The Making of Hostile Design by Camille Collette

The Making of

Hostile Design Camille Collette

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Welcome to The Making of Hostile Design. I hope you enjoy this behind-the-scenes look at my creative process and all the effort that went into making these videos. As a graduating senior this project is my grand send-off as I go forth and enter the unknown. Wish me luck.

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Table of Contents

6 About Me 8 The Idea 10 The Making of NAAHP 16 Hostile Design

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About Me Oh hey, that’s me. Hi. My name is Camille Collette and by the time you are reading this I will have graduated from George Mason University with a Bachelor in Fine Arts with a concentration in graphic design. Hostile Design was my senior project, the big crescendo of my college career in graphic design, and for that project I wanted to make something big; something challenging, both to myself and my audience. Specifically, I wanted to make a video that challenges how we think about homelessness through the lens of hostile design.

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Camille Collette (703) 945 7648 collette.camille@yahoo.com camillecollette.com

L’exception devient la règle is a French expression which translates roughly to “the exception becomes the rule.” This is the philosophy I use to approach design. Every person, company, and organization is unique: an exception to a rule. I want to bring those characteristics that define us forward and create new and

Skills

exciting designs that will be the trend-setters of the century.

Adobe InDesign Adobe Illustrator Adobe After Effects Adobe Photoshop Adobe XD HTML CSS Motion Design Package Design Typography Corporate Branding Web Design

Languages English French

Education George Mason University BFA in Graphic Design Expected Graduation: May 2020 Dean’s List (Fall 2017–Fall 2019) Related Coursework Writing for Designers, Typography, Web Design & Usability, Digital Photography, Editorial Design, Corporate Design & Branding, Motion Design, Package Design, Professional Design & Practices, Senior Project

Experience Freelance 2012–present • Portraiture & Digital Renditions of character designs • Digital Paintings ranging from landscapes to urban scenes • Character Development & Fulfillment working with clients to create appropriate and useful character designs

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The Idea Driving around the DC/Fairfax area, I have seen many people begging along the sides of intersections, walking back and forth in the heat of midday or the cold of winter with a sign that says “God bless” or “anything helps.” I am sure you too, reader, have seen these poor citizens in your daily life, and have hopefully aided them in some small way in passing, but let’s be honest, we don’t want to see these poor people forced to beg for money only to afford to eat at McDonalds and sleep at a motel every night.

We need to help these people get off the street, and the first step is changing our perceptions about these people. Not every beggar is a drug-addict, or lazy vagabond; many are crippled veterans or single mothers; people who have fallen through the safety net of society.

To make matters worse, cities are electing to try and force homeless people away from cities or suburban areas using hostile design. Hostile design is public architecture designed to deter homeless people from using it. For example, a public bench may be designed so that a person can sit, but not lay comfortably on it. Commonly, these public spaces are also hostile towards the disabled community.

For my senior design project, I wanted to design a series of informational videos explaining what hostile design is, how to recognize it, the myths and stereotypes surrounding homelessness, the current policies that hurt homeless people and make it harder for them to escape the poverty trap, and what kinds of policies we can implement to help them. These videos were going to be approximately 5–15 minutes long each, and would consist of long-form essays and explanatory motion graphics. The style of the videos’ graphics would resemble that of “Kurzesagt - In a Nutshell” (a series on Youtube).

To further spread awareness about these videos and the adversities facing homeless people, I also wanted to design a series of posters and PSAs detailing specific argumentative points that I would make in my videos, supported by clever, political cartoon-like graphics. The videos and posters would also be linked to a fictional organization of my design, that I then would design the brand and style guide for.

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The Original Scope The goals of the project included informing the audience about hostile design & adversities homeless people face, and persuading them to take actions against these harmful systems.

The target audience of the project was U.S. citizens who are of age to vote, since voters have the most power to make a difference about these issues.

The process was to begin with the branding of the fictional organization that would endorse the informational video, since the brand identity should be coherent throughout the video. The brand creation would begin with a competitive audit of pre-existing companies and organizations dedicated to helping homeless people.

The fictional company would then be named and branded through a process consisting of mind-maps, a series of sketches and digital mockups, and color variations. Potentially the logo would also be animated to better fit into digital mediums, and be included in the beginning of the video.

Once the company’s branding is completed, the motion graphic video essay would be conceptualized. First the research for the video would be compiled, then the script for the essay would be written, and would maybe require a voice actor to record themselves for the video. Once the script is finished a set of graphic elements would be created for the video in order to simplify the animation process and keep the style of the video cohesive. Then once the voice actor has been recorded the animation process would begin and several iterations would be created.

Finally once the company brand had been established and the video created, the poster would be designed to accompany the video and raise awareness about the company and the cause. The poster would be designed to exist in urban environments and would target tourists and urban workers. A series of ephemera would also be mocked up to accompany the poster.

The Corona Virus In March 2020, the corona virus, which had entered the United States of America in January 2020, was discovered to be more widespread than the public thought, and actions to slow the spread of the virus were implemented. I was quarantined and my college career moved online indefinitely. Luckily, I nor my immediate family or friends were infected with the virus.

This event did, however, force me to considerbaly alter the scope of my project to be more realistic due to the circumstances.

The corona virus caused Spring Break to be extended by a week, and for classes to take a sharp turn in their teaching approaches.

The stress and anxiety of the situation also caused everyone, staff and students alike, to slow down and lose their productivity. This was also the case for me. Being unable to go outside or see my family sucked the motivation out of me, but luckily I was able to push through, find my passion for this project again, and make the most of the situation.

The new plan was to create one video.

This video would encapsulate all that I had learned about hostile design. It would be short, digestible, and focused on delivering my argument. By focusing all my efforts on one main component of my senior project, I hoped to really make it shine. This was my process.

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The Making of NAAHP In order to make my video feel real, it needed a company to endorse it, so I decided to brand my own fictional organization that would be the source of this video. The video would live in the branding of the organization, and would be cohesive.

The name I went with for the organization was the National Association for the Advocacy of Homeless People (NAAHP). It is a mouthful, but I felt the acronym worked well for the feeling I was going for. I wanted my fictional organization to feel real, and professional. This organization would be funded by the federal government, and would focus all of its attention on eradicating homelessness.

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The National Assembly for the Advocacy of Homeless People

Final Logo variations for NAAHP

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Rough concept sketches for NAAHP

Digital logotype explorations for NAAHP

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NAAHP: Color Once the shape of NAAHP’s logotype had been finalized, I needed to bring the logo to life with some color. I knew I wanted to emphasize the combined As of the logo so I decided to make it a different color from the rest of the letters.

This would give the logo some depth. Early on I considered going for a blue and bronze color palette, but the bronze/gold would only come across if I shaded the area to make it look metallic, and I felt that that was too flashy for this company, so I scrapped that palette.

After that I went through quite a few different color schemes before arriving at the final blue and red combo. Since the company was funded by the federal government, it felt fitting that the main colors for the logo would be our national colors: red, white, and blue. It gave the logo a sense of passion and pride through the red, and serious professionalism and stability through the navy blue. This color scheme was exactly what I was looking for.

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Color explorations for NAAHP

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Hostile Design: Research & Discovery Now before I could begin writing my video essay, I needed to do some in-depth research on hostile design and homelessness if I wanted my argument to have any weight to it. I began my research with a broad lens, looking up the definitions of my topics and skimming through Wikipedia to get a sense of the history of the terms.

After that I dove a little bit deeper into the topic, looking for scholarly articles on hostile design and homelessness. What I found was promising. I learned some key bits of information, like the different kinds of hostile design, and how the practice is even more pervasive than I had previously thought. Learning about “ghost amenities� was especially informative, since it taught me that hostile design doesn’t always exist in plain sight.

I also found that there was a clear connection between hostile design and homelessness, so I tried to learn some more about homelessness while I was researching. I found lots of alarming sets of statistics, and some personal accounts of people who had become homeless. A lot of the people who gave their story expressed surprise at becoming homeless, as if it had come out of the blue, and they were not prepared for it. Others explained how discouraging homelessness can be, and how it can worsen any kind of mental illness you may be having. It was heavy to read, and it made me want to talk about homelessness in my video essay. I wanted to express how unfair our society could be to homeless people, and how hostile design was just the tip of the iceberg of a much bigger issue. I soon found, however, that talking about all of homelessness was much too broad of a topic for one video essay, which I will talk about later in this book.

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An example of modified hostile design in St. Petersburg, Florida Photograph taken by Camille Collette

Photograph taken by Tyler Nix Retrieved from Unsplash.com

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Photograph taken by Shengpengpeng Cai Retrieved from Unsplash.com

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Retrieved from @dystopian_design on Instagram

Retrieved from @mochiloterapia on Instagram

Retrieved from @defensive_to on Instagram

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Hostile Design: Outline Evolution

Old Outline Intro

a.intro

b. Title

c. Define Hostile Design + two kinds: modified, added, or removed (“ghost amenities”)

d. Explain purpose

e. Locations where most common & why- cities & private property

Body

a. Homeless People

a. Myths & Stereotypes

b. How people really become homeless (not necessarily in this order)

a. Veterans

b. Debt

c. Drug Abuse

d. Racism/Immigration

b. The Poverty Trap

a. Define

b. Systems in place that make getting out near impossible

a. Economic

b. Political

c. Cultural

c. Who’s helping

a. Organizations that are supporting homeless people currently

b. The current government safety net or lack thereof

Conclusion

a. Everything is connected, and feeds into each other. HD = symptom of larger issue.

b. Homeless people are just like us. They need a safety net.

c. Call to action:

a. Get involved. w/ organizations, food drives, donate, give to beggars.

b. Think bigger. Think connected. Think Systemic. Call politicians

d. Works cited

e. Thank you/ supported by _____ organization

For my first outline I tried to incorporate everything I had learned during my research.

I wanted my essay to be extensive and thorough, but what I didn’t notice until later on, was that my outline was too extensive, and prone to tangents and rambling. I need to either break up my outline into different video entirely or just cut it down to be more focused on hostile design.

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New Outline Intro

a. Intro

b. Logo sequence

c. DeďŹ ne hostile design

d. Explain 3 kinds: modiďŹ ed, added, or removed

e. Thesis

Body

a. Hostile design pushes homeless people out of cities

b. Hostile design is discriminatory towards the handicapped community

c. Hostile design does not deter major crime (antithesis)

Conclusion

a.Thesis restated

b. Call to action:

a. Call local representatives

b. Donate to NAAHP

c. Closing statement & thank you

Credits

a. Created & edited by Camille Collette

b. Works cited & audio citations

For my new outline I cut down on everything that didn’t relate directly to hostile design and the argument I wanted to make against it. I took out anything relating to the poverty trap, as that topic deserves its own video and would have been more confusing than helpful. I decided to tone down a lot of the information I had learned about homelessness, to avoid going on a tangent, and in the end my new outline became much more concise and focused.

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Hostile Design: Ugly First Draft Hostile Design 1st Draft Hostile Design, also known as “violent,” “defensive,” “exclusionary,” or even “unpleasant urban design or architecture,” is a phenomenon that is rapidly becoming mainstream in public and private spaces across the globe. This phenomenon is defended by some to be a fair and legal practice to deter criminal activity, and argued by others to be a scornful act targeted at communities that rely on public spaces. The very nature of these structures has led to much controversy about the moral ambiguity of the practice. But what is hostile design? A necessary step towards socially comfortable public spaces, or a bandage solution to a larger, more insidious issue?

What is hostile design? Well according to the Canadian Journal of Urban Research, hostile design “is an intentional design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict behavior in urban space[s] as a form of crime prevention, protection of property, or order maintenance.” This design strategy manufactures control through the use of “silent agents.” Silent agents are “design elements that manage the behavior of people without the need for authorities to interact with citizens.”

There are three kinds of hostile design: modified, added, and removed. An example of modified hostile design would be a bench that has had bars added to it to make it less comfortable to sleep on. For the bars to be classified as modified hostile design, it is important to note that the bars were not of the bench’s original design, and were therefore added deliberately to impede the “improper” use of the bench as a place to sleep. Added hostile design is the act of adding hostile elements to a public space by adding new structures to it.

An example of added hostile design would include anti-homeless spikes placed on the steps of shops to deter people from sleeping there, or hilariously, the addition of speakers that emit high-frequency white noise to deter youths from soliciting in a public space. The last form: removed hostile design, is the sneakiest form. This form of hostile design is performed by removing structures from a public space to make that space less welcoming. For example, public spaces might remove drinking fountains or public restrooms to deter soliciting. This specific kind of hostile design is also know as “ghost amenities.”

How were these structures implemented? Well in truly public spaces, owned by the state, the government might implement these structures if the community votes for them to be there. In the U.S., however, not all public spaces are publicly owned. Some public spaces are privately owned but function as public spaces. Whoever owns that space may therefore implement any kind of design, hostile or not, to the land that they own, whether or not it is used by the public. Unfortunately, unless that private land is given back to the public, there’s nothing we can really do about it, but we can influence what is implemented in our public spaces.

Of course, it begs the question, why does hostile architecture exist?

Before we get into the philosophical aspects of this issue, let’s discuss homelessness.

What is homelessness and how do we fall into it? There is a narrative surrounding homelessness that all homeless people are either drug-users, criminals, or lazy vagabonds, leeching off of the generosity of society. All in all, the narrative implies that most homeless people are homeless because they made bad choices and that they are still homeless because they keep making bad choices. Well, let’s see if that narrative holds true.

According to surveys collected by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, the leading causes of homelessness include lack of affordable housing, insufficient income, mental illness, health problems, domestic abuse, and racial inequality, and these conditions are not mutually exclusive. Particularly, low income and lack of affordable housing go hand in hand to create what is known as the poverty trap. The poverty trap is a term defined by Azariadis and Stachurski in 2005 as a “self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist.” While this concept is used mostly to refer to impoverished countries, poverty traps can be found anywhere. In the U.S., 42.6 million people — 13.4% of the population — live in poverty, and in 2017, 6.7 million households spent more than 50 percent of their income on rent.

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Getting out of poverty can be much harder than people might think. For one thing, not having a house or property means you can’t have a car, you have nowhere to shower or sleep, nowhere to put your clothes or wash them, and no kitchen to cook with. It can be extremely difficult to get a job when you don’t have these basic necessities. Your life is basically unstable.

On top of all that. It can actually be more expensive to be poor. If you don’t have the money to pay a little more for a deal, then you end up paying more money for basic necessities in the long-run. As well, not owning property means you have no assets to your name that could increase in value over time. It is also likely that a person without property is not investing money in stock, meaning they cannot make any money from the money they currently have.

Another thing, when disaster strikes, impoverished people have no safety net to pay for the expenses of injury or medication, forcing them into debt, and without a job that provides health or welfare benefits, you have to pay extra money just to have basic coverage. All of our basic necessities require money, and even just one slip-up, or unlucky incident can cause a chain reaction that will land that person homeless and on the street. You just can’t win. On top of all of this, it is depressing to be poor. Never being able to take a vacation, sleeping out in the cold, having to beg, and being looked down upon by society when you’re just trying to make ends meet. It’s not fun. No one wants to beg.

Keeping all of that in mind. Let’s return to our previous question. Why does hostile design exist? Well, according to its definition, hostile design is meant to deter people from committing crimes. That sounds generally good, right? Crime is bad, but what crimes does hostile design target? Hostile design does not deter theft, assault, vandalism, or arson. The most common cases of hostile design deter sleeping in public, skateboarding, and loitering.

Skateboarding can cause damage to public architecture over time, but sleeping and loitering are more like minor annoyances than serious crimes. It would not be a jump to say that hostile design is put in place simply to remove homeless people and youths from public spaces.

Generally, as a society, we agree that homelessness and poverty are serious issues that need to be resolved, so why do we feel the need to push homeless people out of cities, and out of sight?

Hostile design is not a solution to homelessness. If anything, it makes it even harder for homeless people to exist. It pushes them out of sight, silencing their voices, and punishing them for being in a situation no one wants to be in. If we want to solve homelessness, we need to help the people who need it the most, not push them down, socially or materially. We begin by changing the narrative. Get to know these people; the hardships they have faced, and give them the benefit of the doubt. Don’t force these people out of cities and suburbs. Help them live. Let them back into the system. Let them vote. Support systems that support them so they can get out of the poverty trap. Support welfare for all. Support medicare for all.

My first draft was based off of my old outline, so it was lengthy and held a huge tangent about homelessness and the struggles homeless people face. That’s when I realized I would need to return to my outline and tweak it before attempting to write my second draft. Returning to my outline helped my script become more focused and structured. Most of what I had written I could keep, as well, so writing the second draft was not as daunting as writing the first.

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Hostile Design: Final Script Hostile Design If you have ever lived near a big city like Washington D.C. or New York, you’ve probably noticed a lot of strange architecture popping up in the last twenty years, like spikes, shooting out of the ground, benches with elaborate shapes and curves, and leaning bars. What are these structures, and should we allow them in our public spaces? Let’s see if we can answer these questions.

To begin, these structures are just a few examples of a phenomenon known as hostile design. Hostile design goes by many names, including “violent,” “defensive,” “exclusionary,” or even “unpleasant urban design or architecture.” It is a phenomenon that is rapidly becoming mainstream in public and private spaces across the globe.

According to the Canadian Journal of Urban Research, hostile design “is an intentional design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict behavior in urban space[s] as a form of crime prevention, protection of property, or order maintenance.”

Hostile design uses design elements called “silent agents” to manage the behavior of people without the need for authorities to interact with citizens.

There are three kinds of hostile design: modified, added, and removed. An example of modified hostile design would be a bench that has had bars added to it to make it less comfortable to sleep on. Added hostile design is the act of adding hostile elements to a public space by building new structures in it. An example of added hostile design would include antihomeless spikes placed on the steps of shops to deter people from sleeping there, or hilariously, speakers that emit high-frequency sounds that only young people can hear, to deter youths from loitering. The last form: removed hostile design, is the sneakiest kind. This strategy removes structures from a public space to make that space less welcoming. For example, public spaces might remove drinking fountains or public restrooms to deter soliciting. This specific kind of hostile design is also known as “ghost amenities.”

Hostile design is a fairly controversial subject. Some argue that it is a fair and legal way to deter criminal activity, while others believe it is a harmful attack on the homeless populations of big cities. We at the National Association for the Advocacy of Homeless People are among those who believe that hostile design is not a solution for homelessness, and it should be removed from public spaces. First: it forces homeless people out of cities, where they would get the most help. Second: hostile design is inherently discriminatory towards the handicapped community, and third: it does not successfully deter crime.

We at the NAAHP are trying to build an infrastructure to help the homeless, who congregate most in cities. This is due to the large populations that live in cities and the lack of affordable housing available in cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Houston. Hostile design forces the homeless out of cities simply by making it harder for them to live there, which only makes it harder to provide the homeless with the services they need. The further the homeless population is from institutions that can help them, the harder it will be for them to get help.

Forcing the homeless population out of cities also fosters an attitude that leads to less initiative being taken to help the homeless population. Anti-homeless spikes and extra bars on benches in particular make it harder for homeless people to sleep or rest outside. Hostile design pushes them out of sight, silences their voices, and punishes them for being in a situation no one wants to be in. If we want to solve homelessness, we need to help the people who need it the most, not make life harder for them.

Hostile design doesn’t just hurt the homeless population. It also discriminates against the handicapped community. The very nature of hostile design is to impede certain behaviors, and so naturally the designs that classify as hostile tend to be inaccessible to the disabled community. The most obvious example would be the replacing of benches for leaning bars in the metro. Not everyone can comfortably lean, let alone stand for long periods of time.

Uncomfortable benches can also put strain on the bodies of many individuals, not just the handicapped.

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According to its deďŹ nition, hostile design is meant to deter people from committing crimes, but there have been no studies that prove that hostile design prevents theft, assault, vandalism, or arson. The most common forms of hostile design deter sleeping in public, skateboarding, and loitering. Skateboarding can cause damage to public architecture over time, but sleeping and loitering are more like misdemeanors than serious crimes. It would not be a jump to say that hostile design is put in place simply to remove homeless people and youths from public spaces.

So, to recap, hostile design hurts the homeless by forcing them out of cities, is discriminatory towards the handicapped community, and does not prevent major crimes.

People generally agree that homelessness and poverty are serious issues that need to be resolved, but there is also a narrative surrounding homelessness that all homeless people are either drug-users, criminals, or lazy vagabonds, leeching o of the generosity of society. If we really want to help the homeless population, we need to change the narrative, and that starts with you. Call your local representatives and ask them to support housing as a human right. If you would like to support the homeless population even further, consider donating to the NAAHP to help us continue the ďŹ ght against homelessness. Help support the systems that will support them, and you, if ever you need it. Thank you.

After a couple drafts I finally arrived at something my peers and I were satisfied with. I learned a lot about my style of writing, and in what contexts it needs to be tweaked to better communicate the ideas I wanted to address. My final draft is focused on arguing against the use hostile design in public spaces, and I made sure that any extraneous details I included related back to that topic. I made sure to not go on any long tangents this time as well, which I felt made my argument that much stronger. It was finally time to start filming. Oh boy!

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Hostile Design: Introductory Video Filming the introductory video for this project was a learning experience. I had to quickly master public speaking and communication skills as well as exercise my short-term memory capabilities. I also needed to overcome some stage-fright and awkwardness in front of the camera in order to deliver my lines correctly.

I also learned about the importance of filming the entire video from multiple angles. Though the video was short it did give me a good sense of how I would tackle the main component of my project: the video essay, which was considerably longer.

Editing the introductory video was also a learning experience. I had someone who had more experience with editing show me how to edit film. “Always edit to the eyes.� I learned a couple tips and tricks like how to remove white noise from audio clips as well as how to make transitions a little less awkward.

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Screenshots from “Introducing Hostile Design� by Camille Collette Full video can be found at https://vimeo.com/414017262

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Hostile Design: The Video From filming the introductory video I knew I wanted to change the lighting for my main video. Having the harsh, yellow light from an indoor ceiling lamp beaming down on my forehead was not the most flattering option.

I opted instead for a lamp that would produce soft, white lighting, while also keeping another light on in the room next to me so mimic reflective light. The effect mimics that of soft daylight.

You may have never known it, but all of the filming was done at night.

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Screenshots from “Hostile Design” by Camille Collette Full video can be found at https://vimeo.com/414019341

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Screenshots from “Hostile Design� by Camille Collette

Screenshots from “Hostile Design� by Camille Collette

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Hostile Design: Bloopers As with all filming, these videos produced a delightful array of bloopers that I felt had to be shared. In sharing, I hoped to reveal more of myself outside of the context of the project. In editing this video I tried to exercise some techniques I had seen some youtubers use to make the bloopers more entertaining, like closing up on my face for comedic effect. Editing this video also gave me a fun break from editing the main video essay.

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Screenshots from “Hostile Design Bloopers” by Camille Collette Full video can be found at https://vimeo.com/414021050

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Hostile Design: Credits & Epilogue Below you will find the works cited I have made for my video essay. I implore you to look into these resources if you are interested in learning more about hostile design or homelessness in general. All of these resources are available online so if you are stuck inside and itching for something to do check them out.

Works Cited Azariadis, Costas, and John Stachurski (2005) ‘Poverty traps.’ In Handbook of Economic Growth, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, vol. 1, Part A (Elsevier) chapter 5, pp. 295 – 384

Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. "Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 277:1185–92.

Chellew, Cara (2019). "Defending Suburbia: Exploring the use of defensive urban design outside of the city centre". Canadian Journal of Urban Research. 28: 19–33.

Ikegami, Munenobu, Michael R. Carter, Christopher B. Barrett, and Sarah A. Janzen. “Poverty Traps and the Social Protection Paradox.” NBER Working Paper Series, October 2016. https:// www.nber.org/papers/w22714.pdf.

Smith, Z.O. (2018). “Iowa City responds to bench critics”. Iowa City Press-Citizen.

Retrieved from https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/2018/12/06/city-responds-benchcritics-who-call-them-hostile-homeless/2217763002/

Smith, Z.O. (2019). “Iowa City Council discussed bench design to deter homeless in 2013”.

Iowa City Press-Citizen. Retrieved from https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/2019/01/11/ iowa-city-council-discussed-hostile-bench-design-back-2013/2548393002

“State of Homelessness.” National Alliance to End Homelessness. Accessed April 10, 2020. https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-ofhomelessness-report/.

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The curtains have fallen, the play is over, and I am graduating this spring into a world full of uncertainty. As of the time I am writing this book, it is still uncertain which companies will survive this economic famine, and whether or not I’ll be able to work remotely during the wait.

For now I will keep my chin up, and be thankful for the opportunity to still create a worthy senior project for myself and my portfolio. Thank you for taking this journey with me through The Making of Hostile Design, and I hope you enjoyed the videos.

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Aq gra uick ph loo ic d k i esi nto gn t stu he m den ind tw o ith f a big goa l

s.

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