Agricultural Research Council and the Water Research Council. Our international partners are the Australian National University, City University of New York, Institute of Development Studies, International Food Policy Research

Goals and aspirations The COE goal is to undertake research, capacity building and dissemination activities to promote a sustainable food system that brings about food security for poor, vulnerable and marginal populations.

Their research goes across different focus areas and involves using innovative methodologies for high-impact science through understanding and taking action on complex societal problems. We adopt a partnership approach to the organisation of our activities by building purposive strategic relationships for the co-design and co-ownership of research problems, methodologies and solutions.

Institute, Michigan State University and Missouri University.

Through a transformative agenda, we provide leadership,

Centre Director

and programmes aimed at reducing food insecurity. Our

The CoE Director Prof. Julian May works on poverty reduction including land reform, social grants, information technology and urban agriculture in southern and East Africa. He formerly held the South African Research Chair in Applied Poverty Impact Assessment.

Prof. Sheryl Hendriks, the University of Pretoria node head, works on household food security measurement, agricultural growth and food policy analysis. She is a member of the Committee on World Food Security’s High Level Panel of Experts.

Food security and nutrition are imperative for human survival with dignity. Achieving food security must take into account economic vitality, social justice, human and environmental health.

evidence for decision making and critique of policies comprehensive and systems approach to development recognises the underlying causes of food insecurity such as poverty, unemployment and inequality.

Organisation Their work is carried out in four different areas • Food Creation Production, processing and preservation.

• Food Distribution Markets, livelihoods and value chains • Food Consumption Health, nutrition, choice and behaviour • Food Governance Safety, standards, policy and rights

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

17

DST FEATURE

REWARDING EXCELLENCE Grade 11 and 12 pupils excel in National Science Olympiad

science and biology exam competition. It’s the jewel in the crown of our Youth into Science Strategy, which is all about identifying and nurturing talent. The Olympiad also identifies talent. It identifies talent that teachers have nurtured in schools across the length and breadth of the country.”

The Minister added that the country needed more young scientists to improve the quality of life of all citizens, especially those in rural areas.

Hamandishe Mathivha and Danielle Vellema

F

“Many South African inventors have produced products that improve the quality of life of rural people in South Africa and

our South African grade 12 pupils

wrote either the Physical Sciences or Life

will attend the 2014 London

Science paper on 3 March 2014. Winners

elsewhere in Africa,” said Minister Pandor, citing solar power projects like the turbo-

and two grade 11 pupils will participate

in different categories received prizes such spiral solar heater and the sun-catcher as laptops, iPads, e-bookreaders and more solar cooker.

in the Australian National Youth Science

at the awards event. The top-performing

Forum after coming out tops in the

schools received science equipment for

National Science Olympiad.

their laboratories.

Southern Africa’s top young science

The event in 2014 also celebrated 50

performers in 2014 were honoured at a

years of the competition. Past Science

gala event at Emperors Palace on 10 July

Olympiad winners were also honoured,

2014. The top achievers were drawn from

including the likes of Prof. Nithaya Chetty,

schools in the southern African region,

Group Executive for Astronomy at the

including Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Namibia and

National Research Foundation, Mteto

South Africa.

Nyati, Microsoft’s GM of emerging regions

The Olympiad aims to contribute towards

in Africa and the Middle East, and award-

excellence in science among learners and

winning poet Imraan Coovadia.

to encourage them to take up careers in

Delivering the keynote address Minister

science, engineering and technology. Just

of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor,

under 30 000 learners in grades 10 to 12

said: “The Olympiad is much more than a

International Youth Science Forum,

Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

19

DST

Dr. Vuyane Mhlomi and Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor Congratulating winners of the 50th

a country rich in human fossil remains, we

puter axial tomography, which led to break-

National Science Olympiad, the Minister

are also a leading country in palaeontol-

throughs in X-ray scanning.”

said government was increasing invest-

ogy and related sciences,” she said.

Hamandishe Mathivha of Mbilwi Secondary

ment in research and development, and

“There is much to be proud of in South

School in Limpopo and Danielle Vellema of

modernising infrastructure devoted to sci-

African science. We boast a long list of

Outeniqua High School in George, Western

ence and technology.

impressive inventions – from early tools

Cape will travel to Australia in 2015 for the

for collecting, cutting up and storing

Science Focus Week.

The Minister encouraged the winners to

food, to traditional medicines, horse-

Best overall marks in Physical Science:

add to the length of the list of inventions

drawn vehicles, medical apparatus, attack

Thomas Orton of Bishops High School,

for which South Africa was known.

helicopters, vuvuzela horns and articu-

Cape Town. Ishaaq Lakhi of Raisethorpe

“South African scientists have been able

lated dump trucks. We are particularly

Secondary School in KwaZulu-Natal won

to exploit both geographic and knowledge

renowned for breakthroughs in the medi-

Best overall marks in Life Sciences and

advantages. We are internationally com-

cal field, which include heart transplant

Rebecca Rogers Reddam House, Western

petitive and recognised in Astronomy. As

procedures and the development of com-

Cape top girl Learner in Life Sciences.

Winners: Best overall marks in Physical Sciences: Thomas Orton of Bishops High School in Cape Town.

Best overall marks in Life Sciences: Ishaaq Lakhi of Raisethorpe Secondary School in KwaZulu-Natal.

Best marks in Physical Sciences in Grade 11: Bataung Mohapi, African Leadership Academy, Gauteng.

Top girl learner in Life Sciences: Rebecca Rogers, Reddam House Atlantic Seaboard, Western Cape.

Two learners have been selected to attend a Science Focus Week in Australia in January 2015: Hamandishe Mathivha of Mbilwi Secondary

Thomas Orton, Ishaaq Lakhi and Rebecca Rogers

School, Limpopo.

Danielle Vellema of Outeniqua High School in George, Western Cape.

20

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC

ARC PROFESSIONAL AND GRADUATES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Nurturing our future lifeblood

Ramatsoma Nokuthula

T

he ARC has a very vibrant and

with regard to scientific research. I have

experience in research. If it wasn’t for

strong graduate development

been involved in various projects attended

Agricultural Research Council (ARC) for

programme. Science Stars inter-

workshops, conferences, made scientific

the Professional Development Programme

viewed two students who have been part

publication and presentations. The big-

with the help from my mentor Dr CB

of this programme, Nokuthula Innocentia

gest benefit was the opportunity I got to

Banga and the Animal Breeding and

Ramatsoma and Cornelius Mahlanza.

pursue my studies and acquire my master’s

Genetics staff; I would not be having any

degree.

scientific publications, knowledge on how

How did you hear about the ARC Professional and graduates development programme?

Can you tell us a bit about your background?

and interpret data.

I came to the ARC as a volunteer for my

I am from Limpopo province and aged

What are your future plans?

B-Tech project. To get my degree I was

26. I attended an agricultural high school

I see myself well established in my

required to volunteer at Agricultural

and from there I decided to follow a

career with a PhD. Working in agricultural

Research Council, Irene. Besides not get-

career in agriculture. I acquired a diploma

research. Helping other students develop

ting an income I was not discouraged. I

and degree in Agriculture at Tshwane

their careers. Possibly emerging into a

did as required to learn more on agricul-

University of Technology. Currently I am

world class scientific researcher.

ture science. Once I completed my degree,

at the final stage of my masters and plan

I had an interest in pursuing my studies

to proceed with PhD studies, as soon as I

to postgraduate level; being at ARC infor-

graduate for my master’s degree.

Where do you see yourself in 2yrs time?

In 2yrs time I hope to have enrolled for

accessible. Due to my commitment and

How has this programme assisted your career development?

professionalism, the Agricultural Research

When joining the programme I lacked

tions because presently I have published

Council committed to fund me for my

knowledge in terms of scientific research.

one article in a peer-reviewed journal and

Masters project.

I have acquired vast knowledge in how to

I am about to publish another article and

to make scientific presentations, analyse

mation about Professional and graduates Development Programme was readily

my PhD studies. Attained many publica-

conduct research projects, write scientific

still have other articles awaiting for pub-

What is your area of expertise?

publications and make presentations. The

lications. I’m anticipating making an inter-

Conducting research under Animal

programme has also trained me on how to

national presentation and training.

Breeding and Genetics, with a particular

collect, edit and analyse data.

focus on dairy cattle genetic improvement.

What can you say to other people about the ARC graduate programme?

desirable and economically important

What would you like to say to ARC about the programme?

traits (such as milk production, live weight

My studies would have never been a

is not only a programme that will assist

etc. in dairy cattle).

success without the financial aid from

in your studies but it will also develop

the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

your career in the field of agriculture. The

What has been the greatest benefit of joining this programme?

Professional Development Programme.

programme also gives the platform to be

Thank you, thank you; my outmost

recognised WORLDWIDE as you will be

Joining the programme has helped me

gratitude goes to you for giving me

conducting your research in one of the top

gain the necessary knowledge and skills

the opportunity to explore the greatest

research councils (ARC).

Through developing strategies to improve

The Professional Development Programme

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

21

ARC

Cornelius Mahlanza

This programme gave me a head start into my career while I was still studying.

How did you hear about the ARC Professional and graduates development programme?

What would you like to say to ARC about the programme?

I visited one of the institutes

The programme is relevant as it addresses the current needs for more qualified aca-

What is your area of expertise?

demics to assist ARC achieve its vision.

Microbiology and biochemistry.

What are your future plans?

What has been the greatest benefit of joining this programme?

Completing my PhD.

Exposure to the work environment.

Where do you see yourself in two years time?

Can you tell us a bit about your background?

Embarking on a postdoc.

I have a Master’s degree in biochemistry.

What can you say to other people about the ARC graduate programme?

How has this programme assisted your career development

It’s a good platform for anyone that has an interest in agricultural academic research

Cornelius Mahlanza

22

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

Stellenbosch University.

What sets us apart?

YOU UNLIMITED www.maties.com

Branding | www.gstudio.co.za

Are you creative and eager to explore? So is Stellenbosch University.

Do you see the world as your classroom and your future as yours to shape?

Stellenbosch University does. Are you driven to make a difference?

Then Stellenbosch is the place for you.

ARC

24

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

25

3527

“

At my math and science. And it paid off.

SANRAL’s scholarship programme is helping me to pay for my schooling to pave the way for my success.

”

Seokedzi Mothokwa is just one of the 179 learners that SANRAL’s scholarships from 2012-2013 is helping to realize his dreams of doing well and going on to study at university.

It’s an investment for us, for him and for our country. Who knows what he may become – but we know that better education means more opportunities, and that means a better nation for us all.

www.sanral.co.za | 0800 SANRAL (726 725)

GET ALL THE ANSWERS AT THESE EXCITING EVENTS AT UJ From 2014 the UJ OPEN DAY format will be changing to give you, the learner, a valuable experience with us. Instead of one large OPEN DAY, we have put together a calendar filled with smaller focused interactions to offer you the best guidance for your future.

Booking is essential, so book today by visiting future.uj.mobi either on your phone or PC or click on the My Future UJ Learner Portal Banner on www.uj.ac.za. If you have problems booking please email learnerportal@uj.ac.za or call 011 559 6372.

DATE

EVENT

23 April 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

9 May 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

14 May 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

16 May 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

4 June 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

23 June 2014

Subject Choice Seminars – Grade 9

24 June 2014

Subject Choice Seminars – Grade 9

30 July 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

6 August 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 12

10 September 2014 Mini Open Day – Grade 11 17 October 2014

Mini Open Day – Grade 11

* Please note these dates may be subject to change.

Individuals, parents, teachers and all groups are welcome – proof of your booking must be presented on entrance.

Campus tours will take place on the last Friday of every month, unless there is a public holiday and must also be booked on future.uj.mobi.

Please look out for more information in the press and online regarding UJ’s winter schools and other helpful initiatives aimed at keeping you CLEAR about your future!

SMS the keyword ODays to 45813 for any further info on any of these events.* * Standard sms rates apply.

Choose the r

ight subjects in Gr 9 L earn well in G E arn the ma r 10 r you need in ks Gr 1 Apply on tim 1 e in Gr 12 Register to b e a UJ stude come nt once accepted t o UJ

S W E N E C N E I C S

1 2

Professor Azwinndini Muronga is the winner of this year’s NSTF-BHP Billiton Award for his outstandin science, engineering and techn g contribution to through science communicatio ology innovation awareness over the last five ye n for public ars. The award is sponsored by SAASTA.

Ms Zanele Magwaza-Msibi has been appointed as the Deputy Minister of Science and Technology (DST)

3

Did yo level o u know that alcoho sex ho f l decre r m ases th one te increa s e tostero ses it ne in m in wom en, bu en. t

4

Puma Biotech announced that a Phase III clinical trial of its experimental drug blocked the return of breast cancer in some women. Shares of the small development biotech firm more than tripled on Wednesday morning after the news — and created a new billionaire in the process.

W MEN IN SCIENCE

Women In Science Awards will be held on the 15 of August 2014

DR TANDEKA

IMMUNOLOGIST TURNS TO BIO-CHEMISTRY Rooibos is more than tea

Can you tell us more about your high school?

I went to a model C high school and fitting in was a big challenge because of the language barrier. I came from a very Xhosa school and I was not fluent in English, in high school I initially wanted to study history so that I could be a lawyer but after discovering that I was more analytical and loved solving problems I grew to love maths and science and I ended up study-

S

cience Stars interviewed Research

I grew up in the remote area of Ezweleni

ing science and maths instead of history.

fellow Dr Tandeka Magcwebeba

Zone 1, Queenstown, Eastern Cape. I start-

from Stellenbosch University. Dr

ed my primary schooling at Nolwabo and

Can you tell us more about your matric year?

Magcwebeba works in Bio-Chemistry

also studied at Empendulo primary school.

I was very playful in grade 12, and I think

which is a very interesting area of study.

I started school at the age of five because

it was partly because I started school early

Dr Magcwebeba was named after the first

my mother was a teacher and didn’t have

and this made me more playful, I did not

female doctor in Queenstown, Eastern

a nanny to look after me so she decided to

do well in matric so I got a conditional

Cape. “She was the doctor who took care

send me to school so the teachers would

exemption. This meant I was restricted on

of my mother while she was pregnant with

look after me. I was a top student in pri-

what degrees to study and the worst part

me, after I was born the doctor asked my

mary school.

was that my parents still wanted me to be

parents to make sure I get educated and

This shocked my parents because they

a Doctor with my low marks. All the major

the sad part is that two years after nam-

did not think I would excel in school as I

universities in SA turned me down and I

ing me Tandeka she passed away. In later

started school at a very young age. They

had to change my career. My dad’s friend

years my parents kept reminding me that

had even told the teachers that it would

said that if I applied to study at UWC

DR Tandeka wanted me to study and they

be ok if I failed or repeated classes but

they would accept me with my low marks

even exaggerated it and said she wanted

the fact that they didn’t think I would pass

because my maths marks where very good,

me to be a doctor.”

made me ambitious and I worked hard and

when I got to UWC I read the words bio-

Here are some interesting questions and

passed, and not only did I just pass, I was

chemistry on the notice board and that

answers between Science Stars and Dr

the best student in my class. The average

fascinated me. The white coat also got me

Magcwebeba . This is one inspirational

schooling starting age during my time was

excited me because I used to see Brooke

story and at SS we are sure it will moti-

(7) so the teachers used to hide me when

from ‘The bold and beautiful’ wearing it

vate you all our young readers.

school inspectors would come to visit

and looking smart.

Can you tell us more about your upbringing?

the school, because they didn’t want the

30

inspectors to know that I was underage.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

How was your University life after-

DR TANDEKA

wards?

At UWC I studied a general BSC, because of lack of career information I just went for subjects that I liked, after I graduated my family expected me to work but my father advised me to pursue an honours degree, but just like in high school I didn’t do well in my final year and I had to change from majoring in Bio-Chemistry to physiology, I then took Bio-Chemistry as a minor.

When I was doing my under-graduate degree I had no clear idea of what I was going to work as, so I was just studying without a plan, I went from an undergraduate degree to honours without knowing what I was going to be employed as. I did my honours in medical biology.

My honours research project focused on people with defunct immune systems, like HIV positive people and pregnant

Dr Tandeka Magcwebeba

women, for my Masters we used technics from micro biology and bio-chemistry like “pcr” to study how contaminated river

water affected people with compromised

I had a background in immunology and

immune systems.

they wanted me to research how rooibos

My Masters research made me very curious

extracts could prevent cancer, at first I was

and I started thinking about my career and

shocked to see that something we used at

started planning my future.

home could be used to treat cancer and be

After my masters I ended up at the MRC,

researched by scientist in a lab.

this is where I started growing and gain-

The rooibos research was very interesting,

ing confidence because I was using top

it made me fall in love with bio chemistry,

facilities to implement what I learnt at

for my PHD we developed a model to see

UWC, MRC shaped my goal and how to

how plants can cure diseases and I now

approach things.

see myself continuing being a researcher

At MRC I started working on the famous

for a very long time.

rooibos research. MRC exposed me to a

I strongly think that people must take

whole different world, I turned into a pro-

women who are studying science and

fessional scientist at MRC, and did my doc-

maths seriously and support them.

torate in Bio-Chemistry at the university of For my PHD I used the Bio-Chemistry

What would you be if you were not a scientist?

technic and Stellenbosch gave me an

An actress in Generations, probably playing

opportunity to be around bio chemists, so

Mawande.

I became an immunologist in a bio chem-

Your other talents?

Stellenbosch.

istry field.

I can cook Mphokoqo very well.

Tell us about the rooibos story?

Tell us about your typical day?

While I was growing up I only knew

I go to the lab in the morning , run experi-

rooibos as a tea not a plant, but after

ments, read research articles, discover new

my Masters MRC employed me because

problems and try to solve them.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

31

ur c a

er re CALL FOR APPLICATIONS

The CSIR is pleased to announce a comprehensive bursary programme that is aimed at providing support for talented students in selected fields of The CSIR invites applications from students wishing to register for undergraduate (all levels) science, engineering and technology (SET). The bursaries are designed to be especially attractive to those students that are considering a career and Honours studies for the 2015 academic year in the following operating units and fields: in research, with a value that will comprehensively cover all the normal costs associated with university studies, such as registration, tuition, books, accommodation, meals, laptop, etc. A generous living expenses allowance is an additional part of the package, to assist all selected students with incidental costs. Both academic merit and financial need will be considered during the selection process, as well as the imperative to increase the participation of women and black people in SET. The CSIR invites applications from students wishing to register for undergraduate (all levels) and honours studies for the 2015 academic year in the following operating units and fields: BSc/BEng undergraduate studies in the built environment fields: • Civil • Architecture • Geo Information Systems(GIS) • Construction Management • Mathematics • Oceanography • Mechatronics • Mechanical BSc/BEng undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the defence and security fields: • Electronic • Electrical (light current) • Mechanical • Aeronautical • Industrial • Computer Science • Computer Engineering • Applied Mathematics and Physics • Chemistry • Biomedical Engineering

BSc/BEng undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the information and communication technologies fields: • Electronic • Software • Computer Engineering • Computer Science • Artificial Intelligence • Information Systems • Computational Linguistics • Information Technology • Remote Sensing Areas of Interest include: Speech analytics (audio and text), Wireless technologies, High Performance computing, Hybrid broadcasting and broadband technologies, Software development, Mobile applications, Data Science and Visualisation, Sensor Networks BSc/BEng undergraduate studies in the information security fields: • Applied Mathematics (physics) (first year) • Mechanical Engineering (first year)

• Please note that the bursary programme is open to students studying at South African universities in all provinces.

• Should you not be contacted within one month of the closing date, please consider your application unsuccessful.

Closing date: 15 September 2014 Should you experience any problems in submitting your application, please contact the CSIR Recruitment Centre at Recruitmentqueries@csir.co.za. Please do not submit your application to this mailbox.

To apply for a bursary go to http://www.csir.co.za/recruitment/bursary.php To request a manual application form email bursaryprogramme@csir.co.za The CSIR is a responsible employer; we have put measures in place to ensure that equity is implemented such that it best serves the interests of the organisation and South Africa as a whole. Preference will be given to applicants from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and people living with disabilities. This speaks to the CSIR’s commitment to the Employment Equity Act of 1998.

By applying for this bursary at the CSIR, the applicant understands, consents and agrees that the CSIR may solicit a credit and criminal report from a registered credit bureau and/or SAPS (in relation to positions that require trust and honesty and/or entail the handling of cash or finances) and may also verify the applicant’s educational qualifications and employment history.

The CSIR reserves the right not to appoint if a suitable candidate is not identified.

www.csir.co.za

• Computer Science (third or fourth year) • Computer Engineering (third or fourth year) BSc/BEng undergraduate studies in the natural resources and the environmental sciences fields: • Chemical Engineering (BTech or BEng) (fourth year) • Meteorology/ Climatology (Applied Mathematics/ Physics/ Mathematical Statistics provided with interest in Climatology & the environmental sciences) (third year) • Chemistry (fourth year) BSc/BEng postgraduate studies in the natural resources and the environmental sciences fields: • Chemistry • Meteorology/Climatology (Applied Mathematics/ Physics/ Mathematical Statistics provided with interest in Climatology & the environmental sciences) • Geography and Environmental Management with a focus on Waste management Requirements: • A South African citizen • Planned enrolment at a South African university in 2014 • An average of 65% for the current academic year Your application must include: • A copy of your Identity Document • A copy of your CV • Latest transcripts (academic results).

CLOSING DATE: 15 SEPTEMBER 2014

2015

PROGRAMME

tivate c a

yo

CSIR

BURSARY

CSIR

CSIR LAUNCHES AN OPEN-INNOVATION PLATFORM AIMED AT DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING BIO-MANUFACTURING

T

he CSIR has launched a

fields related to bioprocess development

ers of their innovations and retain abso-

Biomanufacturing Industry

and scale-up.

lute control over their future in terms of

Development Centre (BIDC) to pro-

added value and partnerships. The facility

vide product and process development

The BIDC aims to support and develop

will also help lower the cost and barriers

support to SMEs that intend to produce

at least 12 businesses over the next

that inhibit innovative enterprises from

biologicals for industrial, veterinary and

three years, leading to a potential Gross

translating their inventions into market-

human applications.

Domestic Product contribution of up to

ready products, and will play an enabling

R180 million per annum. The true benefit

role in developing necessary partnerships

Funded through the Jobs Fund of the

of this investment however, will be seen in

that will directly contribute to sustainable

Development Bank of Southern Africa

the years thereafter as the biomanufactur-

job creation.

(DBSA) and the Department of Science

ing sector grows.

and Technology (DST), the centre is the first of its kind built in the country. The

The CSIR BIDC is designed in such a way

BIDC is meant to become a hub for open-

The CSIR BIDC is located in newly refur-

that it is highly flexible and adaptable

innovation in biomanufacturing and is

bished buildings at the CSIR campus in

because this synthesis of academic and

specifically dedicated to start-ups and

Pretoria.

industrial activity will accelerate innova-

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

tion and process development. With entre-

in the development of new technologies

The centre will support companies

preneurs, students and industrial experts

and products. It will provide incubated

through the prototyping and scale-up

all in the mix, we expect the CSIR BIDC to

companies with access to ready-to-use

phases of product development and will

help evolve the best practices of biomanu-

biomanufacturing facilities and supporting

assist them to do market acceptance test-

facturing by providing applied experience

research and development (R&D) labora-

ing, and to launch products on the market.

for the incubatees to go out there and

tories, as well as access to experts in the

The companies will remain the sole own-

become well-established business people.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

33

CSIR

MAKING A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS AN HIV/AIDS-FREE GENERATION

“

I am always affected by the statistics

black woman from Parys to obtain a PhD.

African AIDS conference held in Durban.

on women who are infected by HIV,

I was even surprised when the Premier of

Dr Hazel Mufhandu, one of Grace’s col-

but also children. Children do not

the Free State, Ace Magashule, mentioned

leagues, describes her as a hard worker.

choose to be HIV positive; they are born

in his State of the Province address on 21

“Her determination to get things done, as

with it, especially through mother to child

February 2014 that he would like to con-

well as the drive to constantly look for

transmission. The idea is to help mothers

gratulate a lady from his hometown who

better ways of doing things ultimately

who are already HIV positive. Even if they

just graduated with her PhD. I think the

helps her to pull through, no matter how

are taking anti-retrovirals (ARVs), research

reason he mentioned it was not all about

challenging the situation she finds her-

has proven that 33% of the children who

bragging, but rather for young people to

self in,” she says. Hazel adds, “Grace is a

are breastfed by HIV positive mothers still

be motivated.”

humorous person; likes to chat a lot; is

get infected,” says Dr Grace London who is

“The journey was not simple. A PhD is very

a go-getter; and accomplishes her tasks

a senior researcher within the emerging

demanding and an emotional roller-coast-

once she puts her mind to it.”

health technologies competence area at

er. You get a lot of roadblocks, sometimes

Apart from her research work, Grace is

the CSIR.

things don’t really work out and you can

also interested in astronomy and is a

Her area of specialisation is the preven-

go on for a year doing one thing. However,

member of the Silverton Astronomy Club.

tion of mother to child transmission in

I learned a lot through that period, and

She also loves road running. “I belong to

breast milk using nucleic acid ligand

that’s the emotional part of it because

the CSIR Running Club and ran the Old

called aptamers. This work is something

sometimes you spend roughly 20 hours a

Mutual Two Oceans Marathon 56 km this

that is close to her heart. Grace and the

day trying to make things work. The per-

year.”

team of research scientists that she works

son I was when I started my PhD is not

with envisage an HIV/Aids-free generation

the same person I am after I graduated.

where children will not get infected at all.

You mature so much.”

Among her accolades are several inter-

Her determination and drive to bring

national scholarships. These include the

change to the lives of others led to

Global Health - Bill & Melinda Gates

her joining the CSIR in 2008 from the

Foundation Scholarship and the Fulbright-

University of Cape Town, where she was

Fogarty Award to complete part of her

enrolled for her MSc studies. In 2013,

PhD work at Scripps Research Institute in

she completed her PhD and went on to

California for six months. Grace has also

become the first black woman from Parys,

presented at eight conferences (four inter-

a small town in the northern Free State, to

national and four local). Moreover, in 2013

obtain a PhD.

she won the Discovery Clinical Excellence

“I did not even know that I was the first

Award for best poster at the 6th South

34

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST

SA SCIENTISTS IN ACTION Scientists join Minister Pandor for EuroScience Open Forum 2014

T

wo of our young researchers from South Africa will be among thousands of scientists and researchers

attending Europe’s largest science conference, which takes place in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 21 to 26 June.

Takatso Semenya, a physiotherapist at the University of Limpopo, and Prof. Mamello Thinyane, who is an associate professor

Prof. Glenda Gray, Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor and Prof. Mamello Thinyani

at Fort Hare University’s Department of Computer Science, will be accompanying

she would share and implement in South

said Prof. Thinyane.

the Minister of Science and Technology,

Africa as a contribution to building a

Prof. Gray is scheduled to make a presen-

Naledi Pandor, and the newly appointed

knowledge-based economy.

tation on how health diplomacy drives

President of the Medical Research Council

“My plan is to use this opportunity to

business and innovation.

and leading HIV/Aids specialist, Prof.

learn from different experts in order to

Themed “Science Building Bridges”, the

Glenda Gray.

help transform this country’s health sci-

conference is aimed at raising the public’s

The EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF)is an

ences research environment and products

awareness of science and strengthening

open platform to debate science and a

into something uniquely African yet being

the “bridges” between science and society.

showcase for global research. It also aims

globally competitive,” said Ms Semenya.

Denmark has a deep-rooted scientific

to promote dialogue on the role of sci-

Prof. Thinyane is particularly interested

tradition and a strong commitment to

ence and technology in society and public

in how information and communication

scientific and technological innovation,

policy.

technologies (ICTs) can be used to address

which play an important role in translat-

Speaking ahead of the event, Minister

socio-economic challenges, particularly in

ing knowledge from science to society.

Pandor said: “The EuroScience Open

rural areas and among the youth.

South Africa remains one of the most suc-

Forum presents an opportunity for South

“For me this event presents a valuable

cessful participants from outside Europe

Africa to showcase its latest advances in

opportunity to exchange knowledge in

in the EU Framework Programmes for

science. There is much to learn from this

the ICT field and network with research-

Research and Technological Development,

country!”

ers from other countries. There are many

with major participation dating back to

Looking forward to discussions, Ms

Europeans who are interested in Africa,

the fourth framework programme. Under

Semenya said attending ESOF2014 would

and ESOF is a chance to sell South Africa

the seventh, more than R400 million in

help her glean best and novel practices in

and find ways to form partnerships

EU funding was allocated to South African

science, technology and innovation, which

towards the development of this country,”

organisations.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

35

National Science Week 2014 Focus Week 2014: 4 - 9 August 2014 Launch: Saturday, 2 August 2014

UWC

UWC LAUNCHES GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY CENTRE Meaningful science for helping humanity

O

n the 14th of July the University

tackle real problems. Nanotechnology has

of the Western Cape (UWC)

improved the design and performance of

proudly launched its newest

products in various areas such as electron-

The establishment of the Centre for Green

research facility, the Centre for Green

ics, medicine and medical devices, food

Nanotechnology started in 2008/09 when

Nanotechnology.

and agriculture, cosmetics, chemicals,

UWC embarked on developing a 5-year

innovative solutions for societal benefit”.

materials, coatings, energy and so forth.

institutional strategic plan for 2010-2014.

The establishment of this Centre was

According to Prof Bharuthram, “Green nan-

The Institutional Operational Plan (IOP)

made a reality through the positive part-

otechnology provides an opportunity to

identified eight institutional goals which

nership between the University of Missouri

combine the strengths of nanobioscience,

included: Goal 2 – Teaching & Learning;

(UM) and UWC that spans approximately

nanochemistry and nanophysics towards

and Goal 3 – Research & Innovation.

30 years.

To celebrate the launch of this Centre, speakers at the event included Prof Brian O’Connell, Rector of UWC; Prof Richard Bowen Loftin, Chancellor of UM; Prof Ken Dean, Provost of UM; and Prof Ramesh Bharuthram, Deputy Vice-Chancellor of UWC.

Green nanotechnology is a relatively new science which aims to create environmental green technologies in an effort to

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

37

UWC

TEAM YOUDUBS Wins international supercomputing competition

T

he University of the Western Cape

high quality level of education offered at

award for highest LINPACK with an

(UWC) congratulates the South

UWC,” says Prof Brian O’Connell, Rector and

impressive 10.14 teraflops.

African supercomputing Centre for

Vice-Chancellor of UWC.

High Performance Computing (CHPC) team

Team SA has been driven by David

comprising of UWC’s “Team Youdubs” –

At this year’s competition, 11 national

Macleod and Nick Thorne from the Centre

Nicole Thomas, Eugene de Beste, Warren

teams from around the world competed

for High Performance Computing (CHPC),

Jacobus and Saeed Natha – together

against each other to measure applica-

and the team was also supported by Peter

with two others Ellen Nxala (Fort Hare

tion performance which included keeping

van Heusden, a Senior Software Developer

University) and Pieter Malan (Stellenbosch

within a power budget of 3kW.

based at UWC. Van Heusden says that

University), for proudly representing

while he did not go to Germany with the

South Africa and clinching the number

During the competition teams had to

one spot at the fiercely contested Annual

assemble, test and tune their computer

International Student Cluster (ISC) compe-

cluster machines illustrating their know-

Van Heusden says that with regard to

tition in Leipzig, Germany.

how and innovation capabilities. A com-

South African computational science, we’re

puter cluster is a set of loosely connected

always fighting being the ‘data providers’

Team Youdubs had won the South African

or tightly connected computers that work

– whether it is in astrophysics or in bioin-

national Student Cluster Competition,

together so that in many respects they can

formatics, there is this idea that the data

which enabled them to compete at this

be viewed as a single system.

comes from Africa, the analysis from the

international event.

team, they kept in contact on a daily basis.

US and Europe.

Students from the University of Science

“UWC is exceptionally proud of the stu-

and Technology, China took second place;

Assisting the students with this competi-

dents and this result. The fact that our

third place went to students from Tsingua

tion has been his contribution towards

students are able to compete and win at

University (also China); and the University

changing that, and illustrating that SA has

an international level further proves the

of Edinburgh, UK (EPCC) team took the

some great scientific minds.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

39

BUDGET VOTE

A

n additional R5,8 billion is needed

the Technology Innovation Agency (R380

if South Africa is to achieve the

million); the Human Sciences Research

National Development Plan’s target

Council (R276 million); the South African

R1,4 billion has been allocated over

National Space Agency (R118 million) and

the medium term from the Economic

the Academy of Science of South Africa

Competitiveness and Support Package for

(R21 million).

industrial partnerships, research into satel-

of 100 000 PhDs by 2030.

Delivering the Department of Science and Technology’s Budget Vote for 2014/15 in

tists.

lite development, titanium technology and

Parliament, Minister Naledi Pandor said, “In

Key priorities in 2014/15

nanotechnology, and for the internship

order to reach this target we need to train

Over the medium term, the Department

programme.

6 000 PhDs per annum. We now produce

of Science and Technology will focus on

just over 1 800 PhDs per year.”

developing human capital, creating new

To improve South Africa’s global competi-

knowledge, investing in research and

tiveness, the Department will make trans-

“Currently we lack research-supervision

development infrastructure and encourag-

fer payments to the Council for Scientific

capacity and the doctoral-student pipe-

ing innovation in South Africa by fund-

and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the

line is too narrow. We need to support

ing marketable products emerging from

National Research Foundation (NRF) to

researchers who are capable of supervis-

research.

fund 11 440 bursaries for postgraduate

ing postgraduate students, and to cre-

research students in 2014/15, and close to

ate appropriate incentives for students

The Department will also make transfers

to remain in the system up to doctoral

to fund the MeerKAT, precursor to the

level. We have recently begun investing in

Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio tele-

Transformation

emerging researchers through postdoctor-

scope. The MeerKAT, which will eventually

The NRF will disseminate a total of R1,7

al fellowships in the Thuthuka programme,

have 64 antennae, should increase from

billion in research grants and bursaries

and research-career-advancement fellow-

four dishes in 2014/15 to 27 in 2015/16

this financial year to meet the strict

ships,” she added.

and 31 in 2016/17.

transformation guidelines set by Minister

30 000 over the next two financial years.

Pandor, which include

The budget

The African Very Long Baseline

increasing the ratio of black to total

The Department of Science and

Interferometry Network (AVN) is being

researchers from 28% in 2013/14 to 40%

Technology received a total of R6 470,2

rolled out and will involve South

in 2016/17.

billion from the National Treasury for the

Africa’s eight SKA African partner coun-

Increasing the ratio of female to total

2014/15 financial year.

tries. Through the AVN programme,

researchers from 36% in 2013/14 to 50%

SKA South Africa, in partnership with

in 2016/17.

Most of this is distributed to the six enti-

the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy

increasing the ratio of black to total

ties reporting to the Department, which

Observatory, has also trained scientists

graduate students funded from 63% in

are the National Research Foundation

and engineers from Ghana and Kenya. The

2013/14 to 71% in 2016/17.

(R851 million); the Council for Scientific

AVN programme will continue to assist

increasing the ratio of female to total

and Industrial Research (R825 million);

with training more technicians and scien-

postgraduate students funded from 53% in

40

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

2013/14 to 55% in 2016/17.

Framework period in implementing a

such a commitment is a clear signal of sig-

South African Research Chairs Initiative

coordinated approach to science educa-

nificance role to be played by science and

tion, science awareness and science com-

technology in the radical transformation of

There are now 157 awarded chairs, of

munication. The programme, run through

South Africa.

which 128 have been filled. Of the chair

the South African Agency for Science and

holders, 73% were recruited in South

Technology Advancement (SAASTA), will

The ICT RDI Roadmap

Africa, 21% are women and 28% are black.

reach about 350 000 learners and about

The roadmap is aimed at increasing public

There are plans for another 20 chairs. The

13 000 teachers.

and private investment in ICT research, development and innovation by provid-

initiative has contributed to the transformation of the system by increasing the

In pursuit of increasing public engagement

ing a mechanism to forecast technology

number of black and female researchers.

on science, technology and innovation, a

developments in targeted areas and iden-

Since the inception of the programme, the

science and education centre will be built

tify critical areas for development if South

number of black undergraduate students

in Cofimvaba in the Eastern Cape at a cost

Africa’s socio-economic objectives are to

has increased by 450% and the number of

R30 million to encourage an appreciation

be met. The Department will require an

postgraduate students by 400%.

for science and to offer teacher training

additional R9 billion to implement the

in the area. A mobile science laboratory,

roadmap successfully.

Centres of excellence

funded by the Department and the Sasol

Concerted efforts by the Department and

Centres of excellence are physical or

Inzalo Foundation, will help the science

its ICT RDI implementing agency, the CSIR

virtual centres of research which concen-

centre reach nearby rural areas.

Meraka Institute, have succeeded in sourc-

trate existing capacity and resources to

ing and leveraging additional funding of

enable researchers to collaborate across

Between 2012 and 2014, the Department

disciplines on long-term projects that are

exposed about 1 341 unemployed gradu-

locally relevant and internationally com-

ates to work experience in science, engi-

This includes

petitive in order to enhance the pursuit of

neering and technology institutions. Of

R15 million from the Development Bank of

research excellence and capacity develop-

these 58% were absorbed into permanent

South Africa Green Fund for the develop-

ment.

employment in the same institutions and

ment of an ICT Smart and Green Platform

about R258 million for ICT RDI activities.

others have found employment elsewhere.

aimed at demonstrating how ICT can sup-

There are now 14 centres and invest-

The Department has allocated R80 million

port green economy goals for the country;

ment in them has increased at an aver-

to fund 1 000 science postgraduates in the

three-year funding of R61,1 million from

age of 20% a year since 2010/11. The

2014/15 internship programme.

the Department of Science and Technology

Department of Science and Technology is

Increasing gross expenditure on R&D to

and the Department of Rural Development

exploring a further three centres – in Aids,

1,5% of GDP.

and Land Reform; R62 million over three years from

Human Settlements and Water Research, all in collaboration with other depart-

The Department is busy investigating vari-

the National Treasury’s Economic

ments.

ous methods to increase the investment in

Competitiveness Support Package for the

research and development to 1,5% of the

ICT Industry Innovation Partnership Fund;

Attracting young people to science

GDP as mandated by the manifesto of the

R120 million from European Union

The Department will invest R497 mil-

ANC during the general election this year.

General Budget Support funding for an ICT

lion over the Medium Term Economic

That the ANC was the only party to make

innovation programme.

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

41

DST

DECODING OF EUCALYPTUS TREE GENOME U’NLOCKS NEW POSSIBILITIES Hope for renewable fibre, fuel and biomaterials

D

ecoding of Eucalyptus tree genome

determine specific characteristics in these

Combing through the more than 36 000

unlocks new possibilities for

trees, we can breed trees that grow faster,

genes found in Eucalyptus, the research-

renewable fibre, fuel and bioma-

have higher quality wood, use water

ers homed in on those that may be able

terials – better and more wood, fibre and

more efficiently and will cope better with

to boost the economic value of the trees

cellulose – and possibly even future jet

climate change,” Prof. Myburg explains

by influencing the production of cellulosic

fuel!

the significance of this major scientific

raw materials that can be processed for

A University of Pretoria (UP) researcher,

milestone. “Even more, we can turn well-

pulp, paper, biomaterial and bio-energy

Prof. Zander Myburg, took the lead as chief

managed Eucalyptus plantations into

applications.

investigator in a global project to dis-

bio-factories to produce specific kinds of

“As one of the lead organisations, the

cover the genetic blueprint of Eucalyptus

sought-after materials and chemicals.”

University of Pretoria is delighted with the

grandis, a species from a genus of fast-

He added: “With this new knowledge about

positive outcomes of the project and the

growing trees commonly known as “gum

the molecular basis for superior growth

exciting new opportunities for our genom-

trees”(“bloekoms” in Afrikaans) in South

and specific adaptations in plants, we can

ic research programmes,” says Prof. Anton

Africa.

apply the same techniques to other woody

Ströh, Dean of the Faculty of Natural and

The successful sequencing of this genome

plants that can be used as feedstock in the

Agricultural Sciences at UP.

has been published in the prestigious,

bio-economy of the future.”

Prominent co-leaders on the project

high-impact scientific journal Nature

Gum trees are highly adaptable and

include Prof. Dario Grattapaglia of the

(advanced online publishing at 19:00

grow exceptionally fast. While native to

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

London time on 11 June 2014;, print edi-

Australia, these trees are planted world-

(EMBRAPA) and Catholic University of

tion 19 June 2014).

wide, mainly for timber, pulp and paper

Brasilia; Dr Gerald Tuskan of the Oak

“Now that we understand which genes

production, but increasingly also for

Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and

“chemical cellulose” – a form of pure cel-

the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and

lulose that is used in a wide variety of

US Department of Energy Joint Genome

industrial products from textiles to phar-

Institute (DOE JGI); Prof. Dan Rokhsar of

maceuticals.

the DOE JGI; and Dr Jeremy Schmutz of the

The project to sequence the Eucalyptus

DOE JGI and the HudsonAlpha Institute for

grandis genome involved 80 researchers

Biotechnology.

from 30 institutions across 18 countries.

The US Department of Energy was a major

It took them five years to sequence and

funder via its Joint Genome Institute in

analyse the 640 million base-pair genome.

Walnut Creek, California, where most of the

42

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST

Prof. Zander Myburg DNA sequencing was done.

sue that helps channel water throughout

ticularly high abundance in Eucalyptus

South Africa’s Department of Science and

the plant and strengthens the tree,” he

trees – derivatives of sesquiterpenes that

Technology (DST), together with forestry

explains.

contain 15 carbon atoms (diesel fuel typi-

companies Sappi and Mondi, supported

Team members Dr Carsten Külheim and

cally contains 10 to 24 carbon atoms) may

Prof. Myburg and his team by funding the

Prof. Bill Foley at the Australian National

be promising alternatives for petroleum-

construction of the genome map used as

University (ANU) also found that, among

based fuels. Researchers have already

a scaffold for genome assembly, as well as

sequenced plants to date, Eucalyptus

made important breakthroughs in engi-

the sequencing of expressed genes used

showed the highest diversity of genes for

neering aspects of terpene biosynthesis

for annotation of the genome.

specialised metabolites such as terpenes.

into microbes such as bacteria and yeasts.

“The development of new knowledge and

These hydrocarbons serve as chemical

“This means that in future we could use

skills in tree genomics, and the application

self-defenses against pests, and also pro-

specially selected Eucalyptus genes in

of that knowledge to enhance industry

vide the familiar aromatic essential oils

bacteria and yeasts, turning them into bio-

competitiveness, is directly aligned with

used in medicinal cough drops and in

factories to manufacture advanced biofu-

the DST’s vision of a bio-economy,” says

industrial processes.

els on a large scale,” Prof. Myburg says. “In

Dr Phil Mjwara, Director-General of the

Among the family of terpene compounds

future, jumbo jets may take off powered by

Department of Science and Technology.

naturally produced in plants – and in par-

renewable, Eucalyptus-based fuel!”

“This is a superb example of full valuechain thinking, and thus an important investment for the Department.”

Prof. Myburg’s research team identified genes encoding 18 final enzymatic steps for the production of cellulose and the hemicellulose xylan, both carbohydrates that are enriched in wood fibre cells and can be used for biofuel production. “By tracing their evolutionary lineages and expression in woody tissues, we defined a core set of genes for biopolymer production that are highly expressed in the development of xylem – the woody tis-

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

43

44

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

45

INSTITUTIONS

BIO-SCIENCE INSTITUTIONS UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

mark of at least 70%

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

Mathematics 4

BIO-CHEMISTRY

Physical Sciences 4

ADMISSION AND SUBJECT REQUIREMENTS

Life Sciences 4

Applicants must attain a National Senior

English as school subjects

Certificate with at least

Complete the Non-academic Merit Form

36 points and need to have a minimum of

and submit it along with your application

Strong recommendation: Afrikaans and

Mathematics 5 & Physical Science 5 (NSC rating)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG FACULTY OF SCIENCE BIO-CHEMISTRY

BIO-CHEMISTRY

ADMISSION AND SUBJECT REQUIREMENT

ADMISSION AND SUBJECT REQUIREMENTS

A minimum rating of 5 for Mathematics, if

3 year Bsc degree

programme.

Compulsory and Prescribed subjects:

A minimum rating of 4 for Mathematics if

English at level 4 (home or first additional

Mathematics 1C is included in the study

language)

programme.

Math at level 4

A minimum rating of 5 for Physical Science

Physical Science at level 4.

if Chemistry 1A and/or Physics 1A is

UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE

Mathematics 1A is included in the study

included in the study programme.

A minimum rating of 4 for Physical Science

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA FACULTY OF SCIENCE

if Chemistry 1C and/or Physics 1C is

BIO-CHEMISTRY

Programme.

included in the study

ADMISSION AND SUBJECT REQUIREMENT Matriculation exemption / National Senior

UNIVERSITY OF FREE-STATE

Certificate with appropriate subject combinations and levels of achievement.

FACULTY OF SCIENCE BIO-CHEMISTRY

Minimum of 3 years.

AP = 28

UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH FACULTY OF SCIENCE

Language of tuition

BIO-CHEMISTRY

Achievement level 4

ADMISSION AND SUBJECT REQUIREMENT

Mathematics =

Write the National Benchmark Tests AQL

Achievement level 5

and MAT

Physical Sciences =

National Senior Certificate aggregate pass.

Achievement level 4.

46

(Eng or Afr) =

Science Stars Magazine Issue 5 | www.sciencestars.co.za

NAME

SYMBOL

VALUE

Acceleration due to gravity

g

9,8 m.s-²

Gravitational constant

G

6,67 x 10 -11 N.m² kg -²

Charge on electron

e-

-1,6 x 10 -¹⁹ C

Speed of light in a vacuum

c

3,0 x 10⁸ m.s -¹

Coulomb’s constant

k

9,0 x 10⁹v N.m²C-²

Electron mass

mₑ

9,11 x 10 -31 kg

Permitivity of free space

Ԑₒ

8,85 x 10 -12 F.m -1

Planck’s constant

h

6,63 x 10 -34J.s