SS Architecture Issue 20

SCIENCESTARS Issue 20 | 2019

ARCHITECTURE

HOME OF

IDEAS THAT WORK

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, commonly known as the CSIR, is a world-class organisation that undertakes directed, multidisciplinary research and technological innovation that contributes to the improved quality of the lives of South Africans.

We draw expertise from diverse research fields, such as the built environment, defence and security, energy, health, industry and the natural environment to provide integrated solutions and interventions to support public and private sector programmes. Our scientists, engineers and technologists are enabled by our state-of-the-art research infrastructure and share a passion for shaping a better future through science and technology innovation.

It is this combination of excellence in research, competent staff and world-class infrastructure that puts the CSIR at the cutting edge of research and technological innovation to improve the quality of life of South Africans.

CSIRSouthAfrica

@CSIR

csirsouthafrica

CSIRNewMedia

w w w. c s i r. c o . z a Contact us: Tel: 012 841 2911 | Email: enquiries@csir.co.za

csir

NurturiNg A New Generation of Researchers The CSIR wants to be at the forefront of developing and building a pipeline of competent young researchers to enter the science, engineering and innovation community. A studentship from the CSIR offers students an opportunity to gain practical experience, which supports their theoretical studies and also bridges the gap between academia and practice.

Visit www.csir.co.za/publications to read more about stories on talent, success and opportunities!

Dr SinDiSiwe Buthelezi is part of a CSIR team that is developing diagnostic and drug targets for HIV and cancer. Buthelezi first joined the CSIR as an intern, having completed an honours degree in biochemistry and cell biology. She secured a CSIR studentship for an MSc degree in medical biochemistry through the

University of Cape Town. In May 2013 she received a professional development programme grant from the National Research Foundation which enabled her to complete her PhD in biochemistry in 2017, through the University of the Witwatersrand, while being hosted at and cosupervised by the CSIR.

zanele ntShiDi is a CSIR candidate researcher who is studying towards her PhD at the University of Western Cape. She is part of a team of CSIR scientists that is studying the use of water in apple orchards in the Western Cape. Ntshidi was awarded funding through the CSIR’s Young Researcher Establishment Fund and the Thuthuka Funding Instrument of the National Research Foundation to conduct research on quantifying the water requirements of exceptionally highyielding apple orchards and orchards

of different ages. Ntshidi is particularly interested in how much water the plants on the orchard floor use during the different stages of the orchards.

Ntshidi presented her work at an international water conservation conference in Paris, France, in 2017.

She was also selected to take part in the 3rd BRICS Young Scientists Forum, in Durban, in June 2018.

CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3

1

ARC – PROFILE

5 INSPIRATION

6 ECO–FRIENDLY BUILDINGS

0

TOP 3::BRIDGES THAT CROSS BORDERS

4

SALARIES: WHAT TO EXPECT

6

2019 EVENTS CALENDAR

8

SURVIVING YOUR FIRST YEAR

1

MEET THE BURSARY RECIPIENTS

REGULARS

4 9 3 3 3 3 3 3

COVER STORY

SCIENCE NEWS

0

AVAILABLE BURSARIES

2

QUIZ

3

PUZZLES

4

ANSWERS

5

FACTS

6

SCIENCE CENTRE

ED’S NOTE

team Science Stars

LETTER FROM

THE EDITOR

Editor • Shani Rhoda

Bridging all sorts of gaps

Everyday on the way to work, I see the infamous unfinished bridge in Cape Town. It stands there, pointless, as a reminder that not everything goes according to plan.

But it also serves as a reminder that all things can be fixed.

Architecture is possibly the one career field that never fails to blow my mind – it starts with a picture in your mind, you create something bigger and better than what currently exists in that space and you make it happen!

You need to choose the perfect materials – ones that are durable enough to last for a lifetime (or longer) – and bring a dream to life. Whether it’s a home, a school or a skyscraper that’ll enable corporate companies to pump billions of rands into our economy, your creation will be a safe haven that enables magic to happen.

In this issue, we explore magnificent bridges that cross borders and unite two countries on p20. We also take a look at how architects and constructors are putting nature first by considering the natural environment in their designs and incorporating the elements to make a self-sufficient building. Turn to p16 for more on this. Did you know 3D printing can create a home?! On p23 we touch on this amazing new world made possible by technology.

Graphic designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Contributing writers • Zakiyah Ebrahim • Nicole Ludolph • Zoe Fick Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi

Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.

We’ve started 2019 on a high note - turn to p26 for the 2019 STEM events calendar so you know what to expect this year. For those of you who have just started university, we’ve compiled a few tips on how you can create a balance and make the most of your new adventure.

Have fun!

Shani Rhoda Editor

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER STORY CONTENTS

A GLIMPSE INTO SOUTH AFRICA’S ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY With over 21 000 sites and structures that have been identified as historically significant, we take a look at our country’s rich history and explore whether Africa is ready to ride the smart-city bandwagon.

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

H

istory is apparent as you walk down the thousands of streets of the rainbow nation country that is filled

with layers of cultural landscapes and varied architectural tradition. While some buildings, spaces and towns in South Africa have hosted dramatic changes through time, numerous streets retain the imprint of several architectural developments from as early as the 16th century.

The oldest building Castle of Good Hope, 1666 As the oldest city in South Africa, Cape Town consequently boasts many of the country’s oldest places and buildings.

The magnificent Castle of Good Hope is

Castle of Good Hope

the oldest surviving colonial building in South Africa and was built as a fort by the Dutch East India Company as a halfway

building in 1841 due to its structural

point on their sea route between east and

problems, but retains the original tower.

west in 1666. Built from granite obtained from Signal Hill, this pentagonal fortress

The oldest Mosque

represents one of the finest preserved

Bo Kaap, 1760s

works of the 17th-century Dutch East India

The mosques (places of prayer) of Bo Kaap

Company architecture across the globe.

acts as the centre for the Cape Malay community and offer examples of some

The oldest church Groote Kerk, 1704

of the oldest architecture – both a mix of Cape Dutch and Georgian architecture – to

Located at Cape Town’s Church Square

have survived from the late 1700s. Built

in Adderley Street, this Dutch Reformed

in 1798, Auwal Mosque in Dorp Street is

Church is South Africa’s oldest Christian

South Africa’s oldest mosque. It has since

congregation and was sculpted by Anton

been altered and only two walls of the

Anreith. It was replaced by the present

original structure remain.

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Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Groote Kerk

COVER STORY

Auwal Mosque

The fourth oldest town Graaff-Reinet, 1786 This town in the Eastern Cape is the

Boschendal

fourth-oldest in South Africa, following Cape Town, Stellenbosch and Swellendam.

After the 19th century, Graaff-Reinet grew from a wild frontier station into a larger, prosperous farming centre. You can expect to find many architectural gems such as Reinet House and the Old Library Museum here.

The oldest theatre Port Elizabeth Opera House, 1892 The Rand Club

Situated in Port Elizabeth’s CBD, this theatre was declared a National Monument in 1980 and has claimed the title of the oldest theatre in the

The oldest private members’ club Opera House

entire Southern Hemisphere. Although it experienced a R30-million revamp in 2015

The Rand Club, 1904 The Rand Club in Johannesburg, founded

300 years ago and is one of the country’s

in October 1887, was established just a

oldest wine estates. More than that,

year after the city itself was formed. It is

you can expect to find a very attractive

situated in the heart of Marshalltown, the

late Cape Dutch-style farmstead in this

city's historic business district. The third

vicinity. The farmstead was actually built

clubhouse was designed by architects Leck

in the early 19th century when some

One of the oldest wine farms

& Emley and construction was completed

Cape landowners were actively resisting

in 1904. After a devastating fire in 2005,

Boschendal Estate, 1685

the architectural influences of the

it was restored and refurbished the next

The farm, located in the Franschhoek

British colonial period by flaunting their

year and is now considered a 21st century

Valley in Cape Town, was founded over

traditional Cape Dutch style.

“timeless South African icon.”

and has expanded its facilities to include a few modern twists, it’s kept its historic architectural features as the only surviving Victorian theatre in Africa.

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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COVER STORY

WE LOOK TO THE FUTURE … SMART CITIES! Where are we now? And where are we headed? We spend five minutes with an expert who may have the answers.

F

rom places with layers of history to those that will

and there needs to be an alternative framework that speaks

need to integrate seamlessly with technology to ensure

to this second wave. Therefore, as Africans, we must embrace

sustainable habitation, smart cities seem to be the future.

smart cities and create scientific knowledge that will push the

These cities look at sustaining the planet for generations to

boundaries of established knowledge," she adds.

come – by improving technology and caring for the earth.

Whether African governments has clear strategies and visions Technology, of course, plays a significant role as smart cities

on how technology can be used to enhance the lives of its

are chiefly implemented through technology-led logic such as

citizens, only time will tell. But one thing is certain: smart

artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data and predictive analysis, but

governance, smart infrastructure, smart people and ultimately,

the appropriate way forward is to look at the particular city

smart living, is crucial, because, as Kula says, "the shift in city-

and citizens’ needs, along with the suitable technology.

making and the construction of smart cities is inevitable".

Internationally, Melbourne, Singapore and India, among others, have embraced this way of living and their governments have geared up to optimise their resources and create connected cities that can grow sustainably while improving the quality of life of its citizens.

With Africa’s population rapidly growing (according to the UN, it is expected that the total population will have doubled to 2.4 billion by 2050) this means tremendous pressure will gradually be placed on the resources of urban centres. We asked South African architect and urban planner Inam Kula whether Africa is ready to jump on the wagon of smart cities.

"There is no doubt that the fourth industrial revolution is upon us," she says. "However, we always need to remain cognisant of context and be conscious of the fact that smart cities will manifest differently in cities of the global South vs. cities of the global North.”

"Although the first wave of urbanisation occurred in the global

South African architect and urban planner, Inam Kula.

North, the second wave is now taking place in the global South

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Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

NEWS

Making headlines Here are the stories making local and international news.

And the 2018 Nobel Prize goes to…

James Allison and Tasuku Honjo! The pair, from Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and the University of Kyoto in Japan respectively, was jointly awarded the prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on using the immune system to fight cancer.

Just whizzing by Viral videos circulate the internet all day, everyday. But videos of 10-year-old maths masters do not. Local maths whizz Sbahle Zwane made an impression when a video of him solving complicated problems (and earning a quick buck off it!) did its rounds on social media. And his potential was recognised when he received a scholarship from independent school Curro … plus, his single mother was offered a job at the school!

Creating a solid flow A study conducted by civil engineering students at the University of Cape Town (UCT) found that human urine could be used to create a bio-brick – the world’s first of its kind! Supervisor Dr Dyllon Randall, honours student Vukheta Mukhari and master’s student Suzanne Lambert unveiled the first brick. A natural process called microbial carbonate precipitation was used to produce the bio-brick. We hope this leads to many successful buildings in the future!

The next big, blue thing It’s predicted that the next major contributor to South Africa’s GDP will be the blue economy. In addition to creating job opportunities, sectors including fishing, aquaculture, oil and gas, shipping, mining and coastal development are expected to contribute up to R177 billion to the country's economy by 2030.

Changing climate change The recently-launched Shallow Marine and Coastal Research Infrastructure (SMCRI) at Nelson Mandela University’s Ocean Sciences Campus in Port Elizabeth aims to highlight the general understanding of the impact of climate change.

The SMCRI is a project of the university, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the National Research Foundation (NRF). The iniative seeks to research South Africa’s shallow coastline. "In the development of the 'blue economy', the exploitation of living (fisheries, aquaculture, tourism) and non-living marine resources (oil and gas, minerals, energy) should be on a scale that is socially and economically justifiable and ecologically sustainable," said DirectorGeneral of Science and Technology, Dr Phil Maura.

My way on this highway!

A R1.4 billion architectural and engineering project was recently completed in Durban – Africa’s longest flyover bridge that stretches for 1km. The Mount Edgecombe highway interchange was officially opened to traffic by transport minister Blade Nzimande and the South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL). The development hopes to ease traffic in the area.

Safe food for all Following the recent deadly listeriosis outbreak, measures have been put in place to ensure that the food being sold is safe to consume. One of these measures is the first Centre for Food Safety to be opened in South Africa. The centre is a collaboration between Tiger Brands and Stellenbosch University and aims to refine the existing food systems in the country.

ARC PROFILE

ONE SET OF VALUES

INSPIRES ANOTHER Words of wisdom from a soil science student.

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

11

ARC PROFILE

Sibongiseni Mgolozeli, 29, is a soil science student at the

my thinking around HEALTH as an acronym and came up with

Agricultural Research Council (ARC). He is currently studying

the following core values:

towards a PhD with UNISA as part of the ARC’s Professional

HAPPINESS EDUCATION AT TITUDE LOVE TRANSFORMATION HOPE

Development Programme (PDP). Sibongiseni explains that he was inspired by the ARC’s values to come up with his own set of values.

“Like many students in the field of agriculture in South Africa, it was my dream to work for the ARC after graduating. It is also an honour to be part of a company that promotes and upholds its values to inspire not only their employees but everyone who works with the ARC,” he says. Here, Sibongiseni shares his experience and advice for young hopefuls in the industry…

The resonance of these values with my personal goals is crucial.

In order to fulfil its mandate and emphasise their vision and

When adopting the ARC’s values (TARGET) and combining them

mission, the ARC formulated a set of six values into a simple,

with my own core values (HEALTH), I realised that a powerful

easy-to remember acronym: TARGET, which stands for:

statement was formed: TARGET HEALTH. This is who I am, or at

TRUTH ACCOUNTABILITY RESPECT G ROWTH EXCELLENCE TRUST

least who I aspire to be – someone who is constantly targeting good health!”

“I then decided to formulate my ideals as a set of solid principles and connect each of them to my personal values based on epigrams that I lead my life by, listed as follows:

“Every successful company practises a culture that is based on a set of founding values. By the same token, I believe that most successful people in various disciplines (especially those in leadership positions) have established themselves by following a set of values in order to achieve their goals,” says Sibongiseni.

“For example, Nelson Mandela dedicated 67 years of his life committed to and realising the dream of a non-racial, non-sexist, peaceful, united and prosperous South Africa. The best way to honour his legacy is to uphold the values, ideals and principles that he stood for.”

“This got me thinking about my own values and I realised that living a healthy lifestyle is something that I aspire to. I expanded

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Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC PROFILE

TARGET TRUTH

HEALTH HAPPINESS

ACCOUNTABILITY

EDUCATION

“The truth will set you free.” (Jesus Christ)

“Accountability breeds response-ability”. (Stephen Covey)

RESPECT

“Respect is a two-way street … if you want to get it, you’ve got to give it.” (R.G. Risch)

GROWTH

“If you are not growing, you are dying.” (Tony Robbins)

EXCELLENCE

“Happiness cannot be pursued, it must ensue.” (Victor Frankl)

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. (Nelson Mandela)

AT TITUDE

“Attitude, not Aptitude, determines your Altitude.” (Zig Ziglar)

LOVE

“Love is not what you say, love is what you do.” (Anonymous)

“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act,

TRANSFORMATION

but a habit.” (Aristotle)

“Transformation is often more about unlearning, then

TRUST

learning.” (Richard Rohr)

“Trust takes years to build, seconds to break, and forever to repair.” (Anonymous)

HOPE “Hope is an anchor for the soul, holding it firm and secure”.

(The Bible) “Invariably, I remind myself of my mantra: “Safety first, Health second and Family third”. It's important to remember that I cannot protect my family without protecting myself and I cannot care for my family without taking care of myself.

Current advancements in many fields (especially technology) have made change more imperative in recent times. As we learn new things daily, we also need to unlearn old things that no longer serve us well. Our beliefs or abstract principles are projected to us mostly by culture systems as we grow older. To formulate solid principles to live by, it is imperative to scrutinise the values and concepts or beliefs upon which culture in one’s environment was formed. Different cultural norms followed in various environments influence peoples’ personalities differently.

It's important to be open-minded and embrace diversity as you get exposed to different cultures. I believe that if I follow my own solid principles that I have tested through experience, then I can achieve anything that I set my mind to – and so can you!”

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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INSPIRATION

Mokena Makeka A peek into the work of an award-winning architect and designer.

By: Nicole Ludolph Makeka and his architecture firm have received a number of awards, one of which is the Gold Loerie Award for Communication Design in Architecture in 2011. They won this award for their work on the SAPS station in Retreat. They also won the Cape Institute of Architecture Merit Award for the Khayelitsha Multipurpose Centre in 2009.

In 2010, Makeka sat on the FIFA World Cup Arts & Culture Task Team. He does not just limit himself to architectural design, however. He also takes time to pass his knowledge and experience on to others. He lectured locally at the University of Cape Town, and internationally at Columbia University School of Architecture.

S

outh African architecture, like all other aspects of South

Last year, Makeka Design Lab worked on the refurbishing of the

African life, was heavily impacted by Apartheid. Spatial

Table Mountain National Park offices in Tokai, Cape Town. The

planning segregated people of different races and any

firm does not just work in the public sector, however. They have

buildings that required the use of different racial groups at the

also completed work on the high-end residential development

same space where built to keep those groups separate.

called No 3 Silo, situated on Silo Square in the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town.

Mokena Makeka, South African architect and founder of Makeka Design Lab, has been redesigning public spaces for over

Makeka’s philosophy when designing or redesigning a space is

a decade. In an article for Archdaily.com, Makeka says that his

to better people’s lives. “With every project I was engaged with,

work “often focuses on transforming the imposing fortress-

it was always a question: ‘How do I make something that begins

like architecture of Apartheid-era buildings into delicate and

to address these challenges? How do you help bring dignity to

‘vulnerable’ ones.”

the everyday?’”

Makeka graduated from the University of Cape Town in 2001 and started Makeka Design Lab the next year. With roots in Cape Town, his notable works include the refurbishing of Cape Town Railway Station prior to the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup, as well as the Khayelitsha Multipurpose Centre and the redesign of the South African Police Service (SAPS) station in Retreat.

In a 2014 interview with FreundenVonFreundon.com, an online platform connecting those in the creative community, Makeka compared architecture to music. He described architecture as moving through a space “forwards or backwards, it’s always changing, its character is consistently shifting. You can design architecture but you can’t really control it. It’s also about how people interact with it.”

”With every project I was engaged with, it was always a question: ‘How do I make something that begins to address these challenges?’“

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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TRENDING TOPIC

WHEN ARCHITECTURE MEETS NATURE Eco-friendly buildings are becoming more and more popular.

We explore some of the reasons why that’s a good thing!

P

eople are becoming more and more

This is done by using renewable energy

aware of how the actions of major

sources and making the most of solar,

2/ Solar panels provide heat.

environment, and there’s been a mass

3/ Reduced use of electicity as the winwind and water energy. Another important dows provide enough natural lighting. factor that should be a top priority for any

movement towards doing the right thing

environmentally-friendly project is the

Northern Arizona University, USA

in recent years. There are easy ways of

level of pollution.

Top points:

companies are affecting the

making a difference – opt for a lipstick that’s Cruelty-Free instead. Still sipping on

1/ Produces as much energy as it

Famous worldwide examples:

those single-use plastic straws? It’s time to go without one or buy a glass or stainless steel straw instead!

The beauty of our evolving STEM world means that we can benefit from amazing new inventions that’ll make our lives easier and happier without hurting our earth. And architecture is an industry that’s changing its ways and leading companies towards sustainable operations.

What does it entail?

Lessening the pressure on resources and the damage to the environment should be at the top of the priorities list – from the beginning to the end of a building project, and beyond. Architects and engineers need to ensure that all processes and materials used are sustainable, recycled or recyclable.

There is also a significant amount of thought placed on using less energy in the building and operating of a structure.

consumes by using the sun and wind.

2/ Limited waste was produced – many of

PricewaterhouseCoopers Building, London

the resources were repurposed and used

Top points:

3/ Cleans storm water with an on-site

1/ Reuses waste- and rain water.

filtration system.

in the building’s operation.

TRENDING TOPIC

Numerous names An eco-friendly building is also known as a green building, green construction or a sustainable building.

Local heroes Silindokuhle Preschool in Port Elizabeth’s Joe Slovo West informal settlement was built by the community using recycled materials such as plastic bottles, glass and wooden pallets. The project recently received an award for Sustainable Architecture and Innovation through AfriSam-SAIA.

The top five eco-friendly materials: • Recycled steel • Bamboo • Sheep’s wool • Straw bales • Mud bricks

The latest news UCT is working on bio-bricks made made of urine… sound crazy? You may have missed our Science News on p9 – turn back for more on this new discovery!

Earth Fun Facts

70% 7 billion people on Earth.

4.5 10 000km

of Earth’s surface is covered in water, with the rest being land mass.

billion years old

into space is how far the Earth’s atmosphere reaches up.

97% 3%

of the water is salt water/ocean. is freshwater.

The Earth itself has 3 layers - the Crust, the Mantle and the Core.

C

84% of the Earth’s volume is the Mantle, with it being 2970km thick.

17 milliseconds is how long the Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing down for, every 100 years.

23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds is how long it takes for the Earth to fully rotate, not 24 hours.

365 365 and a quater days is how long the Earth takes to orbit the sun.

100 1/3 of the Earth’s surface is desert, either partially or fully.

times per second the Earth is struck by lightning - that is 8.6 million times a day.

TOP 3

BRIDGES THAT CROSS BORDERS Skyscrapers and iconic buildings take a backseat as we focus on these architectural masterpieces.

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

1/ Öresund Bridge

2/ Johor–Singapore Causeway

Countries linked: Copenhagen, Denmark

Countries linked: Johor Bahru, Malaysia

and Malmö, Sweden

and Woodlands, Singapore

Completed in: 1999

Completed in: 1923

Length: 7 845m

Length: 1 056m

Fun fact: For a long time, the bridge

Fun fact: Malaysia’s former prime minister,

3/ Victoria Falls Bridge

promoted free travel but due to the

Najib Abdul Razak, recently pushed for

Countries linked: Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe

migrant crisis in Europe, both nations

a demolition of the Causeway in favour of

and Livingstone, Zambia

committed to stronger security measures

a new bridge. The Singapore government

Completed in: 1905

and started regularly checking passengers

rejected his plan, saying it could still be

Length: 198m

in both directions at the toll booths.

used for another 30 years.

Fun fact: It was originally named the

It took five years to complete this bridge

At the beginning of the 20 century,

and beneath the four lanes of road, train

Singapore was a busy port where many

In 1901, the site for this road, rail and

tracks span across the second lower level

worked in Johor’s timber and rubber

pedestrian parabolic arch bridge was

of the bridge, making it a great way to

industries and the only way to get

selected to be across the Zambezi River

facilitate travel between Denmark and

between the two places was by ferry. But

and below the Victoria Falls. It took about

Sweden. From Malmö, the bridge connects

when the volume of goods being moved

a year to construct and upon completion,

to Peberholm and from Peberholm the

across the straits grew too much for the

a 612-tonne train was used to test the

road disappears into the sea!

ferries to handle, construction of the

stiffness of the bridge. When this was

causeway began in 1919.

successful, it was formally opened to

Great Zambesi Bridge. th

From an aerial view it looks utterly bizarre,

traffic on 12 September 1905.

but the road actually descends into

It was the largest engineering project in

Drodgen Tunnel which permits undersea

then-Malaya, covering a length of 18m.

Today, historical tours are a main

travel for about 4km from Peberholm, an

Consisting of two railway tracks and

attraction of the bridge with a small

artificial island, to the man-made isle of

a roadway, the construction required over

museum and café on the Zambian side.

Kastrup, a suburb of Copenhagen. Best of

2 000 workers and five years to complete!

On the bridge itself there are extreme

all, the tunnel serves as a reef, acting as

Today, more than 400 000 crossings are

adventure activities such as bungee

a home to marine life.

made across this bridge every day.

jumping or zip-lining across the waterfall.

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Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

It’s what we build

3112

We all dream of a better future. For ourselves, our families and our country.

SANRAL, as part of the National Development Plan, is improving and expanding vital road infrastructure.

In the process we are creating jobs, transferring skills and developing opportunities for all South Africans.

We are proud to be a part of the National Development Plan, because we know that roads are more than just roads, they pave the way to a better future.

More than just roads

CHALLENGE

The next step in building Here’s how 3D printing is giving new meaning to modern-day living.

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim do not have access to adequate and safe housing worldwide so for families living in extreme poverty, this is very promising news.

While 3D-printed houses have not yet made its way to South Africa, we do have the world’s biggest 3D printer, which is a collaboration between South African company Aerosud Innovation Centre and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. It uses titanium powder to build custom-made products and takes up to R7.5 million in titanium powder to fill it. Although quite costly, it also manufactures smaller parts.

T

Currently, the machine manufactures parts

hanks to the innovative design

the human factor and having a high

for South African aircraft. Perhaps one day

of the printer, three-dimensional

printing speed level, it is also easily

South Africans too will get to experience

(3D) printing, also known as

transportable. Commissioning it on-site

and move into fascinating printed homes.

additive manufacturing, has sure come

takes just about an hour, and, best of all, it

a long way since its humble beginning

can reduce costs by up to 70%.

in 1984. This fully automated process creates solid 3D objects and is swiftly

New Story, a housing charity organisation,

competing with traditional methods of

and construction tech company ICON

construction. Particularly in architecture

made headlines this year when they

and design, there have been significant

partnered to build a prototype house in

strides in 3D-printed houses. With so many

Austin, Texas for under $4 000 (around

advantages, it is even more fascinating

R57 800). With an aim to end global

that these houses can be built in less than

homelessness by making housing more

24 hours!

affordable, durable and sustainable, they have since raised a whopping $9 million

Consisting of a mobile construction

in funding for the first community of

3D printer, it contains an automatic mix

homes that will be printed in El Salvador.

and supply unit which combine to make the construction printing process as much

These compact houses are built from

automated as possible and allows for

cutting-edge materials, which comply

much faster and accurate brick assembly.

with safety and comfort standards and

Doors and window frames are all placed

are designed to be used in environments

after the printing is complete from the

where there may be limited water, power

ground. Apart from partially eliminating

and other resources. Over 1 billion people

Start something!

Want to make your own 3D home model from scratch? It’s easy! Here’s how…

Download Google SketchUp 8 and install it. On the top of the home screen window you’ll find a toolbar with a few buttons. Use these to start creating your house in 3D. Use the line, push/ pull, rectangle, eraser, orbit and paint bucket as these are the essential tools to help you create that perfect 3D home.

If you’re looking for additional material, source them online. For example, if you want to add doors to your house, search “architecture” in the search field under “components”. Then select “architecture”

by SketchUp. In no time you’ll have yourself a personalised 3D home worth showing off!

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

23

SALARIES

Earn a living you’ll love!

If you’ve found your passion but you’re still trying to figure out if it’ll pay the bills, read on. We pick a job title and weigh in on the pros, cons and earning potential!

So you want to be…

A design architect What’s in the job description?

Work it out

You’ll be required to design buildings and

Did you know? You can view the average

structures for your clients. Your work will

salaries for various job titles online at

start with consulting with your client and

payscale.com. Simply filter your search

creating draft designs and will include

using the job title, area of employment,

site visits throughout the construction,

level of education and years of experience

leading to a successful, complete building.

to find out what salary you could

Design architect

potentially earn. The site also gives you

Based on: 62 profiles

Minimum required qualification

access to other interesting statistics, such as the ratio of females to males in the

Average salary per year: R256 896

A bachelor’s degree in Architecture

specific industries, which skills may add to

Skills you’ll need

your success in applying for jobs and what

Design architects need to be completely

the popular benefits are in each field.

computer literate and clued up on design software.

Average salary per year R256 896

Gender graphics surveyed are female Male – 52% of the employees surveyed

With a Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) degree, the average annual salary is R260 000.

Which city is best for your career?

The highest recorded salary bracket is in Durban – between R61 277 – R471 665.

However, this is also the city with the greatest pay inequality gap between the

are male

Based on: 44 profiles Average salary per year: R141 122

Based on: 43 profiles Average salary per year: R360 177

Senior architect technologist Based on: 18 profiles Average salary per year: R246 244

Female salary bracket – between R108 000 – R327 816

Town planner

Male salary bracket – between

Based on: 1 profile

R118 591 – R478 507

Average salary per year: R243 955

Worth your years

48

% of employees surveyed have 1-4 years of experience in the industry.

lowest and highest earners.

24

Architectural technologist

Project architect

Female – 48% of the employees

Degrees of pay

Who’s earning what

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Top employers on PayScale include: • Stauch Voster Architects • SAOTA • DHK Architects • Paragon Architects

IDENTITY IS IN THE

EYE OF THE BEHOLDER “Dare to be different, but at the same time, stay true to yourself.” GUGULETHU MABUZA-HOCQUET These are very appropriate words indeed from the woman who has committed her research to identity protection.

The way Gugu sees it, your identity is all you really have – and the answer to protecting it, lies in iris biometrics.

She is exploring the unique iris properties of the South African population that may just hold the key to a uniquely South African security encryption system.

“Your iris does not only hold information such as your age, gender and race, it also says you are part of a demographic mix that is not found elsewhere in the world. Now imagine a future where those unique features in your eyes will protect the most valuble thing you have – your identity.”

Gugu describes the way she ended up in science as a “beautiful accident”. It’s certainly one to be thankful for.

BRIGHT YOUNG SCIENTISTS BEHIND IDEAS THAT WORK. www.csirideasthatwork.co.za

EVENTS

ON THE CALENDAR FOR 2019 Here are some fantastic science events coming to you this year – pencil them in!

By: Zoe Fick

A

frica is fast developing into a knowledge hub.

The festival aims to encourage learners to pursue and explore

Previously we looked to the Western world for ground-

science outside of the classroom. The events at the festival

breaking scientific discoveries but now we find that

are designed to be interactive and fun with core learning

these discoveries are also being made in our very own land.

aspects integrated into all the programs. SciFest provides

We currently face many challenges within our community that

a forum for which renowned scientists can interact with

can be aided through scientific discovery and innovation. Who

audiences. This event is a great opportunity to expose the

knows... Your work could be the key to solving issues such as

youth to potential careers and nurture a love for STEM that

devastating droughts, poverty, pollution and diseases.

will shape the minds of future leaders in science. It’s an event that’s not to be missed!

Share your ideas at science fairs and attend events that'll inspire you! These are the top events to look out for this year:

Eskom Expo The 2019 Eskom Expo for Young Scientists Grahamstown

MARCH

Regional Final will be coordinated as a component of Scifest

The biggest science festival in South Africa is set to hit

event is a means of showcasing the bright, young talent of

Grahamstown from 6-12 March! The 2018 SciFest boasted

the future leaders in science in the country.

SciFest Africa

Africa and is scheduled to take place from 6-12 March. The

a stellar programme that included 64 exhibitions and 701 events. Big things are in store for 2019 SciFest, which will

Not only is it a leading science fair, it’s also the only one of

be held at the Grahamstown Foundation, as the theme will be

its kind in South Africa that allows learners the opportunity

celebrating International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical

to enter a project to exhibit their own scientific research. The

Elements as proclaimed by the United Nations.

project aims to inspire, motivate and develop young scientists

26

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

EVENTS

attend a school in Gauteng and will consist of three events: the

who are able to identify a problem, analyse information, find

North Gauteng Junior Science Expo, the North Gauteng Junior

solutions and communicate findings effectively. The expo is

Robothon and the North Gauteng Junior Arts Fair.

a vital forum for finding innovative solutions to pre-existing issues in our communities.

Northern Cape Science Fair Taking place at Postmasburg Primary School on 30 August,

MAY

this science fair is aimed at learners from grades 1-12, who

International Conference on Science, Technology, Engineering and Management

attend schools in the Northern Cape. The iMBEWU Northern Cape Science Fair affords learners the chance to exhibit their

This event will run from 24-25 May and will be held at

scientific investigations and projects in natural sciences,

the Fountains Hotel in Cape Town. The two-day conference

mathematics and technology. The event is a provincial science

provides a vast international platform for academics,

fair, allowing learners the opportunity to discuss their work

researchers, engineers, industrial participants and keen

with fellow students, teachers and the public.

science students alike to network and share their research findings with other global experts.

AUGUST

North Gauteng Junior Science Fair The largest junior science fair in Gauteng will be held on 7 August at Maragon Olympus Private School, Faerie Glen. The event is aimed at students between grades 1-6 who currently

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

27

ADVICE

SURVIVE YOUR FIRST YEAR We help you find a balance between life and varsity – right from the beginning!

By: Nicole Ludolph

Make time for friends and family Studying hard and getting the most out of your time at university is incredibly important, but this does not preclude your need for socialising. To live a truly balanced and healthy life, you need to make sure that you set aside some time to reconnect with your friends and family.

Get enough exercise Your brain cannot function optimally if you neglect your fitness. Try to do some type of physical activity every day, even if it is a quick run around the block or

U

15 minutes of stretching.

niversity life can be overwhelming.

Here are a few tips on how you can

At first, it may seem like endless

manage your time like a pro and find

fun – there is the seductive amount

a healthy balance:

of freedom you enjoy when first entering

Follow a healthy diet It is easy to develop a snacking habit as a student. Piling sweets and other junk

a tertiary institution. There are new friends

Plan your time

to be made and those legendary university

Create a daily schedule – plan each

become comforting. The high sugar

parties to look forward to. Assignment

section of your day, ensuring that you

content provides an instant, but short-

deadlines seem far away, and exams even

have enough time for thorough research.

lived, energy boost. Rather than indulging

more distant…

If you have a long paper, essay or article

in junk, try eating more fruit or vegetables.

to write, make sure that you set a daily

It is healthier and you don’t necessarily

That is until you reach a month, a few

word count. And most importantly, commit

have to compromise on tastiness!

weeks or even a day before your first

to the schedule!

assignment is due! All of a sudden, you need to forgo sleep, do a ton of research and make friends with the books in the

Set realistic goals

food into your mouth whilst studying can

Ask for help If you are struggling, ask for help.

When you plan your schedule, do not

Approach your lecturers, advisors or fellow

over-estimate how much you are capable

students when you do not understand

of doing. Consult your course outlines For many students, this cycle of fun and

a concept. Most universities have plenty

and lecturers so that you have a list of all

then cramming becomes the norm. But this

of resources, all there for you to use.

you need to do for the semester, and plan

is unhealthy and undermines the entire

ahead. Set short-term and long-term goals

purpose of being at university.

University can be amazing and rewarding

for yourself to stay motivated.

as long as you maintain a balance!

library so you can meet the deadline.

BURSARIES

Funding your future Anglo American Coal Bursary

Who to contact:

SEDISA Trust Bursary South Africa

What does it cover?

Call 086 100 8777 / 086 100 7787 or

What does it cover?

This is a full-coverage bursary for all

email info@careerwise.co.za.

Tuition, books and accommodation.

study-related expenses. Students must

Closing date:

Fields of study:

take part in compulsory vacation work

Submissions are open all year and

Preference will be granted to students in the

for 6 weeks per year, during the

applications will be accepted at any time.

following fields of study:

December/January holidays. Upon

• Mechanical Engineering

graduation, students may be required to

Murray & Roberts Bursary

• Civil Engineering

take up employment at Anglo (depending

What does it cover?

• Industrial Engineering

on availability within the company).

Registration fees, costs of tuition and

• Quantity Surveying

Fields of study:

examination fees, books, accommodation

Who can apply?

• Electrical or Mechanical Engineering

and a food allowance. Recipients will also

Applicants must satisfy the following

• Mining Engineering

have access to a academic support system

minimum entry criteria before applying:

• Mine Survey

and upon graduation, will be required to

• South African citizen

• Metallurgy

work for the company (the length of time

• Black female student (in terms of the

• Geology

will beequal to bursary duration).

BBBEE codes)

Who can apply?

Fields of study:

• Registered to study in one of the

Applicants must satisfy the following

BSc, BEng or BTech qualifications in:

aforementioned fields of study

minimum entry criteria before applying:

• Engineering (civil; mechanical;

• Financially disadvantaged background

• South African citizen

industrial; electrical or mining)

• Have a strong academic record

• Completed Matric or currently in Matric

• Quantity Surveying

How to apply:

(Engineering and Geology degree students

• Building/Construction Management

Applications must be done online. Submit

must have achieved a minimum of level

Who can apply?

copies of the following documentation along

6 for Mathematics and Science in Matric)

Applicants must satisfy the following

with your online application:

• Studying or intend on studying within

minimum entry criteria before applying:

• Certifed copy of your ID document,

one of the aforementioned fields

• SA citizenship or permanent residency

matric certificate and academic transcript

• Studying or intend on studying at

• Full-time student of a relevant degree at

• Proof of tertiary registration

a recognised university or university of

an accredited South African university

• Fee statement from tertiary institution

technology in South Africa

• Grade 12 results with Maths and Science

• List of study-related costs

• Meet the minimum entry requirements

• University acceptance for the course

• CV and motivational letter

of your chosen university

• Minimum of 65% aggregate

Note:

How to apply:

How to apply:

Shortlisted candidates will be contacted

Submit the form and documents by:

There will be a selection panel appointed

and required to attend an interview with

1) Email: applications@careerwise.co.za

to deal directly with national universities

the SEDISA Trustee members. If you have

2) Fax: 086 609 7183

to select academically strong and students

not received any feedback within 2 weeks

3) Post: Career Wise (Pty) Ltd,

for the bursary, granting preference to

of submission, please regard your

PO Box, 30632, Braamfontein 2017

black, coloured and indian students.

application as unsuccessful.

Attach copies of these documents:

Who to contact:

Who to contact:

• Certified copy of your ID document

For more information on how recipients

For any queries related to this bursary

• Photograph (passport size)

are chosen, chat to your university bursary

programme, contact SEDISA directly via

• Grade 11 final results (Matric students)

department, call 011 456 1144 or email

email at info@sedisatrust.com or visit the

• Matric certificate (if completed Matric)

clientservice@murrob.com.

website sedisatrust.com.

• Proof of university admission

Closing date:

Closing date:

• Full tertiary academic record to date

10 June annually.

Submissions are open all year.

30

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

BURSARIES

Lend a helping hand

Meet the recipients

If you know anyone who could possibly help in keeping

We take a closer look at how the Russel Botman Bursary Fund

a few bursaries, please urge them to visit

changed the lives of two Stellenbosch University students.

this fund running by making a donation or sponsoring russelbotman.com and click “Donate”.

Nandipha Dlamini Field of study: third year in BSc Animal Science “I applied for financial aid during my first year of university

Nomalinge Mzaza

in 2016 and I was called for an interview towards the end of

Field of study: third year in BSc Food Science

2017. A few weeks later, I was informed that I qualified for the

“My parents couldn’t afford to pay for my studies – my mother

I receive from the fund, which covers my studies (registration,

Russel Botman Bursary Fund! Without the financial support

was unemployed and my father worked as a security guard – and so I relied on financial support to cover my studying and

tuition and books) as well as residence, I would be unable to continue my studies.”

accommodation fees. I applied for a bursary in April 2017 and was called for an interview shortly thereafter. I received an

More about the bursary

email from the bursary office at Stellenbosch University telling

The Russel Botman Bursary Fund was founded on 18 October

me that I was shortlisted for the Russel Botman Bursary Fund.

2013 – the late Professor Hayman Russel Botman’s 60th

They informed me that the bursary is specifically aimed at

birthday. Botman was the first black rector and vice-chancellor

students who show academic potential but who come from

of Stellenbosch University. The bursary is open to applicants

financially disadvantaged backgrounds. The help I received

in all fields of study who show strong academic potential and

from the fund made a huge difference in my life. I would not

come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Applications are done

have been able to further my studies without their support!

through Stellenbosch University’s bursary department. For

I can now further my studies without having to pay off hefty

more, visit russelbotman.com, email info@rbbf.co.za or like the

student loans once I start working.”

page – The Russel Botman Bursary Fund – on Facebook.

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

31

QUIZ

Picking your brain

1 2 3 4 5 6

The world’s strongest insect is the…

A. Tarantula B. Cockroach C. Dung beetle

Which bridge acts as a reef for marine life?

A. Johor–Singapore Causeway B. Öresund Bridge

7 8

C. Victoria Falls Bridge

Where is the world’s biggest 3D printer located?

A. Texas, USA B. Pretoria, South Africa C. Copenhagen, Denmark

The Great Barrier Reef is the earth’s largest living structure. How long is it?

A. Over 200km

Orcas or killer whales are part of which family?

A. Whales B. Dolphins C. Sharks

Which is the only animal with three hearts?

A. Humpback whale B. Earthworm C. Octopus

9 0 1

How much blood does the average body contain?

A. 8.5 to 9.5 litres B. 4.5 to 5.5 litres C. 11 to 12 litres

Who was the principal architect for the original World Trade Centre in New York City?

A. Minoru Yamasaki

B. Over 2 000km

B. Emery Roth

C. Over 5 000km

C. Pietro Belluschi

Which of the following bridges is the longest?

A. Victoria Falls Bridge B. Johor–Singapore Causeway C. Öresund Bridge

The largest underwater cave system in the world is located in…

A. Iceland B. California C. Mexico

32

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PUZZLES

SUDUKO Fill in the 9Ă—9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3Ă—3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9.

6 2 3 2 4

5

2 7 1

8

9 3 5

1 9

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3 1 9

7

WORD SEARCH A

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Architecture Building Enfilade Fenestration Parametric Truncated Dimension Construction

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

33

ANSWERS

TEST RESULTS What was your score for the Women in Science issue?

SUDUKO

SCIENCESTARS Special Edition 2018

WOMEN IN SCIENCE

1 7 3

8 9 6

5 4 2

7 2 8

4 6 1

9 3 5

2 8 7

3 5 4

6 1 9

9 5 8

4 2 3

7 1 6

1 9 5

3 7 2

8 6 4

5 3 1

6 8 9

2 4 7

6 2 4

1 5 7

3 8 9

4 6 3

5 9 8

2 7 1

9 4 6

7 2 2

8 3 5

QUIZ

WORD SEARCH

1. B - 1 000 years

34

2. B - 1955

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5. A - Solar energy

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6. B - Denmark

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Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

3. A - $120 billion 4. C - 1886

7. C - Marie Curie 8. C - Larry Page 9. A - Skin 10. C - Nile River

FACTS

Bet you didn’t know that…

• The Bridge of Eggs in Lima, Peru, was built using mortar that was mixed using the whites of 10 000 eggs instead of with water. What’s even more unbelievable is that the bridge still stands today!

• Ten million bricks were used to build the iconic Empire State Building in New York.

• A team of 400 000 men spent twenty years building the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

• The Great Wall of China is visible from space – it’s the only man-made structure that is.

• The construction of the Unfinished Foreshore Freeways in Cape Town was stopped in 1975 mostly due to budget constraints.

• The Taj Mahal in India has been exposed to damage and discolouration due to the air pollution caused by nearby factories and the amount of insects from the polluted Yamuna River. The damage is so bad that the Supreme Court threatened to close it down or even to demolish it!

• The world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, is a whopping 828m high – three times the height of the Eiffel Tower.

• The largest underwater restaurant in the world, named Under, is currently being built in Norway. The restaurant will also be used as a sea lab where marine biologists can observe marine life.

• English architect Herbert Baker designed Rhodes Memorial in Cape Town and The Union Buildings in Pretoria.

• Cape Town’s most expensive parking bay – a basement bay in Clifton – was bought for R2 million in 2008!

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

35

SCIENCE CENTRE

CENTRE OF ATTENTION This issue, we head to Nelson Mandela Bay Science & Technology Centre.

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

T

he unveiling of this R13 million

programmes, school group tours and

science centre in Uitenhage, Eastern

science clubs. The centre also boasts

Cape, took place in March 2013.

a fully-equipped chemistry lab, a science

The centre, a project of the Mandela Bay

research library, an audio and visual

Development Agency and an entity of the

room and so much more. If you’ve ever

Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, is

wondered what it must be like to translate

dedicated to building enthusiasm

theory into practice, the curriculum-

for Science, Technology, Engineering,

aligned programme is definitely one

Mathematics and Innovation (STEMI).

to attend as it focuses on practical

reached more than 3 000 learners within

demonstrations.

the Nelson Mandela Bay area since its

Acting manager of the centre, Singathwa

Basic software programming was facilitated at one of the centre's computer labs.

launch. Scifest Africa, DST’s National

Poswa, explains that the centre has four

Poswa explains that the holiday

Science Week, Eskom Mini Expo for Young

key goals which includes identifying and

programme, Science Clubs, focuses on

Scientists and Africa Code Week are some

nurturing poorly-resourced schools in the

instilling a love and passion for science.

of the many notable annual events that

region. “We want it to be a centre where

The centre has a 3 600m2 exhibition

are hosted at this centre.

the community – adults and children

area that is further divided into different

alike – can explore, experience and learn

zones such as transport, energy, electricity,

Although the Nelson Mandela Bay

about STEMI in an interactive and exciting

gaming, construction, light and optics.

Science & Technology Centre mainly

way,” she says.

targets school learners and educators, Certainly a pacesetter in its own right,

members of the public are welcome to

The state-of-the-art facility hosts exciting

it is the first science centre to operate

visit from Monday to Friday between

in-house programmes that consist of

independent of a higher learning

9am–4pm to view exhibitions that are on

curriculum-aligned practicals, holiday

institution in the Eastern Cape and has

display and to participate in fun events.

Learners were entertained by a science demonstration by the NMU Chemistry Department during National Science Week.

Various interactive science exhibits were on display.

Photographs: NMB Science Centre

36

Science Stars Magazine Architecture Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

Mzansi For Science

Scientists, Technologists and Innovators are just like you.

They’re curious.

They ask questions.

They try new things.

The desire to try new things has been inside you from the very beginning.

Facebook.com/MzansiForScience Mzansi4Science