SS Climatlogy Issue 21

SCIENCESTARS Issue 21 | 2019

CLIMATOLOGY

CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

0

national science week 2019

2

budget vote:– a summary

6

ARC – PROFILE

9 INSPIRATION

0

GREENHOUSE GASES

2

HOW NATURE IS AFFECTED

4

PLASTIC POLLUTION

6

WATER SCARCITY

8

RECYCLING

REGULARS

5 9 3 3 3 3 3 3

COVER STORY

SCIENCE NEWS

0

AVAILABLE BURSARIES

2

QUIZ

3

PUZZLES

4

ANSWERS

5

FACTS

6

SCIENCE CENTRE

ED’S NOTE

team Science Stars

LETTER FROM

THE EDITOR

Editor • Shani Rhoda

Changing climate change

As an animal lover, the effects of climate change are devastating.

Not only am I frightened by the images of polar bears stranded, desparately searching for the life that giant icebergs provided before, but I am frightened by the excessive panting of my mixedbreed Chow who pants throughout those long, unbearable summer days in the Cape.

On page 28 we highlight the importance of recycling and give you tips on how to implement programmes in your class and at home. Page 24 starts an eyeopening and very necessary conversation on how human action is affecting the life around us. And if you’re not entirely sure what the causes of climate change are, flip over to page 20.

But, where there are big thinkers and dedicated innovators, there is hope. It may be seen in the hundreds of schoolgoers demanding political attention be drawn to the cause and also in the corporates ditching their plastic straws for biodegradable ones. It’s evident even in those individual households who have toddlers pioneering change and challenging their parents to do better for the generations to come.

Graphic designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Contributing designer • Stacey Okkers Contributing writers • Zakiyah Ebrahim • Nicole Ludolph • Zoe Fick Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi

Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.

National Science Week kicks off on 27 July at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley, Northern Cape, and we can’t wait to hear more about this year’s theme: “Facing the harsh realities of climate change”.

We may not be able to erase the damage but we are in the perfect position to make a change. Let’s do this!

Shani Rhoda Editor

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

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ABOUT ARMSCOR Armscor is an Acquisition Agency for the Department of Defence and other organs of state. Renowned for its acquisition expertise, Armscor provides turnkey defence solutions to its clients. The organisations’ experience in acquisition is spread over six decades, its technology know-how ranges from technology development, development and upgrading of products as well as maintenance and disposal of products.

Armscor has a number of initiatives aimed at addressing critical human capital challenges and this includes developing and retaining the skills that lead to the achievement of strategic and business objectives. Skills development is identified as a priority in the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030. Armscor is responding to this call through its Talent Development Programme (TDP). The TDP aims to empower the newly appointed graduates with opportunities to acquire skills by working on advanced technologies at Armscor and other industry partners.

Armscor as a pioneer to technological innovation has ensured that it does not remain behind the pack when it comes to cyber innovation. The institution has been over the years funding bright students interested in anything cyber related. These students, upon graduating, are offered an internship at many of its facilities to practically exercise their new found fields. One such field is Cybersecurity, which is vital to counter cyber threats in their many facets.

The company prides itself with one of its graduates in cybersecurity who is contributing immensely to curbing cyber threats which might be instituted against it. Not only will the graduate’s knowledge benefit the company it will also be used to secure South Africa’s national security against dishonest characters intending on destabilizing our country.

Mr Ndaedzo Rananga has qualifications in BSc Computer Science, Engineering Certificate N4 with his highest qualification been a BSc Honours in Computer Science. Ndaedzo believes that “Cybersecurity is still in the forming phase, so it requires lots of dedication and willingness to face new challenges and learn”.

He enjoys been exposed to cybersecurity platforms in the real world, as he gets a chance to be part of a team that creates solutions to new vulnerabilities, as well as patching those security flaws. Computer sciences evolve by the second, so in order to be ahead of your peers and be the best in the field, all around, a will power to succeed is required.

Ndaedzo aims to be the best, and he believes his self-ambition and hardwork will see him become exactly that in this fast paced and innovation seeking field. When probed about why he choose Armscor as a learning spring board for his career he simply states “Innovation”. Such a response clearly demonstrates Armscor’s technology leadership as a hub for production of individuals who will contribute immensely to our country’s role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

APPLICATIONS

Feynman

To be part of the TDP, students must send their latest CV and transcript to tdp@armscor.co.za Bursaries: bursaries@armscor.co.za Careers: tdp@armscor.co.za Contact: web 4 www.armscor.co.za Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Follow us on:

COVER FEATURE

CLIMATE CHANGE: WILL WE SURVIVE IT? It’s a hot topic right now with individuals and organisations actively fighting for a change – but will our situation improve over the years?

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

Imagine walking along our beautiful country’s beach coasts, but the beaches were no more – all you see is seawater.

Sounds crazy, right? But at the rate that global sea levels are rising, the ocean could be 1.3 metres higher by 2100.

While it may not sound that worrisome, here are some of the rippling effects: • More than 200 million people displaced • Plants and animals losing their habitats • Increased shortages of food and water • Weather patterns becoming increasingly unpredictable • People’s physical health affected, especially those in urban areas And there’s more…

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COVER FEATURE

You’ve heard it: global climate change is

Port Elizabeth and East London are at risk

To prevent further dangerous levels of

real, and it is happening right now. Human

of flooding by 2050, notes a C40 Cities

climate change, countries around the

activity, from pollution to overpopulation,

report. On the flip side, the World Weather

world signed up to the Paris Agreement.

is driving up the earth’s temperature and

Attribution estimates that climate change

This Agreement aims to strengthen the

radically changing the world around us. It

has tripled the likelihood of drought in

ability of countries to deal with the

has consequences for our oceans, weather,

Cape Town – remember the low dam

impacts of climate change together.

food sources and our health.

levels and how the city was bracing for the dreaded ‘Day Zero’ last year? Although

South Africa is undertaking significant

From heat waves to hurricanes and

the Mother City narrowly missed it, the

actions to respond to the risks and

droughts to major storms and floods,

water crisis continues.

impacts, said Tourism Minister Derek

extreme weather events are becoming

Hanekom last year and added that the

more frequent. Last year, unseasonal

Can climate change be corrected?

Renewable Energy Independent Power

dust storms killed more than 500 people

Many climate scientists suggest it may

Producers Procurement Programme

in India; Europe has been experiencing

be too late to reverse the worst impacts

(REIPPP) has achieved a reduction of

sizzling heat waves; torrential and extreme

of climate change. This means we need

25.3 mega tonnes of carbon emissions

rains in Japan and tropical cyclones in

a backup plan like never before. We need

and saved 2.99 million kilolitres of water.

Southeast Africa are destroying crops and

to drive innovation at an incredibly high

homes – all these weather events are far

pace, and this accelerated transition from

We need to believe in a comfortable

beyond normal variability, and the rate of

carbon-emitting energy to renewable

planet for our future, and we need to

strange weather is intensifying.

energy like solar and wind energy, which

realise it’s not too late. We need to

don’t produce greenhouse gas emissions,

forestall disaster, and quickly. Climate

But South Africa is safe, right?

will take a lot. Fossil fuels, such as coal,

change targets us all so we must all share

No, it’s not. No country is immune to

oil and gas, use needs to be drastically

in the responsibility.

climate-related devastation. South Africa’s

reduced by 2030: coal by 67%, oil by 50%

four coastal cities – Cape Town, Durban,

and gas by 33%.

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COVER FEATURE

SINGLE-MINDEDLY

IN PURSUIT OF

SUPER-SENSITIVE GAS SENSORS Zamaswazi Tshabalala is pursuing a PhD in physics and specialises in solid-state semiconductor physics – studying smart materials that can be used to enhance gas-sensing properties such as sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, her research looks at which materials will improve the gas-sensing mechanism employed to detect toxic gases. Tshabalala was named the CSIR’s best doctoral student at its 2018 Excellence Awards.

Solving a life or death problem Gas sensors have broad application, such as detecting and monitoring gases in our living and working environments. They are also used for medical diagnosis and monitoring in the form of breathalysers; determining and measuring air quality in the automotive and aerospace industries; and monitoring industrial processes in the brewing, mining and food sectors.

King’s Pawn opening Tshabalala recalls how her career in science began on the chess board. “When I was in Grade 6 at Qophumlando Senior Primary School in KwaZulu-Natal, you had to excel in mathematics to be allowed to take chess as a sport code. Mathematics teachers Messrs Zulu and Mbonane were chess masters and before you could even sit down to face an opponent, you had to solve a math problem.” Tshabalala went on to obtain a BSc Hons in applied physics and mathematics from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and an MSc from the University of the Free State.

Problem-solving has since been part of her repertoire. “Doing a PhD has been a roller-coaster ride; I have grown a lot as a person, a researcher and as a professional. The support and mentorship from my supervisor, CSIR principal researcher Prof.

David Motaung, has been outstanding and I am really grateful. Since joining the CSIR, I have completed training in state-ofthe-art equipment such as the Kinosistec UHV and thin film gas sensing system, Panalytical X’pert PRO X-ray diffractometer, and the ZEISS focused-ion-beam field emission scanning electron microscope. I’ve managed to author and co-author nine articles in peer-reviewed journals such as Sensors and actuators B.” Obstacles are part and parcel of the journey. In her case, a major setback presented itself in the form of a major equipment failure. “The gas sensing system, the core instrument in my study and the only one in the country at the time, was down.” Like any grand master, Tshabalala’s will to excel pulled her through and she will soon submit her thesis. She is also preparing innovation disclosures to create international patents for her work on the simple synthesis of metal oxides with novel properties.

QUALIFICATIONS

• BSc Hons (Applied Physics and Mathematics), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2014 • MSc (Physics), University of the Free State, 2016

ACCOLADES:

• Best Doctoral Student, CSIR Excellence Awards, 2018 • Frank Nabarro Prize for Outstanding Oral Presentation: Condensed Matter Physics, South African Institute of Physic, 2018 • Best Poster Presentation Award, Photonics Conference, 2017 • Best MSc Publication Award, South African Institute of Physics Conference, 2016 • Best MSc Student, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Excellence Awards, 2016

NEWS

Making headlines Here are the stories making local and international news.

Smooth sailing Shanice Pedro from Bonteheuwel in Cape Town is going down in the history books as South Africa’s very first shipbuilder! The 26-year-old matriculated from Spes Bona Technical High School and pursued the study field of engineering sciences. What does she have to say about being a woman in what’s believed to be a man’s world? “I wouldn’t say I know everything, but I’m willing to absorb everything this trade has to offer”. Sounds like pretty good advice to us!

The butt of no joke It has been found that the chemicals a single cigarette butt contains is enough to pollute about 500 litres of water.

According to studies, the damage of these non-biodegradable butts is comparable (or arguably worse, according to NBC News) to that of a plastic straw! It seems that plastic-free campaigns alone are not enough to save the oceans.

Aaah! Tissue!

A study by the Lung Institute at the University of Cape Town (UCT) has recently found that the pollen levels present in the Mother City is at a 10-year high. In the past few years, allergies in general have taken a hike due to the drier air and droughts experienced nationally. Through the study, the researchers also developed a way of tracking the allergy-causing pollen in Cape Town’s air – you can find it at lunginstitute.co.za.

Sip, sip… and away!

Single-use plastics may be banned in Canada by 2021, according to prime minister Justin Trudeau. This is a great step that may eventually lead to a change in the way people consume products and services such as transport, technology, clothing and food. A recent study on almost 100 of the world’s cities showed that the consumption patterns of the citizens combined make sup 10% of the world’s greenhouse gases!

May we get the Bill, please?

South Africa is on its way to finalising the national Climate Change Bill, according to President Cyril Ramaphosa. This is an effort to manage and stabilise the emission of greenhouse gases in the country and to contribute towards global efforts to build a sustainable low carbon economy.

A shaky experience California recently experienced a 7.1-magnitude earthquake – the strongest recorded in the past two decades! The natural disaster had many physical effects on the area that were immediately seen but, according to CNN, the damage can even be seen on satellite images! The images show a crack that has formed in the epicentre of the area, which is evidence that the land’s topography has also been affected.

Safe food for all Following the recent deadly listeriosis outbreak, measures have been put in place to ensure that the food being sold is safe to consume. One of these measures is the first Centre for Food Safety to be opened in South Africa. The centre is a collaboration between Tiger Brands and Stellenbosch University and aims to refine the existing food systems in the country.

EVENT CONTENTS

National Science Week

2019

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It’s our favourite time of the year – a weeklong, national celebration of all things STEM!

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

EVENT

Each year, scholars and industry leaders from all over South Africa come together to discuss, discover and spread the love of Science. National Science Week 2019 kicks off on 27 July 2019 at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley, Northern Cape. After the opening event, the spirit is spread nationally with expos and workshops taking place at various schools and science centres.

This year’s theme – Facing the harsh realities of climate change – is not only an exciting one, but also an increasingly important conversation that needs to be had. Keep an eye on Facebook and Twitter for updates on this year’s activities.

Last year’s National Science Week was organised around the theme: Deepening our democracy through science. It was decided because of what would’ve been Nelson Mandela’s 100th birthday. Here are some pictures of what the week’s activities entailed.

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DST

Date held: 9 July 2019

Statement by: Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology: Dr Blade Nzimande

Who was present:

• • • •

Deputy Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology: Honourable Bhuti Manamela Director-General of the Department: Dr Phil Mjwara Officials of the DST

THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION’S BUDGET VOTE 2019

Chairpersons and CEOs of the entities

Reflecting on last year

the economy and making social

These include:

The department was rated among the top

advancements. The National Development

The launch of the Mandela Mining

performers, according to a Management

Plan and the policies it supports is still a

Precinct – will facilitate the coordination

Performance Assessment Tool process by

priority for 2030.

of mining research, development and

the Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation.

innovation activities and collaboration He said that the department will invest in

among stakeholders.

building a digitally enabled economy in He said: “In the 2017/18 financial year,

line with the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The expansion of the agriculture and

the department obtained a clean audit

(4IR). To kickstart this, the 1st South

agroprocessing sector – the country’s

outcome and our performance against

African Digital Economy Summit, led by

reliance on imports will be reduced and

predetermined objectives was maintained

President Cyril Ramaphosa, took place

new markets will be developed.

at 89%.”

at the Gallagher Convention Centre in Johannesburg in July.

Talking numbers

Value chain development – in the next five years, the department hopes to

There is an increase in the allocated

Unlocking economic development

improve grains (wheat, maize, soybean,

budget– from R7,790 billion in 2018/19

The department will support initiatives

sorghum and canola), fruit and vegetables,

to R8,150 billion for 2019/20.

that aim to expand our export reach a

and the forestry interventions of the

well as those that promote the growth

Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP).

Going forward

of the marginalised and excluded

The department's plan for the next

communities through innovators at

Transport – Quicloc8, a technology

decade is to further develop science

grassroot innovation programme. The

company proudly owned by a young black

and technology and drive innovation in

aim is to provide funding and support to

entrepreneur Mr Mbavhalelo Mabogo,

South Africa with the aim of boosting

100 beneficiaries.

allows taxi owners to track their vehicles

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DST

via their mobile phones. All rips, routes

biorefineries that can yield renewable

(ABIPP), the department has funded

and passenger head counts can be viewed

chemicals and liquid fuels.

agroprocessing initiatives through the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) in

in real time, meaning owners will be aware of any speeding or overloading

The Indigenous Knowledge-Based

support of marula, honeybush and Cape

of their vehicles.

Bioinnovation unit covers these six

aloe. The three projects aim to develop

stems: African natural medicines,

and commercialise these indigenous

Satellite success

cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, health

MeerKAT – the world's largest radio

infusions, technology transfer and

telescope (64-dish) was launched and

commercialisation.

completed. As the precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), it is contributig to

Over 60 scientifically evaluated products

radio astronomy on a global scale.

are being commercialised locally and internationally by SMMEs. Three

ZACube-2 satellite – Described as the

commercial patents for tuberculosis

most advanced satellite on the continent,

therapies, and two for cosmeceuticals,

ZACube-2 provides cutting-edge remote

have been registered by the University

sensing and communication services.

of Pretoria.

The South African National Space Agency

Through theAgriculture Bioeconomy

(SANSA) – has been selected by the

Innovation Partnership Programme

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as a regional centre to provide space weather services to the global aviation sector for the African region, as well as aviation safety.

The Biorefinery Innovation Programme – will receive R18 million over three years as funding to address issues of sustainability.

Going green The department will support green manufacturing solutions such Biocatalysis can be used in the manufacturing of value-added products, the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and the development of

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DST

crops, exploiting new market opportunities

additive manufacturing machine,

high concentration of skills, expertise

for job creation and local benefit.

Aeroswift, as well as the Fluorochemicals

and infrastructure in the field of medical

Expansion Initiative and the fuel

devices and diagnostics. The initiative

A new project to expand the processing of

cell development initiative. With an

is aimed at stimulating and intensifying

honeybush to more communities, coupled

investment of over R100 million, Aeroswift

technology innovation within the sector as

with support for innovation to speed up

is currently the largest and fastest hot-

well as creating an enabling environment

the fermentation process, is currently being

bed additive manufacturing platform

for increased competitiveness.

supported at the Agricultural Research

in the world, and has progressed to the

Council (ARC).

point where components have been

Developing and manufacturing locally

manufactured for a South African high-

manufacture vaccines and biologics is

performance light reconnaissance aircraft.

proceeding well under the South African

A new Carbon Capture Storage by using RDI Flagship Programme aims

Biologics and Vaccine Institute (Biovac).

to integrate aspects of digitisation and

Hydrogen economy

the circular economy in order to extract

The HySA programme has led to product

Existing partnerships with Pfizer and

chemical elements from waste gases in an

development, attracting market interest.

Novartis have moved the department

environmentally sustainable manner. The

Platinum-based hydrogen fuel cells are

closer to realising the dream of

programme has the potential to ensure

also currently being used for the provision

manufacturing vaccines locally, while

security of supply for selected chemical

of electricity and mobility. There will be

research partnerships with the Bill

commodities, while creating new asset

a collaboration with the Department

& Melinda Gates Foundation are

classes, new local manufacturing industries,

of Energy, iLembe District Municipality,

working to develop new vaccines for

and new export opportunities into Africa

global fuel cell manufacturers and local

developing countries.

and the rest of the world. In doing so, it

black-owned companies to power over

also honours South Africa’s international

200 households in a rural community in

The fund is designed to largely

greenhouse gas commitments.

KwaZulu-Natal using HySA-generated

de-risk the early stages of technology

intellectual property.

commercialisation and/or business

Titanium rejuvenation

development. An injection of R1 billion

Initiatives to rejuvenate the titanium

Medical advancements

per year for five years is expected to make

industry in the country have been done

In 2018, we established the Medical

a significant impact in making these

through the manufacturing of titanium

Devices and Diagnostic Technology

businesses more attractive to investors for

powder, developing the next-generation

Innovation Cluster to exploit the country's

significant scale-up.

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It’s what we build

3112

We all dream of a better future. For ourselves, our families and our country.

SANRAL, as part of the National Development Plan, is improving and expanding vital road infrastructure.

In the process we are creating jobs, transferring skills and developing opportunities for all South Africans.

We are proud to be a part of the National Development Plan, because we know that roads are more than just roads, they pave the way to a better future.

More than just roads 15

ARC PROFILE

AGRICULTURE AS A WAY OF LIFE Improving livelihoods by sharing agricultural information.

T

hembisile Charity Mapumulo is

Understanding that the world is generous

through science weeks or exhibitions at

a Soil Science Researcher at the

to the givers, Charity explains that her

conferences and provincial summits.

Agricultural Research Council

life’s purpose of serving others was

(ARC) – Soil, Climate and Water based at

realised when she joined the ARC. She saw

Charity says we all have an important

Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). She has a

agricultural sciences providing a vehicle

piece of advice to share to effect change.

specific focus on sustainable smallholder

for the fulfilment of a passion to serve

In an effort to prevent perpetual poverty

agriculture, including soil health,

especially the most vulnerable young

brought about by the effects of climate

vermiculture, conservation agriculture,

and old in different communities and

change in recent years, it has become

climate-smart production technologies,

households. Also, propelled by the vision

our social responsibility as development

organic farming, rural development, food

and mission of the ARC in executing its

practitioners to go beyond the call of duty

security and agro-processing.

mandate through a set of values – Truth,

in helping productive farmers gain access

Accountability, Respect, Growth, Excellence

to markets. This is one way of ensuring

Brought up by her maternal grandmother,

and Trust – Charity has ensured that the

sustainable livelihoods as Charity has seen

maDlamini, who was a devoted organic

ARC gained respect and trustworthiness in

first-hand with the organic amadumbe

gardener in Soweto (Orlando East),

all eleven districts of KZN.

farmers of Umbumbulu, butternut ladies in

Charity was taught at a very early age the

the Valley of a Thousand Hills (kwaXimba),

philosophies of Ubuntu and humility. In

She says that researchers need to

cabbage farmers of Mphalwini village

her three-room township house maDlamini

acknowledge that working in “silos”

(Nkandla) and many others who produce

raised six grandchildren, inculcating the

has never and will never advance their

crops on a very small scale (< 0.5 ha) and

importance of growing food at home with

disciplines and effect change to the

sell relatively small quantities at local

a wide variety of fruits (peaches, apricots,

endeavours of small-scale farmers

informal markets.

figs and apple trees) and vegetables,

everywhere. Thus, in keeping with Nelson

including rhubarb. She also cultivated wild

Mandela’s statement that “Education

Farmer support through in-field visits

sage and other medicinal plants as she

is the most powerful weapon which

cannot be over-emphasised as a means

had indigenous knowledge of traditional

can be used to change the world”,

of giving encouragement and impromptu

healing herbs. Unknowingly, the seed of

the ARC is disseminating agricultural

advice. By sharing their knowledge with

becoming an agriculturist was sown in

information to various sectors of society

such farmers, Charity and other ARC

little Charity’s heart and mind as she has

where agriculture is a livelihood and

researchers are ensuring that they will

always wanted to study aspects related to

has the potential to bring about social

not die without imparting the information

the natural resources.

change, including rural high schools

that others need to live!

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TRENDING ARC PROFILE TOPIC

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INSPIRATION

INSPIRATION: DR WANGARI MAATHI LOOKING BACK ON THE LIFE OF AN ACTIVIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND SCIENTIST. By: Nicole Ludolph

A

s human beings, we often talk about the earth as it is an entity separate from us. We talk about it as if we can live without it, when the reality is that the earth

is as much a part of us as the blood that runs through our veins. The air we breathe, the food we eat, where we live and how we live; all of these things come from the earth.

Despite this, humanity has managed to destroy so much of that earth that our species and every species in the world is in danger of extinction. In 2018, the United Nations released a report that gave us less than 12 years to change how we live before the effects of climate change become completely irreversible.

Image source: earthsky.org

Dr Wangari Maathai, world-renowned environmental activist, understood how important it is for us to look after the earth.

She viewed environmental activism through a human rights lens and was especially aware of how the poor are affected by environmental issues.

“We owe it to ourselves and to the next generation to conserve the environment so that we can bequeath our children a sustainable world that benefits all.”

Dr Maathai was born in 1940 in Nyeri, a rural area in Kenya.

disenfranchised during their educational workshops and

In 1971, she became the first African woman to obtain a

became an organisation that advocated for democracy and

doctorate in East and Central Africa.

political change. Since its inception, GBM communities have planted 51 million trees in Kenya, helping rural people

She founded the Green Belt Movement (GBM) in 1977, in

secure their food and water sources.

response to reports of dried-up streams and insecure food supply from women living in rural Kenya. Dr Maathai and

As more and more people heard of Dr Maathai’s work, she

her organisation encouraged women to plant trees, as this

started earning international acclaim. She won dozens of

allowed them to store water and provided them with food

prestigious awards for her work, most notably the Nobel

sources, firewood and a small income.

Peace Prize in 2004. She is the author of several novels and the recipient of 14 honorary degrees from universities

It is through her work at the GBM that Dr Maathai started

across the world.

seeing how environmental hardships affected the poor, and how those hardships are linked to deeper issues caused by

Dr Maathai passed away in September 2011 at the age of

class and economic politics.

71. Her work is still being continued by the GBM to this day, and her legacy remains an inspiration to environmental

The GBM started educating people on why they were

activists across the globe.

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FOCUS ON

A GAS OVERLOAD Greenhouse gases play an important role in the earth’s functioning, but only in the right quantity.

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

What are greenhouse gases?

greenhouse effect and is what keeps our

overload of gases in our atmosphere is

Greenhouse gases are heat-trapping

earth’s surface nice and warm.

consequently causing the temperature to

gases in the earth's atmosphere.

rise on our planet.

Some of them include methane (CH4),

Without the natural greenhouse effect,

carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide and

temperatures would drop to -18°C. Earth

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).

Factories, cars, trucks, homes, shopping would be uninhabitable as humans, plants centres and businesses all require energy and animals would not be able to survive. in order to be powered, and all of the

What do they do?

smoke generated from powering energy result in a lot of methane and carbon

heat, from the sun in our atmosphere,

What is global warming and the greenhouse effect?

preventing it from bouncing off the earth

Humans are negatively affecting the

of greenhouse gases also mean that

and back into space. It does so by forming

greenhouse effect by causing a lot of

climate is set to change for the worse –

a layer around the earth, acting as a light

pollution. We are producing far too

dry seasons are becoming longer and wet

blanket. This process is known as the

much greenhouse gases, and this

seasons are starting later.

Greenhouse gases trap energy, or

dioxide emissions. Rising global emissions

What can YOU do?

If we stop creating excessive greenhouse gases, we can slow down global warming. South Africa is committed to a 34% reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2020, and a 42% reduction by 2025. Here are some of the steps you can take to reduce your CO2 emissions footprint: • Plant a tree.

• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

• Buy energy-efficient products, such as compact fluorescent light bulbs.

• Save electricity by turning off lights when you leave a room.

• Walk, cycle or take public transport.

20

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

EXTINCTION

FAUNA, FLORA AND SURVIVAL Will our plants and animal life be able to handle the effects of climate change?

By : Zoe Fick

C

limate change has impacted every species on the planet.

Rising temperatures and sea levels, less rain and more droughts are of the many adverse effects that have and will

impact plant and animal life. It is predicted that by 2100, an estimated total of 50% of the world’s species could go extinct due it.

It has been reported recently that a number of important species have gone extinct including the mosaic-tailed rat which is native to Australia and the Hawaiian tree snail. Although these species may seem insignificant to us they play a major part in the ripple effect of an ecosystem.

This is what is known as ‘co-extinctions’, where an organism dies out because of its interdependence on another species that is inevitably doomed. This places 22

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

even the most resilient species at risk and they will

the degradation of

fall victim to the synergies among extinction drivers as

water quality through

extreme factors which cause ecosystems to collapse.

pollution,â&#x20AC;? says Paul Harvey Skelton of the South African Institute for Aquatic

Endangered species are closely linked to potential

Biodiversity in Grahamstown.

extinction. The threat of extinction could mean the loss of vital species such as bumblebees, whales, elephants,

Notably, the giraffe population has declined by 40% in the

giraffes, coral reefs, butterflies, sharks and great apes.

last 30 years. In addition to illegal poaching, two of the most

Insects also stand to be affected severely.

pressing factors are shrinking habitats and fewer acacia trees, which is their main food source.

Rising temperatures force bee populations to migrate northward to remain in cool climates and thus spring

Habitat destruction and overfishing are currently the main

flowers bloom earlier than normal, leaving less time for

causes of biodiversity decline. However, the driving force

bees to pollinate. The potential extinction of bees can pose

behind declining plant and animal species are due to the

detrimental results for the human population as well.

accelerating rate of climate change.

As sea temperatures rise, these changes disrupt habits

Plants are essentially the only organisms that can make their

necessary for whale survival. Other aquatic species,

own food, as well as provide food and shelter for animals.

such as sharks will have difficulty hunting and a higher

They also give off water and oxygen, making them important

embryo mortality rate as ocean temperature and acidity

for sustaining life.

rise worldwide are to be expected. Coral reefs are also endangered as a result of rising sea temperatures.

There are over 400 organisations in South Africa that focus on conservation, wildlife and the environment, with more

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The most significant changes to the environment of

than 30 botanical and horticultural organisations. A few of

fresh water fishes in South Africa are caused by manmade

them includeBirdLife South Africa, Botanical Society of South

structures including large dams and inter basin transfer

Africa, Centre for Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Conservation

schemes, the abstraction of large volumes of water and

International and Delta Environmental Centre.

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

23

FOCUS ON

SAY GOODBYE TO SINGLE-USE PLASTICS! We already know that plastic pollution is a threat to the environment, but how do we prevent further damage?

By: Nicole Ludolph

E

nvironmental activists across the

life sustains marine animals, which in turn

Oakridge High School, does not think that

world have ramped up efforts to stop

plays a huge role in sustaining human

enough people know how much single-

the spread of single-use plastics in

life. In other words, the plastic that is

use plastics affects the environment. “In

the environment, but most companies have

slowly destroying the ocean is also slowly

medium to high income communities,

been slow to stop the spread.

destroying us. At the moment, there is

there is more of a consciousness

no available estimate for the amount of

around recycling. Poorer people do not

plastic floating in our oceans.

always have the same focus because

What are single-use plastics?

They are items of plastic that are not

of the circumstances they tend to live

reusable such as plastic utensils, the tops

Plastic and climate change

in. However, that may change. Look at

on disposable coffee cups, cling wrap,

A study by the Centre for International

the Cape Flats, for instance. There are

plastic bags and straws. Billions of these

Environmental Law (CIEL), released in

homeless drifters who collect plastic

items are manufactured every year and end May 2019, reports that “in 2019 alone, the up being disposed of in the earth’s oceans production and incineration of plastic will and landfills.

add more than 850 million metric tonnes

from people's dirt bins. They then recycle what they collect for money. There is an untapped economy there.”

of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.”

Why are they so bad?

(This is equal to greenhouse gas emitted

Thomas believes that children have

Plastic can take up to 1 000 years to

by 159 coal-fired power plants.) In

the ability to influence their parents’

decompose, which means it ends up sitting

other words, plastic also contributes to

behaviour. She makes a point of teaching

somewhere on the earth’s surface. It is

greenhouse gas emissions from the time

children about conservation, climate

estimated that around 9.2 billion tonnes

it is manufactured until it is destroyed.

change and recycling.

of plastic has been manufactured and, of that amount, about 6.9 billion tonnes

Making a change

has become waste. Basically, the earth is

Fudwa Thomas, a lifelong

drowning in plastic.

environmentalist and a teacher at

Even though plastic does not decompose, it does disintegrate into “microplastics” when dumped in the ocean. Marine animals often mistake microplastics for food. When they ingest these microplastics, they end up suffering from a loss of nutrition, blockages in their intestines, internal injuries and even death. Many marine animals also form part of the human food chain, which means that we also absorb toxins when we indulge in seafood. Plastic also destroys marine plant life, especially in coral reefs. Marine plant 24

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

What can you do?

• Use less single-use plastics. Replace your disposable coffee cup with a travel mug. There are a number of biodegradable options available at most major stores.

• Purchasing a few tote bags for your groceries can save you money in the future, as well as saving the ocean from those insidious plastic bags.

• Refuse plastic straws and invest in a metal or glass straw. These are reusable and do not affect the taste or temperature of your drink.

• Organise or participate in a clean up of public spaces in your area, or nearby beaches, depending on your location.

HOT EVENTS TOPIC

Water worries It is estimated that by 2030, the world will face a 40% water deficit if climate change continues to accelerate.

By: Zoe Fick

C

limate change has a major impact

economy and tourism, as well as having

on a number of vital natural

an impact on agriculture, hydrological

resources, specifically water sources.

poverty and basic health.

The global water crisis can be felt from Cape Town to Michigan in the US, and from

Drier air caused by recent droughts

rural, sub-Saharan Africa to megacities in

has had a significant effect on allergy

Asia. The crisis sees people struggling to

sufferers. The warming temperatures

access the quantity and quality of water

cause flowers to bloom earlier and

needed for drinking, cooking, bathing,

increase the amount of carbon dioxide

handwashing and growing their food.

emitted. The change in temperature causes an increase in the concentration

Day Zero was an example of a major

of pollen in the air, which heightens the

water-related issue that posed major

likeliness of airborne allergens causing an

health issues for millions of Capetonians.

increase in symptoms.

This period of severe water shortage was caused by declining dam levels, and

Climate change also impacts respiratory

brought to light how drastic the Western

health by directly causing or aggravating

Cape drought was in the eyes of the global

pre-existing respiratory diseases and

water crisis. Day Zero was significant in

increasing exposure to risk factors for

the eyes of the world as it saw one of the

respiratory diseases, such as asthma.

worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first major cities possibly run out of

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Health can be impacted by many

water. The drought would ultimately affect

factors, including genetics, demographics,

various areas of everyday life such as the

socioeconomic factors and environmental

26

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

HOT TOPIC EVENTS

factors. Many of these factors can be sensitive to

- The Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) recently

climate, though sometimes indirectly, and may thus be

hosted a number of high impact, CPD-accredited,

impacted by a changing climate,” says Rebecca Garland

technical workshops during the IFAT Africa Tradeshow.

of the CSIR.

The event took place from 9-11 July 2019 at Gallagher Convention Centre in Midrand, Gauteng.

The Lung Institute at the University of Cape Town (UCT) has led recent research into the causes of allergy-

- The 35th Annual Conference of the South African

causing pollens in the air. Studies found that due to

Society for Atmospheric Sciences (SASAS) will be held at

the recent drought, the pollen count in Cape Town has

the Riverside Sun Hotel in Vanderbijl Park, Gauteng, from

been recorded at a 10-year high, providing evidence of

8-9 October 2019. This year’s conference will be hosted

increased allergy causes.

by the Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water (ARC-SCW) with the theme being ‘Climate Meets

These are water-conscious campaigns and events

Agriculture – The Interplay’. This theme is motivated

happening in South Africa to help raise awareness and

by the need to increase awareness on the connection

keep us up to date on matters that affect our lifestyles:

between agriculture and climate in South Africa.

- Water Wise is aimed at raising awareness of water

- The Water Show Africa 2020 takes place from

conservation and sustainable water usage practices.

31 March - 1 April 2020. It will host talks from global leaders, aimed at improving the delivery of water

- The IFAT Africa is the trade fair for water, sewage,

infrastructure and meet growing demand across Africa.

refuse and recycling. The event features discussions on the keynote issues such as wide-ranging water delivery

- The United Nations addresses the global water crisis

and purification.

annually on World Water Day, 22 March.

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

27

RECYCLING

Get recycling right!

The saying “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” may not be intended for literal interpretation, yet it still perfectly applies to the process of recycling.

By: Nicole Ludolph

A

t this point in our history, recycling,

In addition, every tonne of recycled paper

The time to start recycling is now

which can be defined as “the action

saves 17 trees from being used in paper

Climate change is no longer a part of our

or process of converting waste into

production. Trees turn carbon dioxide

future. We are already seeing the effects

reusable material”, should be a regular part

and other gases that are harmful to the

of it all over the world in the form of

of our daily lives. Sadly, it is not.

atmosphere into oxygen.

extreme weather patterns. In 2017, we

In South Africa, only 10% of waste is

Recycling limits greenhouse gases in

devastate large parts of the USA. In 2014,

recycled. This is according to a report

other ways – recycled items that are

we saw the worst drought in 400 years in

released by StatsSA in 2018. The report

used again are not incinerated. If they

the Western Cape.

estimates that only about 5.2% of South

were, they would release harmful gasses

Africa’s households recycle, and that 90%

into the atmosphere. Recycled items also

It is clear from these statistics that we

of waste will end up in a landfill.

do not end up in landfills, where they

need to do much more to help prevent

eventually disintegrate and, you guessed

climate change. We can start by recycling

it, release greenhouse gasses into the air.

our household and classroom waste.

saw super Hurricanes Irma and Harvey

In the same year, the UN released a study estimating that we only have about 12 years to minimise the effects of climate change, before the increase in the earth’s temperature does irreversible damage to our planet.

What is the link between climate change and recycling?

Climate change is primarily caused by an excess of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The earth’s temperature is regulated when heat passed through the atmosphere into space. However, the greenhouse gases keep heat trapped around the earth. This increase excess heat damages the environment in a number of ways.

Recycling waste reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, as recycled items don’t require as much of the earth’s natural resources to process. For example, when paper is recycled, it takes 65% less energy to process than if raw materials were used.

28

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CHALLENGE

Start something!

By: Nicole Ludolph

As climate change worsens, recycling becomes more and more important. It does not have to be a chore, though.

Here are some fun ways to help save the earth!

Create EcoBricks

Make some paper

Leave it to dry for 24 hours.

An EcoBrick is a plastic bottle stuffed

Have some paper scraps lying around at

• You should now have the perfect paper

to the brim with clean and dry non-

home or at school? Make some paper for

for a gift card or a tag or anything else

biodegradable waste. Your chocolate

gift cards and decorations – here’s how:

you would like to decorate!

wrappers? Clean them, dry them and twist

• Take your paper scraps and soak them

them into the EcoBrick using a stick.

in hot, soapy water for about 30 minutes.

Make some compost

Do the same with your chips wrappers,

• Ask your teacher or parent to mix the

You know how banana peels and apple

plastic bottle labels, sweets wrappers and

wet paper in a blender until it becomes

cores become brown after you have

any other piece of small plastic you usually

a paste. Add your favourite colour with

discarded them? This is because the fruits

toss in the bin. For the EcoBrick to work,

some food colouring.

are being broken down by bacteria for

it needs to be as full as it can possibly be

• Pour the paste into a large square frying

their nutrients. Instead of throwing them

so don’t be scared to fill it up! EcoBricks

pan or a deep, square baking dish.

away, use them to create a compost bin.

are then used to create insulated

• Add about 3cm of water.

The compost you make can be spread over

structures, sustainable furniture and even

• Press a piece of plastic the same size as

your home and school gardens to make

garden upgrades.

the pan or baking dish on top of the paste

the plants grow. Build a square wooden

and squeeze all of the water out.

crate, place it in your garden and have

• Lay the plastic with the paste on it on a

your family and friends throw their fruit

dishcloth then remove it.

and vegetable leftovers in it.

• Lay another dishcloth on top and roll it

Compost can get hot enough to burn your

to recycling organisation Wast-ed on

out on a flat surface using a rolling pin.

hands as it breaks down though,

waste.ed.sa@gmail.com to organise

Make sure it is very thin.

so be sure to wear gloves and always

• Get your teacher or parent to iron the

use a garden fork or spade to when you

paste while it is between the dishcloths.

handle it.

You can organise an EcoBrick drive at school. Have your teacher reach out

a bulk collection.

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

29

BURSARIES

Funding your future SKA Bursaries

Fields of study: • National Diploma: Construction Management; Electronic Engineering; Mechanical Engineering • Undergraduate and Honours: Computer Engineering; Computer Science (co-majoring in in Applied Mathematics/ Mathematics); Electronic & Electrical Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Mechatronic Engineering; Science (majoring in Applied Mathematics/ Mathematics AND Physical Science); Science (majoring in Physical Science AND Astronomy); Science (Honours) (Astronomy/ Astrophysics/ Computer Science/ Electronics/ Physics) • Postgraduate: PhD, MSc or MEng qualification Who can apply: National Diploma applicants: • South African citizen/ permanent resident • Currently studying (or intend on studying) within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum C symbol in Physical Science and Mathematics in Matric OR achieved a minimum average of 60% for major subjects in their national diploma Undergraduate and Honours applicants: • South African citizen/ permanent resident • Currently studying (or intend on studying) within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum C symbol in Physical Science and Mathematics in Matric OR achieved a minimum average of 60% for major subjects in their undergraduate qualification • Intend to undertake postgraduate research in radio astronomy or in an engineering field related to radio astronomy Doctoral and Masters: • South African citizen/ SA permanent resident OR Namibia/ Kenya/ Mozambique/ Botswana/ Zambia/ Mauritius/ Madagascar/ Ghana citizen • Excellent academic results • Intend to pursue postgraduate research related to the technical and scientific of SKA How to apply: Apply online at skagrants.nrf.ac.za – register an account before logging in and applying.

Closing date: National Diploma: 30 October annually.

Undergraduate and Honours: 19 August annually.

Postgraduate: 31 August annually.

Doctoral and Masters: 29 July annually.

Who to contact: National Diploma, Undergraduate and Honours: Annah Mashemola: amashemola@ska.ac.za Postgraduate, Doctoral and Masters: Loyiso Gura: lgura@ska.ac.za

Old Mutual Actuarial Bursary

What it covers: Tuition, textbook allowance, a capped travel allowance, meals and accommodation. Recipients will also receive incentives for good performance, networking opportunities, holiday work from their second year of study, as well as academic and emotional support. Graduates will qualify for employment and mentoring from a professional actuary.

Fields of study: Actuarial studies.

30

Who can apply: • South African citizens • A+ symbol for Matric mathematics • A and B symbols for other Matric subjects • Intend on study at University of Cape Town or Stellenbosch University • Preference will be given to South African learners of colour (Coloured, Black, Indian, Chinese – SA citizens by birth or descent) How to apply: Apply online at oldmutual.co.za/careers-centre/learnersand-school-leavers/actuarial-bursaries using the online application form.

Current Matric learners must submit their Grade 11 final results, and students who have completed Matric must submit their Matric results.

Closing date: Submissions are open all year and applications will be accepted at any time.

Who to contact: The Bursary Office on 021 509 2656/ 021 504 7285.

PPS Bursary

What it covers: The cost of tuition and prescribed textbooks (within a specific budget).

Fields of study: • Commerce: Accountant, Auditor, Economist, Human Resources Practitioner, Political Analyst • Engineering (with 4-year degrees): Electrical or Mechanical Engineering • Law: Advocate, Attorney • Medical: Biochemist, Biokineticist, Audiologist, Doctors (belonging to the HPCSA), Dietician, Dentists, Gynaecologist, Industrial Psychology, Nurses (with 4 year B.Cur degree), Occupational Therapist, Pharmacist, Physiotherapist, Speech and Hearing Therapist, Surgeon, Veterinarian • Science: Actuary, Astronomist, Mathematician, Microbiologist, Statician, Scientists, • Environmental: Agriculturalist, Anthropologist, Archaeologist, Biologist, Botanist, Farmer (with 4-year degree in agriculture), Historian, Meteorologist, Radiographer, Radiologists, Researcher • Construction: Architect, Ecologist, Land Surveyor, Town and Regional Planner

• •

paid up for previous years Declaration of yours/ your families financial position (affidavit) Motivation letter describing where you would like to be in the future and why you should be awarded the bursary (typed in Word document; max 300 words)

Closing date: 15 January annually.

Applications submitted after this date will not be accepted – please apply before the closing date to ensure your application is considered.

Who to contact: Contact PPS directly at bursaries@pps.co.za

Clover Bursary

What it covers: The bursary programme covers R60 000 to R75 000 of tuition fees per annum until completion of studies, while students are responsible for covering the cost of their remaining expenses (including registration fees, classes, accommodation, travel and daily living.)

Students are also given the opportunity to gain knowledge and working experience through structured vacation work, and on completion of their studies, students may be offered career aspects within the Clover Young Professional Development Program.

Fields of study: • Engineering • Finance • Food Science • Logistics/ Supply Chain • Marketing Who can apply: Applicants must satisfy the following minimum entry criteria before applying (please note that failure to satisfy all the requirements will lead to your application not being considered): • South African citizen • Completed Matric • Studying within one of the aforementioned fields of study and have successfully completed the first year of study • Studying full-time at a university that is on the list of Clover’s preferred HET institutions • Strong academic performance record • Preference will be given to healthy individuals who lead a balanced lifestyle

Who can apply: Applicants must satisfy the following minimum entry criteria before applying: • South African citizen • Completed Matric • Registered to study at a South African University (4th year or postgraduate), within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum average of 75% in previous years of study • Proven financial need

How to apply: Applications must be done online at clover.gradx.net/ user/register. Submit clear copies of the following supporting documentation along with your application (the submission of these documents is compulsory – if any items are missing, your application be disregarded): • ID document (certified copy) • Matric certificate (certified copy) • Latest University academic results (certified copy) • Motivational letter in support of your application (why you should be selected to receive a bursary)

How to apply: Applications must be done online atpps.co.za/ explorepps/bursariesandsponsors/Pages/Bursaries. aspx. Submit clear copies of the following supporting documentation along with your online application: • ID document (certified copy of) • Exam results (June) or latest (certified copy) • Student account statement showing all fees

Closing date: 7 March annually.

(Applications submitted after this date will not be accepted – please apply before the closing date to ensure your application is considered.)

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Who to contact: Contact Clover at clover.gradx.net/contact

Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

QUIZ

Picking your brain

1

Which of our neighbouring countries recently experienced a major flood?

A. Namibia B. Mozambique C. Botswana

2 3

How much of the earth’s surface is covered in water?

A. 40% B. 70% C. 55%

4

Which method of transportation is currently being explored by blood donation services?

A. Helicopters B. Drones C. Private vehicles

5 6

What is UCT’s new discovery – bio-bricks – mostly made of?

A. Human urine B. Oak tree leaves C. Soil

7 8 9 1

0

Africa’s longest flyover bridge is in…

A. Johannesburg, South Africa B. Windhoek, Namibia C. Durban, South Africa Which of the following buildings is the oldest in South Africa?

A. Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town B. Groote Kerk, Cape Town C. Port Elizabeth Opera House

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Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Which was the world’s warmest recorded year?

A. 2017 B. 2009 C. 2016 What is the major cause of climate change?

A. Plastic B. Greenhouse gas C. Excess waste What percentage of South Africa’s waste is currently being recycled?

A. 56% B. 24% C. 10% Which animal population has declined by 40% in the last 30 years?

A. Giraffe B. Elephant C. Buffalo

PUZZLES

SUDUKO Fill in the 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3×3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9.

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Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

33

ANSWERS

TEST RESULTS What was your score for the Architecture issue?

SUDUKO

SCIENCESTARS Issue 20 | 2019

ARCHITECTURE

1 7 3

8 9 6

5 4 2

7 2 8

4 6 1

9 3 5

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3 5 4

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QUIZ

WORD SEARCH

1. C – Dung beetle 2. B – Öresund Bridge

34

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Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

5. C – Öresund Bridge 6. C – Mexico 7. B – Dolphins

10. A – Minoru Yamasaki

FACTS

Bet you didn’t know that…

• The average surface temperature on earth has risen by 0.9°C since the late 19th century! This is due to the increase in carbon dioxide and other human gas emissions.

• The year 2016 was the warmest year on global records, with eight of the 12 months being recorded as the warmest months in history.

• Data released by Google showed that more and more searches for “climate change” are being made.

• Global warming refers to the long-term warming of the earth’s temperatures, whereas climate change talks about the effects thereof, including the rising sea levels.

• In the US in 2017, transportation was the leading industry when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, with electricity following in second place.

• South Africa’s renewable energy tariffs are among the lowest in the world.

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

35

SCIENCE CENTRE

CENTRE OF ATTENTION This issue,we focus on an educational facility in the Northern Cape.

Written by : Zakiyah Ebrahim

M

othibistad Science Centre is located in Mothibistad

•

Olympiads and competitions including Astro

in the John TaoloGaetsewe District. It is a partnership

quiz, Science Olympiad and Techno Youth Robotics,

between the Department of Science and Technology

• Expos,

and the Northern Cape Education Department, and was officially

•

National Science Week,

opened by the honorable Deputy Minister, Mr Derek Hanekom,

•

Career guidance activities.

and MEC for Education, Ms G. Cjiekella, on 21 October 2011.

These projects are executed by recent graduates and Volunteer The centre’s commitment is aligned with using fun but effective

Science Communicatorsfrom the South African Agency for

methods to expose students to science, technology, engineering

Science & Technology Advancement (SAASTA) – KatlegoTsogang

and mathematics (STEM) subjects. These marvelous methods rely

(Chemical Engineering) and AmantleMokgwabone (Biochemistry

mainly on the use of interactive display, events and activities, but

and Genetics).

also include the use of new technologies such as social, webbased education programmes and remote teaching and learning

If you’re curious to learn programmes that focus on skills and

techniques. The centre has already reached just over 2 800

development, Mothibistad Science Centre provides hands-on

learners since the beginning of 2019.

training for Google Applications (forms, Gmail, Drive, search engine, maps and hangouts conferencing); Computer Skills

Mothibistad Science Centre is well-known for hosting the

(device navigation, Microsoft packages and e-learning software)

following educational activities:

and Entrepreneurship Development.

•

Science shows,

• Experiments,

There’s so much to see and so much to do, so make your way

•

Technology demonstrations,

down to this phenomenal centre that’s situated at 1262 Melore

•

Talks, discussions and debates,

Street, Mothibistad. It is open Monday to Friday from 08:00 to

• Quizzes,

36

16:00 and you can contact the centre on 053 773 1181.

Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, commonly known as the CSIR is a leading scientific and technology research organisation in Africa. The organisation undertakes directed and multidisciplinary research to foster industrial and scientific development and contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of South Africans.

CSIR VISION

We are accelerators of socio-economic prosperity in South Africa through leading innovation.

CSIR MISSION

Collaboratively innovating and localising technologies while providing knowledge solutions for the inclusive and sustainable advancement of industry and society.

CSIR VALUES

Our beliefs, principles and the impact we wish to make to improve the quality of life of South Africans are EPIC. Team CSIR pursues Excellence, celebrates People, personifies Integrity, and welcomes Collaboration.

To find out more about our work and how you can collaborate with us contact us.

Tel: 012 841 2911 | Email: enquiries@csir.co.za | www.csir.co.za CSIRSouthAfrica

@CSIR

csirsouthafrica

CSIRNewMedia

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Mzansi For Science

Scientists, Technologists and Innovators are just like you.

Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re curious.

They ask questions.

They try new things.

The desire to try new things has been inside you from the very beginning.

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