Interior Design Thesis Volume I

Timeless Retreats

SAVANNAH MULLIN

Bringing back a youthful experience to older lives lived.

Savannah Mullin Bachelor of Science in Interior Design Virginia Tech Fall 2023

Table of Contents Introduction

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Mission Statement Programming Approach Executive Summary

Problem Statement

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Program Context Analysis of Findings

Interview

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Hanna Corley Claire Grabel Kristin Fields

Recommendations

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Goals & Concept Diagrams Programs Research Integration

Glossary Citations

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Introduction Mission Statement Programming Approach Executive Summary

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Mission Statement Timeless Retreats is being researched and designed in order to understand and create a boutique hotel chain catering to older individuals while bringing out a once young and adventurous lifestyle.

Most older individuals choose boutique hotels over larger well known ones, why not cater to their needs while allowing them to have fun?

With incorporation of light, playful textures and bold, dark accents, the space will come together to encapsulate a youthful tone.

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Programming Approach As this boutique hotel will encapsulate a space that brings back a sense of youth in old age, there will be plenty of spaces that allow individuals to relate and integrate with one another. Having opportunity to do activities is going to be a great part of the design. As for public spaces in the hotel, there will be plenty of wayfinding as well as areas of ease. Having a confusing or overwhelming space can be greater with those of older age. Keeping the area easy to move through with pockets of differing spaces, keeps a fresh yet sleek style.

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Executive Summary As today’s society grows and continues to be progressive in its technological ways as well as design ones, it is important to move with it. With recent events of economic decline due to the pandemic, small businesses declined and struggled to stay above water. With my research, I will propose a boutique hotel that caters towards older individuals, while keeping a youthful design sense. There are a lot of hotels that are becoming technologically advanced and do not have a sense of individuality within its spaces. These issues reinforce my idea of having a small boutique hotel that can cater to all.

Through my research, the location of New York City came quickly as there are a high volume of hotels in the area. Finding those that are going to be catering to the individual may be hard to come by as well as the lack of accommodations that particularly relate to older individuals. With this, beginning to find the problem at hand was very easily found as many articles and data states that most users of boutique hotels are those of older age.

With data of case studies, one in particular, Moxy hotels, has a very similar idea to that of my thesis. The space is for millennials and is heavily designed with fun and strong materials and colors. Young travelers and business people staying for a few nights are the target of the space. The hotel is equipped to target spaces for leisure, as well as comfortable space for work and necessary business meetings.

With the continued research being conducted through interviews by designers, it came known to me that the space I am to design must show off a classic and modern approach to design, while adding in touches of personality and individuality. With ideas from designers in a hospitality field, having the hotel keep individuals out of their rooms and into the space that is around them, is a hard task to come by, but one that can achieved through a careful balance of comfort spaces in apartment rooms but greater comfort in public spaces.

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Problem Statement Problem Context Analysis of Findings

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Context of Problems The site chosen for this thesis is located in the heart of New York City. This is a very noisy city, therefore acoustics will come into play very heavily. This will be important when it comes to choosing carpets and sound absorbing walls. The city is also a very fast paced environment, which means that having the lobby area a relief from the street is important. The space should feel like a great sense of relief from the outside busyness. The lack of greenery around the area will also mean that a biophilic design should be placed throughout. Lastly, New York City is no stranger to expenses. This will make the renovation process a rather hefty price. Using textiles and other materials that are sleek but affordable, will be most important.

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About New York City As the most populous city in the United States, New York City is always open and ready to be explored. It is composed of five borough: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island, each with its own unique characteristics.

It is estimated to have a population of over 8 million people, making this a high traffic city for many. The city has an extensive public transportation system, which includes the subway, busses, and ferries.

The city hosts many events and parades throughout the year and is known for its grand celebrations. Meanwhile, its cuisine is even greater. Its diverse culture and culinary scene offers a wide range of international cuisines. Street food vendors to five star restaurants, there are different options for everyone.

Public art is also a great deal in New York City. There are a wide variety of public art installations all over, from the bronze Wall Street Bull, to the “Love” sculpture in Midtown, the public art in the area plays a very large role in the city’s visual landscape.

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Site Historic Blue Moon Hotel 100 Orchard St. New York, NY

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22 Keys 8 Stories 15,620 SF Built in 1879 Located centrally in the heart of lower Manhattan, this apartment style hotel contains kitchens and balconies. The Historic Blue Moon is a hotel for the arts filled with details from an original tenement. This spacious site allows for 22 keys and a captivating experience.

Ground Floor

Exterior

Typical Bedroom

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Site The 1879 tenement is a refreshing change from the high-rises that pop up all over the New York City area. This hotel is located in the epicenter of downtown and is surrounded

by Little Italy, China town, Soho, East Village, and more. This soulful building brings character and body to the environment and to the user. “This is a brick and mortar masterpiece” stated by users. Blue Moon has been chosen by National Geographic as one of the 150 Hotels to check into. It is a hotel for the arts.

Typical Bedroom

Typical Room Floor These Large 300sqft rooms feature king sized beds and was designed around the original moldings and fixtures. A wonderful view of New York City is easily accessible from every window.

Superior King

Deluxe Double Queen

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Analysis What do Millennials want from hotel design? local artwork regional themes combined work/living/social spaces openness

Millennials represent the largest generation in America right now

Millennials spend 32% on luxury travel compared to the whopping 80% spent by boomers.

Digital Nomad Population Baby Boomer 12%

How can millennial expectations be met? experience over material digitalization upgrading Wi-Fi and internet

Millennials 44%

Gen Z 21%

Gen X 23%

Source: MBO Partners How are millennials impacting hospitality?

They are looking for something different. 85% like getting out of their comfort zones and trying new things while traveling. They are known as “all-in enthusiasts”

Average Travel Days Per Year

What are the top domestic travel destinations for Baby Boomers?

Florida California New York Texas Las Vegas

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Millennials

Gen Z

Baby Boomers

Gen X

What are the biggest travel challenges for Baby Boomers?

Health Family obligations Weather Disasters Getting down time Physical Limitations

Source: Expedia

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Analysis While interestingly baby boomers aged 65 and over most preferred to be the first to try a new destination (23%), and those aged 50-65 had the highest preference for being physically challenged during a vacation (10%).

80% Boomers spend 80% on luxury travel

65% 65% of Boomers say new experiences is the main reason for traveling

Older individuals gravitate towards familiar, predictable hospitality experiences. Most are retired or approaching retirement and have more than $2 trillion in spending power. They want easy-to-use technology and health and wellness options.

For the older demographic, they aren’t looking for just a high-quality place to rest their heads, but experiences that a hotel can offer during their stay. Additional services and activities can appeal to this large market of individuals.

Baby Boomers are the fastest growing demographic and will outnumber people under the age of 18 by 2035 for the first time ever.

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Analysis: 5 Design Trends for Baby Boomers

Lighting Due to aging, lighting becomes more important as your eyes have to work harder in the dark. Lighting can make a world of a difference, therefore, incorporating large windows and function lighting will be necessary.

Comfort and Function Furniture pieces will have to reevaluated to provide maximum comfort and accessibility. Barstools, certain coffee tables, and large furniture needs to be not only stylish, but comfortable as well.

Social Connection It is important to create spaces that give the opportunity to have intimate gatherings. There should be multiple dining opportunities to give complete control back to the users. Baby Boomers value their choice and control.

Contemporary Vintage Greenery and a botanical feel is something gradually growing with importance to Baby Boomers. Fresh colors combined with velvet textures and pops of bold prints is most appealing.

Accessibility The Baby Boomer generation are all about function. Allowing the majority of the spaces easily accessible and low impact is very important. Flooring changes may not be necessary, while available elevators are.

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Case Study I Hotel MOXY Kaunas

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Case Study and Findings Hotel MOXY Kaunas Center / Architectural Bureau G.Natkevicius & Partners Built in 2020 Architects: Architectural Bureau G.Natkevicius & Partners Location: Lithuania

First Floor

As for the architectural idea of the building, there was interwar architecture in the area surrounding. With large volumes and rhythm of openings, the area was found with interwar modernism.

It was to not be connected with its neighboring structures, but to be rounded and retracted from them. The glassy first floor creates an illusion of an extension of the street, while the large volume above replicates some city characteristcs.

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Case Study and Findings Moxy stands out for its youthful and vibrant environment. Its rough metal and concrete structures are visually softened by colored furniture, carpets, and textiles. Raw materials and hand crafted artwork makes the space feel exclusive and personalized to users.

Type Floor

The main customers are guests - both leisure travelers and young business people - staying at the hotel for 2-3 nights. In order to meet the needs of modern travelers and the fast pace of life, the hotel is equipped for comfortable work, meetings, and leisure, which allows guests not only to spend a great time but also to work or hold necessary business meetings without even leaving the hotel.

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Statement of Issues As the space will be designed mainly for those of the Baby Boomer generation, it is important to keep in mine the necessary ADA requirements. As for the Blue Moon Hotel, this space has many floors and has a very spacious floorplan. It will be important for users to have wayfinding as well as 5' turn around areas. The space will have easy to access elevators as well as very well operable rooms.

Having many types of seating is important for users to have options depending on their situation. The hotel will also have to keep up with the technological advancements while incorporating consistent features from the past.

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Interviews Hanna Corley Claire Grabel Kristin Fields

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Hanna Corley: Baskervill Architects

“Boutique hotels flourish as they are more catered towards a specific idea.”

Q: How can boutique hotels have a balance between modern design and nostalgia, while creating a comfortable and memorable space for older guests?

“Boutique hotels have a more custom experience.” Hanna spoke on behalf of boutique hotels flourishing as they are catered towards a specific idea. When it has a more custom experience it is easier to appeal to an individual.

Q: When designing, how do you go about the latest trends and innovations?

Depending on what the brand is, will show whether or not you can research the new and up and coming projects. With reps that come in, they talk about color forecasting and give a look into what is in the future. “As well as looking into new projects and seeing what they are designing.” Corley states.

Q: What are your thoughts about the future of hospitality design and how do you think it will evolve in the upcoming years?

Hanna states that there are a lot of branches to hospitality and they can all drastically differentiate. There is a split between those that go modern and more traditional. “Some just want a home away from home.” She states that you are always going to have a divide between those two avenues and keeping the space unique appeals to the older generation as well.

Q: How can boutique hotels appeal to the preferences of older users who seek personalized and unique travel experiences?

“Certain brands have very strict guidelines on how they design.” Corley states. She goes on to talk about how age generations expect to see these specifications. Making sure you stick to the older standards while appealing to the modern feel of todays world.

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Claire Grabel: OTJ Architects

“It’s important to keep a baseline of modern design as far as the technical side.”

Q: How can boutique hotels have a balance between modern design and nostalgia, while creating a comfortable and memorable space for older guests?

“Boutique hotels is all about the experience.” Claire states. She goes on to talk about leaning towards a demographic. In one of her projects, she explains how having an easy and stress free experience is most important. Having wayfinding and easy walk around room is important. It is possible to have a nostalgic, but modern approach.

Q: What kinds of social and recreational spaces can boutique hotels organize to encourage social interactions among older guests during their stay?

With these boutique hotels, a lot of these spaces are designed for people to stay in their rooms.

“It is a balance between having what people need, while encouraging users to go outside of that and visit other spaces.” Claire states. She says that’s there are flex rooms you can create with classes or spaces to offer things for people to go and enjoy. It’s important to offer these spaces for them to enjoy.

Q: When designing, how do you go about the latest trends and innovations?

Checking in on what other firms are doing is important. Staying inspired on what people are doing or following up on material vendors is key. She talks about how social media is key or even papers that these companies write regarding current designs. There is a fine line between trendiness and longevity of this design.

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Claire Grabel: OTJ Architects Q: What are your thoughts about the future of hospitality design and how do you think it will evolve in the upcoming years?

“I think how millennials and gen z become those who stay more in these hotels, they will start to cater more to what that demographic wants.” Claire states. Checking in and checking out has already changed to electronic.

Keeping the space local to what you are designing is something that a lot of people look into as well.

Ada Hotel: OTJ Architects

Q: How can boutique hotels appeal to the preferences of older users who seek personalized and unique travel experiences?

“There is a lot more leeway in the way of design in boutique hotels” Claire states. There is a specified person you are targeting and amenities you can offer or the experience that comes about. Think about the user experience and put yourself in their shoes.

Ada Hotel: OTJ Architects

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Kristin Fields: Baskervill Architects “– boutiques have the perk of no mandates and can create these experiences for their traveler easily.”

Q: How can boutique hotels have a balance between modern design and nostalgia, while creating a comfortable and memorable space for older guests?

“This is absolutely where we come in as designers. Researching the key traveler for the hotel and blending that with narrative of the location and history of the property creates that perfect synthesis that is inviting for all guests. The most important thing to remember is that key traveler and the “who” we are designing for. As long as that is top of mind the modern design and the nostalgia will be inviting for all guests old and new.”

Q: What kinds of social and recreational spaces can boutique hotels organize to encourage social interactions among older guests during their stay?

“While we don’t have much determination in the organization of activities at the properties, it is important for us to design seating vignettes and fun elements that encourage those social interactions, large and small. On the small spectrum, the general layouts of the seating elements must be inviting and promote chatter while creating comfort and zoning for different groups to sit comfortably within the lobby and bar spaces. We have also brought in mini nods to fun that will create conversation, for example in a recent Hilton bar renovation we brought in Instagram-worthy artwork that promoted selfies for the younger crowd. We were pleasantly surprised that after install we found those elements to be a top spot for the older guests to gather and have a laugh.

Q: When designing, how do you go about the latest trends and innovations?

“Trends are tough. We all would love to pull in the latest and greatest, newest things into our designs – but reality is that we have to be really smart and selective about what trendy pieces we pull in. With most larger hotel chains and franchises mandating a 7-year softgoods and 14 year full renovation cycles, we have to ensure the Ownership teams that any designs proposed will stand the test of a minimum of 14 years. We tread lightly with trends and lean more into blending them into classic elements, for example adding the funky pop of graphic wallcovering or color as an accent panel at the FF&E closet so if it happens to age horribly it is a feasible swap for the Owner to replace between renovation cycles.”

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Kristin Fields: Baskervill Architects Q: What are your thoughts about the future of hospitality design and how do you think it will evolve in the upcoming years?

“Hospitality has come SUCH a long way even since I jumped into the scene 10+ years ago.

While it continues to have the same basic elements in guestrooms, I think it will continue to push the boundaries and test travelers in the public spaces. We are finding an interesting balance to strike between ai and automation of service and still feeling the hospitable service in public areas. While some guests want that quick check in experience, they still want the smiling face of a bartender and inviting, buzzing lobby space. As designers, its going to be a tough challenge to solve for – but an interesting one.”

Moxy VB: Baskervill Architects

How can boutique hotels appeal to the preferences of older users who seek personalized and unique travel experiences? “ I think most boutique properties do just that. They create a mass appeal to young and old guest groups because they really use design as a way to personalize the guest space. This is tougher to do in branded, larger chain hotels – boutiques have the perk of no mandates and can create these experiences for their traveler easily.”

Moxy VB: Baskervill Architects

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Interviews Conclusion With the information gathered from both designers and survey information/data, it can be seen that boutique hotels have plenty of room to grow and create a personalized experience. From areas that push conversation to more intimate nooks, it is important to create a space that can accommodate all. For my thesis in particular, it is necessary to have elaborative spaces while incorporating safety for older individuals to use. Not only this, but having areas that they would be interested in.

With further research, we can see that areas of new experience are important and necessary.

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Recommendations Goals & Concept Diagrams Programs Research Integration Glossary Citations

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Diagrams & Goals Key Factors Goals for Timeless Retreats include: 1. Encourage socialization and engagement among users 2. Create a personalized experience for every member during their stay 3. Utilize wayfinding techniques to allow for easy movement throughout the space 4. Enable events and outreach events to users that bring them out of their comfort zones

Listen and include a hotel that caters to what the older generation is drawn to.

Be able to recognize that Baby Boomers appreciate adventure and to try new things.

Be able to identify the experiences that overlap in different generations.

What do they all want and where does it differ? How can you incorporate both Boomer needs with progressive Millennial ones?

Explore the different types of ways you can non-traditionally experience a hotel.

What are the special needs that Baby Boomers may ask, and generate new ideas that combine design and functionality.

Blue Moon Hotel Shell and design vision

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Programs Main Lobby

Main Lobby to Include:

Lobby Attendant Public Area Supervisor/ Desk Coordinator Area: 2000 sqft Occupant Load: 150 Guests and Staff

Main Entrance 20sqft Lounge/Lobby Seating 800sqft Concierge Desk 50sqft Front Desk Administration 100sqft Luggage Storage 180sqft Public Restrooms 100sqft

Restaurant

Restaurant to Include:

Hostess/Waiter Restaurant Manager Area: 1220 sqft Occupant Load: 60 Guests

Hostess Area 20sqft Kitchen 700sqft Seating 500sqft

Suite

Suite to Include:

Guests Area: 350 sqft Occupant Load: 4 Guests

Room 300sqft Restroom 50sqft

Spa

Spa to Include:

Spa Therapist Spa Manager Area: 1600 sqft Occupant Load: 20 Guests

Reception/Lounge 600sqft Massage Rooms 150sqft/rm Restrooms 50sqft

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Zone 1: Main Lobby Main Entrance Area: 70 sqft Materials: Stone, Carpet FF&E: Automatic Sliding Door Color Scheme: White, Black, Brown Lighting: Recessed, ambient Lounge Area: 180 sqft Materials: Stone, Carpet, Wood FF&E: Center Table, Bookshelves, Lounge Chairs, Coffee Bar, Sofas Color Scheme: Blue, orange, green, brown Lighting: suspended, accent, cove Reception Desk Area: 140 sqft Materials: Stone, Carpet FF&E: Reception Desk, Chairs Color Scheme: White, Brown, Blue Lighting: Recessed, Task

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Zone 2: Restaurant

Hostess Entrance Area: 70 sqft Materials: Stone FF&E: Host Stand Color Scheme: White, Black, Brown Lighting: Ambient Seating Area: 600 sqft Materials: Stone, Wood FF&E: Tables, Chairs, Booths Color Scheme: Blue, orange, green, brown Lighting: Suspended, Ambient

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Zone 3: Suite

Room Area: 300 sqft Materials: Carpet FF&E: Bed, Desk, Chair, Kitchenette Color Scheme: Blue, orange, green, brown Lighting: Recessed, ambient Restroom Area: 50 sqft Materials: Stone FF&E: Shower, Toilet, Sink, Vanity Color Scheme: White, Brown Lighting: Recessed, Accent

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Zone 4: Spa

Entrance Area: 70 sqft Materials: Stone FF&E: Entry Stand, Massage Tables, Lounge Chairs, Showers Color Scheme: White, Black, Brown Lighting: Ambient, Cove Spa Area: 1000 sqft Materials: Stone, Wood FF&E: Tables, Chairs, Showers, Massage Tables Color Scheme: Blue, orange, green, brown Lighting: Suspended, Ambient

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Architectural/ Wayfinding Features

Elevators Visually grand elevator area for easy wayfinding Area: 70 sqft FF&E: Lounge Space, Elevators Color Scheme: White, Black, Brown Lighting: Ambient, Recessed Signage and Wayfinding Large signage and floor changes for an easy flowing space

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Code Information & ADA In accordance with the New York City Fire Code, a comprehensive fire safety and emergency action plan in accordance with FC 401.3 shall be prepared for: 1. a high-rise Group R-1 residential buildings providing similar accommodation

There shall be posted on or immediately adjacent to the main entrance door of guest rooms in Group R-1 buildings and occupancies.

1. A visual representation of the location to each exit stairwell, the route thereto, and the number of doors opening onto the public corridor that must be passed to reach each such stairwell.

2. Location of manual fire alarm boxes.

3. A written description and/or visual representation of the procedures to be followed in the event of a fire, smoke condition or other emergency.

The International Building Code states the exit access design requirements for a Group R-1 Building. They must be enclosed, but numerous exceptions may be made in regards to Group number.

1. Exit access stairways that connect only two adjacent stories and do not open to other stories are not required to be enclosed.

2. Exit access stairways within a single residential dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-1 connecting four or fewer stories are not required to be enclosed.

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Code Information & ADA Door Clearances

Corridor Clearances

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Case Study II Bardessono Hotel and Spa

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Case Study Bardessono Hotel and Spa

Built in 2009 Architect: WATG Located in Yountville, CA 65,000 sqft

Bardessono Hotel and Spa has 62 keys and is a boutique luxury inn and spa located in Yountville, California. This inn was designed to be luxurious, yet sustainable. It has received a LEED platinum certification and was one of only four in the united states at the time. The hotel contains 940 solar panels which provide the space with half of its electrical energy.

Bardessono Hotel and Spa has many other sustainable elements including rammed earth sculptural walls and drought resisting landscaping. With 82, 300 foot deep geothermal walls around that heat and cool guestrooms, the sustainable effects that it gives off not only helps with the reuse and treatment of water for irrigation, but saves on excessive use of other harmful practices,

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Case Study The design approach of this high-end hotel was to keep it to a small scale in accordance with Yountville’s small-town feel. Guests can come in counter with the landscape and sculptures while traveling around the property and it can allow them to connect to the environment around them.

Of all that Bardessono Hotel and Spa has to offer, it is the stone that the space carries in through the walkway that shines in the realm of reusable materials. The Hotel sources this from the families former wine cellar and cut into panels for a modern, yet rustic experience. This space contains exponential levels of sustainable elements in the aspect of water, heating and cooling, and materials used throughout the space.

Dual-pane glass windows take advantage of natural light while controlling glare and aiding warmth during the winter.

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PR Statement Baby Boomers have been surveyed as the highest generation of people to use boutique hotels. My thesis boutique hotel should have adequate wayfinding for users as well as an individualized experience. Older individuals will have a more relaxing experience if the stressful parts of daily activities are eliminated. Along with this, there needs to be opportunities for interactions with other guests.

Many of the users of the boutique hotel may be coming along for a small getaway trip and it will be important to have areas that are great for communication with others.

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Glossary Term

Definition

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act: A civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.

Baby Boomer

A member of the generation born between the end of World War II and the mid 1960s.

Wayfinding

The use of signage, color, and other design elements to help occupants navigate a space.

FF&E

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment.

LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is the world’s most widely used green building rating system.

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Citations 100 Orchard St, New York, NY 10002 - historic blue moon hotel. LoopNet. (2023, November 7). https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/100-Orchard-St-New-York-NY/28827510/ Corporate Travel Community. (2019, December 12). Boutique Hotel Development is on the rise as travellers seek out more unique experiences, but what demographic is driving this growth?. Corporate Travel Community. https://corporatetravelcommunity.com/analysis/boutique-hotel-development-is-on-the-rise-as-travellers-seek-outmore-unique-experiences-but-what-de-585726 Use our space calculator to estimate your event’s needs. Heritage Center. (n.d.). https://heritagecenter.mn/use-our-space-calculator-to-estimate-your-events-needs/ LLC, A. (n.d.). Hospitality design trends for all generations of guests. Hospitality Design Trends for All Generations of Guests. https://blog.artonemfg.com/blog/hospitality-design-trends-for-all-ages Farazad, K. (2019, October 9). “hospitality for millennials”: By Korosh Farazad. Hospitality Net. https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4095391.html How millennials are steadily impacting the hotel, foodservice, and Hospitality Industries. How Millennials Are Impacting the Hospitality Industry | Kent State EHHS. (n.d.). https://www.kent.edu/ehhs/fla/hm/millennial-generation What do baby boomers look for in hotel accommodation?. Dawnvale. (2019, January 21). https://www.dawnvale.com/news/what-do-baby-boomers-look-for-in-hotel accommodation/#:~:text=Chintzy%20curtains%20are%20out%2C%20but,most%20appealing%20to%20this%20demogr aphic.

5 Interior Design Trends for Baby Boomers. Lodgecraft. (n.d.). https://www.lodgecraft.com/5-interior-design-trends-for-baby-boomers.html Architects, P. (2021, May 6). Adapting interiors to a baby boomer generation. Pi Architects | Senior Living Architecture and Design. https://www.piarch.com/blog/2019/3/adapting-interiors-to-a-baby-boomer-generation Use our space calculator to estimate your event’s needs. Heritage Center. (n.d.). https://heritagecenter.mn/use-our-space-calculator-to-estimate-your-events-needs/ What do baby boomers look for in hotel accommodation?. Dawnvale. (2019, January 21). https://www.dawnvale.com/news/what-do-baby-boomers-look-for-in-hotelaccommodation/#:~:text=Chintzy%20curtains%20are%20out%2C%20but,most%20appealing%20to%20this%20demographi c.

U.S. Access Board. Chapter 3: Clear Floor or Ground Space and Turning Space. (n.d.). https://www.access-board.gov/ada/guides/chapter-3-clear-floor-or-ground-space-and-turning-space/

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