SCIENCE HOLIC
Collaborations MedSoc Talk is a student-run organization and social media platform that writes articles concerning the intersection of medicine and society, as well as news and women in medicine. Articles include interviews from world-renowned doctors and scientists, including professors from Ivy League universities and Nobel Prize Laureates. And, for students trying to decide between medical specialties, there is the Specialty Sunday series where real-world physicians answer questions about their field. MedSoc Talk's mission is to provide a collaborative environment for students to learn about these topics, as well as educate students about health disparities in order to enact necessary positive change in the future.
Medicuras is a student-led initiative aiming to educate and provide insight on the various aspects of the medical world and healthcare. The foundation of our initiative is to build a space where we can debunk misinformation and educate our audience about developments and growths in the world of medicine. Our contect is carefully curated for people of all generations in the form of digestible infographics, blogs, and general trivia. 2 | SCIENCEHOLIC EDITION 2022
Collaborations Health Lens is an organization dedicated to educating all individuals, but mainly, youth on the importance of health and raising awareness around various aspects of health to promote a health-literate and informed population. Health Lens links youth and beyond to resources regarding all subsets of health to further health literacy, increase awareness around certain topics and promote community involvement through our informative articles and other enriching opportunities. Most of all, we strive to empower all individuals, providing them with confidence and awareness surrounding their health, to live their life free, unbounded from health burdens and illnesses. Future of Medicine is a student-led organization that aims to educate, inspire, and empower anyone who is interested in the medical field through learning and volunteering opportunities. We post informational content once a week about medical topics and hold webinars with medical professionals, hoping to spread awareness about important issues and encourage students to actively learn about what they're passionate about. Through these experiences, we hope people are able to find what interests them and walk away with more knowledge. SCIENCEHOLIC EDITION 2022 |3
Editor's Notes We all hope you are enjoying your summer and had restful breaks this year. Thank you for your continued support throughout the difficult times this pandemic has brought everyone. In this next edition, Scienceholic brings to you the combined work of Scienceholic members, along with members of Medsoc, Medicuras, Health Lens, and Future of Medicine. Our appreciation also goes out to all those who put work into organizing the 2021 Medical Conference and thank you to the speakers who joined to educate about their experience. Though the threat of covid-19 is not as prominent as before, many still live through the worst of this virus’ effects. To honor the healthcare workers that continue to work day and night throughout this pandemic, we focused this edition on medical matters. This medicine-themed edition covers topics mainly concerning psychology and disease. Thank you again for your support, and we hope you enjoy!
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o t i a S n e K
TABLE OF CONTENT
Medicine History Time Travel Machine
Psychology and the Brain An Inside Look at a Teen’s Mindset Psychology of Juvenile Delinquency Sleep’s Tie with Procrastination The Internet’s Effect on Memory Inside the Brain: Savant Syndrome
Disease The World’s Most Dangerous Emerging Infections A Recently Explored Relationship: High Cholesterol and Cancer
Medicine Penicillin in the Modern Day Comparing Common Pain Relievers: Aspirin vs. Ibuprofen Acupuncture: Healing with Needles
Social Justice Why People Are Concerned About The “Heartbeat Act” SCIENCEHOLIC EDITION 2022 | 5
Time Travel Machine Artist: Tiffany Chen
Ibn Sina writes The Canon of Medicine (1025)
The birth of the Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates (460 BC)
Edward Jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox, the first vaccine for any disease (1796)
Robert Hooke discovered the first cells (1665)
William T.G Morton: the first successful person to publicly demonstrate the use surgical anesthetic (1846)
Alexander Wood invents the syringe (1853)
Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays (1895)
Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, the first true antibiotic (1928)
Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine (1955)
First mRNA vaccine developed to counter the SARS-CoV-2 virus (2020)
Doctor Christian Bernard performs the first human heart transplant (1967)
Doctors successfully transplanted a genetically modified pig heart into a patient (2022)
Psychology and the brain
AN INSIDE LOOK AT A TEEN’S MINDSET Author: Avantika Rajesh Editors: Vincent Chang, Peggy Yang Artist: Kimberly Arinton
Awareness of the importance of a healthy mindset is skyrocketing every day. Yet, with all this said, a healthy mindset specifically of teens is often avoided or ignored. These are often paired with statements like "oh, you are just a child you don't have anything to worry about," or "wait until you reach my age,
you will learn the harsh truths of the world." However, many don't fully understand the mental stress that students/teenagers face each day. The idea of having nothing much to do other than studying is an understatement. However, it's not like juggling between professional, family life, and
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financial expenditure like the adults do. The pressure and expectations that we face are equivalent to those of an adult, but our problems are often overlooked. There is a lot of pressure to choose a career at the age of 16-17, attain good grades, get into the top universities and work a respectable position
Psychology and the brain earning money to live comfortably. Yes, to stand out, be a leader, and be unique and one of a kind in a crowd of thousands is difficult. Our parents want what is best for us, but unconsciously they pressure us to do well and neglect our mental health. They put weights of high expectations, pressure on our shoulders without realizing it. Students getting into their dream university or attaining
the job they have always wanted is often regarded as one of the greatest joys. But the pure joy and happiness for me was seeing the joy on my parents' faces, hearing my mum brag about me to her friends and acquaintances as I never gave my mum a reason to be proud for. Along with these comes the unbelievably high standards sourced from social media where everything is all
rainbows and unicorns. Being successful at a young age is appreciated, whereas being successful at 50 or 60 goes unrecognized. Being able to fit into size 2 or 0 is fantasized, and having a size ten or above the body with stretch marks, muffin tops, body hair, etc., is frowned upon. And since we use our mobiles, laptops, and tablets every day, these ideas are finally registered into our minds.
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Psychology and the brain These past few months, I have shown signs of depression - lack of motivation, fatigue, unreasonable outbursts; it had reached a point where I didn't have the strength to have a bath for an entire week, where I was skipping classes, leaving homework overdue. I was using the internet as a way to distract myself so that I could avoid my problems. I was using sleep as a coping method, hoping that my problems would be solved by the time I woke up. But it wasn't as expected; in return, I got earfuls from my mother, disappointed stares from my dad, and my symptoms were overlooked as lazy. If you were to ask me which stage of life would have the most unhealthy mindset, I would boldly say that of a teenager. Why? I think the reasons I have listed would be replaying in your head now. I found it rather difficult to write this article when I was asked to write about this topic as writing this would mean that I would have to dig deep into my insecurities; it meant writing about something that I have tried for months trying to avoid. But, as they say, how long can you run away from your problems until it is time to face them head-on? For a positive and healthy mindset, connecting with
people, especially those you trust the most, is essential to overcome our fears and insecurities. Give yourself time to heal from the storm you just endured, and allow yourself to focus on your physical health. Keeping these things in mind, I have taken it upon myself to get me on track. Being able to realize one's mental health itself is a start at maintaining a healthy mindset. By doing so, an individual has been able to reach a state of self-realization. The power that self-realization holds is enormous. And I am doing so by being more comfortable voicing my opinions, going on walks every day, and giving myself time to
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relax and just enjoy myself with everyone and everything I love. The most important thing to keep in mind is to allow yourself to be more open with someone or, essentially, yourself so that you don't emotionally exhaust yourself. When you feel like you are emotionally exhausted, then it is time to seek advice from professionals. It is entirely normal to have visits for professional help; your mental health should be given more importance, just like your physical health, than the social stigma behind seeking professional help.
Psychology and the brain
PSYCHOLOGY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Author: Shumrithi N Editor (s): Yan Xi Chen and Ken Saito Artist: Tiffany Chen Juvenile delinquency is the involvement in criminal acts by a juvenile between the ages of 10 and 17. An individual’s behavior is considered ‘Delinquent’ when a person deviates from the course of a normal social life. If a juvenile behaves in a way that may endanger society, he/she may be considered a juvenile delinquent. Juvenile crime is not naturally born in the child but it is largely present in them because of the environment that they are raised in: their own absurd actions or lack of
discipline and proper education. As Fredrick Douglass said, “it is easier to build strong children than to repair broken men.” Juvenile delinquents are often diagnosed with different disorders. Around 6 to 16 percent of male teens and 2 to 9 percent of female teens have a conduct disorder. These can vary from oppositional-defiant disorder, which is not necessarily aggressive, to antisocial personality disorder, often diagnosed among psychopaths. A conduct
disorder can develop during childhood and then manifest during adolescence. Juvenile delinquents who have recurring encounters with the criminal justice system, or in other words those who are lifecourse-persistent offenders, are sometimes diagnosed with conduct disorders because they show a continuous disregard for their own and others safety and/or property. Once the juvenile continues to exhibit the same behavioral patterns and turns eighteen, he is then at risk of being diagnosed with
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Psychology and the brain antisocial personality disorder and much more prone to becoming a serious criminal offender. There are two categories of juvenile offenders: neurotic offenders and character disorder offenders. Neurotic offenders are the offenders whose delinquency is the result of powerful unconscious impulses which often produce guilt. In turn, this motivates them to act out their delinquency in their community so that they will be caught and punished. The delinquent act is sometimes considered symbolic. For example, if they steal, it is done for love and not for material gain. To such delinquents, delinquency is a way of handling their internal problems by externalizing the problem within the environment. Contrarily, character disorder offenders feel very little guilt when they commit acts of delinquency. Because of a lack of positive identification models in their environment, they have failed to develop self-control and do what they want to do when they feel like doing it. They are unable to sublimate their impulses in a socially acceptable manner. They have not developed an adequate
conscience structure or superego. They come from disorganized families and have had a barren environment in their childhood. They are selfcentered and feel to be aloof and find difficulty in forming meaningful relationships. Juvenile delinquency has no single cause: some of the psychological and physiological causes of juvenile delinquents are psychological and neuro-physiological conditions and ailments, ocular ailment, nose and throat obstructions, eating trouble, speech defects, physical irritations, excessive physical strength, mental disorder etc. As in the case of normal behavior, the delinquent behavior is also influenced by intellectual factors. It is commonly observed that intelligent persons in teenagers perform delinquent acts in a
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rather refined manner. Early studies by Goring (1913), Goddard (1921), found low intelligence as the single factor influencing juvenile delinquency. In India, Kundu (1969) found delinquents to be of inferior intelligence. In contrast, some researchers, Muthayya and Bhaskaran (1964), found delinquents to be slightly more intelligent than normals. The personality traits, such as neuroticism, psychoticism, frustration and maladjustment appear to be important causative factors of juvenile delinquency. Hinderlang (1971) found delinquents to be more neurotic than non-delinquents. Shanna (1979) found delinquents to be highly frustrated. They were reported to have higher scores on regression and aggression. Healy and Bronner (1936) found that delinquents were
Psychology and the brain either rejected, deprived or insecure. Russell (1977) found that neuroticism, depression, sensitivity, impulsivity, social extroversion and social nonconformity were dominant personality characteristics in juvenile delinquents. Delinquents have often been observed to be rigid in their behaviour and do not easily change their pursuits. Sivanandam (1990) in her study indicated that the girl delinquents and women criminals were high on introgression, blame avoidance, evasion of frustration, need for persistence, group conformity rating, and low on obstacle dominance.
The problem of juvenile delinquency is much higher in developing countries. In the developing world, there are many factors that can affect the growth of a child. Additionally, they are adversely affected by the changing conditions. People have to work hard to earn a living in the present era, and most of the time they have to leave their children isolated at home. Parent-children interaction is a most important aspect which can majorly influence the shaping of a child’s life; something that struggling families typically lack. In order to tackle the juvenile delinquency problem, every person in society has to contribute to it for successful eradication.
Separate rules have to be made for different kinds of crimes committed by them. If they are found guilty of the offense, they have to be addressed appropriately in a rehabilitation center. It is important to educate parents on how to behave with their children when they commit any mistake and it is also important to provide children with proper legal and social education. The youth is regarded to be one of the greatest assets of any country. If this population is not well groomed the future of the country would certainly not be very bright. We as a whole have a moral and an ethical responsibility to provide all children with a healthy environment to study and grow in.
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Psychology and the brain
SLEEP’S TIE WITH PROCRASTINATION Author: Tarannum Rehal Editors: Sara Habibipour, Ivan Feng Artist: Gianlusa Zhang Nearly everyone has fallen victim to procrastination at least once in their lives. You tell yourself you’ll study at 6:00, but then you check the clock and it’s 6:10 and you’re like eh well, I guess I’ll start studying at 7:00 then. You ask your friends, family, or teachers for advice on how to stop procrastinating and they say, “you should make an agenda, make a to-do list. That will help you visualize your tasks as they’re written in front of you.” Of course, an agenda is an effective tool to help you sort out your tasks and figure out how much time you should allocate to them. I actually use a weekly agenda myself to help avoid procrastination, and found that it has significantly helped me over the years with managing my time. Depression, anxiety, ADHD, stress, wanting to do something more interesting, or even just a general lack of selfregulation are a few of the factors that contribute to
procrastination. However, it is not necessarily considered a medical illness. One factor that many people don’t link procrastination to is the quality and quantity of sleep one gets. Studies have proven that lowquality sleep is associated with higher levels of procrastination the following day.
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For something that is vital to our overall health and wellbeing, and for something that we love so much, many of us tend to avoid it and do so little of it: sleep. Numerous factors contribute to why we stay up late and sleep less, such as having an assignment due for school the next morning or just
Psychology and the brain mindlessly scrolling through social media, which many of us are guilty of. When you sleep for fewer than 6-8 hours, you notice that you don’t feel as active as you otherwise would if you had slept for that amount of time, or more. For example, if you are at school and had slept fewer hours the night before, you tend to feel sleepy during your lectures and aren’t able to grasp as much material as usual. Then you come home and you have work to do but you’re tired and can’t focus, so you end up taking a nap in hopes of feeling more energized after. You do, and you finish your assignments, or at least a good chunk of them and then sleep for the night feeling slightly satisfied. We then think, well, I handled it today so I think I’ll be able to handle this kind of situation again. This sort of cycle might seem very familiar as nearly all of us have experienced this at one point. While this cycle may be effective for a few days, usually at the beginning of the academic year when the workload is minimal, it eventually takes a toll on our academics and the way we approach self-care as the school year progresses and the workload increases.
Eventually, the stress and other ups and downs of life start affecting us and we begin to neglect basic self-care activities such as eating, hanging out with friends and family, and even sleeping because we scramble to finish the assignments as we get overwhelmed. We think that finishing our procrastinated tasks is more important than giving time to things that genuinely make us happy and fuel our well-being. Poor sleep directly impacts every aspect of our lives. One or two nights of poor sleep alone can lead to irritability, feeling fatigued, experiencing decreased motivation and optimism, and lack of interest in sociability. A regular cycle of poor sleep then becomes mentally and physically exhausting.
The topic of sleep quality and quantity affecting self-care is particularly relevant to me personally, especially during an academic term. As someone who is an overachiever and thrives on academic validation, I often battle intrinsic thoughts that try to persuade me to sleep and make time for self-care activities versus achieving a decent amount of quality sleep. I tell myself, “whatever, I’ll just eat/message my friends/go for a walk/sleep after I get this [assignment] done.” While I do feel satisfied with myself after completing the necessary (university-related) tasks, I feel bad and guilty for procrastinating the activities that actually make me feel happy and relaxed. This mentality and this routine often lead to burnout, which is a state of mental exhaustion due to
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Psychology and the brain prolonged school or workrelated stress, etc. and makes one feel even more bummed out as they already tackle the exhaustion from a lack of sleep. Over time, however, I have learned, and am still learning, that sleep and selfcare activities are just as important as academics. And sleep is arguably the best form of self-care, so it’s strange that so many of us tend to procrastinate sleeping. What I’ve learned from my friends, family, and professors is that procrastination can definitely
be avoided. Some ways that I have tackled the urge to procrastinate include romanticizing studying, allotting specific times during the day where I have time to scroll through social media, and scheduling at least one day a month for meet-ups with my friends. Avoiding thinking of studying as a chore makes you more motivated to actually complete assignments on time. It helps if you create a comfortable study environment as well, including a neat table, a well-lit room, a sturdy and comfortable chair, a window
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that allows having a nice view to look out of, and the absence of general distractions from your study time. Subconsciously, looking forward to studying makes you less likely to procrastinate. Be kind to yourself. You are not a robot that should be working constantly and you definitely should not feel guilty for taking care of yourself, whether that’s by sleeping in an extra 10 minutes, eating your favorite meal, going to the gym, or even doing a simple task such as brushing your teeth or bathing.
Psychology and the brain
THE INTERNET’S EFFECT ON MEMORY Author: Richa Prakash Editors: Ishaan Romil, Katelyn Ma, Ken Saito Artist: Reneé Ravindranath If you were asked to name the capital of Moldova without the help of the internet, would you be able to answer correctly? For most, the answer
would be no. The majority of today’s population relies heavily on the internet for most general information. Considering that almost
anything can be found online, it is reasonable that this is the case. From communication to education, access to the internet provides anything of necessity
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Psychology and the brain with just the tap of the screen or a click of the mouse. But what happens when you’re so used to the internet that you can’t retain the things that you learn otherwise? I mean, what’s the point? It can all be found with a Google search. The human brain has three regions dedicated to memory and information retention. Studies have shown that the rapid increase in internet searching has led to reduced overall activity in these regions compared to before. It is hypothesized that the internet also alters circuits in the brain that assist in memory retrieval as it promotes media multitasking (the simultaneous use of multiple media sources). An experiment was conducted where participants were each given tasks to gather information from either the Internet or an encyclopedia. While those who used the internet gathered the information faster, they weren’t able to recall the information accurately when asked. The experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe activation in the participants’ ventral and dorsal streams. The ventral stream is responsible for recognizing information and
the dorsal stream is responsible for retaining the location of the information. The encyclopedia users and internet users showed no difference in the activation of their dorsal stream but the internet users had noticeably lower ventral stream activity while searching for the information. The experiment ultimately showed that information obtained from internet searches may be quicker, but will not be as easily retained. Despite its adverse effects, use of the internet will continue to be indispensable for most. Luckily, there are a few solutions to this ever growing memory retention issue. Some studies show that cognitive offloading can allow people to focus more on retaining complex pieces of information from multiple sources.
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Cognitive offloading is the reduction of mental processes that are required for remembering information. For example, instead of remembering everything you read to write an essay, you can collect all of your sources into one place so that you can focus your memory on other tasks. Internet usage is an essential part of everyday life, but its effects on memory can be reduced by simple acts such as digital detox days. In most cases, knowing Moldova's capital or Queen Elizabeth’s age isn’t that important. Digital detox days can be spent by taking a walk, spending time with family, or doing a relaxing hobby. Limiting internet usage can go a long way when it comes to protecting your brain’s health.
Psychology and the brain
INSIDE THE BRAIN: SAVANT SYNDROME Author: Diona Plakolli Editors: Grace Aun and Jasleen Matharu Artist: Daelah Nicholas Savant Syndrome is an extremely rare neurological condition found in people who possess development and neurological issues, as well as a high ability and talent in a specific area. The first known description of Savant Syndrome appeared in a 1751 German psychology journal; and in 1887, the term “savant” was used for the first time by J. Langdon Down. Due to this condition having effects on intelligence, people with this syndrome were defined as idiotic. Since this term was discourteous, it became disused. Apart from a developmental disability, these people are gifted with a uniquely heightened ability in a specific area. A person may be born with Savant Syndrome in childhood or unusually in adulthood or develop it because of genetic consequences. Since this condition is associated with multiple disorders that include Autism, mental retardation, and brain injury, the skills of people with this condition vary. However, the most common skill is having an enormously rapid and superior memory that is distinctive to each savant.
Roughly 10% of autistic children (or 1 in 10 autistics) develop Savant Syndrome. Nevertheless, it is more infrequent in people diagnosed with developmental issues, brain injury or mental retardation in a ratio of 1:2000, considerably less than 1%. Thus, not every savant is autistic and vice versa. There are no specific symptoms or diagnostic methods for Savant Syndrome; however, being highly skilled in a particular field while facing trouble with development can be an indication. Taking tests for Autism helps define neurological development complications, which may be potential symptoms as savants are often autistic but can also be neurotypical. They can take these tests when the child is 18
months to 2 years old and if they show any symptom of Autism, medical professionals can perform a more thorough assessment. Although taking aptitude evaluations can be helpful, they are not necessary as each talent is distinctive to each savant. As for intelligence tests, it seems unrelated to skill. The IQ of a savant varies from above 40, but there are cases with an extremely low IQ of less than 25. Nevertheless, they are exceedingly intelligent in a field of interest, such as mathematics, art, music or any spatial skill. Despite being gifted with an extreme skill of any interest, savants still lack communication and social skills. For instance, a savant could memorize a multitude of values and variables in a few
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Psychology and the brain seconds, but struggle to hold a conversation with another person. A savant could be a genius in mathematics by calculating and memorizing complex numbers in a short time without writing down anything, while some savants are capable of memorizing anything and drawing anything in an exact and detailed way. For example, they could take a look at a landscape or a city view for a few seconds and be able to retain all the details there. Others may possess a voice that can reach perfect pitches or play an instrument after hearing its notes just once. Some may have mechanical and spatial skills, allowing them to rapidly complete puzzles, or throw basketballs or footballs in the exact spot every time, or even calculate any distance or height measurement without the use of tools. The causes of Savant Syndrome are not fully known and investigated. So, they are based primarily on hypotheses. Some researchers hypothesize that any change may occur in genes. Others have found out that there is a link between savants and the left hemisphere of the brain. It is widely accepted that this hemisphere is damaged, which causes the right hemisphere to take that compensation. This damage
supposedly occurs either in utero or during pregnancy. Even still, Savant Syndrome is not defined as a disease; since it is associated with neurological issues and disorders such as Autism, Asperger’s disorder or any CNS injury, the “treatment” strategies and rehabilitation are similar to those of these disorders. However, due to extraordinary acquired or hereditary abilities, savants could use these skills to improve their social interaction, communication ability and daily tasks, which would lead to better independence. One of the most popular people with Savant Syndrome, Kim Peek, was born with a larger head than usual and had difficulties with communication and socializing. He could not talk until the age of four or even button his shirts. On his first day of school, he was
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suspended for disturbing the class. Despite his lack of schooling and IQ of 87, he earned a job doing payrolls when he was eighteen because of his fascinating memorization skills. Peek could do many calculations in his head in a short time. Later, he gained fame and attention after the movie “Rain Man” that was inspired by him. He then toured the country with his father and demonstrated his skills to many people, including those with disabilities. Some of his skills included reciting Shakespeare’s plays and correcting those who mistake lines, knowing the day of the week of anyone’s birthday, reading two pages of a book in eight seconds and recalling all of its information, as well as providing immediate directions for any two cities in the world. He had also memorized more than 12,000 books, including the bible.
Disease
THE WORLD’S MOST DANGEROUS EMERGING INFECTIONS Author: Sara Habibipour Editors: Yan Xi Chen, He-Hanson Xuan Artist: Cici Zhang Infection is a word the world has heard a lot the past couple of years. Perhaps you’ve also heard the term “emerging infection.” According to the CDC, these are diseases “whose
incidence in humans has increased in the past two decades or threaten to increase in the near future.” SARS-Cov2, the virus that causes COVID19, is considered an emerging
infection, along with HIV, Influenza, Zika, etc. The ones this article will discuss are some of the rarer ones, perhaps will be found to be more interesting.
Ebola viruses belong to a group of viruses called Filoviridae. Filoviruses form very long, filamentous shapes; the Ebolavirus specifically
looks like a shepherd’s crook. Viral particles contain one molecule of single-stranded negative-sense RNA enveloped in a lipid membrane. New viral
particles bud from the surface of the host cell. There are five types of Ebola each named after where they originated: Zaire, Sudan,
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Disease Bundibugyo, Tai Forest, and Reston. The former three are associated with the largest outbreaks in Africa. Ebola viruses are known to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, damage to blood vessels/hemorrhage. Mortality rates range from 25 to 90 percent, with an average of 50
percent. Death is normally caused by shock due to fluid loss rather than blood loss. Ebola is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted from animals to humans. Ebola’s reservoir is particularly found in fruit bats. In West Africa, it is very common for people to kill and eat bats as bushmeat. Children also often play in the hollows of trees where these animals reside, making
transmission via blood and feces extremely common. There are no vaccines or treatments approved for Ebola; however, experimental interventions are being investigated. Ebola is considered a Class A bioterrorism agent; because it is so lethal, it must be handled in a Biosafety Level 4 laboratory, which is extremely rare.
Similarly to Ebola, Nipah is a zoonotic virus; its route of transmission is from horses to bats to people, as well as from pigs to people. It is not a filovirus, rather a paramyxovirus, meaning that its shape is more circular, as they are enveloped particles.
Paramyxoviruses are known to cause respiratory infections, so Nipah patients often experience sore throat, respiratory distress, and fever. What’s even more interesting is that there are neurological manifestations of the disease as well, including encephalitis, or
inflammation of the brain. This can cause seizures and, in severe cases, a coma. Most people who survive encephalitis reach a full recovery, but their behavior and personalities are often altered. The case fatality rate for this disease is extremely high: around 40 to 75 percent.
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Disease This virus has been seen before in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. In these countries specifically, palm oil is often used; however, bats also inhabit these trees, greatly increasing the transmission of the Nipah
virus. There is currently no vaccine or cure, however there is current research going on to develop a vaccine before Nipah potentially ever gets out of hand. I’ve personally
interviewed a few people researching this virus, so if you’re interested in what they have to say about Nipah in particular, you can head over to MedSoc Talk’s website.
Unlike Ebola and Nipah, Tularemia is caused by a bacterium, not a virus. This bacterium is Francisella tularensis, one of the most infectious agents known. If this bacteria is inhaled, it can cause severe respiratory and systemic disease that has a mortality rate of 30 percent if not treated with antibiotics. This bacterium is naturally found in rabbits and
hares, so this is often called rabbit fever. People can also become infected by flea/tick bites. Tularemia is not known to spread from one person to another. This makes the transmission of Tularemia not very high, but what makes it scary is that it is classified as one of the highest risk bioterrorism agents. Research for this has already
been conducted in Japan, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. This bacterium has been used for bioterrorism research because since it is already so commonly found in nature, it is easy to harvest and grow in a lab, and it is easily disseminated in aerosol form. Like Ebola and Nipha, there’s research currently underway to develop a vaccine, but no discoveries have been released.
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Disease
Chikungunya is a virus transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. It’s name is derived from the Makonde language which means contorted or bent, referring to the stooped appearance of its victims who suffer from severe joint pain. Chikungunya is classified as an alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family. It’s an RNA virus surrounded by a lipid envelope;
the viral particles are small and spherical. Symptomatically, it’s similar to Dengue and other mosquito-transmitted viruses. Chikungunya is rarely a fatal disease, but the severe joint pain is often debilitating. It typically lasts a few days, but has been observed to last several weeks or even months. The types of mosquitoes that carry this virus are
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prevalent in some areas of the United States, particularly Florida and Texas. Widespread transmission is unlikely, but local transmission in these areas is a possibility. There is no antiviral treatment for this disease, only symptom control. There is also not a vaccine yet, so the best preventative measures are insect repellants. Diagnostic testing (RT-PCR) is currently being developed.
Disease
A RECENTLY EXPLORED RELATIONSHIP: HIGH CHOLESTEROL AND CANCER Author: Nikki Jiang Editors: Katelyn Ma, He-Hanson Xuan Artist: Serena Yung
Steak, lasagna, or fettuccine alfredo: who doesn’t love indulging in high cholesterol meals? The fat, grease, and flavor of these foods make them delicious to most. However, the negative effects of these foods should make everybody think twice
about ordering the loaded cheeseburger with extra bacon and fries at the next diner visit. The negative cardiovascular effects of high cholesterol are widely known: increased chances of heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, narrowing of arteries, and loss of vision.
Furthermore, cholesterol can be a deadly carcinogen, although the relationship between high cholesterol and cancer has not been fully explored. The word cholesterol is a buzzword for the health foods industry: a quick stroll through the supermarket and you will
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Disease find “low cholesterol” on numerous food packaging. However, there are good (HDL) and bad (LDL) types of cholesterol. A healthy amount of HDL cholesterol has protective cardiovascular abilities. HDL does so by carrying LDL away from the arteries and to the liver to be broken down. On the other hand, LDL is considered as the “bad” cholesterol. It contributes to fatty buildup in the arteries, causing a series of conditions such as strokes. As such, the combination of High triglyceride, high LDL, and
low HDL leads to the dangers of high cholesterol. A recent study from Duke University presented a link between high cholesterol and resistant cancer cells. It was found that cholesterol amplifies cancer cells’ ability to evade stress and cell death. Specifically, researchers discovered a positive correlation between high cholesterol, breast cancer, and gynecological cancers. Thus, the study concluded that estrogen could strive from cholesterol components. However, women are not the
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only ones susceptible to cholesterol-related cancer. According to Dr. Waisif Saif, an oncologist at Northwell health cancer institute, high cholesterol is related to increased risk of colon, rectal, prostatic, and testicular cancer. Dr. Saif also suggested that cholesterol-lowering medication should be a part of cancer treatments. This sentiment is further supported by studies showing that cholesterol-lowering medication reduces risk and fatality of cancer.
medicine
PENICILLIN IN THE MODERN DAY Author: William Tsay Editor: Hanson Xuan, Kira Tian Artist: Denise Suarez Penicillin, a group of antibiotics commonly used today, is undoubtedly one of the most important scientific discoveries. They target a wide range of bacteria and was the first true antibiotic that doctors used. The discovery of penicillins has changed the face of medicine and saved millions of lives. In 1928, Alexander Fleming arrived at his laboratory and noticed a clear ring in his petri dish in which bacteria, Penicillium notatum,
could not grow. Using this observation, Fleming created the drug, Penicillin. Before this
time, there were no effective treatments for diseases and infections, doctors could only watch helplessly as their patients grew sicker from bacterial illnesses. In 1942, the first treatment using Penicillin was a success. However, scientists had a lot of work to do; it wasn’t until many years later that penicillin was available for public use. Three years later in 1945, Fleming was awarded a Nobel Prize.
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medicine
Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall, which maintains the structural integrity of the cell and provides protection from cell lysis - disintegration of the cell due to bursting of the cell membrane. Penicillin is able to disrupt this process by binding to DD-transpeptidase, a binding enzyme on the bacterial cell, inhibiting the building of the cell wall. Without the cell wall, the bacterial cell is unable to maintain pressure and eventually lyses. However, the overuse of penicillin can be a problem. Bacteria are slowly able to resist the antibiotic—a process known as antibiotic resistance. The germs that are able to resist the antibiotic survive and reproduce, reducing the utility of the drug to the extent that some bacterial infections are
now impossible to treat. With the increased use of penicillin, more and more bacteria are now resistant to the limited array of available antibiotics. If antibiotics lose their effectiveness, infections may spiral out of control.
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Penicillin, a groundbreaking invention, has saved numerous lives and is integral to modern day medicine. We owe our gratitude to Alexander Flemming, but we also cannot overuse this revolutionary antibiotic.
medicine
COMPARING COMMON PAIN RELIEVERS: ASPIRIN VS. IBUPROFEN Author: Mirabel Zou Editors: Ivan Feng, Katelyn Ma Artist: Jennifer Hu You are asked to head over to your local convenience store to fetch a box of pain relievers. But when you get there, you are presented with dozens of choices on the store shelves. You scratch your head, stuck with the question: “Which one should I choose?” At first glance, you are overwhelmed with boxes of different colors, all from different brands. In actuality, there are only two main types of over-the-counter pain relievers. They are acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs for short. Acetaminophen is the active ingredient in Tylenol, effective at relieving pain and fever. Compared to NSAIDs, acetaminophens tend to have fewer side effects but do not treat inflammation and are less effective. Despite it being the most popular painkiller worldwide, it is not as safe as people suppose. Acetaminophen was the leading cause of acute liver failure
between 1998 and 2003. Some would even say Tylenol is an outdated drug and should be avoided. So you turn your head towards the NSAIDs. NSAIDs is an umbrella term and can be split further into many categories. In this article, we’ll be focusing on the two most common ones, aspirin and ibuprofen. Both aspirin and ibuprofen relieve pain and inflammation for injury, headaches, fevers, arthritis, and menstrual cramps. They inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX enzyme) that blocks the body’s production of prostaglandins,
relieving pain and inflammation. One of the main differences between the two is their ingredients. Aspirin is made with salicylic acid, a colorless organic compound that is found in willow bark, fruits, and vegetables. Since it is harmful to the stomach and hard to digest, it was modified into modern aspirin. Popular brands that use aspirin include Bayer and Ecotrin. Ibuprofen is made with propionic acid, a naturally occurring carboxylic acid that is primarily used for food preservation. Brands such as Advil and Motrin use ibuprofen as their active ingredient.
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medicine
When it comes to deciding between the two, there are many factors to consider. Aspirin should not be used by children under 12 years of age or under 16 with a viral illness. Some may also be sensitive to the salicylate in aspirin. Ibuprofen is approved for use with children over the age of 6 months and can be used by people with a viral illness. It is preferred over aspirin for ongoing conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and back pain. Nevertheless, both drugs have about the same risks and side effects. But what happens when you take both? Mixing the two pain relievers can be extremely dangerous and increase the risk of side effects. Another factor that comes into play when selecting the right pain-reliever is the actual situation. Acute pain such as surgery, a cut, or a burn is best treated with ibuprofen, with a
50 percent success rate, with aspirins at only 30 percent. When it comes to chronic pain such as the sore back, ibuprofen still outperforms aspirin. Aspirin has a much longer and more eventful history compared to ibuprofen. Ever since ancient times, willow bark and other salicylatescontaining plants have been used for pain relief. They were documented for their antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists were able to identify the compound that made them effective, which enabled further development of the chemical. In 1853, Charles Frederic Gerhardt created acetylsalicylic acid for the first time, but it was not used or marketed. It was only until 1897 when German chemist Felix Hoffman modified salicylic acid to create acetylsalicylic acid, which was
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named aspirin. It was also known that the company he worked at had dismissed the market of the product due to their preoccupation with the sales of another new drug heroin. However, the development was later continued by Arthur Eichengruen, confirming its therapeutic properties. It was during this time when Dr. Stewart Adams had set out to find a drug that would be better tolerated than aspirin. He, along with John Nicolson, discovered the drug ibuprofen. It was launched on the market in 1969, with an over-thecounter version released in 1983. Standing in the convenience store lineup, you successfully purchase the right pain reliever after considering all the contributing factors. You go about your way with a satisfied grin.
medicine
ACUPUNCTURE: HEALING WITH NEEDLES Author: Jai hao Wu Editor(s): Kira Tian and Yan Xi Chen Artist: Kaitlyn Stanton What do you think about when you hear about chiropractors and acupuncture? Many myths encompass these two fields, including the fear that they’re scams or “fake medicine.” This fear has been supplemented by social media. However, research has proven that they do show results. The application of acupuncture is varied, but the most common is chronic pain. Similarly, chiropractic adjustments are known to fix low back pain, though selective to the situation. So what happens in acupuncture? Are those needles painless, or are they detrimental? More often than not, you won’t be able to feel pain since the needles are hairthin and don’t cause anything more than slight pressure or ache. Acupuncture is often accompanied by other treatments: massaging, heat application (moxibustion), pressure (acupressure), friction, suction (cupping), or mild electrical currents. Acupuncture is believed to stimulate the
nervous system, which causes the body to release chemicals into muscles, the spinal cord, and the brain. These changes in the body are believed to promote the body’s self healing capabilities, as well as physical and emotional wellbeing. Moreover, National Institutes of Health studies have shown that acupuncture has helped to treat the following: nausea caused by surgical anesthesia and cancer chemotherapy, dental pain after surgery, headaches, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia (widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue), osteoarthritis, lower back pain, and asthma.
So acupuncture has its uses, even when it is most commonly used as a conventional treatment to relieve pain. Unlike acupuncture, which has a long history of 3,000 years, chiropractic adjustment is a relatively new technique first created in 1895. The process is simple: trained specialists use their hand or small instruments in order to apply a controlled force to a spinal joint beyond its regular range of movement. This often results in the auditory crack typically associated with chiropractors.
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medicine
Although chiropractic adjustment sounds similar to a massage, it requires rigorous training and knowledge of the Body, as do all medical
professions. Chiropractic adjustments do carry some risk, though. Possible scenarios include a herniated disk or a worsening of an existing disk herniation, compression of nerves in the lower spinal column, and neck complications. Additionally, patients can have injuries that prevent them from seeking this kind of care. For example, people with severe osteoporosis; numbness, tingling, or loss of strength in an arm or leg; cancer in their spine; an increased risk of stroke; or a known abnormality
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in the neck. Of course, the final decision should be left to a doctor. Chiropractic adjustment does not work for everyone. So neither of these fields are false and have produced real results. Even though they lean toward moderate or conservative treatment, they can help immensely when combined with other therapies. While still being seen as a gimmick, both treatments have been gaining popularity as the public becomes more informed. Ultimately, seek a doctor’s advice before self-diagnosing or self-treating.
Social justice
WHY PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT THE “HEARTBEAT ACT” Author: Mackenzie Heidkamp Editors: Vincent Chang Artist: Daisy Zheng
"MY BODY, MY CHOICE!" "BANS OFF OUR BODIES!" Thousands of women gathered at the steps of the Texas Capitol Building to protest what they believed to be an infringement on their rights. The commencement of Senate Bill 8 triggered this uproar. Senate Bill 8, also known as the "Heartbeat Act," was passed on September 1, 2021, by Governor Greg Abbott with drastic implications surrounding women's health.
What Exactly Does The Act Do?
The act passed by Abbott states that abortion is banned in cases that has detection of a fetal heartbeat which is approximately when a mother is six weeks pregnant (hence the nickname "Heartbeat Act"). To further understand the outline of the act, it should be noted that this law does not make any exceptions for rape or incest.
Why Do Some People Find This Concerning?
Women's health advocates and experts around the world have deemed this act to be of alarming concern. First, it is essential to point out that the bill lacks correct medical terminology and knowledge.
Although many people have been calling the Texas ban the "Heartbeat Act," the idea that a doctor can find a fetal heartbeat only six weeks after conception and during the early stages of fetal development is false.
Many people picture a mini beating organ inside of the tiny fetus when in reality, the 6week heartbeat is not a heartbeat at all. According to one of American College's OBGYNs, Dr. Nisha Verma,
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Social justice
the detection doctors see at six weeks is "actually an electrical activity, and the sound that you 'hear' is manufactured by the ultrasound machine" (Verma). This means that lawmakers used misleading and incorrect terminology that concerns many and poses the question of how much research/knowledge these members gathered when creating the ban. Many are also concerned about the short time allotted for women to realize and handle their new pregnancies. According to experts, six weeks pregnant is only two weeks after missing a period. Many women have irregular periods due to hormonal changes, eating/exercise habits, travel, etc., and may not realize their predicament in only two weeks. Even if a young woman realized her pregnancy
immediately after she started to miss her period, two weeks is arguably not a long enough period to allow someone to mentally and emotionally process the situation and make a safe appointment at a local clinic. The part of the law that bans abortions explicitly past 6weeks is radical because it ultimately bans almost all abortions. Reasonably, most
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people would not realize they are pregnant and take the necessary precautions to check if they are pregnant before six weeks of pregnancy. At the Whole Woman's Health Clinics, for instance, around "90 percent of women who come to Whole Woman's Health Clinics are more than six weeks into their pregnancy" (Amy Hagstrom Miller). Many would agree that overturning Roe v Wade and enacting the Texas Abortion Ban was a step backward for Women's rights. However, females and supporters across the country have not lost hope. On the contrary, this act has ignited a fire within advocate groups and has caused protests around the country. As long as people continue to educate themselves and start the necessary discussions, women's health will become a more significant priority.
citation
CITATION Psychology and the brain An Inside Look at a Teen's Mindset
Robson, David. “How a Positive Mind Really Can Create a Healthier Body.” New Scientist, New Scientist, 30 Aug. 2018, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931920-600-how-a-positive-mind-really-can-create-ahealthier-body/. Rosie Taylor for the Daily Mail. “Shock Figures Show Teens Are Struggling with Depression.” Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers, 29 Sept. 2017, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4901026/Shockfigures-teens-struggling-depression.html. “Stimulating Brain with Ultrasound Can Influence Decisions.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324998.
Psychology of Juvenile Delinquency
Hirschi, T. (1968). Causes of Delinquency California University of California Press p.p. 16-34. K. Kusum, 'Juvenile Delinquency- A Socio-legal Study'(1979) Published by KLM Book House, New Delhi, p 15. Lavania, S. 'Juvenile Delinquency',(1983) Pub. by Rawat Publications, Jaipur, p.19-20 Hawking, J.(1987). The Social Development Model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6: 73 – 97. Reid, J.B.(1993). Prevention of Conduct Disorder before and after school entry: Relating interventions to developmental findings. Developmental Psychology, 5: 243 – 262.
Sleep's Tie with Proscastination
CAMH. “Career Burnout.” CAMH, https://www.camh.ca/en/camh-news-and-stories/careerburnout#:~:text=Burnout%20is%20a%20state%20of,and%20other%20aspects%20of%20life. Li, Xiaoyu, et al. “Do Procrastinators Get Worse Sleep? Cross-Sectional Study of US Adolescents and Young Adults.” SSM - Population Health, Elsevier, 16 Nov. 2019, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827319303362#:~:text=Procrastination%20is%20asso ciated%20with%20multiple,in%20adolescents%20and%20young%20adults.&text=Procrastination%20is%20a ssociated%20with%20greater%20social%20jetlag.&text=Procrastination%20is%20associated%20with%20sh orter%20sleep%20duration.&text=Procrastination%20is%20associated%20with%20increased%20risk%20of %20insomnia%20symptoms%20and%20daytime%20sleepiness. Saghir, Zahid, et al. “The Amygdala, Sleep Debt, Sleep Deprivation, and the Emotion of Anger: A Possible Connection?” Cureus, Cureus, 2 July 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122651/. van Eerde, Wendelien, and Merlijn Venus. “A Daily Diary Study on Sleep Quality and Procrastination at Work: The Moderating Role of Trait Self-Control.” Frontiers in Psychology, Frontiers Media S.A., 2 Nov. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225608/.
The Internet's Effect on Memory
Cheng, Hewei, and Jie Liu. “Alterations in Amygdala Connectivity in Internet Addiction Disorder.” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, 11 Feb. 2020, 10.1038/s41598-020-59195-w. Accessed 26 Nov. 2020. Firth, Joseph, et al. “The ‘Online Brain’: How the Internet May Be Changing Our Cognition.” World Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 2, 6 May 2019, pp. 119–129, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502424/, 10.1002/wps.20617. Firth, Josh A., et al. “Exploring the Impact of Internet Use on Memory and Attention Processes.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 24, 17 Dec. 2020, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33348890/, 10.3390/ijerph17249481. “How the Internet May Be Changing the Brain.” ScienceDaily, 5 June 2019, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190605100345.htm. Lopez, Destiny, et al. “Is the Internet Stealing Your Memory? - Memory Problems.” MentalHelp.net, www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/is-the-internet-stealing-your-memory/. Publishing, Harvard Health. “7 Ways to Keep Your Memory Sharp at Any Age.” Harvard Health, 30 Mar. 2020, www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/7-ways-to-keep-your-memory-sharp-at-any-age. Small, Gary. “Brain Health Consequences of Digital Technology Use.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 2, June 2020, pp. 179–187, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366948/, 10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/gsmall. Tarawneh, Rawan. “How Does the Internet Affect Brain Function?” Wexnermedical.osu.edu, 26 Feb. 2020, wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/how-internet-affects-your-brain.
Inside the Brain: Savant Syndrome
Jency Jameson. “SAVANT SYNDROME” Jewel Autism Centre, 27 May 2019, http://jewelautismcentre.com/jewel_blog/savant-syndroment/ “Savant Syndrome FAQs” SSMHealth, http://www.agnesian.com/page/savant-syndrome-faqs “Savant Syndrome” Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, http://www.healthofchildren.com/S/SavantSyndrome.html “How is Someone Diagnosed as an Autistic Savant” Sprout, 30 Dec. 2020, https://www.joinsprouttherapy.com/studio/types-of-autism/savant “5 Amazing people With Savant Syndrome” Aruma, https://www.aruma.com.au/about-us/blog/5-amazingpeople-with-savant-syndrome-the-truth-behind-rain-man/ “5 Mind-Blowing Things Kim Peek Could Do That You Can’t” AppliedBehaviorAnalysisEdu.org, https://www.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org/5-mind-blowing-things-kim-peek-could-do-that-you-cant/
citation disease The World's Most Dangerous Emerging Infections “Infectious.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/healthcare/infectious.html. “Nipah Virus.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 30 May 2018, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus. “Ebola Virus.” Commons Wikimedia, Commons Wikimedia, 15 September 2011, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ebola_virus_virion.jpg. “Nipah Virus.” Wikipedia, Wikipedia, 13 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah_virus. “Francisella Tularensis Bacteria.” Science Photo Library, Science Photo Library, https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/11619/view/francisella-tularensis-bacteria. “Chikungunya Virus.” Science Photo Library, Science Photo Library, https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/683648/view/chikungunya-virus-particles-budding.
A Recently Explored Relationship: High Cholesterol and Cancer Person. (2021, August 30). How high cholesterol levels may impact your cancer risk. Healthline. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health-news/high-cholesterol-levels-may-impact-your-riskof-certain-cancers-what-we-know#What-is-cholesterol?
medicine Penicillin in the Modern Day “Penicillin: Function, History, and Resistance.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216798. Yip, Derek W. “Penicillin.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 30 Sept. 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554560/. “Alexander Fleming Discovery and Development of Penicillin - Landmark.” American Chemical Society, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html#alexanderfleming-penicillin. “About Antibiotic Resistance.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 Mar. 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html.
Comparing Common Pain Relievers: Aspirin vs. Ibuprofen Belluz, Julia. “Should You Take Tylenol, Advil, or Aspirin for Pain? Here’s What the Evidence Says.” Vox, Vox, 17 Aug. 2015, www.vox.com/2015/8/17/9165189/best-painkiller-tylenol-aspirin-advil. Accessed 24 Sept. 2021. Laderer, Ashley. “Aspirin vs. Ibuprofen: Key Differences and Which to Take.” Insider, Insider, 6 Nov. 2020, www.insider.com/aspirin-vs-ibuprofen. Accessed 24 Sept. 2021. https://www.facebook.com/Drugscom. “What’s the Difference between Aspirin and Ibuprofen?” Drugs.com, Drugs.com, 2021, www.drugs.com/medical-answers/difference-between-aspirin-ibuprofen-3508521/. Accessed 24 Sept. 2021. “A History of Aspirin - the Pharmaceutical Journal.” The Pharmaceutical Journal, 12 Feb. 2021, pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/infographics/a-history-of-aspirin. Accessed 24 Sept. 2021. “The History of Ibuprofen | about Boots | Floating-Editorial - Boots.” Boots.com, Boots, 2021, www.boots.com/floating-editorial/about-boots/the-history-of-ibuprofen. Accessed 24 Sept. 2021.
Acupuncture: Healing with Needles “Acupuncture.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-andprevention/acupuncture. “Chiropractic Adjustment.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 26 Nov. 2020, www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chiropractic-adjustment/about/pac-20393513. “Chiropractic Adjustment: What Is It, Treatment, Benefits.” Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21033-chiropractic-adjustment.
social justice Why People Are Concerned About the "Heartbeat Act" McCammon, Sarah. “What the Texas Abortion Ban Does - and What It Means for Other States.” NPR, NPR, 1 Sept. 2021, www.npr.org/2021/09/01/1033202132/texas-abortion-ban-what-happens-next. Najmabadi, Shannon. “Gov. Greg Abbott Signs into Law One of Nation's Strictest Abortion Measures, Banning Procedure as Early as Six Weeks into a Pregnancy.” The Texas Tribune, The Texas Tribune, 19 May 2021, www.texastribune.org/2021/05/18/texas-heartbeat-bill-abortions-law/. Simmons-Duffin, Selena. “The Texas Abortion Ban Hinges on 'Fetal Heartbeat.' Doctors Call That Misleading.” NPR, NPR, 3 Sept. 2021, www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/09/02/1033727679/fetal-heartbeat-isnt-a-medicalterm-but-its-still-used-in-laws-on-abortion. Team, Texas Tribune Photo. “Texas Demonstrations Take Aim at State's near-Total Ban on Abortion.” The Texas Tribune, The Texas Tribune, 2 Oct. 2021, www.texastribune.org/2021/10/02/womens-march-abortion-texas/.
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