Viral Manual

VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL VIRAL MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

11.

12.

22.

23.

24.

25.

viral manual

towards an even more complex definition of home

confinement practices

the role of the rumor

timeline + footnotes

clarification of orders

lazaret cities

cases

what is essential?

treatment of the elderly

#hashtags

VIRAL MANUAL

Origins and transmission of the virus, number of registered cases and deaths, travel restrictions and immunity passports are consistently misreported. This ambiguity creates contradictory ideas of contagion, shelter, home and safety in the minds of physically isolated people across the globe. The state of emergency alters capacity to distinguish between different sources of information. In dire situations, we start trusting doubtful sources that are forwarded by trusted contacts. James C. Scott, in Domination and the Arts of Resistance, defines life-threatening events like war, epidemic, famine as the most fertile social sites for the generation of rumors. Rumors thrive when there is no reliable information available about events of vital importance. Rumors are not directed at a particular person and have no apparent author. Rumors are ‘forms of resistance of subordinate groups.’ Rumors get infused with hopes and fears of each transmitter and make up informal networks of community.

VIRAL Adjective vi·​ral | \ vī-rəl \ 1 : of relating to, or caused by a virus 2: quickly and widely spread of popularized especially by means of social media

This is a draft of our Viral Manual that attempts to understand how ten cities across the globe became contactless, embraced new spatial practices of dwelling and started to think of housing as a shelter rather than real estate. One strictly architectural response centers on newly expanded assumptions about privacy and individuality attached to the ideas of home.

Notions of belonging and exclusion transcend the scale of one household and reintroduce a traditional vision of ‘the city’ as a settlement with guarded boundaries. It is still a territory of networked governance and platform capitalism but managed locally. Viral Manual explicitly embraces a resurgence of ‘the city’ during a global pandemic and provides detailed information about movement restrictions, eviction bans, tenant protection, schedules of returning and other information specific to each of the selected cities. This research draws from a wide range of materials and acknowledges contradictory messages coming from different sources. To reinforce contradictions and address a diversity of approaches, we invite all students to become a part of collective viral action.

MANUAL Noun man·​u·​al | \ man-yə-wəl , -yəl, -yü-əl \ 1 : a book that is conveniently handled 2 : the prescribed movements in the handling of a weapon or other military item during a drill or ceremony 3 a : a keyboard for the hands b : a device or apparatus intended for manual operation c : an automobile with a manual transmission

During two days, everyone is asked to respond to the content of the draft Viral Manual posted on the Miro board. A response should be in the format of a rumor. Under rumor we understand any information that has been received from a relative, partner or close friend about ‘stay at home’ orders in their city, allowed movements, essential business, mortgage reliefs or any other dwelling-related changes in their cities. Rumors can be transmitted via news article, scientific article, social media post, or word of mouth. The rumor should be written next to one of the pages of the Viral Manual and have a clear relationship to the content of the original page. The rumor should have a geographic origin (place of residence of the person who told it) and be signed with the student’s name. ://Miriam Webster Dictionary

TOWARDS AN EVEN MORE COMPLEX DEFINITION OF HOME

HOME AS...

STAGE

SHELTER

GYM

CLASSROOM

BAR

LIBRARY

OFFICE

HOSPITAL

SALON

CONFINEMENT PRACTICES

QUARANTINE...

...AND ITS CONTEMPORARY MANIFESTATIONS "Since January 2020, four strategies have been mobilized in response to the pandemic. These are broad strategies of intervention that can be distinguished at least schematically from a range of tactics and techniques which accompany them, such as physical distancing, regular and correct handwashing, mask-wearing, and border controls. We distinguish these four strategies for schematic purposes and recall that that they are used in combinations" -

STRATEGY

CODE OF CONDUCT

TECHNIQUE

AIM

CASE EXEMPLAR

PROBLEM/ EXTERNALITY

CONTAINMENT I

MODERN DISCIPLINE

CASE ISOLATION, CONTACT TRACING, HIGH DEGREE OF TESTING

STOP CLUSTERS FROM BREAKING OUT

SINGAPORE SOUTH KOREA

UNDETECTED INFECTIONS

QUARANTINE

KEEP INFECTIONS WITHIN ONE REGION TO SPARE REST OF COUNTRY

WUHAN LOMBARDY (UNTIL 3/8/20)

UNDETECTED INFECTIONS, ECONOMIC/ SUSTAINABILITY, SECOND WAVE

ITALY FRANCE INDIA

ECONOMIC/ SUSTAINABILITY, SECOND WAVE, MASS DEATHS DUE TO ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

SWEDEN

MASS DEATHS IF INFECTION RATE IS > 0.5

CONTAINMENT II

The plague of Florence in 1348, as described in Boccaccio's Decameron ('Il decameron').

Etching by L. Sabatelli after himself. " The practice of quarantine—the separation of the diseased from the healthy—has been around a long time. As early as the writing of the Old Testament, for instance, rules existed for isolating lepers. It wasn't until the Black Death of the 14th century, however, that Venice established the first formal system of quarantine, requiring ships to lay at anchor for 40 days before landing. ("Quarantine" comes from the Latin for forty.) The Venetian model held sway until the discovery in the late 1800s that germs cause disease, after which health officials began tailoring quarantines with individual microbes in mind. In the mid-20th century, the advent of antibiotics and routine vaccinations made large-scale quarantines a thing of the past, but today bioterrorism and newly emergent diseases like SARS threaten to resurrect HAVE RESURRECTED the age-old custom, potentially on the scale of entire cities."

"History of Quarantine."

PBS NOVA. August 2004.

For more see: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/quarantine.html

PRE-MODERN DISCIPLINE

SUPPRESSION (LOCKDOWN)

COUNTER-MODERN DISCIPLINE + SELF-DISCIPLINE

MITIGATION

MODERN REGULATION

STOP TRANSMISSION SHUTDOWN OF ACROSS WHOLE SCHOOLS + TERRITORY + PROTECT NON-ESSENTIAL WORK, HEALTH SYSTEM FROM ENFORCED DISTANCING COLLAPSE

PARTIAL CLOSURES, SOME DISTANCING

ENSURE SLOW TRANSMISSION THROUGH POPULATION

Anthony Stavrianakis and Laurence Anne Tessier.

"Go Suppress Yourself: A Chronicle."

Dispatches from the Pandemic. May 20, 2020.

For more see: http://somatosphere.net/2020/go-suppress-yourself.html/

"In recent years, the widespread use of social media has facilitated the propagation of messages after disasters. Unfortunately, because the veracity of messages is often difficult to determine in a disaster situation, social media also facilitates the rapid diffusion of rumors. Current studies have examined why individuals post or transmit rumors on social media. However, investigating factors affecting the initial rumor transmission is just the first step for rumor control after disasters. After rumors have been transmitted, understanding what accounts for message retransmission in disasters is especially vital. [...]

Rumor is typically defined in one of two ways. One can define rumor as “distorted, exaggerated, irrational and inauthentic information,” which is a commonly-held view in practice. However, in academic research, rumor is typically defined as an unverified or unconfirmed message. [...]

Here, we adopt the typical academic definition of rumor in which rumor is agnostic as to accuracy. We define rumor as a message that is currently unsubstantiated by a message receiver. This can include rumors later verified to be true and rumors later proven to be false."

Liu, Fang, Andrew Burton-Jones and Dongming Xu. “Rumors on Social Media in disasters: Extending Transmission to Retransmission.”

PACIS. 2014.

For more see: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/37a3/de4d94dcfe76b14394545d3ab68425538248.pdf

Richard Dawkins.

“The Selfish Gene.”

Oxford University Press. 1976.

THE ROLE OF THE RUMOR

STEPS OF RUMOR RETRANSMISSION THREE STEPS

EXAMPLES

STEP 1: EXPOSURE

LOGIN TO SOCIAL MEDIA AND READ THE CONTENT IN A RUMOR

STEP 2: ADOPTION

FEEL AT LEAST PARTIALLY PERSUADED BY THE RECEIVED RUMOR

STEP 3: RETRANSMISSION

RETRANSMIT THE RUMOR BY CLICKING THE "FORWARD" BUTTON

"The key distinction between transmission and retransmission in a social network is novelty: transmission involves posting information that is new to the network.

In some cases, a transmitter might generate the information him/herself (e.g., when witnessing a disaster or when making information up) and post it on social media, while in other cases a transmitter might bring the information to the online social network from some other source (e.g., from an external news service). In the second case, the content posted by the message sender is still new to social media, so the senders’ behavior is still considered message transmission on social media.

Retransmission, in contrast, involves resending information that is already on the network."

MEMES + GENES Even though rumors can spread in many contexts, they are particularly prevalent and consequential in disasters. An important feature of

"

disasters is that it often takes time to confirm the disaster’s causes and consequences. This provides a fertile ground for rumors because individuals do not receive the facts they desire, and so they tend to fill in the blanks, improvise news, and spread the rumors they hear. Due to the speed of message retransmission on social media, the diffusion of rumors, especially false rumors, can be particularly devastating in disaster situations."

"A new kind of replicator has recently emerged on this very planet. It is staring us in the face. It is still in its infancy, still drifting clumsily about in its primeval soup, but already it is achieving evolutionary change at a rate that leaves the old gene panting far behind. The new soup is the soup of human culture. We need a name for the new replicator, a noun that conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. 'Mimeme' comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like 'gene'. [...]

I abbreviate mimeme to meme. [...]

Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation. [...]

If the idea catches on, it can be said to propagate itself, spreading from brain to brain. [...]

When you plant a fertile meme in my mind you literally parasitize my brain, turning it into a vehicle for the meme's propagation in just the way that a virus may parasitize the genetic mechanism of a host cell. [...]

For more than three thousand million years, DNA has been the only replicator worth talking about in the world. But it does not necessarily hold these monopoly rights for all time. Whenever conditions arise in which a new kind of replicator can make copies of itself, the new replicators will tend to take over, and start a new kind of evolution of their own. Once this new evolution begins, it will in no necessary sense be subservient to the old. The old gene-selected evolution, by making brains, provided the soup in which the first memes arose. Once self-copying memes had arisen, their own, much faster, kind of evolution took off. [...]

An 'idea-meme' might be defined as an entity that is capable of being transmitted from one brain to another."

2020 | TIMELINE JANUARY

FEBRUARY

-

2

27

TEST DEVELOPED + FORMULA RELEASED₁

BERLIN

MARCH

8

9

PROTECTION STAGE₄ + SCHOOLS CLOSE

THREAT RISK “MODERATE”₃

27

28

16₅ 17

13

1,000+ THREAT RISK “LOW”₂

APRIL

11

20₇

22

THREAT RISK “HIGH”₆

16

100+

COPENHAGEN

JUNE

2+

13₈

12

21

MAY

15₁₀

18₉ 10+

SCHOOLS CLOSE

10₁₁ DETROIT

13

16

250+

50+

STATE OF EMERGENCY₁₂

18

24₁₃

2

16

EMERGENCY ORDER₁₄

ANNOUNCE MIDWEST COLLECTIVE PLAN₁₅

SCHOOLS CLOSE

11₁₇

17₁₈

16

ISTANBUL

1₁₆

4₂₀

18

21

3

10

PUBLIC “URGED” TO STAY HOME

CURFEW IMPOSED 65+/ILL

CURFEW MODIFIED -20

CURFEW EXTENDED TO ALL₁₉

SCHOOLS CLOSE

26₂₁

6₂₂

4

11

13

CALL FOR SELFISOLATION₂₄

250+

LOS ANGELES STATE OF EMERGENCY₂₃

1₃₀

7

19₂₅

15

14

17

20₃₂

STATE OF EMERGENCY₃₁

SÃO PAULO

20₄₀

3

EMERGENCY ALERT LEVEL RAISED₃₅

PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY DECLARED₃₆

24

20

ANNOUNCE WESTERN STATES PACT₂₇

23

0+

10+

8₃₄

SCHOOLS CLOSE

25₃₇

28

WORKER PROTECTION ORDER₂₆

28₂₉

22₃₃

500+

NEW YORK CITY

13

SCHOOLS CLOSE

13

7₂₈

7

17

24₃₈

23

1₃₉

18₄₁

7

NATIONAL ALERT RAISED TO “HIGHEST LEVEL”

SEOUL

31

21

24

1

8₄₄

4₄₅

3-ZONE STRATEGY DECREE₄₃

VENICE STATE OF EMERGENCY₄₂

2₄₆ WUHAN

11

21

22

CLASS 2 SCHOOLS RESPONSE CLOSE ISSUED

first confirmed case|national

23

SCHOOLS CLOSE

8₄₇

24 CLASS 1 RESPONSE ISSUED

first confirmed case|local

first confirmed death|national

first confirmed death|local

gathering prohibited | # of persons

lockdown begins | see page 11

reopening initiated

2020 | TIMELINE | FOOTNOTES

* BERLIN

1. “In mid-January, long before most Germans had given the virus much thought, Charité hospital in Berlin had already developed a test and posted the formula online.

By the time Germany recorded its first case of Covid-19 in February, laboratories across the country had built up a stock of test kits. [...]

The reason why we in Germany have so few deaths at the moment compared to the number of infected can be largely explained by the fact that we are doing an extremely large number of lab diagnoses,” said Dr. Christian Drosten, chief virologist at Charité, whose team developed the first test.”

DETROIT 11. For cities located in the United States, infographics for “national” statistics will be used to mark data for respective “states.”

(Here, the state of Michigan.)

12. Executive Order No. 2020-4 - Declaration of State of Emergency - from the office of Gov. Gretchen Whitmer. https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/0,9309,7-387-90499_90705-521576--,00.html

4. "Germany has a common National Pandemic Plan, which describes the responsibilities and measures of the health care system actors in case of a huge epidemic. Epidemic control is executed both by the federal authorities such as Robert Koch Institute and by the German states. The German states have their own epidemic plans. In early March, the national plan was extended for the handling of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Four major targets are included in this plan:

13. “Called “Stay Home, Stay Safe,” Executive Order 2020-21 directs all Michigan businesses and operations to temporarily suspend in-person operations that are not necessary to sustain or protect life. The order also directs residents to stay in their homes unless they’re a part of an essential workforce, engaged in an outdoor activity, or performing tasks necessary to the health and safety of themselves or their family, like going to the hospital or grocery store. Individuals may only leave their residence under very limited circumstances, and they must adhere to social distancing measures recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention when they do, including remaining at least 6 feet from people from outside their household.” https://www.thenewsherald.com/news/governor-orders-michigan-residents-to-stay-at-home/ article_317a5902-6d13-11ea-acbd-e3d2c096f1a5.html

•Reduce morbidity and mortality •Ensure treatment of infected persons •Upkeep of essential public services •Reliable and accurate information for decision-makers, medical professionals, media and public

14. "To help control the COVID-19 pandemic, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) Director Robert Gordon issued an Emergency Order on April 2 setting a civil penalty of up to $1,000 and a process for referral to licensing agencies for violations of Executive Orders 2020-11, 2020-20 and 2020-21.

The plan has three stages, which might eventually overlap due to regional differences in the evolution of the pandemic:

The Emergency Order requires that every person must comply with the procedures and restrictions outlined in these Executive Orders and the instructions provided in their accompanying FAQs.

2. Set by German Robert Koch Institute.

3. Set by German Robert Koch Institute.

•Containment (circumstances of dedicated cases and clusters) •Protection (circumstances of further spreading infections and unknown sources of infections) •Mitigation (circumstances of widespread infections) In the containment stage health authorities are focusing on identifying contact persons who are put in personal quarantine and are monitored and tested. Personal quarantine is overseen by the local health agencies. By doing so, authorities are trying to keep infection chains short, leading to curtailed clusters. In the protection stage the strategy will change to using direct measures to protect vulnerable persons from becoming infected. The mitigation stage will eventually try to avoid spikes of intensive treatment in order to maintain medical services."

5. The government stressed it was no “shutdown”.

6. Set by German Robert Koch Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany 7. “Shops smaller than 800-square-meters previously deemed nonessential were allowed to reopen on April 20, though with limits on the number of customers allowed inside at one time. Merkel strongly urged the use of face coverings inside shops or on public transit, though some states have since gone farther and mandated masks.

Playgrounds, museums, and churches can open again starting May 4. So can hair salons. Many secondary and primary school students will be allowed to return to school that day, though some states and localities opened slightly earlier, with priority going to students who needed to take exams to advance. Other schools will open May 11, though with social distancing rules and likely reduced schedules. Kindergartens and daycares remain closed. So do bars, sit-down restaurants, nightclubs, and movie theaters. Mass gatherings are prohibited, for now, until August 31.” https://www.vox.com/2020/5/1/21239638/germany-coronavirus-lockdown-reopening-merkel

•Executive Order 2020-11 temporarily prohibits large assemblages and events and temporarily closes schools.

•Executive Order 2020-20 places temporary restrictions on the use of places of public accommodation.

•Executive Order 2020-21 temporarily restricts gatherings and travel and prohibits in-person work that is not necessary to sustain or protect life.

In addition to civil penalties, entities regulated by a licensing agency will be referred to relevant licensing agencies for additional enforcement action as determined by that agency. Places of religious worship, when used for religious worship, are exempt from the Emergency Rules.

Law enforcement agencies across the state are authorized to investigate potential violations of Executive Orders 2020-11, 2020-20 and 2020-21 and coordinating as necessary with their local health departments to enforce this Emergency Order within their jurisdiction. Law enforcement is specifically authorized to bar access to businesses and operations that fail to comply with the procedures and restrictions outlined in the Executive Orders. County prosecutors are authorized to enforce this Emergency Order to control the epidemic and protect the public health in coordination with the appropriate local law enforcement authority and, as necessary, the local health department.

The Emergency Rule is being issued under MCL 333.2253(1)." https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/0,5885,7-339--524105--,00.html

COPENHAGEN 8. "Starting on 13 March 2020, all people working in non-essential functions in the public sector were ordered to stay home for two weeks*. In the private sector, employers are urged by the authorities to allow their employees to stay home in the same period and work from there if possible, although this should not affect functions that are essential to the society (such as pharmacy workers and people working with sale of food and maintenance of critical infrastructure). On that same date, all secondary education (like gymnasiums), universities, libraries, indoor cultural institutions and similar places were closed, initially for two weeks. Starting on 16 March, all primary schools, daycare and similar places were also closed for two weeks*.” *to be extended 9. "Unlike previous restrictions on the number of people allowed to assemble, the new restrictions are not merely a recommendation, and breaking the new restrictions is associated with fines of DKK1500."

10. “On 6 April, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen announced what she called the “first phase” of the reopening of Denmark: she announced that nurseries and kindergartens would be opened again on 15 April and that folkeskole would be reopened for pupils in years 1–6 (Danish: 0.-5. klasse); furthermore, the final exams for pupils in year 10 (Danish: 9. klasse), the last year of the folkeskole, were cancelled. Restaurants, cafés and hairdressers are to remain closed until 10 May, and larger gatherings will be prohibited until September.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark

15. “A bipartisan group of governors of Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky announced that they will work in close coordination to reopen the Midwest regional economy in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. The announcement came in a news release from Democratic Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, sent on behalf of all the participating governors.” https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/politics/midwest-governors-reopening-pact/index.html 16. "Gov. Gretchen [Whitmer ] has lifted the stay-at-home order across Michigan. The governor’s order will allow retailers to reopen on June 4 and restaurants to reopen on June 8, both subject to capacity limits. Day camps for children will likewise be permitted to open on June 8. Effective immediately, groups of 100 or less will be allowed gather outdoors with social distancing. Office work that is not capable of being performed remotely can resume.

And in-home services, including housecleaning services, can resume operations." https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2020/06/01/gov-whitmer-lifts-stay-at-home-order-acrossmichigan/

ISTANBUL 17. Unable to determine precise location of first documented case.

18. Unable to determine precise location of first documented death.

“The government announced the country’s first death from Covid-19 on March 17. But the statistics compiled by The Times suggest that even around that time, the number of deaths overall in Istanbul was already considerably higher than historical averages, an indication that the virus had arrived several weeks earlier.” https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/world/middleeast/coronavirus-turkey-deaths.html 19. “Late Friday night [10 April], Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu gave a mere two hours’ notice to people in 31 of Turkey’s most populous cities that the government was imposing a 48-hour weekend curfew. (A full curfew was already in place for those under 20 or over 65 years of age.) [...]

The government has announced [as of 14 April] another curfew from midnight Friday to midnight Sunday. Officials say that with the arrival of warmer spring weather, keeping people from going outdoors on the weekends is paramount. So far, however, no one in the government appears to be pushing for a curfew lasting 14 days, which is the incubation period of the virus.” https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/14/833938183/turkey-will-tryanother-weekend-curfew-to-contain-the-new-coronavirus 20. "On 4 May 2020, President Erdoğan made a press statement after the cabinet meeting. He stated that the number of active cases is now decreasing, the number of patients in need of intensive care and respiratory equipment is constantly decreasing and the number of patients recovering is increasing exponentially. He further stated that in the campaign launched for fighting COVID-19 in Turkey 1.9 billion were collected. Explaining that the return to normal life will happen gradually, Erdoğan stated that they made the regulations regarding the gradual stretching of the restrictions to be imposed through several steps in May, June and July. The explanations for this normalization process were as follows: •People over the age of 65 can go out in one day of curfew and for 4 hours.

•On the condition that the rules are followed, shopping malls will start to operate on 11 May. •Children up to the age of 14 can go out on 13 May between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm with social distancing in force.

•People aged 15–20 will be able to go out with social distancing between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm on Friday, 15 May. •The city entry-exit limitation will be terminated for Antalya, Aydın, Erzurum, Hatay, Malatya, Mersin and Muğla.

•Military discharge procedures will begin on 31 May. •The appointment, assignment and personnel recruitment activities of the Ministry of National Defense will start on 1 June, followed by summons operations on 5 June, and paid military service will resume on 20 June.

•On 5 May, even and odd license plate rules for limiting movement across the cities will end for commercial taxis in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir.

•Barbershops, hairdressing and beauty saloons, etc. will be opened on 11 May. •High School Entrance Exam (LGS) will be held on 20 June and Higher Education Institutions Exam (YKS) will be held on 27–28 June.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey

LOS ANGELES 21. For cities located in the United States, infographics for “national” statistics will be used to mark data for respective “states.” (Here, the state of California.)

22. “On February 6, 57-year-old Patricia Dowd of San Jose, California became the first COVID-19 death in the United States discovered by April 2020. She died at home without any known recent foreign travel, after being unusually sick from flu in late January, then recovering, working from home, and suddenly dying on February 6. A February 7 autopsy was completed in April (after virus tests on tissue samples) and attributed the death to Transmural Myocardial Ischemia (Infarction) with a Minor Component of Myocarditis due to COVID-19 Infection. Her case indicates that community transmission was happening undetected in the US, most likely since December.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California 23. State of Emergency Proclamation can be accessed at: https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3.4.20-Coronavirus-SOE-Proclamation.pdf.

24. “Faced with mounting coronavirus infections, California Gov. Gavin Newsom on Sunday issued sweeping new restrictions in California, calling for home isolation of everyone in the state age 65 and older, and people with chronic disease, both high-risk populations. He also asked for closure of bars, wineries, night clubs and brew pubs, and called for restaurants to reduce their occupancy by half. He called that “deep social distancing” and a “pragmatic response to the moment. [...]

The governor said his advice for self-isolation is effective immediately. [...]

The governor stopped short of issuing an edict, but said he expects businesses and citizens to follow his directions. [...]

Later Sunday, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti went a step further, ordering the closure of restaurants, bars and gyms in the state’s largest city. “I’m taking executive action to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in @LACity by closing bars, nightclubs, restaurants (except takeout/delivery), entertainment venues and gyms until March 31 unless extended. Grocery stores will remain open,” Garcetti tweeted." https://www.sacbee.com/news/coronavirus/article241212146.html#storylink=cpy 25. "Governor Gavin Newsom issued a stay at home order to protect the health and well-being of all Californians and to establish consistency across the state in order to slow the spread of COVID-19." - Executive Order N-33-20. https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3.19.20-attested-EO-N-33-20-COVID-19-HEALTH-ORDER.pdf 26. “Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti announced that in accordance with recent CDC recommendations, it would institute a Worker Protection Order beginning April 10, requiring all employees and customers of stores and essential businesses to wear a face mask. Businesses will have the right to refuse service to customers who do not wear a face mask.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California 27. "Colorado Governor Jared Polis and Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak [announced] their respective states are joining California, Oregon and Washington in the Western States Pact – a working group of Western state governors with a shared vision for modifying stay at home orders and fighting COVID-19." https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/04/27/colorado-nevada-join-california-oregon-washington-in-western-states-pact 28. “Governor Newsom announced that the state is moving into Stage 2 of its four-stage reopening roadmap. Stage 2 allows for certain low-risk sectors of the economy to reopen, so long as there are significant safety measures in place.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California “Following up on the state’s announcement that it will begin modifying the stay at home order on Friday, May 8, Governor Gavin Newsom released updated industry guidance – including for retail, manufacturing and logistics – to begin reopening with modifications that reduce risk and establish a safer environment for workers and customers. Californians, working together, have flattened the curve. Because of that work, our health data tells us that California can enter the next stage of this pandemic and gradually begin to restart portions of our economy,” said Governor Newsom. “It’s critical that businesses and employers understand how they can reduce the risk of transmission and better protect their workers and customers. COVID-19 will be present in our communities until there is a vaccine or therapeutic, and it will be up to all of us to change our behavior and eliminate opportunities for the disease to spread.

Resilience Roadmap Californians are flattening the curve as part of the stay at home order issued on March 19, 2020. These efforts have allowed the state to move forward on the roadmap for modifying the statewide order. The Resilience Roadmap stages that California is using to guide its gradual reopening process are: Stage 1: Safety and Preparedness Stage 2: Lower-Risk Workplaces Stage 3: Higher-Risk Workplaces Stage 4: End of Stay at Home Order When modifications are advanced and the state’s six indicators* show we’ve made enough progress, we can move to the next stage of the roadmap.” https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/05/07/governor-newsom-releases-updated-industry-guidance/ * “California’s six indicators for modifying the stay-at-home order are: •The ability to monitor and protect our communities through testing, contact tracing, isolating, and supporting those who are positive or exposed; •The ability to prevent infection in people who are at risk for more severe COVID-19; •The ability of the hospital and health systems to handle surges; •The ability to develop therapeutics to meet the demand; •The ability for businesses, schools, and child care facilities to support physical distancing; and •The ability to determine when to reinstitute certain measures, such as the stay-at-home orders, if necessary.

The Governor said there is not a precise timeline for modifying the stay-at-home order, but that these six indicators will serve as the framework for making that decision.” https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/04/14/governor-newsom-outlines-six-critical-indicators-the-state-will-consider-before-modifying-the-stay-at-home-order-and-other-covid-19-interventions/ 29. "Gov. Gavin Newsom on Sunday ordered bars closed in seven California counties — including Los Angeles — as the state grapples with a surge in coronavirus infections and increasing hospitalizations after reopening most sectors over the past month. The move comes two days after Republican governors in Texas and Florida closed bars after seeing concerning levels of coronavirus spread in their states. California's daily average of new cases has soared over the past week, which Newsom has acknowledged is not solely due to expanded testing availability. The state's positivity rate has climbed above 5 percent, while the number of people requiring hospitalization has increased by 29 percent over the past week. The move Sunday marks the first time the Democratic governor has closed a sector that he had previously allowed to open during the pandemic." https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/28/newsom-orders-bars-closed-in-los-angeles-and-6-other-counties-1295627

NEW YORK CITY 30. For cities located in the United States, infographics for “national” statistics will be used to mark data for respective “states.” (Here, the state of New York.)

31. Executive Order No. 202 - Declaring a Disaster Emergency in the State of New York - can be accessed at: https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/no-202-declaring-disaster-emergency-state-new-york “On March 2, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio tweeted that people should ignore the virus and “go on with your lives + get out on the town despite coronavirus.” [...]

At a news conference on March 3, New York City Commissioner of Health Oxiris Barbot said “we are encouraging New Yorkers to go about their everyday lives.” On March 4, she said: “There’s no indication that being in a car, being in the subways with someone who’s potentially sick is a risk factor.” On March 5 she said that New Yorkers without symptoms should not have to quarantine. [...]

On March 4, at another news conference, authorities described the epidemic caused by the virus and the pandemic as “caused by fear,” and reassured the public that the situation would be under control given the capabilities of New York’s health care system. [...]

On March 7, Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency.”

32. “On March 17, as the number of confirmed cases rose to 814 citywide, [New York City Mayor Bill] de Blasio announced that the city was considering a similar shelter-in-place order within the next 48 hours. [...]

Mayor de Blasio’s comments were quickly rebuked by [Governor Andrew] Cuomo’s office, and again later by the governor himself in an interview with CNN’s Jake Tapper. Melissa DeRosa, secretary to the governor, issued a statement during the mayor’s briefing, clarifying state government was not considering shelter-in-place orders at the time. Cuomo said later that morning, “We hear ‘New York City is going to quarantine itself.’ That is not true. That cannot happen. It cannot happen legally. No city in the state can quarantine itself without state approval. And I have no interest whatsoever and no plan whatsoever to quarantine any city. [...]

On March 18, Cuomo reaffirmed that he would not approve a “shelter-in-place” order for New York City. “That is not going to happen, shelter in place, for New York City,” Cuomo said, “For any city or county to take an emergency action, the state has to approve it. And I wouldn’t approve shelter in place.” [...]

On March 20, de Blasio called for drastic measures to combat the coronavirus outbreak. “We have to go to a shelter-in-place model,” he said, praising California’s “stay at home” model for sheltering in place. Cuomo announced the statewide stay-at-home order, also known as the NYS on Pause Program, with a mandate that all non-essential workers work from home beginning at 8pm on March 22, 2020. Only businesses declared as essential by the program are allowed to remain open.”

“Self-quarantines for persons who test positive or are symptomatic are not enforced due to a lack of resources. Several New York City area nurses expressed concerns that patients are not complying with self-quarantine guidelines, due to financial necessity or fear of losing their jobs. A New York State Nurses Association board member expressed concern that low-income patients who share rooms with other individuals may not be able to effectively self-isolate at their residences.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state) 33. The 10-point NYS on PAUSE plan is as follows: 1. Effective at 8PM on Sunday, March 22, all non-essential businesses statewide will be closed; 2. Non-essential gatherings of individuals of any size for any reason (e.g. parties, celebrations or other canceled or postponed at this time; 3. Any concentration of individuals outside their home must be limited to workers providing essential services and social distancing should be practiced; 4. When in public individuals must practice social distancing of at least six feet from others; 5. Businesses and entities that provide other essential services must implement rules that help facilitate social distancing of at least six feet; 6. Individuals should limit outdoor recreational activities to non-contact and avoid activities where they come in close contact with other people; 7. Individuals should limit use of public transportation to when absolutely necessary and should limit potential exposure by spacing out at least six feet from other riders; 8. Sick individuals should not leave their home unless to receive medical care and only after a telehealth visit to determine if leaving the home is in the best interest of their health; 9. Young people should also practice social distancing and avoid contact with vulnerable populations; and 10. Use precautionary sanitizer practices such as using isopropyl alcohol wipes.

social events) are

34. "After nearly three months of confinement — and more than 16,000 deaths — New York City began to relax its coronavirus restrictions on Monday, allowing some non-essential businesses to restart operations. Up to 400,000 construction, retail, and other manufacturing workers could begin their return on Monday in Phase 1 of the reopening, The New York Times estimates, as most of the US city remains on "PAUSE" (Gov. Andrew Cuomo's name for New York's version of shelter-in-place orders, which have been in effect since March)." https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-city-phase-1-reopening-rules-explained-businesses-workers-2020-6

VENICE 42. State of emergency declared for Italy.

43. “On 1 March, the Council of Ministers approved a decree to organise the containment of the outbreak. In the decree, the Italian national territory was divided into three areas: SÃO PAULO 35. “On January 28, the Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) raised the emergency alert to level 2 of 3, considering an “imminent threat” for Brazil, as a suspected case was being investigated.”

36. “The Minister of Health Luiz Henrique Mandetta said that the Brazilian government would declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, even without confirmed cases in the country.”

37. First known case in Latin America.

38. “The State of São Paulo declared a state-wide quarantine [on 21 March]. All commerce and non-essential services were to close March 24 – April 7.

(The quarantine was later extended.) [...]

24 March: President Jair Bolsonaro makes a third public announcement, criticizing the local governments for issuing quarantines over “a small flu”, and blaming the media for scaring the population. [...]

6 April: clashes between President Jair Bolsonaro and the Minister of Health, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, shake the government and society. The President threatened to fire the Minister, but reverted it after the political opposition. [...]

16 April: President Bolsonaro fires the Minister of Health, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, over disagreements about social distancing guidelines. He said he would appoint a health minister who favors reopening businesses “as quickly as possible”. Shortly afterwards, Nelson Teich was appointed to replace him. [...]

Brazil’s minister of Health, Nelson Teich, resigns less than a month after being nominated. He cited similar reasons to his predecessor: his clashes with the president over the use of hydroxychloroquine, the social distancing guidelines, and being overruled on rules he was supposed to define. General Eduardo Pazuello assumed the role of Interim Minister of Health, until an official replacement can be found.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil 39. "Brazilian authorities have announced that some economic activity will be permitted to resume in Sao Paulo from Monday, June 1, including the reopening of shopping malls, despite the state still recording a high number of daily coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases. Stores, offices, car dealerships, and real estate brokerages will also be allowed to reopen as long as social distance is maintained and masks are worn. The relaxation of restrictions comes despite the country having recorded a daily death toll of more than 1000 people on five days in the past week. However, Governor João Doria did state that stay-at-home recommendations will remain in effect until June 15 for the state." https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/347316/brazil-shopping-malls-in-sao-paulo-to-reopen-from-june-1-update-24

•A red zone (composed of the municipalities of Bertonico, Casalpusterlengo, Castelgerundo, Castiglione D’Adda, Codogno, Fombio, Maleo, San Fiorano, Somaglia and Terranova dei Passerini in Lombardy, and the municipality of Vò in Veneto), where the whole population is in quarantine.

•A yellow zone (composed of the regions of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna), where social and sport events are suspended and schools, theatres, clubs and cinemas are closed.

•The rest of the national territory, where safety and prevention measures are advertised in public places and special sanitisations are performed on means of public transport.

On 9 March, [...] [Prime Minister Giuseppe] Conte announced in a press conference that all measures previously applied only in the so-called “red zones” had been extended to the whole country, putting approximately 60 million people in lockdown.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy 44. “Anyone living in Lombardy and 14 other central and northern provinces will need special permission to travel. Milan and Venice are both affected. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte also announced the closure of schools, gyms, museums, nightclubs and other venues across the whole country. [...]

Under the new measures, people are not supposed to be able to enter or leave Lombardy, where Milan is the main city. The same restrictions apply to 14 provinces: Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Reggio Emilia, Rimini, Pesaro and Urbino, Alessandria, Asti, Novara, Verbano Cusio Ossola, Vercelli, Padua, Treviso and Venice. [...]

It’s not quite a complete lockdown - planes and trains are still running and access will be permitted for emergency or essential work reasons. But police will be able to stop people and ask why they’re trying to enter or leave the areas covered. “There will be no movement in or out of these areas, or within them, unless for proven work-related reasons, emergencies or health reasons,” Mr Conte told reporters. [...]

It’s not quite a complete lockdown - planes and trains are still running and access will be permitted for emergency or essential work reasons. But police will be able to stop people and ask why they’re trying to enter or leave the areas covered. [...]

People have been told to stay at home as much as possible, and those who break the quarantine could face three months in jail.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51787238 45. “On 26 April, the Prime Minister announced a starter plan for the so-called “phase 2”, that would start from 4 May. Movements across regions would still be forbidden, while the ones between municipalities would be allowed only for work and health reasons, as well as for visits to relatives. The plan allowed the re-opening of manufacturing industries and construction sites, however schools, bars, restaurants and hairdressers would stay closed. On 16 May, Conte announced the government plan for the easing of restrictions. Starting from 18 May most businesses could reopen, and free movement was granted to all citizens within their Region; movement across Regions was still banned for non-essential motives. Furthermore, on 25 May swimming pools and gyms could also reopen, and on 15 June theatres and cinemas.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy

WUHAN 46. “On 2 January, 41 admitted hospital patients in Wuhan, China, were confirmed to have contracted (laboratory-confirmed) the 2019-nCoV (novel coronavirus).” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 SEOUL 40. “During the first four weeks, South Korea controlled the potential spread of COVID-19 by using hightech resources like tracking the use of credit cards and checking CCTV footage of confirmed patients. [...]

South Korea introduced what was considered one of the largest and best-organised epidemic control programs in the world, along with Taiwan, Vietnam, and Singapore. Different measures have been taken to screen the mass population for the virus, and isolate any infected people as well as trace and quarantine those who contacted them, without further lockdown. The rapid and extensive tests taken

by South Korea have been judged successful in limiting the spread of the outbreak, without using the drastic measure of quarantining entire cities.”

41. "After several days with new infections numbering in the single digits (April 18, 20, 22), the government announced it was going to start lifting restrictions starting with stores, restaurants, gyms, cram schools, bars, and religious services; which is notable as most of the nation’s infections came from places of worship. In coming weeks, arboretums, forests and national parks will begin to open with social distancing still in place until at least early May." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea

“though the South China Morning Post later reported that the first case may have been a 55-year-old patient from Hubei province as early as 17 November. More recently, on 27 March 2020, news outlets citing a government document reported that a 57-year-old woman, who started having symptoms on 10 December 2019 and subsequently tested positive for the coronavirus disease, was described in The Wall Street Journal on 6 March 2020, may have been patient zero* in the coronavirus pandemic” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China “According to information reported by the South China Morning Post on 13 March 2020, Chinese authorities had identified 266 people who had been infected before the beginning of 2020.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 47. “At 2 am on 23 January 2020, authorities issued a notice informing residents of Wuhan that from 10 am, all public transport, including buses, railways, flights, and ferry services would be suspended. The Wuhan Airport, the Wuhan railway station, and the Wuhan Metro were all closed. The residents of Wuhan were also not allowed to leave the city without permission from the authorities. The notice caused an exodus from Wuhan. An estimated 300,000 people were reported to have left Wuhan by train alone before the 10 am lockdown. By the afternoon of 23 January, the authorities began shutting down some of the major highways leaving Wuhan. [...]

20 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, and all schools in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 10 March.”

“On the morning of Wuhan’s lockdown (January 23), hashtag (# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei

#) which literally means “fleeing Wuhan”, hit the top of Weibo topics.”

* [The index case (occasionally referred to as patient zero) is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study. It can also refer to the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient is thought to be the first person affected. An index case can achieve the status of a “classic” case study in the literature, as did Phineas Gage, the first known person to exhibit a definitive personality change as a result of a brain injury.] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case

CLARIFICATION OF ORDERS

SAFER AT HOME "Safer at home and stay at home orders are arguably the most similar but still vary depending on the locality. Safer at home generally means that citizens should make every effort to stay at home to limit the spread of coronavirus. However, in some jurisdictions a safer at home order allows non-essential businesses to remain open if they limit capacity or self-impose physical distancing in their store." https://citiesspeak.org/2020/03/30/whats-the-difference-between-shelter-in-placesafer-at-home-and-stay-home-orders/

STAY AT HOME "Stay at home orders tend to be more aggressive measures. While each location is different, most stay at home orders limit movement to essential activities like doctor visits, grocery shopping, or going to work for essential workers. Most states allow residents to go outside for exercise if physical distancing is maintained." https://citiesspeak.org/2020/03/30/whats-the-difference-between-shelter-in-placesafer-at-home-and-stay-home-orders/

SHELTER IN PLACE

QUARANTINE

"While safer at home and stay at home orders have some similarities, shelter in place is more restrictive.

According to the CDC, shelter in place orders usually mean you should stay inside a building, room, or vehicle until additional guidance is given. Despite the more stringent nature of these orders, not all jurisdictions are using them the same. In some locations, public transit continues to operate as well as other essential businesses like grocery stores and pharmacies." https://citiesspeak.org/2020/03/30/whats-the-difference-between-shelter-in-place-safer-at-home-and-stay-homeorders/

"More than a dozen states have issued stay-at-home orders. California was the first to implement a statewide order of this kind in response to the coronavirus. "Until recently, the term "shelter in place" meant for most people an active shooter situation -- stay where you Residents can still go out for essential needs as long as they are practicing social until the coast is clear. Now, millions of Americans have been ordered to shelter in place, and other areas may distancing and "common sense," the governor said. Services including gas stations, follow. These people are being asked to stay at home as much as possible, meaning they shouldn't be out unless pharmacies, grocery stores, farmer markets, and restaurants (providing only getting food, gas or other essentials, or for medical reasons. Health professionals, police, firefighters and other takeout and delivery options) as well as banks and laundromats will remain open, essential service providers are still expected to go to work. And of course, grocery store clerks and gas station the governor's office said. Dine-in restaurants, bars, nightclubs, entertainment attendants are working, too. Going outside for a walk or exercise is allowed, and even encouraged, but people venues, gyms and fitness studios and convention centers will be closed. Public are asked to keep their distance from others. It's all about social distancing, and by now, we probably all know events and gatherings are also not allowed, the office said." that means keeping six feet apart from other people when out and about." https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/health/shelter-in-place-isolation-quarantine- https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/health/shelter-in-place-isolation-quarantine-definition/index.html definition/index.html What Shelter-in-Place Means: Defining Stay-at-Home: One of the instructions you may be given in an emergency where hazardous materials may have been released • Remain indoors as much as possible and try to only leave your home when into the atmosphere is to shelter-in-place. This is a precaution aimed to keep you safe while remaining indoors. necessary. You can still use outdoor spaces such as patios, porches and yards.

(This is not the same thing as going to a shelter in case of a storm.) Shelter-in-place means selecting a small, • Outdoor activities such as walking, jogging and exercise are fine if you practice interior room, with no or few windows, and taking refuge there. It does not mean sealing off your entire home social distancing (maintaining six feet away from the next person). or office building.

• When outside, try not to touch anything (light signals, poles, signs, playground equipment, benches, etc.) because the coronavirus can remain on certain surfaces Why You Might Need to Shelter-in-Place: for multiple hours.

Chemical, biological, or radiological contaminants may be released accidentally or intentionally into the • Essential services such as grocery shopping, the gas station, pharmacies and environment. Should this occur, information will be provided by local authorities on television and radio going to the Post Office are still fine to do. stations on how to protect you and your family. Because information will most likely be provided on television • Limit visitors if possible. Try to use video chatting. Call the people you would and radio, it is important to keep a TV or radio on, even during the workday. The important thing is for you to normally text. follow instructions of local authorities and know what to do if they advise you to shelter-in-place.

DHS https://www.ready.gov/shelter How to Shelter-in-Place At Home: • Close and lock all windows and exterior doors.

• If you are told there is danger of explosion, close the window shades, blinds, or curtains.

• Turn off all fans, heating and air conditioning systems. Close the fireplace damper.

• Get your family disaster supplies kit <http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/beprepared/supplies.html> and make sure the radio is working.

• Go to an interior room without windows that's above ground level. In the case of a chemical threat, an aboveground location is preferable because some chemicals are heavier than air, and may seep into basements even if the windows are closed.

• Bring your pets with you, and be sure to bring additional food and water supplies for them.

• It is ideal to have a hard-wired telephone in the room you select. Call your emergency contact and have the phone available if you need to report a life-threatening condition. Cellular telephone equipment may be overwhelmed or damaged during an emergency.

• Use duct tape and plastic sheeting (heavier than food wrap) to seal all cracks around the door and any vents into the room.

• Keep listening to your radio or television until you are told all is safe or you are told to evacuate. Local officials may call for evacuation in specific areas at greatest risk in your community.

AMERICAN RED CROSS https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/Preparedness___Disaster_Recovery/Disaster_ Preparedness/Terrorism/shelterinplace.pdf

"This is for people who may have been exposed to the virus. They are asked to stay at home, or as in the case with people who were repatriated from China to the United States, to stay in a provided facility. They're required to be in quarantine for 14 days. After that, people who still don't test positive for the virus no longer have to be in a contained environment. Some people may choose or be asked to self-quarantine, meaning they do it voluntarily because they think they may have been exposed or they are being cautious. Governments -federal, state and local -- can order quarantines, and in fact, those repatriated from China were under a federal quarantine order. That's only done in extremely rare situations, though. The last time it was ordered on a large scale was during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/health/shelter-in-place-isolation-quarantine-definition/index.html "Quarantine is used to keep someone who might have been exposed to COVID-19 away from others.

Quarantine helps prevent spread of disease that can occur before a person knows they are sick or if they are infected with the virus without feeling symptoms. People in quarantine should stay home, separate themselves from others, monitor their health, and follow directions from their state or local health department.

Who Needs to Quarantine: Anyone who has been in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.

This includes people who previously had COVID-19 and people who have taken a serologic (antibody) test and have antibodies to the virus.

What counts as close contact?

• You were within 6 feet of someone who has COVID-19 for at least 15 minutes • You provided care at home to someone who is sick with COVID-19 • You had direct physical contact with the person (touched, hugged, or kissed them) • You shared eating or drinking utensils • They sneezed, coughed, or somehow got respiratory droplets on you Steps to Take: Stay home and monitor your health.

• Stay home for 14 days after your last contact with a person who has COVID-19 • Watch for fever (100.4F), cough, shortness of breath, or other symptoms of COVID-19 • If possible, stay away others, especially people who are at higher risk for getting very sick from COVID-19 When to Start and End Quarantine: You should stay home for 14 days after your last contact with a person who has COVID-19."

CDC https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/quarantine.html

"However, not all these orders mean the same thing in every jurisdiction."

https://citiesspeak.org/2020/03/30/whats-the-difference-between-shelter-in-place-safer-at-home-and-stay-home-orders/

LAZARET CITIES

BERLIN

POPULATION

3,562,038

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

47.8

% 65+

22

for Germany. source: cia.gov

for Germany. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW † MEDIAN

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

‡ MEDIAN

$100,023

PROPERTY VALUE

MEDIAN GROSS RENT

REINICKENDORF

$45,482 $1,338 OWN

RENT

BERLIN 17.4%

82.6%

GERMANY 46.5%

53.5% source: destatis.de + statista

BERLIN TEGEL AIRPORT

UNEMPLOYMENT MAY 2019

3.0%

MAY 2020

4.4%

MARZAHN

BERLIN CENTRAL STATION

for Germany. source: destatis.de

FRIEDRICHSHAIN

MITTE

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

CHARLOTTENBURG KREUZBERG

RIVER FREEWAY NEUKÖLLN

RAILWAY

AIRPORT

CENTRAL STATION

PORT

BERLIN SCHÖNEFELD AIRPORT

BEACH

49 days

GERMANY UNVEILS €130BN CORONAVIRUS RECOVERY PACKAGE

EU LEADERS REACH $2 TRILLION DEAL ON RECOVERY PLAN AFTER MARATHON SUMMIT

"Germany has unveiled a €130bn (£116.4bn) package of tax and spending measures designed to boost the country’s economic recovery from the coronavirus crisis.

Announcing measures to drag Europe’s largest economy out of recession as lockdown measures are removed, Angela Merkel’s government said it would use the package of sweeping temporary tax cuts and increase benefits to turbocharge its recovery.

"The heads of state had been locked in talks since Friday morning to discuss the proposed fund and the EU’s next budget.

Measures announced include:

They committed 30% of their total expenditure from the recovery fund and the next EU budget to address climate concerns.

A temporary VAT cut from 19% to 16%, from 1 July until 31 December / A €300 one-off payment for every child in the country / A €50bn fund to address climate change, innovation and digital technology / A €25bn loan support programme for small firms that have seen their sales drop by more than 60% for June to August.

This could be a particular boost for bars, restaurants, hotels and other hospitality businesses. / €10bn for municipalities struggling with lower tax receipts, with public spending on infrastructure and housing.

Germany’s package of measures comes on top of a €750bn rescue package agreed in March. It included loan guarantees and direct spending measures such as furlough wage subsidies."

4 June 2020

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/04/germany-unveils-huge130bn-coronavirus-recovery-package.

Deep differences on how to divide the amount between grants and loans, how to oversee its investment and how to link it with the EU’s democratic values prolonged the talks into one of the longest EU summits in history.

The latest deal from Brussels marks a precedent for common debt borrowing at the EU level, something that many countries, including Germany, opposed for a long time. But this oppositional stance had softened in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis.

“With the biggest-ever effort of cross-border solidarity, the EU is sending a strong signal of internal cohesion.

Near-term, the confidence effect can matter even more than the money itself,” analysts at Berenberg bank said in a note Tuesday."

21 July 2020 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/21/eu-leaders-reach-a-breakthrough-on-theregions-recovery-fund.html

LAZARET CITIES

COPENHAGEN

POPULATION

1,346,485

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

% 65+

42

20

for Denmark. source: cia.gov

for Denmark. source: data.worldbank.org

LYNGBY HOUSING OVERVIEW † MEDIAN

$104,110

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$347,756

MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$1,913 source: oecd + dst.dk

OWN

RENT

60.5%

39.5%

*COPENHAGEN DENMARK

NORTH HARBOR

UNEMPLOYMENT

ØSTERBRO

MAY 2019

COPENHAGEN MALMÖ PORT

MAY 2020

3.7% 5.6% for Denmark. source: tradingeconomics.com

VANLØSE

NØRREBRO

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

47 days

INNER CITY

DENMARK UNPLUGS THE ECONOMY

CHRISTIANSHAVN VESTERBRO

"Denmark, a high-tax country [...] with 5.5 million citizens, has implemented policies designed to avoid layoffs and bankruptcies and basically unplug the economy during the pandemic. The hope is that the economy can be plugged back in when the crisis passes.

COPENHAGEN CENTRAL STATION AMAGER BEACH PARK

RIVER FREEWAY ØRESTAD

RAILWAY

AIRPORT

BRØNDBY STRAND COPENHAGEN AIRPORT

CENTRAL STATION

A total of DKK 285 billion (US $42 billion) has been appropriated in a number of “relief packages” to support businesses and workers until June. This spending represents almost 13 percent of the Danish GDP, making the Danish plan one of the most expansive in the world.

The specific policies include: Delayed VAT payments and labor contributions Increased tax account limit Salary guarantees and sick leave payments Cash flow assistance and loan guarantees The government will support 90 percent of wages of hourly workers who are sent home up to DKK 26,000 ($3,800) a month and salaried workers will get 75 percent covered up to DKK 23,000 ($3,350)."

PORT 26 March 2020

BEACH https://taxfoundation.org/denmark-coronavirus-relief-plan/

COVID-19: 10 THINGS THE EU IS DOING TO ENSURE ECONOMIC RECOVERY "1. Providing massive economic stimulus To help Europe recover from the devastating economic repercussions wrought by the coronavirus pandemic, the European Commission has proposed a €750 billion stimulus plan, coupled with a revised proposal for the EU's next long-term budget (2021-2027). The plan known as Next Generation EU - sees the Commission borrowing money on financial markets, using its high credit rating to secure low borrowing costs. The Parliament insists that the Green Deal is at the heart of the recovery package and wants to avoid burdening future generations.

2. Supporting EU health systems and infrastructures 3. Protecting small and medium-sized businesses 4. Mitigating unemployment risks 5. Supporting the tourism industry 6. Banking package to support households and businesses 7. Supporting agriculture and fisheries 8. Helping countries fund their crisis response 9. Relaxing state aid rules 10. Protecting weakened European businesses from foreign competitors" 24 July 2020 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-affairs/20200625STO82007/covid-19-10-things-the-eu-is-doing-to-ensure-economic-recovery

LAZARET CITIES

DETROIT

POPULATION

667,272

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

% 65+

34.7

17.7

source: worldpopulationreview.com

for Michigan. source: census.gov

HOUSING OVERVIEW MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

WARREN

$29,481 $45,700 $798 OWN

RENT

DETROIT 47.4%

52.6%

UNITED STATES 65.3%

34.7% source: census.gov

UNEMPLOYMENT MAY 2019 MAY 2020

3.8% 23.7% source: bls.gov

MIDTOWN-NEW CENTER

EAST SIDE DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

WEST SIDE

BALTIMORE STREET STATION

DOWNTOWN

SOUTHWEST SIDE

GOVERNOR WHITMER SIGNS EXECUTIVE ORDER TEMPORARILY SUSPENDING EVICTIONS BELLE ISLE BEACH

DETROIT WAYNE COUNTY PORT

RIVER FREEWAY DEARBORN

"Governor Gretchen Whitmer today signed Executive Order 2020-19, which allows tenants and mobile home owners to remain in their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic even if they are unable to stay current on their rent. The order also relieves courts from certain statutory restrictions to enable them to stay eviction-related proceedings until after the COVID-19 emergency has passed."

RAILWAY

20 March 2020 https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/0,9309,7-387-90499-522510--,00.html

AIRPORT CARES ACT S.3548

CENTRAL STATION DETROIT METROPOLITAN WAYNE COUNTY AIRPORT

PORT

BEACH

Signed in to law on 27 March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provides over $2 trillion in economic aid to individuals, families, and business affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

A foreclosure and eviction moratorium has also been instated by the FHA as a result.

For more information, see:

https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares https://www.hud.gov/coronavirus https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf

83 days MICHIGAN'S BAN ON RESIDENTIAL EVICTIONS ENDS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BUT NEW PROGRAM CAN HELP TENANTS "Michigan launched its $50-million Eviction Diversion Program Thursday after Gov. Gretchen Whitmer's moratorium on residential evictions for non-payment of rent expired at the end of the day Wednesday.

The eviction ban continues in Detroit, however, where the 36th District Court announced Thursday the freeze on residential evictions will continue through Aug. 15. Chief Judge William McConico said removing people from their homes during the current pandemic "could prove to be devastating."

Statewide, courts are facing a backlog of an estimated tens of thousands of residential evictions.

Advocates for tenants question whether the new eviction diversion program, administered by the Michigan State Housing Development Authority, will be sufficient to prevent large numbers of tenants from becoming homeless during the coronavirus pandemic.

Whitmer said Thursday that no other programs to address residential evictions are planned at this time."

16 July 2020 https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/07/16/eviction-michigan-morartorium/5449634002/

LAZARET CITIES

ISTANBUL

POPULATION

15,190,336 source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

32.2

% 65+

9

for Turkey. source: cia.gov

for Turkey. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW ISTANBUL AIRPORT

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME ‡ MEDIAN

BURC BEACH

$18,302 $201,116

PROPERTY VALUE

MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$600 source: oecd + endeksa + statista

OWN

RENT

TURKEY 59.1%

40.9%

*ISTANBUL

WESTERN SUBURBS

UNEMPLOYMENT

BOSPHORUS

APRIL 2019

13%

APRIL 2020

12.8% for Turkey. source: tradingeconomics.com

MASLAK DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

GALATA

KADIKÖY HALKALI STATION

SULTANAHMET

RIVER FREEWAY SÖĞÜTLÜÇEŞME STATION

RAILWAY

ATAŞEHIR

YEŞILKÖY ÇIROZ BEACH

AIRPORT

CENTRAL STATION

SABIHA GOKCEN AIRPORT

PORT

BEACH

54 days

TURKEY'S STEPS TO SUPPORT ECONOMY AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC REACH $34.4B, FINANCE MINISTER SAYS

TURKEY CREDIT BOOM IS BIGGER THAN EVER, THREATENING LIRA, IIF ECONOMIST SAYS

"The steps of the Turkish government under the economic stimulus package it announced in March to support the economy and cushion the fallout from the coronavirus pandemic have reached TL 240 billion ($34.42 billion), Treasury and Finance Minister Berat Albayrak said Wednesday.

"Turkey is experiencing a huge credit boom that makes it an outlier in emerging markets and threatens the value of the lira, said Robin Brooks, the chief economist for the Institute of International Finance (IIF).

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan initially announced a TL 100 billion package – the Economic Stability Shield – to support citizens and businesses on March 18, postponing debt payments and reducing tax burdens in some sectors. Since then, Ankara has gradually expanded the measures.

Turkey’s central bank has slashed interest rates to 8.25 percent from 24 percent over the past year, introduced regulations to encourage banks to lend more and spent tens of billions of dollars of its foreign currency reserves to help the government achieve its economic growth goals, keep inflation in check and defend the lira.

The economy posted a current account deficit for the sixth straight month in May as imports, driven by consumer demand, exceeded exports.

The minister said financial support was given to nearly 5 million families, with a total of TL 33 billion ($4.73 billion) set aside to meet the basic needs of some 5.58 million Turkey’s economic stimulus, ratcheted up during the citizens that have a monthly income below TL 5,000 COVID-19 pandemic with the help of cheap lending ($716). from state-run banks, has increased demand for imported goods. Meanwhile, the coronavirus outbreak is The government will also provide TL 1,000 ($143) in limiting sales of Turkish goods and services abroad." financial aid to citizens who weren't included within the scope of the support but lost their income and jobs during this period."

13 May 2020 https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/turkeys-steps-to-support-economy-amid-covid-19-pandemic-reach-344b-finance-minister-says?gallery_image=undefined#big

20 July 2020 https://ahvalnews.com/turkish-lira/turkey-credit-boom-bigger-ever-threatening-lira-iif-economist-says

LAZARET CITIES

LOS ANGELES

POPULATION

4,015,940

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

% 65+

35.4

14.8

source: worldpopulationreview.com

for California. source:census.gov

HOUSING OVERVIEW

HOLLYWOOD

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

EAST SIDE

$64,251 $543,400

MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$1,390 OWN

UNION STATION

WEST SIDE

RENT

LOS ANGELES 45.8%

54.2%

UNITED STATES 65.3%

34.7%

DOWNTOWN

MALIBU

source: census.gov

UNEMPLOYMENT

SANTA MONICA AIRPORT

MAY 2019 MAY 2020

4.1% 20.6%

VENICE BEACH

source: bls.gov

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

64 days

52 days

SOUTH SIDE

COVID-19: PROJECT ROOM KEY

RIVER FREEWAY RAILWAY PALOS VERDES

"Project Roomkey is a collaborative effort by the State, County and the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority (LAHSA) to secure hotel and motel rooms for vulnerable people experiencing homelessness. It provides a way for people who donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a home to stay inside to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Project Roomkey aims to not only protect high-risk individuals, but to also prevent the spread of the deadly virus in our communities and protect the capacity of our hospitals and healthcare system." https://covid19.lacounty.gov/project-roomkey/

AIRPORT CARES ACT S.3548

LONG BEACH

CENTRAL STATION

Signed in to law on 27 March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provides over $2 trillion in economic aid to individuals, families, and business affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

PORT

A foreclosure and eviction moratorium has also been instated by the FHA as a result.

PORT OF LOS ANGELES

BEACH

For more information, see:

https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares https://www.hud.gov/coronavirus https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf

L.A. CITY COUNCIL PASSES $100-MILLION CORONAVIRUS RENT RELIEF PROGRAM "Nearly 50,000 Los Angeles families hurt by the economic and health fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic could get help from a $100-million rent relief program passed by the City Council on Tuesday.

The money would provide up to $2,000 in rental assistance for low-income households who have lost work, fallen ill or had to assist sick family members during the crisis.

The efforts aims to address the economic fallout from the coronavirus outbreak, which has led to a nearly 21% unemployment rate in L.A. County. While the $100-million effort is the largest passed by any U.S. city to help tenants pay their rent, it would still fall short of reaching all who have been affected by the pandemic in Los Angeles.

Currently, nearly all evictions in California are on hold because the state court system is not processing cases except for those deemed emergencies. The city of Los Angeles has passed additional tenant protections, barring evictions for those unable to pay rent due to the coronavirus and allowing renters a year after the expiration of the state of emergency to make up any past due rent."

23 June 2020

https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2020-06-23/l-a-passes-100million-coronavirus-rent-relief

LAZARET CITIES

NEW YORK CITY

POPULATION

8,323,340

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

% 65+

36.5

16.9

source: worldpopulationreview.com

for New York. source: census.gov

HOUSING OVERVIEW MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$65,323 $302,200

MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

OWN

RENT

53.9%

46.1%

UNITED STATES 65.3%

34.7%

NEW YORK CITY

BRONX

$1,240

source: census.gov

UNEMPLOYMENT APRIL 2019 APRIL 2020

3.2% 15.1% source: bls.gov

MANHATTAN DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

LAGUARDIA AIRPORT

GRAND CENTRAL STATION

BROOKLYN CRUISE TERMINAL

NEW LAW PROTECTS NEW YORKERS FROM EVICTION FOR UNPAID RENT DURING COVID-19

QUEENS

RIVER BROOKLYN

FREEWAY

CAPE LIBERTY CRUISE PORT

RAILWAY

"New York tenants cannot be evicted for any unpaid rent accrued during the coronavirus crisis, according to a law signed by Gov. Andrew Cuomo on Tuesday night. Sponsored by State Sens. Brad Hoylman and Liz Krueger and Assembly Member Jeffrey Dinowitz, the Tenant Safe Harbor Act protects renters who have not paid rent between March 7 and the to-be-determined date when their region fully reopens, as long as they can prove they experienced financial hardship during the COVID-19 crisis."

1 July 2020

https://www.6sqft.com/new-law-protects-new-yorkers-from-eviction-for-unpaidrent-during-covid-19/

JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

AIRPORT STATEN ISLAND

CARES ACT S.3548 LONG BEACH

CENTRAL STATION

Signed in to law on 27 March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provides over $2 trillion in economic aid to individuals, families, and business affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

PORT

A foreclosure and eviction moratorium has also been instated by the FHA as a result.

JONES BEACH

FORT TILDEN

BEACH

For more information, see:

https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares https://www.hud.gov/coronavirus https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf

99 days

GOVERNOR CUOMO ANNOUNCES NEW COVID RENTAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM "Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced an emergency rental assistance program that will help keep low-income families throughout New York in their homes. The program, which is designed to reach those individuals and families with the greatest need, will provide direct aid for tenants who lost income due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The program is funded through the Coronavirus Relief Fund, which is part of the CARES Act. Under the new program, eligible households will benefit from a one-time rental subsidy paid directly to landlords and housing providers. Tenants are not required to repay this assistance. To qualify for the program, applicants must meet all of the eligibility requirements: Must be a renter with a primary residence in New York State. / Before March 1, 2020 and at the time of application, household income (including unemployment benefits) must be below 80 percent of the Area Median Income, adjusted for household size. / Before March 1, 2020 and at the time of application, the household must have been "rent burdened," which is defined as paying more than 30 percent of gross monthly income towards rent. / Applicants must have lost income during any period between April 1, 2020 and July 31, 2020."

14 July 2020

https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-new-covid-rental-assistance-program

LAZARET CITIES

SÃO PAULO

POPULATION

22,043,028 source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

33.2

% 65+

9

for Brazil. source: cia.gov

for Brazil. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$12,701

*MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$663 source: oecd + statista

GUARULHOS AIRPORT

NORTHEAST

OWN

RENT

73.5%

26.5%

*SAO PAULO

NORTHWEST

BRAZIL

UNEMPLOYMENT

DOWNTOWN

MAY 2019

12.3%

MAY 2020

12.9% for Brazil. source: tradingeconomics.com

FAR EAST DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

WEST

97 days

SOUTHEAST BRAZIL GOVERNMENT TO INJECT $30 BILLION INTO ECONOMY TO COMBAT CORONAVIRUS HIT

CONGONHAS-SÃO PAULO AIRPORT

"Brazil’s government on Monday announced emergency measures to inject nearly 150 billion reais ($30 billion) into the economy to soften the blow from the coronavirus pandemic.

SOUTH CENTRAL RIVER FREEWAY RAILWAY

FAR SOUTH

AIRPORT

CENTRAL STATION

PORT

BEACH

The package does not contain new money, but is a range of measures mostly bringing forward social assistance payments, deferring company taxes, and making it easier for people to access workers’ severance funds.

According to the Economy Ministry, 83.4 billion reais ($16 billion) will be freed up for the most vulnerable people in society, 59.4 billion reais ($11.37 billion) will help companies keep jobs filled, and 4.5 billion reais ($86 million) will go to directly combating the coronavirus.

THOUSANDS OF FAMILIES EVICTED IN SAO PAULO AMID PANDEMIC "The growing number of evictions driven by Brazil’s COVID-19 pandemic is worsening an already serious housing problem in the country. Before the pandemic, local authorities counted more than 200,000 families waiting for adequate housing in Sao Paulo, a city of 12 million.

Human rights group LabCidade estimates more than 2,000 families have lost their homes in Sao Paulo state since March, with another 1,000 facing the same risk in upcoming weeks. It is a high figure for a state with 46 million residents, about the same population as Spain.

Nearly 30,000 families get an $80 subsidy from the city of Sao Paulo for rent, but experts consider that amount too small. Brazil’s far-right administration has cut federal investment in housing programs."

The government has come under pressure to relax its strict fiscal rules to support the economy, which a growing number of economists now say will slip into recession.

The government also announced a 3.1 billion reais ($59 million) boost to the ‘Bolsa Família’ assistance for some of Brazil’s poorest families that will bring more than 1 million new people in the program."

16 March 2020

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-budget/brazil-government-to-inject-30-billion-into-economy-to-combat-coronavirus-hit-idUSKBN213411

24 July 2020 https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2020/07/24/Brazil-Sao-Paulo-evictions-favelas-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic-Jair-Bolsonaro-Jardim-Julieta/ stories/202007240147

LAZARET CITIES

SEOUL

POPULATION

9,963,452

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

43.2

% 65+

15

for South Korea. source: cia.gov

for South Korea. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$21,882 $760,000

MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$625 source: oecd + korea herald + chosun

OWN

RENT

SOUTH KOREA 57.7%

42.3%

*SEOUL

UNEMPLOYMENT MAY 2019

4%

MAY 2020

4.5% for South Korea. source: tradingeconomics.com

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

INSADONG

HONGDAE

via Reddit

GIMPO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

SEOUL STATION

ITAEWON RIVER GANGNAM

FREEWAY RAILWAY

SEOCHO AIRPORT

SOUTH KOREA ANNOUNCES $29 BILLION THIRD STIMULUS BUDGET TO FIGHT VIRUS MISERY

S. KOREA RAISES STANDARD MEDIAN INCOME BY 2.68% FOR 2021

"South Korea unveiled on Wednesday a 35.3 trln won ($28.8 billion) supplementary budget, to raise the total stimulus to 270 trillion won for an economy facing its worst growth since the 1998 Asian financial crisis due to the coronavirus pandemic.

"South Korea marked up its standard median income by some 2.68 percent on-year for 2021 as it moves to better provide for the socially disadvantaged who have been hard hit by the coronavirus outbreak, the welfare ministry said Friday.

Announcing South Koreaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest ever supplementary budget, and the third this year, the government has put in place support measures equivalent to about 14% of gross domestic product to counter the economic fallout from the coronavirus.

The ministry said the updated median income for next year is aimed at helping the disadvantaged and reflects the Korean New Deal plan that called for more balanced fair growth. It added that the change can benefit families that have been most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The latest budget aims to direct more spending on protecting jobs, development of a vaccine for COVID-19, and to provide discount coupons to boost consumption.

More loans will be made to small- to medium-sized businesses hit by slumping sales."

CENTRAL STATION INCHEON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

PORT OF INCHEON

PANGYO

85 days

In 2021, South Korea will give livelihood benefits to those who earn less than 30 percent of the median income. Medical support will also be offered to those who earn less than 40 percent of the median income and some form of housing and education subsidies to those who earn less than 45 and 50 percent of the median, respectively."

PORT

BEACH

2 June 2020 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea/south-korea-announces-29-billion-third-stimulus-budget-to-fight-virus-misery-idUSKBN23A03Y

31 July 2020

http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200731000720

LAZARET CITIES

VENICE

POPULATION

270,884

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

46.5

% 65+

23

for Italy. source: cia.gov

VENICE MARCO POLO AIRPORT

for Italy. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME ‡ MEDIAN

$26,588 $263,430

PROPERTY VALUE

MEDIAN GROSS RENT

$1,295 source: oecd + statista

MESTRE

OWN

RENT

72.4%

27.6%

*VENICE ITALY

UNEMPLOYMENT MAY 2019

10%

MAY 2020

7.8% for Italy. source: tradingeconomics.com

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN ITALIANS HAVE BEEN TOLD THEY WON'T HAVE TO PAY THEIR MORTGAGE PAYMENTS WHILE THE COUNTRY GOES INTO CORONAVIRUS LOCKDOWN

INTERMODAL TERMINAL VENICE

"Mortgage payments will be suspended across Italy as the Italian government places the population on lockdown because of the coronavirus outbreak.

CANNAREGIO

RIVER

STATION VENICE SANTA LUCIA

FREEWAY

VENICE PORT

SAN CROCE

SAN MARCO

RAILWAY CASTELLO

Asked about the possibility of mortgage payments being temporarily frozen, the country's deputy finance minister, Laura Castelli, said on Tuesday, "Yes, that will be the case, for individuals and households."

The British bank RBS also said it would defer mortgage and loan repayments for up to three months for customers affected by the coronavirus outbreak."

AIRPORT

ITALY ADOPTS MASSIVE CORONAVIRUS ECONOMIC PACKAGE "Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte on Wednesday presented a new package of measures worth €55 billion ($65 billion) to tackle the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

The new decree temporarily freezes corporate tax for all companies with an annual turnover below €250 million ($294 million) and grants non-repayable aid of up to €40,000 ($47,091) to small businesses.

The package also allows the government to intervene and recapitalize struggling companies in line with new EU state aid rules allowing public capital injections.

The government also earmarked €25.6 billion ($30.14 billion) to extend existing unemployment benefits, more than €3 billion ($3.5 billion) for the health care system, €1.4 billion ($1.65 billion) for universities and research, and more than €1 billion ($1.18 billion) for the agricultural sector.

GIUDECCA CENTRAL STATION

VENEZIA SPIAGGIA BLUE MOON

73 days

The decree also introduces a so-called "emergency income" of up to €800 ($942) for low-income families."

PORT

LIDO BEACH

10 March 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-covid-19-italy-mortgage-payments-suspended-during-lockdown-2020-3

13 May 2020 https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/13/italy-adopts-massive-coronavirus-economic-package-256007

LAZARET CITIES

WUHAN

POPULATION

8,364,977

source: worldpopulationreview.com

MEDIAN AGE

38.4

% 65+

11

for China. source: cia.gov

for China. source: data.worldbank.org

HOUSING OVERVIEW † MEDIAN

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$12,136

*MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

WUHAN TIANHE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

$483 source: statista + numbeo

OWN

RENT

90%

10%

*WUHAN CHINA

UNEMPLOYMENT

JIANG'AN

MAY 2019

5%

MAY 2020

5.9% for China. source: tradingeconomics.com

QIAOKOU PORT OF WUHAN

DAYS IN LOCKDOWN

HANKOU RAILWAY STATION WUHAN RAILWAY STATION

JIANGHAN

WUCHANG

WUCHANG RAILWAY STATION

RIVER FREEWAY RAILWAY HONGSHAN AIRPORT

CENTRAL STATION

CORONAVIRUS: CHINA UNVEILS US$500 BILLION FISCAL STIMULUS, BUT REFRAINS FROM GOING ALL-IN

CHINA’S PROPERTY MARKET IS REBOUNDING FROM THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS, BUT SOME WARN IT MAY OVERHEAT

"The Chinese government has unveiled a fiscal stimulus package of nearly 3.6 trillion yuan (US$506 billion), as Beijing tries to offset the economic shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic and prepare for an “unpredictable” path ahead.

"China’s housing market is showing signs of recovery after the coronavirus crisis and analysts say that offers bond investors opportunities as developers get back on their feet.

Premier Li Keqiang announced details of the plan in his work report at the National People’s Congress on Friday, including an increase of the budget fiscal deficit to a record high of 3.6 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP), up from 2.8 per cent last year.

It is the first time the ratio has exceeded 3 per cent – a red line for decades – and will add an extra 1 trillion yuan to the budget to bolster the economy after it was lashed by the pandemic.

While the sum total of new spending and tax cuts is large, it fell short of expectations, reflecting Beijing’s concerns about overspending and worries about debt, analysts said."

22 May 2020

PORT

BEACH

97 days

https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3085654/coronavirus-china-unveils-us500-billion-fiscal-stimulus

Housing sales in the country plummeted at the outset of the pandemic as China’s economy shut down. But official data pointed to a recovery in transactions as the country reopened.

Analysts also warn that there could be a property bubble as the market continues to recover.

Deutsche Bank in a note last week warned that the current environment of large fiscal stimulus and high credit growth “historically have led to property market overheating.”

19 July 2020 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/20/china-property-market-recovers-post-coronavirus-crisis-but-beware-bubble-risk

† In some instances, median household income was calculated by multiplying individual income by 2, when household data was unavailable. ‡ In some instances, median property value was calculated by multiplying average property size by price per square foot, when property data was unavailable. *In some instances, bar graphs are left blank, when relevant information cannot be found.

1M

2020 | CASES

5M

10M

15M

20M

POPULATION TOTAL: 3,769,495

8,638 cases ...

2,292 per 1M

BERLIN 217 deaths POPULATION TOTAL: 794,128

13,262 cases ...

2,278 per 1M

COPENHAGEN 610 deaths

*DENMARK

POPULATION TOTAL: 672,662

24,294 cases ...

13,481 per 1M

DETROIT 2,764 deaths

*WAYNE COUNTY

POPULATION TOTAL: 15,214,177

ISTANBUL 5,402 deaths POPULATION TOTAL: 3,990,456

136,368 cases ...

13,790 per 1M *LOS ANGELES COUNTY

LOS ANGELES 3,822 deaths POPULATION TOTAL: 8,398,748

224,293 cases ...

26,706 per 1M

NEW YORK CITY 22,808 deaths POPULATION TOTAL: 12,176,866

386,607 cases ...

8,779 per 1M *STATE OF SÃO PAULO

SÃO PAULO 18,324 deaths POPULATION TOTAL: 9,733,509

1,409 cases ...

145 per 1M

SEOUL 9 deaths

214,993 cases ...

2,585 per 1M *TURKEY

POPULATION TOTAL: 260,897

19,420 cases ...

3,943 per 1M

VENICE 2,041 deaths

*VENETO

POPULATION TOTAL: 8,896,900

68,135 cases ...

1,165 per 1M

WUHAN 4,512 deaths

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

50,000

*HUBEI

100,000

200,000

+ *as of 20200715

WHAT IS ESSENTIAL? ... these are not :

HOSPITALS HEALTHCARE CENTERS SUPERMARKETS PHARMACIES FARMS GAS STATIONS CHEMICAL FACTORIES POWER PLANTS WASTE FACILITIES WATER FACILITIES TRANSPORT SERVICES DAM OPERATIONS CONSTRUCTION SITES MEDICAL SUPPLIERS DATA CENTERS AUTO SHOPS POST OFFICES BANKS POLICE STATIONS FIRE STATIONS LAUNDROMATS LIQUOR STORES

: these are commonly considered essential regardless of place...

GUN STORES

BIKE SHOPS

NEWSSTANDS

UNITED STATES

GERMANY

ITALY

BAKLAVA MAKERS

GYMS

WEED SHOPS

TURKEY

BRAZIL

UNITED STATES

TREATMENT OF THE ELDERLY ... these are particular instances :

Turkey imposes curfew on elderly "Media showed footage of thousands of elderly people getting dangerously close to others in public places, mass transit vehicles and parking areas. When reporters asked them why they were outside, none said they had any urgent business. The weeklong stubbornness of some of the elderly community has already prompted many municipalities to remove benches from coastlines and parks. Most municipalities have also temporarily revoked the free mass transit passes of senior citizens to keep them from wandering the city. Some senior citizens were caught indulging in backgammon and other games at tea houses, which should have been closed due to the ministry’s earlier orders. Having given up attempting to plead with reasoning, the Interior Ministry on Saturday [March 21] announced drastic measures to impose a curfew for citizens over 65 and people with chronic illnesses. The ministry said that especially the elderly people living on their own would be taken care of by the governorate. If any kind of need should arise, they would be able to contact the police, gendarmerie and health services for assistance." https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/turkey-introduces-drastic-measures-as-coronavirus-death-toll-increases/ news?gallery_image=undefined#big

German retirement homes isolate the elderly from COVID-19 threat "The coronavirus is increasingly prevalent in German nursing homes. In order to prevent infections, many want to separate seniors from the outside world — but this comes at a cost to the elderly and their families. [...]

Although care homes are usually used to dealing with illnesses and deaths, the coronavirus has shaken up numerous facilities in Germany — whose average population is the second-oldest in the European Union, after Italy. Visits and events in nursing homes are canceled in an effort to isolate and protect the over 800,000 seniors who live in around 11,700 facilities across the country. [...]

Since Germany's 16 states are tasked with deciding lockdown measures, they vary from region to region. But consensus goes in the direction of full separation of nursing homes from the outside world. In Berlin, receiving a single one-hour visit per day is still allowed by law. Nevertheless, most of the facilities lock their doors completely. These include Caritas, an organization affiliated with the Catholic Church. The group runs 72 nursing homes in Berlin and neighboring regions." https://www.dw.com/en/german-retirement-homes-isolate-the-elderly-from-covid-19-threat/a-53082145

California calls for residents 65 and older to How New Yorkers are helping older tenants during coronavirus stay at home

ENFORCED CURFEW SUGGESTED CURFEW GROCERY DELIVERY SPECIAL STORE HOURS VISITING RESTRICTIONS HOME ISOLATION : these are common treatments of elderly regardless of place...

" Gov. Gavin Newsom on Sunday [March 15] called for what he called “profoundly significant steps” to limit the spread of coronavirus, including the isolation at home of all residents 65 years and older. [...]

The governor also banned all visits to nursing homes, assisted-living facilities and hospitals except for cases in which a patient is on the edge of death." https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/us/coronavirus-newsom-california-seniors-restaurants-bars.html

"In a Lower East Side housing complex for seniors, building management has distributed hand sanitizer and canceled events in communal spaces. At a Jackson Heights co-op building, residents are looking to organize grocery and pharmacy runs for older tenants to reduce their time outside. And in Borough Park, management at one apartment building has begun regularly checking-in on seniors who live alone. Across New York City, the managers of apartment buildings and their residents are taking steps to protect older adults, who are among the most vulnerable to the novel coronavirus. Concerns over the spread of COVID-19 have prompted many seniors to stay home or limit their movements, and some building staff and neighbors are stepping up with their own extra precautions." https://ny.curbed.com/2020/3/12/21175625/new-york-homes-elderly-residents-coronavirus-covid-19

Female gondoliers in Venice deliver food to elderly amid coronavirus lockdown

Visits to nursing homes to be allowed again, with caution, in South Korea

" During the coronavirus lockdown in Italy, getting groceries has been especially difficult for the elderly. So volunteers in Venice found a solution that couldn't be more Venetian. A team of all women rowers from Row Venice is using gondolas to deliver organic food to locals. Farmers from around the lagoon help load the orders into the boats. Giulia Tagliapietra, a competitive rower, said she and the others were stuck at home, unable to train for the racing season during the lockdown. "It's a bit difficult, so now we do this like twice or three times a week, and it also helps us because we can go out and breathe and row," Tagliapietra told CBS. Rain or shine, they deliver at drop-off points around the city. One man who received the food said the deliveries are important. "And it's so inspiring to see it delivered in a traditional Venetian boat," he said. Food also isn't the only thing they need. In a city with no cars, a group of volunteers called Generazione 90 also deliver medicine by foot. One woman said the volunteers saved her life. "Me with my broken arm," she said. "And my 90-yearold mother." She called volunteer Marco Caberlotto her angel. "In the end, it could be your grandparents, it could be your elderly aunt or a family member, so you find lonely people that maybe sometimes need also someone who's friendly with them, someone who's caring somehow, and it feels very nice," Caberlotto said. The gondoliers plan to continue making deliveries even after the lockdown. They say it's good for the body and the soul." https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-italy-venice-gondolas-food-delivery/

"Visits to care facilities for older adults will be allowed again starting July, as the government temporarily lifts the restrictions put in place in March to stem the spread of the coronavirus disease or COVID-19. Yoon Taeho, a senior official at the Ministry of Health and Welfare, said in a briefing Friday that non-face-to-face visits will be permitted under strict guidelines. “Elderly people are the most vulnerable of all, which is why visitors have been banned at care homes. But being apart from loved ones has become a source of pain for a lot of residents there,” he said. “So we’re opening up the facilities for visits as safely as possible.” Meetings will have to be through glass or other transparent barriers, he said. Other safety protocols include checking visitors for symptoms, having them wash their hands before entering, and mandating the use of face masks and sanitary gloves at all times." http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200626000243

#covid19

/VIA TWITTER.

#covid19

/VIA INSTAGRAM.

#quarantineandchill

/VIA TWITTER.

#quarantineandchill

/VIA INSTAGRAM.

#alonetogether

/VIA TWITTER.

#alonetogether

/VIA INSTAGRAM.

#socialdistancing

/VIA TWITTER.

#socialdistancing

/VIA INSTAGRAM. Twitter images taken from posts between 19 March and 26 March 2020.

Instagram has no search-by-date feature, and images are taken from various points during the pandemic.

This document examines the first three months of the global cessation of movement of people and things.

This document explores ten cities with different approaches to the mitigation of the pandemic and economic crises.

This document cites various studies but does not treat any source of information as fundamental, neutral and trustworthy.

This document offers several avenues for further research: from heavily impacted housing markets to social mediaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in amplifying the crisis, from criticism around notions of privacy and power imbalances to the resurgence of interest in cities as an efficient unit of governance.