2020 COVID-19 Edition

HOLIC

COVID-19 EDITION

August 2020

e t o n a from ... your

10. History of COVID-19

COFOUNDERS

Dear ScienceHolic Readers, Haven’t these past few months felt like an entire decade? Quarantine has definitely been a challenging experience for everyone. In this time of uncertainty and turbulence, we all deserve a break once in a while. We are so excited to present to you ScienceHolic Magazine - a project we have

12. Scientific Breakdown of COVID-19 14. Get Your Facts Right: Debunking COVID-19 Myths 18. Frontline Heros: An Interview with U.S Nurse 22. Fighting the Unknown: Wuhan Nurse Describes “Heartbreaking” Job

24. 10 Tips for Maintaining Your Mental Health 26. Why does Disease Spread so Fast?

worked so hard on these past few months. This first edition is dedicated

32. Ask the Teachers: Education during a Global Pandemic

to the science behind COVID-19, where you can read about the specific

34. COVID-19’s Impact on Different Countries

scientific breakdown of the virus as well as the mechanisms behind our immune and respiratory system (no fake news here!)

We also feature interviews from the brave frontline workers such as doctors, nurses, teachers around the world, as well as personal experiences from recovered covid patients. This COVID-19 issue is full of stories about everything from creative fictional writing, to mental health tips during the pandemic, to how covid affected society, education, technology, and more.

We would like to thank our incredible team for making this magazine possible and working with us through the laughter, stress, and sleepless nights. In the meantime, sit back, relax, and enjoy our very first edition of

38. COVID 19 Gave Us a Lecture: Here’s What We Learned 42. Four Eyes, Four Perspectives 46. The Pandemic’s Impact on Education 50. Having Both Parents on the Frontlines: An Interview with Physicians’ Family

52. Can We Save the Economy?

54. I Survived COVID 19. Here’s My Story.

56. Let’s Talk about Control: Strategies Implemented by Different

ScienceHolic Magazine!

Countries YOUR TRULY,

MOLLY & JOYCE

58. Finding the Light in the Darkness

MEET THE TEAM

CONTENT TEAM

LEADERSHIP Co-founder and Executive Director Branden Chen 陈拓源 Senior Writer Molly Zhao 赵明玉

Anand Soma Editor

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COVID-19 EDITION

Tyler Vazquez Senior Writer

Leon Zhou Statistical Analyst

Joyce Hai 海斓蓝

EDITING TEAM

Jiayi Chen 陈嘉译 Writer

Simon Cui Writer

Silvia DiPaola Writer

Katelyn Ma 马禺欣 Editor in Chief

Lena Fedda Writer

Hanah Gomberg Writer

Brianna Hang Writer

Shamsia Ahmed Editor

Galiba Anjum Editor

Simran Gohel Editor

Belinda Lin Writer

Patrick Lin Writer

Ellie Livitsanou Writer

Tharindi Jayatilake Editor

Ethan Liu 廖恺骏 Editor

Daniela Quiroga Editor

Suhani Patel Writer

Lydia Ren 任忆 Writer

Ioannes Salamanes Writer

Shannon Tan Editor

Kira Tian 田方泽 Editor

Liane Xu Editor

Cynthia Zhang 张澜馨 Editor

Jiahao Wu 吴家豪 Writer

Jenny Yao 姚若涵 Writer

Tommy Zhang 张之瀚 Writer

Edgar Zhu 朱德嘉 Writer

SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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ART TEAM

Tiffany Chen 陈文利 Artistic Director

OUTREACH TEAM

Aurora Chen 陈逸涵 Assistant Artistic Director

Demi Leng 冷岱依 Media Director

Uzouf Baagil Artist

Cherry Dong 董毅蓦 Artist

Jane Liu 刘今雨 Artist

Karen Liu Artist

Athena Mo 墨筹 Artist

Christie Peng Artist

Denise Suarez Artist

Doris Tan 谭嘉怡 Artist

Jacob Liu 刘曜嘉 Outreach Director

Scarlett Chu 朱芷彤 Communications Director

Angel Tseng 曾琬倫 Finance Director

Kevin Bu Chad Cai Lillian Hou Hill Huang 卜一斐 蔡尚宸 侯璐 黄子恒 Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member

Brandon Ma Serena Tai Grace Xie Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member

Sophia Xu Lambert Zheng 许杨 郑令北 Outreach Team Member Outreach Team Member

VIDEO TEAM Nicole Tseng 曾伊华 Artist

Abhinaya Vijayanand Artist

Nicole Wang 王睿 Artist

Allegra Williams Artist

Rain Cheng Jennifer Hu Kitty Liu 程雨 胡佳婷 刘欣 Video Content Producer Video Content Producer Video Content Producer

WEBSITE TEAM

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Lisa Yu 于菲同 Artist

Tanya Chaphekar Website Team Member

James Dong 董建豪 Website Team Member

Alexander Liu 刘天放 Website Team Member

Zehra Naqvi Elyssa Siblini Video Content Producer Video Content Producer

Valerie Tai 臺祐暄 Website Team Member

Eric Zhang 张恒岷 Website Team Member

Charles Zhao 赵天行 Website Team Member

Joanne Tsai 蔡卓安 Video Editor

Yuki Sun Video Editor

Havelock Yin Video Content Producer

SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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WHERE WE ARE FROM We really mean it when we say that we have a global team. In fact, we have active team members from almost every continent, except for South America and Antarctica. If you have any friends from there who are as passionate about STEM, encourage them to join us so we can further our international community!

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SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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SCIENTIFIC BREAKDOWN

HISTORY OF COVID-19

First case in Europe (December)

5. 2019.12

6. 2020.01.30

7. 2020.02.02

First death due to COVID-19 outside China (Feb 2, 2020, Philippines) The World Health Organization declares public health emergency of international concern (Jan, 30, 2020) Africa’s first COVID-19 case was recorded in Egypt Two Hospital Built (14 February) for COVID-19 in China

8. 2020.02.14

Authors: Rain Cheng, Alexander Liu, Karen Liu, Kitty Liu, Brandon Ma Artist: Aurora Chen

10.

1. 2019.12

9. 2020.01.23

First reported case (Late December, 2019 in Wuhan, China)

First death due to COVID-19 (January 11, 2020, China)

2. 2020.01.11

4. 2020.01.20 First case in US (January 20, 2020, Washington State)

3. 2020.01.13 First case of COVID-19 outside China (J a n u a r y 1 3 , 2 0 2 0 , Thailand) 10 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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Lockdown of Wuhan is imposed (January 23, 2020)

11. 2020.03.11 COVID-19 is declared a Global Pandemic (March 11, 2020)

12. 2020.04.08 Lockdown of Wuhan is lifted (April 8, 2020) SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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SCIENTIFIC BREAKDOWN

SCIENTIFIC BREAKDOWN OF COVID-19 Authors: Branden Chen, Rain Cheng, Grace Xie Editors: Tiffany Chan, Joyce Hai, Lydia Ren, Simran Gohel, Demi Leng, Tyler Vazquez, Shannon Tan, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Tiffany Chen

Over the past few months, COVID-19 has plagued the world without a direct cure.

Due to its sudden appearance, many lack the understanding of the science behind it. Although the current pandemic is labeled as SARS-CoV-2, there are many common strains of the

coronavirus, such as the alpha coronavirus (229E, NL63) and the beta coronavirus (OC43, HKU1). Studies have shown that these strains have continued to evolve, forming other diseases such as MERS-CoV, SARSCoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2. A major component of a virus is studying how the body reacts to it.

Human Defense System

To understand the science behind COVID-19, it is important to first discuss the function of the immune system, the body’s primary defense system against viruses and

diseases. The immune system is composed of two parts, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the body’s natural defense system, as well as the first responder to any general invader, such as toxins, bacteria, and viruses. By deploying phagocytes, cells that surround and engulf invading cells, the innate immune system can fend off unwanted foreign substances. B lymphocytes, a type of immune cell that develops from stem cells in the bone marrow, generates antibodies used as protection against specific invaders.

Memory B cells are then created to shield the body from future encounters. As COVID-19 cases skyrocketed, scientists quickly created a test to obtain information about individuals who have recovered from the virus. These individuals carry a powerful “gold mine”antibodies, which can be used as a treatment for others who contracted the virus. The antibodies are located in the blood plasma and typically allow individuals to recover from the virus effectively.

However, there have been many instances where individuals have tested positive for the virus again after seemingly recovering.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), scientists currently do not have enough evidence to understand how and why some individuals may

experience this reactivation.

Symptoms On Set

The most commonly recognized symptoms of COVID-19 include shortness of breath, fever or chills, and persistent pain or pressure in the chest. Individuals with the coronavirus also experience fatigue, cough, muscle or body aches, sore throat, nausea, headache, and loss of taste or smell. Patients have reported a wide range of symptoms depending on the severity of their illness.

Just like how individuals may experience a varied range of symptoms, the coronavirus poses different risk levels to everyone. Elderly individuals are significantly more prone to the risk of contracting COVID-19, as they are more likely to have other underlying conditions.

As a result, there is also a higher COVID-19 death rate for the elderly population. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the overall death rate of COVID-19 is 2.3%, but that percentage rises to 14.8% for individuals aged 80 or older.

Moreover, after Dr. Robert Redfield, from the CDC, suggested the possibility of asymptomatic carriers, researchers in Iceland reported that 50% of their novel COVID cases, which tested positive, showed no symptoms. This phenomenon may be a huge cl u e as to wh y C O V I D - 19 has spread so rapidly.

Asymptomatic carriers may have unknowingly spread the disease to others,prompting moderate to severe symptoms in other more vulnerable victims.

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Fact Checking

GET YOUR FACTS RIGHT: DEBUNKING COVID-19 MYTHS Authors: Karen Liu, Nicole Wang, Jiahao Wu Editors: Tiffany Chan, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Scarlett Chu

1.

The coronavirus will disappear when the weather gets warmer.

a. No! Although there have been some studies pointing to how warmer weather may slow down the transmission of the outbreak, COVID-19 can still be transmitted in hot and humid weather conditions. Some illnesses like the common cold or the flu are seasonal, as they are more prevalent in colder weather; pandemics do not behave the same way. A report by the National Academy of Sciences shows that warmer 14 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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2.

I can make a homemade cure for the coronavirus.

a. There is no evidence to prove that homemade cures will help prevent COVID-19 and no cure or medicine to treat the coronavirus to date. If infected, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends seeking appropriate care to treat the symptoms,such as contacting a local primary doctor or going to the hospital.

a. It is highly unlikely to catch COVID-19 from a package you ordered online, as coronaviruses primarily spread through respiratory droplets.

Despite this, a recent study has concluded that the virus can survive for a short period on surfaces: up to 4 hours on copper, 24 hours on, and 3 days on plastic and stainless steel.

Thus, it is in your best interest to take precautions, use gloves to handle packages, wash your hands immediately afterward, and leave the package outside for a few days before touching it.

4.

Only older people are at risk for the virus.

3.

I can catch COVID-19 from a package I ordered online.

temperatures in laboratory settings decrease the survival rate of the virus. However,evidence has shown that the coronavirus

can be transmitted in ALL AREAS of varying temperatures, even those with hot and humid climates.

a. Wrong! People of all ages are at risk for COVID-19.

Elderly with underlying medical

conditions like diabetes, asthma, or heart disease are more vulnerable, but this does not mean that that the younger generation is completely immune. A study from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) showed that, as of March 2020, approximately 38% of patients hospitalized in the US are around 20 to 44 years old and 29% of cases worldwide are of 20 to 44 years of age.

5.

Face masks are a sure-proof against the coronavirus.

a. Facial masks are not a definite method of prevention from the coronavirus, using a mask alone does not provide adequate protection. It is best to distance yourself six feet away from others. Nevertheless, the CDC highly recommends nonmedical fabric masks or even a cloth face-covering in a community setting. This should be an extra level of precaution, not only to protect yourself but also to protect others from infection. Since many patients are asymptomatic, wearing a face mask will reduce the transmission of the virus, but it is crucial to note that face masks should be utilized with social distancing, not in place of it.

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Fact Checking

6.

8.

10.

Spraying bleach or other disinfectants on my body will get rid of the virus.

The coronavirus is less deadly than the flu.

If you can hold your breath for more than 10 seconds, you can diagnose yourself negatively for COVID-19 or any other lungrelated disease.

a. Spraying or drinking any type of bleach or bleach or alcohol (eg. eg. ethanol,m e t h a n o l ) is extremely dangerous and WILL NOT prevent or cure COVID-19.Bleach, although used on object surfaces to rid viruses, is a poison and should not be consumed under ANY circumstance. Instead, the WHO recommends washing your hands regularly, d i s i n fec t i n g , and a voi di ng contact with your face, to protect yourself against the coronavirus.

a. As of June 17th, 2020,

7.

House flies and mosquitoes can transmit COVID-19.

a. Although some may think that the coronavirus can be transmitted by flies and other insects, data suggests otherwise. According to the WHO, no evidence suggests that the coronavirus can be spread through house flies and mosquitoes. COVID--19 primarily spreads through infectious water droplets in the air. Rather than swatting flies and mosquitos, take appropriate social distancing measures.

COVID-19 has caused approximately 444,111 deaths worldwide, with, with 116,963 of those solely being from the U.S. As a comparison,the flu kills approximately 290,000 to 650,000 people worldwide and 24,000 to 62,000 people in the U.S each year. However, the mortality rate of coronavirus is much higher. Although there are more flu cases, the coronavirus is more deadly.

genetic features, especially due to the complexity of the genetic features, particularly the backbone of the virus, a man-made origin is somewhat unimaginable. Moreover, the existing laws of biology do not allow changes to the existing backbone.

a. This method is meaningless and not scientific. Typical manifestations of pneumonia include shortness of breath, wheezing, and moist rales ( respiratory sounds ) in the lungs. CT imaging will also show typical lung changes.

Furthermore, other symptoms such as airway cramps, airway hypersensitivity disorders, paroxysmal, persistent coughing after deep breathing or even without deep breathing, do not necessarily indicate the presence of pneumonia.

9.

The coronavirus was man-made in a lab.

a. The genetic sequences on the backbone and other features of a virus determine its ability and function. Due to the complexity of the

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INTERVIEW

FRONTLINE HEROES: AN INTERVIEW WITH A US NURSE Interviewer: Molly Zhao Editor: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Tyler Vazquez, Cynthia Zhang, Leon Zhou

Interviewee: Mrs. Imelda Castro Work Experience:

Question: What department do you work in at the Hospital?

Can you give us some insight into what your job consists of given the current pandemic? a. I have been a nurse for 31 years now, and have spent most of my career in the critical care setting: a total of 4 years in the medical-surgical units, 1 year in the emergency department, and 26 years in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). I have worked at 18 | SCIENCEHOLIC

COVID-19 EDITION

the Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center in Brooklyn for 10 years and, for the last 17 years, here at St. Peter’s Main Hospital in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Question: Can you give me a brief account of your work schedule? (work time, lunchtime, break time,etc.) a. Before this pandemic, in addition to working as a staff nurse in the ICU, I also helped other units like telemedicine, surgical care unit, and an endoscopy unit, if need be.

Throughout the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic

phases, we took care of very serious and critically sick patients and responded with our Rapid Response Team (RRT) and Code Blue calls.

RRT is called if the patient is in trouble, such that early intentions can be carried out before the condition worsens. Code Blue calls mean that a patient is undergoing cardiopulmonary arrest. As a surge of patients arrived during this pandemic, our ICU became a battlefield zone,on top of the influx of seriously ill and critically sick COVID-19

patients. RRT and Code Blue calls happened very frequently; we were so overwhelmed. The ICU could not have made it without the help of nurses from other departments of the hospital, like the recovery room,operating room, special procedure, endoscopy, and Pediatric Intensive Care (PICU) nurses.

The ICU had to transform into a double ICU. I worked full time, around 12 hours per shift from 7 AM to 7 PM, 3 days per week, as well as shifts for Friday and the weekend. We

implement self-scheduling, but of course, it is not a guarantee that all our requests for days off are granted.

Question: Can you paint a picture of what you're seeing across the country as critical care nurses continue to deal with the pandemic? a. It is well known in the nursing world that we seldom go home on time. Based on the current circumstances and patients' conditions that day, our endorsement of signing out and reporting times to the incoming shift might take more

than 30 minutes. It is a matter of life and death and every minute, seconds become critical. We perform our tasks first before documenting them in our system. With that in mind, there are times where we have to run around throughout our entire shift, so we only have time to chart at the very end of the shift.

We are allowed a 15-minute break in the morning and afternoon, as well as 30-minute for lunchtime,but most of us don’t find the free time to take those two 15-minute breaks.

Although the ICU situation has SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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INTERVIEW

greatly improved, I think our ICU nurses across the nation are in it for a long haul. The seriousness of what we see on the frontlines is not necessarily what everybody else sees. We see not only old but even more young people getting sicker than we have ever seen in the past; the mortality rate is very high.

Question: What is one memorable experience that you have had working with critical care patients? a. I have many memorable experiences during this pandemic, both good and bad.

I remember how we all cheered outside of the patient’s room as they were extubated from the ventilators.

One woman was only in her early 50’s, and we thought she would not make it because she had been on the ventilator for quite some time. A pregnant patient in her early 20’s also came out of the ventilator, then eventually out of the ICU. Another one of my favorite memories is how we all lined up in the ICU hallways, cheering and playing inspirational hymns as a patient in her 30’s was being wheeled out of the ICU. One bad but memorable experience during this unrivaled time was how families couldn’t be with their critically ill and dying loved ones. It is disheartening to know that people are fighting for their 20 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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dear lives without their families at their bedside. I am not ashamed to tell you that at times, as I facetimed with families and my dying patient in his early 40s, I was not able to control my tears. I would remember my deceased father. My father died when I was young. He was only 53. I dreamt of him for many months,and that experience was pretty hard on me.

Safety Measures:

Question: Are nurses and other healthcare workers across the country seeing shortages of ventilators and PPE? Do you and your coworkers have sufficient PPE during shifts? a. If our government and private sectors helped and worked together to believe the data, science,and medicine, as well as the experts' predictions, we should not have a problem with a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilators across the country.

The need for ventilators and PPE varies from state to state. NJ was second to NY in the number of COVID cases and deaths and we have experienced a shortage of gowns in our hospital. From the start of the pandemic until now, we had to reuse N95 respirator masks… We have to wear double masks now; we wear N-95 masks on the inside and the regular surgical masks on the outside that we throw on for one usage and

throw out after our 12-hour shift.

The N-95 masks are cleaned by autoclaves and can only be used up to five times.

Emotional Toll:

Question: What are some positive things that the community has been doing for healthcare heroes like you, and what are some ways that communities can continue to support nurses? a. In times of crisis like this, although it brings so much anxiety and grief, it may also bring out the best in people. Frontline healthcare workers, like me, are grateful for the unending support from the public. Residents, local businesses, community organizations, families, children, and people from all walks of life continue to cheer us on.

They send us food to eat, words of encouragement and prayer, and their handmade cards and letters. They give us free working shoes, handmade masks, face shields, snacks, beverages, etc. Community leaders head to our hospital and greet us, showing their support and expressing their gratitude.

Outside our hospital, there is a very big banner that states “Heros Work Here”. Our entry passages leading us inside of the hospital are covered with written words of thanks and encouragement. Inside the

hospital, there are many cards and signs as well. These gestures warm my heart every time I go to work.

Question: What are some of your biggest concerns for nurses over the next couple of months? a. My biggest concern for nurses over the next couple of months is the possibility of a second wave of the coronavirus, similar to that in the spring as the weather cools once more. I also fear for a potential lack of PPE and ventilators, as well as dialysis machines for continuous renal replacement therapy (RRT), and the fear that the healthcare system will collapse. That is why communities need to follow the proper guidelines, and people must ensure that they are taking the appropriate protective measures.

Question: Working such an important front line job must be tedious at times. What do you do to relax? a. Working in the ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic is a taxing task. It is indeed tedious and demanding, both physically and mentally. Since I can’t do many activities outside of my home,I usually watch movies, soap operas, or exercise for an hour on my elliptical machine, as a way to destress and relax.

Question: How is your mental health in this period?

How do you adjust? a. This COVID-19 pandemic

crisis has permanently changed all of us. We will never be the same again. None of us are superheroes nor are we magically immune to this virus. The threat that we may contract the coronavirus every day and potentially infect our families truly takes a mental toll on us as frontline workers.

Fortunately, we have a group called “Masked Off”,where we can talk about our fears and worries and concerns, to support o u r m e n t a l h e a l t h during this time. We must

adapt to this “new normal”.

So cial d i s ta nc i ng , w e a r i ng masks, and washing our hands frequently are necessary measures. For ICU nurses like me, we need to find ways to limit our exposure and at the same time while making sure that our excellent care for our patients is not compromised. We use extensions for machines such as IV pumps,ventilators, CRRT, such that they can be extended outside of the patient room.

We need to adjust and adapt to virtual medicine and science.

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INTERVIEW

FIGHTING THE UNKNOWN: WUHAN NURSE DESCRIBES “HEARTBREAKING” JOB Interviewer: Aurora Chen Editor: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou

Interviewee: Anonymous Nurse Question: What is your name, status, and hospital? a. I am a nurse that worked on the front lines at Wuhan Jintintan hospital ( 武汉金银潭 医院 ) .

Question: What period did you go to help out the patients? a. From 1/27/20 to 3/31/20.

Question: You are so brave!

Can you walk me through your thought process behind deciding to go to Wuhan to work on the frontlines, despite knowing that your life is at risk? a. Yes. When I swore to be a medical worker, I took 22 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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the Nightingale’s oath; thus, immediately volunteering on the front lines was kind of an instinctive reaction for me.

Second, as an active citizen of my country, I believe I should stand up to help when the country and our people are in crisis.

Question: Please describe your experiences in the hospital. a. When I first arrived in Wuhan, there were no crowds or vehicles on the street. Wuhan was like an empty city; the whole city seemed “sick.”

On the day of our arrival, we received pre-job training at the medical treatment center and were assigned to work in various

wards. We administered fluids, performed a lot of disinfection work, and cared for patients on ventilators and monitors. We also collected specimens and accompanied CT examinations.

Furthermore,we performed disease rehabilitation therapies and provided guidance and psychological care to relieve patients' anxiety Question: What were some difficulties you came across? a. The ward building was built during SARS in 2003, hence, it was a bit outdated and uncomfortable to work in. Therefore, the entire ward building had to be ventilated, but the central air conditioner

could not be used. It was winter when I went to help in Wuhan, so it was freezing every day.

Furthermore, some of the older patients were not very fluent in Mandarin but spoke in different dialects, so communication was a bit of a struggle.

Question: When were you able to return home? a. On March 27, all patients in the North Fourth Ward of Jinyintan Hospital of Wuhan City were discharged. We returned to Shanghai on the 31st.

Question: Were there enough resources available at first? (such as PPE, beds, ventilators, food, etc.) a. Initially, the protective equipment was inadequate, and many materials did not meet the medical standards. The catering in the hotel also had insufficient resources in the beginning.

There was too few staff working on the midnight shift

and too many patients in the hospital,leading to shortages of medical equipment.

Question: What is one unforgettable memory that you have had with a patient? a. On one occasion, an elderly patient suddenly insisted on taking off his mask and going back home. We tried to let his son call him and calm him down, but to no avail. As a medical worker, I knew that this elderly gentleman did not mean to behave like that, but his behavior was an effect of the physiological change caused by the disease. However, the old man kept saying, "I want to go home!" and it was heartbreaking for me to hear that.

Question: What was your relationship like with your coworkers? a. We were all thrust into a completely new environment

with a new team and everyone has their way of thinking and their style of working. There was a break-in period where there were some clashes between coworkers, but that is normal. In the end, we worked together collaboratively. I am very happy to be able to work with such a heroic team.

Question: When did you feel the most fulfilled? a. My biggest fulfillment comes from knowing that my team and I have saved lives.

When patients come in, they are depressed and stressed.

We communicated with the patients,soothed their emotions, and gave them confidence in curing the disease. They were grateful to our Shanghai nursing team! We were ecstatic as well.

Question: Did you ever think about quitting the job? a. Never.

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1. Stay Informed

Read the news from trusted sources near you, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and your local health department Don’t stay glued to the news! This will only heighten anxiety and distress, and it does not offer any practical benefits to mental health

3. Stay in Shape

Build a workout program that interests you and try new athome exercises.

Some good exercises include: yoga, hiking, jogging, walking, and gardening Countless studies have shown scientific evidence for a positive correlation between exercise and better mental health

TIPS FOR MAINTAINING YOUR MENTAL HEALTH

2. Create Healthy Habits

Get into a routine for your daily life; yes, get off the couch!

Do not smoke and limit alcoholic beverages Adjust to the “new normal” of life; integrate old and new hobbies into your routine

Try to close the computer or phone once in a while Even if you can’t see them in person, stay connected during quarantine!

Commit to contacting at least one person each day (family, friends, etc) through telephone, social media, or video calling. c. Having someone to talk to about your feelings is vital for your mental well-being

7. Find New Hobbies

5. Sleep!

Some of our suggestions include: reading, cooking, baking, learning a new instrument or language, creating artwork and listening to music

Sleep at a regular time - make sure to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily

Authors: BrandEn Chen, Charlie Liu, Jiahao Wu, Charles Zhao, Molly Zhao Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Zehra Naqvi, Shannon Tan, Leon Zhou Artist: Athena Mo

During this time of uncertainty and social distancing, everyone has been quarantined at home for long periods.

Inevitably, this can lead to feelings of anxiety, agitation, isolation, and loneliness.Those with underlying mental health conditions, such as stress and bipolar disorder, are especially prone to negative mental health consequences, such as relapse and suicidal thoughts. However, don't worry! It is completely normal to have some of the feelings mentioned above. Here are 10 tips to improve and maintain your mental well-being during this COVID-19 Pandemic.

6. Fewer Electronics, More Conversations

10. Prepared, Not Panicked

4. Eat Clean

8. Set Small Goals Every Day

Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet Make sure to load up on whole fruits and vegetables and try to limit yourself from snacking

It may be intimidating when a huge assignment is due, but setting small and achievable goals can help overcome a lack of motivation

9. Meditate!

Scientific studies show that 90% of happiness DOES NOT depend on external circumstances, but rather on how our brain processes and perceives events Meditation is an important awareness tool that helps to ground ourselves in the present, rather than the unknown

Take practical steps to protect yourself and loved ones, but overbuying items will lead to fewer resources available for those who need them more If necessary, keep a one-month supply of prescription and overthe-counter medications needed to manage mental health and other conditions

TRANSMISSION

Comparison of Transmission Methods of COVID-19 to Previous Infectious Diseases

WHY DOES DISEASE SPREAD SO FAST Authors: Chad Cai, Jiayi Chen, Hill Huang, Charles Zhao, Lambert Zheng, Leon Zhou Editors: Tiffany Chan, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Ethan Liu, Katelyn Ma, Lydia Ren, Shannon Tan, Tyler Vazquez, Molly Zhao Artists: Tiffany Chen, Jane Liu, Nicole Wang, Nicole Wei

Different Transmission Types

To understand the fast spread of the current novel coronavirus, it is important to first introduce different transmission methods of other diseases.

Common transmitting agents include sneezing, coughing, bodily contact, sharing needles, and fecal-to-oral contact. For instance, HIV requires direct sexual contact or shared bodily fluids (blood, seminal and vaginal) for others to be infected. This type of transmission makes HIV relatively difficult to spread in regular day-to-day contact. On the other hand, for COVID-19, respiratory droplets can be transmitted up to a distance of six feet from sneezing or coughing.

Although people tend to believe that the coronavirus cannot thrive without a host, a study from the New England Journal of Medicine found that viruses can still be infectious in the air or on surfaces for various periods, ranging from hours to days. When fluids, such as mucus and respiratory 26 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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droplets, are left on a surface (doorknobs, pens, or credit cards), the virus can still cause infection.

Another way that viruses spread is when people come in close contact with infected individuals.

Schools, parties, and other gatherings have a high density of people, thereby increasing the risks of infection. The reason the virus spreads among people so rapidly is because of the asymptomatic "super-shedders"; they are individuals who carry

the disease but do not show regular symptoms (difficulty in breathing, fever, new loss of smell or taste, and vomiting) of COVID-19. Many of them have not been tested and carry the virus around with them without realizing they have it.

According to Dr. Jeffery Shaman from Columbia University, “these undocumented infections were about half as infectious per person as a documented case who has more severe symptoms and maybe shedding more.

Undocumented infections drive the spread and growth of the outbreak”.

T h u s , o n e can catch COVID-19 from someone who has not been tested; someone who may be in perfect health can transmit SAR-CoV-2 to others who are more vulnerable.

These statistics and laboratory results serve critical roles in examining the rapid global spread of COVID-19.

The novel coronavirus, commonly known as SARS-CoV-2, carries its namesake due to its genetic relation to the virus that triggers Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS-CoV-1. The transmission methods of SARS-CoV-1 are similar to those of the novel coronavirus. Both have spread among birds and mammals via respiratory droplets. Patients of SARS-CoV-1 can also infect others with the virus through close contact.

If patients cough or sneeze without coverage, infection is likely to occur. However, according to Dr. Sandra Gonzalez Gompf, for SARS-CoV-1 to spread, people must be relatively close, around 3 feet, which is closer than the ubiquitous 6 feet of safe ¨social distancing¨that has been announced to the world's populace. Moreover, SARS-CoV-1 can survive on metal, glass,and plastic for up to three days, according to a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine. This is remarkably similar to SARS-CoV-2.

If one comes into contact with an object containing SARS-CoV-2 and touches their facial orifices, infection may occur. This is quite common among coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2.

H1N1, otherwise known as the swine flu, is another infectious disease that can be compared to COVID-19. H1N1 can be transmitted if one comes into direct contact with swine; through zoonosis ( transmitted to humans from animals ), H1N1 may also spread to and among humans.

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less mentioned in the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).

Discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012, the first major outbreak of MERS occurred in Western Asia. Studies have discovered that MERS was transmitted to humans from dromedary camels, camels with a singular hump. Similarly, all available evidence for COVID-19 indicates a zoonotic source, and its genetic resemblance to SARS suggests that its ecological origin is within the bat population.

MERS possesses a much weaker ability in regards to transmission rates. Only those who come into contact with a patient, such as a doctor without protective measures, possess the risk of infection.Thus, many cases of MERS were often clustered in medical care units. Meanwhile, COVID-19 travels from host to host extremely

easily and in a variety of ways, such as through saliva.

The hauntingly plentiful methods in which COVID-19 spreads may account for the multitude of cases that have been identified worldwide. The number of cases soared in February and March, during which the pandemic began rapidly spreading in Europe and America. Yet, so far, 8 years after the first case, only 2,494 MERS cases have been confirmed by the WHO. On the other hand, the death rate among all COVID-19 cases is only around 5%, while the figure for MERS is over 30%.

There has been no effective cure developed for MERS thus far. The only thing doctors can do is to “support” the patients and hope that their immune system can eliminate the virus

before cracking down. For COVID-19, it is almost the same. Most COVID-19 cases are mild or moderate, and many do not require hospitalization. In the meantime, remember to wear masks, wash hands frequently, and most importantly, do not panic.

How to Prevent Transmission

1. Droplet transmission: Coughing, sneezing, and talking are common droplet transmission methods.After someone is affected by the disease, their droplets, carrying the virus, can infect others.

Droplet transmission is one of the most common ways for COVID-19 to propagate among people. Wearing masks can exhibit around 70% prevention for this type of transmission and masks are the most effective way to prevent this type of transmission.

However,H1N1 generally appears as a seasonal flu virus, which is less destructive than COVID-19; despite this,transmission methods are similar to the novel coronavirus. Both spread among people through respiratory droplets. One can also become infected if they touch objects that carry the H1N1 virus and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.

Transmission methods of these infectious diseases are quite similar, albeit making them difficult to detect early. Not only are they spread by respiratory secretions, but the incubation period of these diseases are relatively long as well. This makes distinguishing healthy people and asymptomatic people difficult without incessant testing.

MERS VS. COVID

Do not be misinformed. The coronavirus is a virus family , named after its crown-shaped protein shell. Seven coronaviruses exist in nature, yet among them, only three can cause severe dangers.

While COVID-19 has been the most recent hot topic, another coronavirus that is relatively 28 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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TRANSMISSION

2. Contact transmission: Touching certain facial orifices, when coming into contact with the virus,can transmit the virus. Coming into contact with surfaces and people are common contact methods.

To prevent it, one should clean and disinfect all counters, knobs, and other surfaces they touch several times a day.

Making sure not to touch facial orifices such as the mouth, eyes or nose after touching surfaces and others can help prevent transmission as well.

3. Aerosol propagation: A e r o s o l propagation refers to the fact that droplets gradually lose moisture during air suspension, forming droplet nuclei. If droplets carry the novel coronavirus, it can also cause infection via inhalation. As the propagation distance increases, the virus' content in the air gradually decreases, reducing the possibilities for people to be infected 30 | SCIENCEHOLIC

COVID-19 EDITION

through this method. Like stated above,masks are an effective prevention method.

4. Fecal mouth infection: Fecaloral transmission i s a n o t h e r transmission type for COVID-19.

Studies suggest that the virus can be found in infected individuals’ feces. If one uses the bathroom and does not wash their hands before coming into contact with food or others, they could unknowingly spread the disease to others. Be sure to wash your hands after using the bathroom, especially in public areas.

The virus mostly spreads through people w h o s h o w symptoms. It is also possible to pass the virus without showing any signs. Individuals who do not know that they have been infected and do not display any symptoms can still transmit the virus to others. This is called asymptomatic spread. To avoid this, one should aim to stay

at home, and when going out, avoid making direct contact with others through social distancing

Transmissions Among Humans and Animals

It is important to note that while most viruses can easily spread between humans, COVID-19 is zoonotic, meaning that it can be transmitted from animals as well.

SARS-CoV uses a human receptor, called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). This protein is often useful in lowering blood pressure, but it is found as an entry point for the virus to enter healthy cells.

Recent research has also discovered that some animals can be infected by COVID-19. There is no certain evidence to show how these animals become infected, but there are reasons to believe that COVID-19 can spread among animals.

The basic principles of COVID-19 affecting humans seem to be clear, but for the disease to be spread zoonotically, the intermediate host is also a vital factor. Generally speaking, viruses have different adaptability in different species, and zoonosis is hindered by various factors. In the case of bat-to-human transmission, the presence of an intermediate host increases the feasibility for the virus to spread between the two species, despite their significant developmental differences.

As a result, when discussing the methods in which COVID-19 propagates zoonotically,information on intermediate species is indispensable. On February 7, 2020, South China Agricultural University released its analysis on the virus genome, and found that the sequence of the virus strain isolated in the pangolin is 90.3% similar to the new coronavirus strain currently infecting humans. As a result, the pangolin is likely to be the COVID-19 intermediate host. Some studies also claim that minks, sea turtles, snakes, and salmons may also be the potential intermediate hosts for COVID-19.

How Do Diseases Become a Pandemic

Pandemics, according to their classical definition, are epidemics that cross international boundaries and affect a large number of people worldwide. Global health crises tend to grow in phases.This chain of events starts with an “outbreak” —a sudden rise in confirmed cases of a disease,contained in a small geographic region.

If the disease spreads beyond that initial region, it will become an epidemic.

Apart from the various transmission types of COVID-19, the inefficiency of detecting the virus in its initial outbreak has substantially contributed to its spread. On December 30, 2019, a Chinese doctor wrote a letter to his superiors, warning them of a patient diagnosed with SARS in Wuhan—it was later confirmed that this was the first known case of COVID-19. People traveling from Wuhan aided in the spread of the virus both in and out of China, making it difficult for the government to contain the disease within China.

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INTERVIEW

ASK THE TEACHERS: EDUCATION DURING A GLOBAL PANDEMIC Interviewer: Kitty Liu Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou

Interviewee: Ms. Mora and Mrs. Sukhhiran Question: What are some difficulties that you have faced with online learning, given the limited resources available? a. Reaching out to students who unfortunately may not have the same resources toward accessing remote learning. The school has been trying its best to reach all students, but it is hard to get to everyone. b. The l ack of resources, such as a working camera or iPad, to be able to efficiently display my work to my students.

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because you can’t completely tell if they completed the work on their own, especially without the in-person opportunities to speak to them about it.

Question: Can you describe your overall experience with digitized learning? Do you prefer in-class or online instruction? a. I prefer the in-class interactions I previously had with students daily since those interactions create stronger bonds than I ever can with remote learning. I have also noticed that digitized learning has seemed to bring out a resource gap within our school, because of the lack of materials that some students now face. Although it may not be noticeable to all, it still exists.

Question: Have you asked your students about their preferences for online learning versus in-class instruction? What was their response? a. I think most students are starting to realize that the benefits of in-person learning outweigh those in remote learning. This experience was interesting at first, but it will never be able to replace the interactions we used to have with each other every day, whether we like it or not. b. I think the majority of students don’t prefer online learning, but that is probably because they aren’t used to it.

I completely understand that it may feel overwhelming if you have to do 5+ assignments a day by yourself.

Question: Was there anything especially interesting or inspiring that you have noticed since online instruction began? a. Yes! To my surprise, many students that once excelled in inperson instruction have begun to struggle and lose motivation with online learning. On the other hand, students who rarely showed up to class are working hard and getting As now.

Question: Overall, were you prepared for the school

closures? How do you feel the students’curriculum has been affected (especially if students are in AP courses)? a. Towards the end of February, with other countries and counties closing down due to the pandemic, most of us began to realize that closing was inevitable and necessary.

We began working together during March to create a modified curriculum for online classes, so I do feel like

us teachers were prepared to a certain degree. b. I think the student’s curriculum has changed a bit because we aren’t targeting our instruction towards the regents.

Instead, we are spending more time on skills aligned to the curriculum,but those are not as rigorous as the regents would be. Also, there are no more examinations,only culminating tasks in which students receive ample time for completion.

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IMPACT

COVID-19’s IMPACT ON DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Authors: Aurora Chen, Branden Chen, Sophia Xu Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Lydia Ren, Kira Tian, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Nicole Tseng

Italy

As of June 14th, 2020, Italy has 236,989 coronavirus cases, and this number is slowly decreasing day by day. Italy was once the epicenter of the pandemic in Europe, but it has recently begun to gradually loosen its lockdown measures.

In early May, factories, construction sites, and other businesses began to reopen as long as they followed social distancing measures. However, Italy’s economy has worsened dramatically because of COVID-19. In South Italy, the people are faced with an economic depression on two ends, the repercussions of World War II, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. South Italy also has a poorer health system compared to the North, with many hospitals facing significant debt and many patients being sent to Northern Italy.

To handle the devastating effects on Italy’s economy, the Italian prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, presented an economic package with € 55 34 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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billion to attack the economic impact. It freezes corporate tax for companies and grants aid to small businesses. The government also used the money to improve unemployment benefits, healthcare systems, universities and research, and agricultural industries.

Like many other countries, Italy took social distancing measures by adopting an online education system in late February, along with the largest lockdown after China’s crisis. Also, by enforcing all nonessential workers to stay home, along with the closing of factories and restaurants, the government attempts to decrease the chance of the virus spreading.

In hospitals, life is even harder for frontline workers. Early on during the pandemic, doctors were being asked to fight the virus without adequate protective equipment to prevent the spread. As a result, over a hundred Italian doctors have died because of coronavirus.

Doctors and nurses worked tirelessly in hospitals and critical care units, taking shifts of up to 12 hours. FNOMCeO health association’s president, Filippo Anelli, said that allowing doctors to fight without any protection against the virus is “an unfair fight.”

The burden has resulted in many physical and emotional imprints on them due to their efforts to ease the virus.

African government by providing thousands of testing kits to African countries. The WHO has also provided remote assistance, allowing these countries to analyze and keep track of the outbreak, allowing African countries t o t ackl e CO VID- 1 9 . As a society, the community is taking protective measures, such as self-isolation. WHO is helping African countries to spread the message and inform more people of COVID-19’s

Africa

risks.

Although Africa consists of more low-income populations and the people have less access to expensive medications and treatments, they have taken early preventative measures and have shown lower case numbers than expected. As an alternative to expensive medicine, many Africans have turned to herbal remedies, which has been praised by the president of Madagascar, Andry Rajoelina.

As of June 13th, there are 233,836 cases and 6,261 deaths and the numbers are still increasing.

Within a matter of weeks, infections had spread to over a dozen countries in Africa with the case numbers still rising in most African countries; south African countries are increasing most rapidly.

Despite this fact, The World Health Organization (WHO) has been helping the

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INTERVIEW

United States

Up until June 16 th , 2020, the United States had the largest number of COVID-19 cases:2,085,769 total cases and 115, 644 total deaths according to the Centers for Disease Control

Assistance Program, and Runaway and Homeless Youth Programs are included in this act.

However, despite the closures of schools, all 50 states have begun to reopen in some way since April. In many states, certain regions or sectors have reopened while others remain closed. For instance, a Stay-at-home order expired on April 30 in Alabama; Sectors such as outdoor and recreation, retail, and personal care have reopened since then.

South Korea

and Prevention (CDC). The states with the highest amount of cases include New York, New Jersey,California, and Illinois.

The number of cases and deaths is still increasing rapidly every day, but at a slower rate than before.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most states have already shut down; more than 48 states have ordered or recommended school closures until the fall of the next school year. In-person summer schools have also been replaced by virtual online classes. Moreover, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES) on March 27th, 2020 to help citizens get through this pandemic. This over $2 trillion economic relief package promises to protect citizens from the public health and economic impacts of COVID-19. Programs like the Child Welfare Services, Low Income Home Energy 36 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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South Korea's preparation for COVID-19 was instantaneous and considerate. In 2015, the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in South Korea killed 38 people. The government made large efforts to find the reason behind that: a lack of tests made patients miss the best time for treatment. The Korean officials made an important reform, allowing the government to give nearinstantaneous approval to testing systems in case of an emergency. When COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan, China, the four companies in South Korean simultaneously manufactured tests from a World Health Organization recipe.

Because of these adequate medical supplies, such as masks,COVID-19 testing in the country quickly developed a system that could assess up to 10,000 people per day. Thus, because of such measures, the outbreak was gradually brought under control.

The number of active cases started to drop after reaching its peak in March.

Different from the US, which stopped updating the case numbers daily, South Korea kept its people posted with information about COVID-19. Since February, people could see the precise movement of everyone who tested

positive, even the seat numbers they took in the movie theater.While some might say that it was also a "doubleedged sword" because it raised anxiety among the public. A South Korean official stated that they “believed that if the government did not post extensive details about infected people on social media, COVID-19 would have spread even more quickly.”

South Korean hospitals have been properly equipped with mechanical supplies. The government realized that if they didn't protect frontline workers and physicians, the virus would not be controlled. As a result, the government fully supplied all the necessary equipment so frontline workers can handle tests and treatments safely.

citizens' help on social media platforms to seek protective clothes and masks. In March, after the country's outreach to mask manufacturers, supplies gradually became sufficient again.

After the situation started recovering, the Chinese government announced on April 10th that high school students in major cities could return to school. However, the government was also afraid of a second wave of the COVID-19. Therefore, schools enforced students to follow social distancing rules and wear masks in school; all of these measures were being strictly followed. Wuhan was set to reopen its high schools on May 6th.

China

The sudden outbreak of coronavirus in Wuhan had affected China’s policy.

Since Wuhan had no previous experiences in dealing with an issue like this in the past, there was a significant shortage of protective clothing, masks, and nucleic acid detection agents. Hospitals even had to ask for SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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LEARING EXPERIENCE

COVID-19 GAVE US A LECTURE: HERE’S WHAT WE LEARNED Authors: Simon Cui, James Dong, Hill Huang, Katelyn Ma, Sophia Xu Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Tiffany Chen

When COVID-19 emerged in December of 2019 and proceeded to escalate on a worldwide scale, several governments began to enforce policies upon their population, in an effort to contain the disease. As a result, most of society has conformed to a new normal of facial coverings, social distancing, and mass business closures. To a certain extent, these efforts have improved the outlook of the coronavirus.

However, with the number of global cases in the millions, the response to COVID-19 arouses multiple questions. What could have been done differently? Did governments take the correct steps? How can we improve in the future? With this novel virus being the foremost pandemic in 38 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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the modern-day, the world’s leaders and all of society can undoubtedly gain knowledge from this experience and learn how to react in future instances.

At the origin and epicenter of COVID-19, in Wuhan, China, the spread of the disease was seemingly uncontrollable at first. Arguably, a consequential mistake of the region was that they waited to report their cases.

It was not until December 31st, 2019 when the virus had already had a month’s time to spread, that the first coronavirus case was officially reported by the Chinese authorities.

Had they quickly reported the health concerns, the country would have been able to better contain the spread, since their citizens would have

been more aware and taken action in distancing themselves.

With quick reporting, China would have also been able to implement widespread testing and sanitary measures throughout the city at an earlier date. According to researchers from a study conducted by the University of Southampton in March of 2020, if the action in China was taken 1, 2,or 3 weeks prior, the number of cases could have been reduced by 66%, 86%, or 95% less respectively.

However, after recognizing the true issue of the disease, China did act swiftly in locking down Wuhan and manufacturing and distributing widespread testing. Their efforts post-reporting the coronavirus

was effective in containing the virus later on. In future instances of health crises, China can learn from its COVID-19 experience by performing these actions sooner.

In other countries, the majority of governments imposed lockdowns in an

attempt to inhibit the spread of the coronavirus once it had spread to their territory.

However, in order for the lockdown strategy to be effective, the cooperation of the people is vital. A key factor of success is a strong sense of social responsibility within the citizens

of a country. With its millions of cases, the United States is an example of a country that can greatly improve on this aspect for future widespread contagious diseases.Beginning in March and April of 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended staying SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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six feet away from others and that all people should wear a cloth face covering if leaving their homes. Even with state lockdowns and these mitigation measures, many citizens in America did not grasp the importance of the CDC’s guidance and continued to participate in social gatherings, with or without a mask. In certain states, people also took to the streets to protest their local government’s lockdown procedures whilst disregarding all social distancing guidelines. American protesters held signs reading “Set us free!” and “We will not comply!” as they sought for state governors to reopen their communities.

Coronavirus-positive people have been linked to these protests and, using cellular device data, several antilockdown protestors were found to have traveled across state lines to participate— further spreading the virus.

This refusal to follow guidelines overturns the work of millions of Americans who are compliant with mitigation measures and brings the 40 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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country backward in the progression of oppressing the disease. In the month of April alone, the lack of citizen cooperation caused the number of U.S. cases to jump from 200,000 to 1 million, proving that it is critical for the American society to learn from their COVID-19 mistakes. In the event of future viral diseases, abiding by professional recommendations during a pandemic is the solution to successfully containing a disease.

Aside from citizen mistakes, the United States government also mismanaged the response to COVID-19 in a variety of ways. The delaying of extensive testing is a major reason that the country was unable to contain the spread of the virus. Adequate testing was not widely accessible until later months after the first coronavirus case in America was identified on January 20th, 2020.

The result of slow testing was the inability of health officials to isolate infected individuals, trace their contacts, and gauge the spread of the coronavirus—all crucial components to beating a contagious disease. If compared to South Korea’s coronavirus response which included immediate testing

of over 10,000 individuals per day, a quicker mass output of COVID-19 testing would have greatly benefited conditions in America. The prompt South Korean response to the disease proved to be successful when the country reported no new cases on April 30th, 2020, only 3 months after the first case arrived on their territory.

A lack of essential supplies and equipment in the United States further harmed the coronavirus response by putting a substantial strain on hospitals and workers treating patients. For decades prior to the coronavirus, public health leaders warned that the U.S. National Stockpile was deficient in vital pandemic-

fighting gear such as ventilators and masks, but few efforts were made by the government to address these concerns. When the coronavirus outbreak first

began, the federal government should have taken immediate action to obtain supplies as opposed to waiting until the disease became a more apparent issue. A surplus of supplies like respirators and masks would have eased the jobs of thousands of frontline healthcare workers who were working overtime to treat the infected. Ultimately, a sufficient policy of preparing pandemic supplies would have saved more lives.

As a society, it is important that all people remember what was done during COVID-19 and improve upon mistakes for any future contagious diseases. From acknowledging the problem early on to faster widespread governmental testing policies and wearing masks, the world can prevent a deadly disease like the coronavirus from reaching this extent ever again.

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COVID 19 STORY

FOUR EYES, FOUR PERSPECTIVES Authors: Charlie Liu, Nicole Wang, Lambert Zheng Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Suhani Patel, Lydia Ren, Anand Soma, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Nicole Wang

Jasmine

After hours of looking for people out the window, I finally saw someone walking along the once crowded tourist street across my house. But why was he dressed up in a yellow suit, all covered up with goggles and gloves? Where was everyone?

I leaned against the windows and asked my brother,“Why isn’t there anyone on the street now? Why did the bright lights fade?”

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My brother Henry put down his pen, looked outside the window, and gazed down at the deserted street. “People are all at home because of the pandemic,” he sighed. He turned back and continued to work on his Mathematics assignments from his online class.

“Who is the pandemic? Why are people staying away from him?” Bewildered, I turned towardsmy brother and exchanged looks with him.

“It’s not wh o, it’s what . You’re too young so you might not know. This pandemic happens when a virus spreads around, which can make people sick — and even die.” He put down his pen again and leaned towards me. He peered at the silhouettes of the skyscrapers in the distance above — the grim, blurry horizons zigzagged in the shape of the lofty buildings. The doors of the shopping mall across the street were shut tight and no lights shone from inside. The street between had lost its clamor from the old days. There were no signs of anyone on the street, only the shadow of the swaying trees on the sidewalk. Suddenly, my brother’s phone rang.

Henry

With a cup of almost-soggy instant ramen in one hand, I picked up the phone. The call was from my friend, James. “Hey, we haven’t caught up in a while...how’s it going?”

“Everything is fine...more or less,” James said. “Our school is under lockdown and we’re forced to stay inside our homes. I mean, I guess I’m the lucky one — at least I’ve got local relatives so I won’t have to spend tons of hours hauling heavy suitcases and sitting in uncomfortable flights to fly back to China.”

James went silent for a moment, then sighed

wearily. “You see, Henry, despite the alarming statistics, I see my neighbors go to work without wearing masks, which makes me feel anxious and worried. I’m afraid that I may contract the virus.

New York state already has a plethora of patients enduring horrifying symptoms of the virus. It seems as though everyone is ignoring the truth of the situation — that the virus will only die if people address the seriousness of the situation. Apart from the Zoom lessons held by my school, I can hardly find anything else to do.”

“I’m sorry to hear that,” I said, “I hope you’re safe. We’re under the same SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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circumstances too.It’s pretty difficult for us to get used to this extreme lifestyle. Lots of important events are being delayed, my favorite restaurants are shut down, and I can only communicate with my close friends via WeChat, text, and Facetime.

Ugh, I wish this pandemic would be over already.”

“At least your parents live with you,” James blurted abruptly. “Last week, an infected Chinese student suffering from breathing difficulties and high fever didn’t have access to medical help. I’m not sure if he successfully received help or not, but at that moment, I just wished he would be able to get the help he deserved. You know, these things scare me.”

“Oh no! I hope he is recovering. As soon as this nightmare is over, we’ll finally be able to see each other in person. Oh, I need to go, it’s my mom’s break soon. She only has time to call me during her break.” Henry glanced at the clock and quickly put down the phone.

Nicole

“Don’t forget to drink hot water!” Nicole said, shutting the cabinet door. “Take good care

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of yourself and your grandparents. Don’t fight with each other!”

Filled with exhaustion, Nicole dropped down and sat on a soft, maroon-colored sofa. After taking a couple of slow, deep breaths, then she ate some snacks while she scrolled through her phone,she walked back to the cabinet.

“I have to go back now. Miss you.” She ended the call with her son, and then proceeded to open the cabinet just as she had already done that very morning. Nicole reached into the dark, wooden cabinet and took out several pairs of medical gloves. Some of them have already been used many times,like a gerontic soldier carrying his gun again onto the battlefield, permeating with austerity and honor.She put on all layers of protective clothing including an N-95 mask, an extra covering on top of her scrubs, medical shoe covers, and went out of the lounge.

As usual, like executing a program, she took the pager with her, walking into every patient’s ward. The happiest part of every day was that after examining her patients’ basic physical condition and helping them out with problems and difficulties they were facing, she could enjoy the sweetest and purest smiles that emerged on their faces. She knew exactly what was going on with each of her patients; she knew who had high blood pressure, who didn’t sleep well at night, and who was a picky eater. As a nurse, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on her life, and the same goes for all human beings. But it also showed her something no one else had seen, at the frontlines, the complex but wonderful emotions of humanity — empathy and responsibility.

“Madam, you should change to another drip. This one has already finished.” She deftly removed the needle from the old woman's hand.

When she saw that the old lady’s wrinkled and aged hand was full of pinholes, her heart sunk to the floor, and her movement became more gentle.

She remembered the last time she cheered outside

of the patient’s room as an old woman, like this madam,was extubated from the ventilator. She was only in her early 50’s, and all the nurses and doctors thought she would not make it because she had been on the ventilator for a long time. They all lined up in the ICU hallways, cheering and playing inspirational hymns as she was wheeled out of the ICU. It was nearly lunchtime, and she heard her colleague call her to get takeout from the hospital reception. The delivery man wore a bright yellow suit and she ran over to grab her lunch from his outstretched hands.

That man must be as laborious as all the other medical workers fighting to stop the virus , she thought.

This was his fourth delivery for this day.

Delivery Man

He had the responsibility of sending takeout for various people. And this time, it was for a hospital. Before deciding to continue his work, many people had told him to consider his decision regarding his family. His parents were still in his hometown, far away from this sick city, but with much poorer medical and economic conditions.

Of course, he knew that the work he was doing now was dangerous, since he had to come into direct contact with many people every day. At this point, his health was a time bomb. But yet, this was the only way to provide for his family back home.

He knew that they needed him, thus he brushed off any lingering worries about his health.

A nurse in white scrubs approached him. In the rushed flow of to and from, white was always the most brilliant color out of the different colors people were dressed in the hospital. It intrigued him to the extent that he imagined they were angels befalling to the world. She received the takeout from his hand and thanked him. Even though she still wore the heavy and thick protective suit, he could make out a faint smile behind her goggles

that was blurry and slurred by the moisture of sweat and tears.

The next task came soon. On the way to the appointed restaurant, the solitude of the city was insolently depicted in front of the delivery man by the silent streets, tightly closed doors of the shopping mall, and ubiquitous presence of N-95 masks. But he also saw cats wandering across the alley, birds still striving to stretch their radiant wings, and the sun falling below the horizon, painting a beautiful sky filled with wondrous colors. He also knew that the sakura flowers of this city were going to blossom soon.

When he passed a community, he noticed a pair of eyes looking at him through the window of an apartment. There sat a little girl with a dull countenance, but a pair of glistening eyes. For a long time, he hadn’t seen any children except the sick and poor kids in the hospitals. He waved and smiled at her.

What he didn’t know was how much joy his greeting brought to the little girl. And he did not know that after he smiled and waved, the little girl turned to her brother, Henry, and excitedly shouted: “Wow! Did you see it? A delivery man just walked past and waved to me!”

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EDUCATION

THE PANDEMIC’S IMPACT ON EDUCATION Authors: Jacob Liu and Doris Tan Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Ethan Liu, Kira Tian, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Doris Tan

Education sets the foundation for the general quality of the younger generation, which in turn establishes the basis of society. Therefore, studying is one of the most important parts of one’s childhood. However, with the sudden emergence of COVID-19, education systems all around the world have been abruptly disrupted. Most schools have shut down and adapted different methods of education, such as digitized learning. COVID-19 has led to online teaching platforms which changed the learning experience for many students. For students to return to campus soon, schools must also have proper protection measures.

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In the United States, schools experienced forced closures and started virtual teaching on online platforms like Zoom, Google Classroom, or Meet; this switch of education method has induced many other insidious problems. In 48 states, four US territories, and the District of Columbia, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) has ordered school building closures for the remainder of the academic year. The forced closures, due to COVID-19, have affected at least 124,000 US public and private schools and at least 55.1 million students. Additionally, many schools have changed their grading systems for

the remainder of the school year; some have even completely forgone the midterm and final exams.

One grading system many schools have switched to is the pass and fail system, a system where students’ final grades would only be pass or fail, rather than a letter grade.Furthermore, COVID-19

has also exposed the disparity in student resources: up to 70% of the teachers assign homework through the internet and 65% of the students accomplish and submit their homework through the internet. However, about 5 million households with school-age children do not have access to broadband internet.

China, being the first country that encountered COVID-19, has turned the traditional teaching model into an online teaching model and major exams have been delayed. Under the influence of the pandemic, the Education Department of Guangdong issued a report, and immediately SCIENCEHOLIC COVID-19 EDITION

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afterward, schools in Guangdong changed their teaching method. On January 27th,2020, the Education Bureau officially issued a notice requesting the 2020 spring semester be extended.

Besides, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China announced a onemonth delay for the Gaokao, more commonly k n o w n as t h e Na ti ona l Col l e ge Entrance Examination of China. The students who have originally roomed and boarded at schools returned home, and around 270 million students moved to online learning. To combat the potential difficulties that may have ensued after the online curriculum, teachers, and students have made their way through these difficulties by the means of advanced technology. For example, Shengshi

middle school of Guangzhou proposed that teachers will teach via online lectures and students should participate by using the microphone as well as through a class group chat. On April 9th, 2020, the Guangdong COVID-19 Prevention and Control Headquarters decided that students from schools located in the Guangdong province would return to their physical classrooms in phases starting on April 27th. This shows that the Chinese educational system is gradually turning back to normal operation.

Denmark was one of the first countries to reopen schools. The central government made the decision and the National Board of Health issued specific guidelines and rules for schools to follow. Denmark decided to open primary schools

for small children first, on April 15th, as evidence shows that kids do not play a significant role in the spread of the virus. By May 18th, students in grades up to 10th grade had returned to school.

Specific measures were taken to ensure students, faculties, and their families’ safety. To name a few, classes of about 20 were divided into small sections of about five to eight and could be held outside, students washed their hands every two hours, parents dropped off students at spread out times. The Danish have been very successful and careful with the reopening,and up until now, no negative impacts nor increases in the amount of infection have been shown in Denmark. The smooth reopening allowed Danish children and teenagers to gain quality education again, and they engaged much more enthusiastically than they did during online classes.

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systems and lifestyles of students and teachers drastically. The US government and administrators have been trying their best to keep up the quality of the students’ academic endeavors remotely and hope to resume the classroom environment in early September. China, which experienced the pandemic earlier, is starting to let students return to campus and resume traditional teaching. And although the virus spread to Denmark later than China, Denmark has also successfully begun to return to in-person learning. This shows that with precautions and rules are set and followed strictly, many countries around the world will be able to start reopening schools sooner or later.

Nevertheless,COVID-19 has undoubtedly affected students’ schoolwork, workload, and work efficiency immensely, and it would take lots of effort from the government, schools, and families together to help students gain engaging and meaningful education again.

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INTERVIEW

HAVING BOTH PARENTS ON THE FRONTLINES AN INTERVIEW WITH PHYSICIANS’ FAMILY MEMBER Interviewer: Jacob Liu Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou

Interviewee: Nick Pangan (and Parents: Dr. Mike Pangan and Dr. Patty Pangan) Question: What are your overall thoughts about COVID-19? a. I think it’s just a terrible thing to happen at this time.

People all around the world should be unifying, but the circumstances given have prevented us from doing so.

Question: Can you elaborate on why you think COVID-19 was taken too lightly by U.S. citizens at the start of the pandemic? a. Yes. In the beginning, 50 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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many people around me only regarded the coronavirus as something similar to the flu and believed it was only fatal to the elderly population, that teenagers or children were somehow “immune” to the disease. Thus, they weren’t really worried about contracting the disease, which we now know is wrong.

Question: Since your parents work in the medical field, have you paid a lot of attention to COVID-19 since the start, or did you underestimate this disease like others? a. Honestly, in the beginning, I was also underestimating the severity of the situation.

Everything that was reported on the media and the news, as well as by my peers, made me believe that the coronavirus wasn’t that big of a threat. So, I would say I underestimated it. However, it is now clear that underestimating COVID-19 has led to the disease overwhelming

health systems internationally.

Question: I know that both your parents are doctors. Can you tell me what specific work they do in the hospital and if they work with infected patients? a. My mom is an internal physician at Exeter Hospital.

She works with patients over the age of 18. My dad is a family physician, so he works with people of all ages. My father is in the respiratory clinic, and he is designated to rooms with symptomatic patients. Usually, the patient has a mask, and my dad wears a gown and a mask. So, it is pretty confined.

Generally,they are also supposed to change a new mask and gown after every patient. But given the current circumstances, it is not feasible.

Question: While working in

the hospitals, did your parents experience any shortage of PPE? a. Luckily, the hospital my parents work at was not in severe need of medical equipment. But it’s safe to say that there aren’t any areas around the whole country that have a disposable amount of equipment. Thus, sometimes my parents found themselves having to reuse masks and doctor gowns.

Question: Around how many patients does your dad see every day? a. In the clinic, my dad is seeing about 18 to 22 symptomatic patients per day.

He sends in 2 to 3 patients that are tested to be positive for the coronavirus.

Question: Are you worried about your parents’ safety,

given that they are on the frontlines? How do you feel about your parents’ work? a. All the time, of course.

With more detailed studies emerging about the dangers of COVID-19, I have recently been thinking about their safety a lot and I hope they adequately protect themselves. I am extremely proud of them for doing their work during normal times, but I have never been prouder to see them work so hard as frontline heroes, saving lives. It truly is a testament to their willingness and generosity.

Question: Have your parents ever thought about quitting? a. No, both my parents love their job. I think it brings them fulfillment, both mentally and financially, so I don’t think they would ever quit.

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ECONOMY

CAN WE SAVE THE ECONOMY Authors: Simon Cui, James Dong, Patrick Lin, Doris Tan Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Valerie Tai, Kira Tian, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Karen Liu

In merely a few months, the COVID-19 pandemic has rocked countries all across the globe. As different governments scrambled to announce travel restrictions and issue lockdowns, both productions and demands for commodities drastically decreased. The chain reaction ensued further damage upon major aspects of the economy, including the oil markets, aviation industry, stock markets, and small businesses.

Recently, the oil demand has been a driving force for restoring the oil market, but the full revitalization is still exposed to risks. In April, the oil price reached an all-time low, hitting 37 USD per barrel. While certain countries have slowly 52 | SCIENCEHOLIC

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begun to reopen their economy and the oil demand has slightly increased, the prospect of the oil market still faces many uncertainties. Fragile restoration of the economy, especially amid this pandemic, poses a great threat to market stability.

According to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the oil demand this year decreased by 8.6 million barrels as compared to last year. To balance the sharp decline in demand, OPEC and other organizations hope to cooperate to reduce the oil supply. Places like Saudi Arabia, a member of OPEC,plans to decrease their supply by one million barrels. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced

the oil market, and keeping it under control is essential in normalizing the oil market again.

Another major aspect that has been severely affected by COVID-19 is the aviation industry.Many countries have prohibited foreign entry, which resulted in a reduction of more than 90% in aviation operations.

Achieving a balance between saving airlines’ revenues while still being able to create a safe traveling environment has become the main concern. The aviation industry is still trying to improve aviation conditions for passengers. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), airline passenger revenue in 2020 is set to plummet by 314 billion USD, which is 55% lower than last year’s. This could seriously devastate the industry.

One region that has especially been seriously affected is the Asia-Pacific. IATA shows how economic losses in the AsiaPacific region amounted to 2.78 billion USD; the losses in China’s passenger transport market alone dropped by 1.28 billion USD. With so much revenue lost in the global airline industry, unemployment rates will continue to increase dramatically. As of May, the Bureau of Labor Statistics shares that there is a 13.3% unemployment rate. Also, under the control of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), airlines had to take the FAA’s

guidelines into account. This caused airlines to reduce routes and flights and forced them to lower their fares to reduce losses. However, despite such a tumultuous year thus far for the airline industry, the amount of flights is slowly beginning to increase as countries begin to reopen.

The pandemic has also impacted the financial market; crashes in the stock market added to rising fears and led to a global economic shutdown.

The shutdown of the economy caused demand to decrease and the unemployment rate to increase. Surprisingly, the stock market was reaching record highs just weeks before the crash, with The Dow Jones Industrial Average closing at 29,551.42 points,the S&P 500 at 3,379.45 points, and Nasdaq composite at 9,725.96 on February 14th.

The stock market started tumbling in late February as fears of a possible pandemic began escalating with more than 83,000 people in around 50 countries infected. The Dow finished the week 12.36% lower than where it started while the S&P 500 fell by

11.5%. Stock prices continued to drop in March, putting the three major American stock indexes into the bear market territory. The market has since been recovering. The flattening of the curve and the soonerthan-expected reopening of the economy has enabled the market to slowly recover.

Small businesses are also struggling to get by. More than 90% of small-sized businesses have delayed the start of their operations and many have not decided on a reopening date.

Nearly 80% of these small-sized businesses have performed worse than they normally would, mainly due to traffic control, reduced demand from downstream customers, and insufficient supply of upstream raw materials. Relying on their capital, most of theses smallsized businesses could barely maintain their operations for more than three months. If the impact of the pandemic continues, many small businesses may be forced to change their business direction.

As for the national policies, small businesses are still not familiar with the recent easy credit policies for enterprises in the country. Instead, what is most needed are various subsidy policies and deregulawtion.

Although the policy has provided some support, relative demand is still insufficient.

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INTE RVIEW

I SURVIVED COVID-19.

HERE’S MY STORY Interviewer: Grace Xie Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou

Interviewee: Kun Zhao Question: What are some symptoms that you feel? a. At first, I didn’t realize that I had the coronavirus because I’ve always had a cold during the period between spring and summer. I felt fatigued and had a headache every day, but I attributed these symptoms to the overuse of my computer. I didn’t pay much attention to my illness until I had acute diarrhea, as well as persistent pain in my chest.

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it was foolish of me to do so.

After I was tested positive, I was immediately hospitalized and was soon transferred to the ICU, since I was unable to stay awake.

I had trouble breathing only after one hour in the ICU and was hooked up to a ventilator. I experienced mental confusion in the following days.

Question: Were there any feelings of panic? And how did you deal with that? a. Of course! At that time, I even questioned whether or not I would make it. I was isolated in an ICU room

without any contact with people, except medical workers in full protective clothing. To be honest, I was in such a panic that I felt desperate every day.

However, my doctors were amazing. They comforted me, assured me, and also brought notes from my family, and food I like to keep me relaxed. With the help and support from the medical workers and my family, I gradually felt more confident in my ability to beat the virus.

Question: When did you start feeling better? a. After being treated in the

ICU for a month, I regained consciousness, and I could carry out basic movements such as going to the bathroom, instead of remaining in a paralyzed-like state on the hospital bed.

Question: Did you have any kind of financial burden after your recovery? a. I didn’t experience a financial burden at all, thanks to the government's policy.

The Chinese government paid for the entire process of the coronavirus treatment, including testing fees,medicine fees, and nutritional costs.

Question: Can you talk about the overall experience with the treatment process? a. Aside from my worries, the overall treatment process was nice and comforting. From the first day I entered the hospital, the medical workers gave me so much encouragement.

They ensured that my mental health was in good shape and kept assuring me that I was not alone in dealing with the illness.

Daily diets were specifically designed by a nutritionist to help me recover, and the recipes changed every day.

The government provided us patients with necessities such as tissues, shampoo, pajamas, and clothes. Most importantly, all these treatments were free.

When I was discharged from the hospital, all the medical workers embraced me and even gifted me with a bouquet.

Question: Do you think there is enough support from the hospital and the government? a. Yes! As I mentioned before, the government and hospital have provided a lot of help and support during the entire recovering process.

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STRATEGIES

LET’S TALK ABOUT CONTROL STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED

BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Authors: Kevin Bo, Chad Cai, Katelyn Ma Editors: Tiffany Chen, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Katelyn Ma, Kira Tian, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Tiffany Chen

Ever since COVID-19 struck Wuhan first and then began spreading on a global scale, different countries have taken different steps in responding to the outbreak in their territory.

Developed countries had the resources and the guidance to implement measures such as social distancing,lockdowns, and online schooling whereas developing countries did not have the means to do this. This in turn caused a difference in coronavirus cases and deaths

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in developed and undeveloped areas of the world.

China, a developed country in terms of response to disease, responded to the outbreak uniquely compared to other developed countries. After the virus became an apparent issue in the Hubei province of China, authorities decided to build a 1,000-bed hospital in only ten days to accommodate the influx of infected citizens in the area.

The project was a success as they began bringing in patients in early February to combat the disease as quickly as possible.

Along with the rapid speed of construction for this hospital, China also launched 1,800 teams of investigators to work on contact tracing and banned

all travel to and from Wuhan to ensure that the further spreading of the virus could be restrained as thoroughly as possible. The country also manufactured millions of testing kits and distributed them to the people during its worst times to deliver concise results to its citizens.

As a developed and experienced country in manufacturing and disease response, China had the resources and manpower to take such measures in combating the coronavirus.

In Europe, the UK government imposed a lockdown in March 2020, banning all "non-essential" travel and contact with people outside one's home, including

family and partners; almost all schools, businesses, venues, facilities, amenities, and places of worship were also forced to close temporarily. Those with symptoms and their families were told to self-isolate and the most vulnerable groups, those over 70 years old and those with underlying medical conditions, were told to stay in quarantine completely. The US as well as other countries in Europe, such as Italy and Spain,implemented similar policies. Being developed and sustained, many of these countries could afford their economies worsening by shutting down certain aspects

of it without suffering the same detrimental consequences as undeveloped countries would.

In terms of education, developed countries such as the US, China, Italy, and England had the proper infrastructure to move classes online. By doing so, the countries successfully prevented the unnecessary spread of the coronavirus within schools which would have head to a greater escalation in the number of cases.

Online classes have also allowed

many students in these countries to continue their education uninterrupted by the pandemic— a measure undeveloped countries that lacked internet access were

unable to take.

In undeveloped countries like Yemen, actions in response to COVID-19 have been quite different than those of developed countries. The civil war-ridden country had already been suffering a humanitarian crisis with famine and poverty before the COVID-19 pandemic. This outbreak has exponentially worsened the conditions of its citizens. The country itself has taken little to no action in beating the virus mostly due to its scarce amount of resources and unstable government.

However,supranational organizations such as the United Nations (UN) have put in fundings and healthcare assistance to Yemen to help it contain the virus.

In Africa, Uganda is an example of an undeveloped country that swiftly imposed lockdowns on its citizens to prevent the spreading of the disease. However, in most

underprivileged regions,people must work to feed themselves and their families. Therefore, a long-term shutdown of faceto-face contact is unsustainable for the population and the economy. As social distancing while working was implausible for many people in Uganda, the UN’s assistance and fundings were vital in ensuring the effects of COVID-19 were not detrimental to their public health and economies.

As COVID-19 swept through all regions of the world, it is apparent that developed countries have an advantage in taking action against the disease, simply because they are more advanced in many aspects.

Consequently, undeveloped countries were unable to take proper pandemic response actions and must rely on outside help to protect their people.

Whereas economically stable countries can implement drastic measures, developing countries must consider their lack of resources and funding—a difference that shows the true disparities between the people of the developing and developed worlds.

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OPTIMISM

FINDING LIGHT IN THE DARKNESS Author: James Dong Editors: Tiffany Chan, Joyce Hai, Demi Leng, Katelyn Ma, Shannon Tan, Cynthia Zhang, Molly Zhao, Leon Zhou Artist: Yimo Dong

There are always two sides to everything, hence, it is important to look at the pandemic from an objective point of view. The human impact of this outbreak is undoubtedly enormous. The economy has been undergoing a recession, with factories closing down and workers losing their jobs.

Many people are therefore deprived of their primary source of income. However, COVID-19 has presented certain opportunities amid the crisis. In regards to China, this pandemic has accelerated the transformation and progress of China’s society and improved its social structure.

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industries, digital transformation has become the next topic for many enterprises. Under the severe test of the pandemic, digital technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have

provided strong technical support for local governments to deploy software that copes with pandemic prevention and enterprise control. The digital map of China is advancing faster than expected. Many

cities have moved government businesses from in-person to online platforms to increase convenience. Big data and visualization technology have served as the "command module" of the pandemic prevention by controlling and coordinating information campaigns; this provides assurance for people when traveling, and enterprises for returning to work at offices. The stable operation of the urban grid integrated management service platform can reduce the intensity of communitylevel work and media exposure, as well as reduce the risk of infection.

The pandemic

has also accelerated the process of dehumanization in China. To avoid close contact between infected people and improve the efficiency of pandemic prevention, all kinds of service robots have played roles. Especially in bodyfeeling detection, distribution, disinfection sterilization and surgical scenarios, robots can effectively substitute personnel for operation and reduce unnecessary

risks. 5G cleaning and disinfection robots, as well as 5G medical assistant robots, have performed well to ensure hygiene and promote efficient treatment methods.

Short videos and other new kinds of media are also represented by the rise of the personal IP era. Watching videos has become an indispensable pastime during the pandemic, which not only greatly enriches human life, but also creates new jobs. It reduces social employment pressure by accelerating the transformation of one-to-one service enterprise employment mode to the personal IP era.

The above three points are the obvious social impetus brought by the pandemic. The future is always unpredictable, whether it being more opportunities or challenges that await us.

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