ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ 3 เมืองประวัติศาสตร์ รุ่งอรุณแห่งอารยธรรมไทย

„πÕâÕ¡‚Õ∫·Ààߪ√“°“√∏√√¡™“μ‘ °—∫¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢Õß∫√√æ™π Sheltered by of Natural Citadels and Ancestral Wisdom

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Û√ÿàßÕ√ÿ‡¡◊≥·ÀàÕߪ√–«— μ»‘ “ μ√å ßÕ“√¬∏√√¡‰∑‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—‡¡◊Õß»√’ —™π“≈—‡¡◊Õß°”·æ߇æ™√

The Aerial Views of Three Historical Cities The Dawn of Thai Civilization

Muang Sukhothai Muang Si Satchanalai Muang Kamphaengphet

‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—¬ ‡¡◊Õß»√’ —™π“≈—¬ ·≈–‡¡◊Õß°”·æ߇æ™√ —¡æ—π∏å°—π∑—Èß„π¬“¡»÷°·≈–¬“¡ ß∫ °àÕ‡°‘¥ —Ëß ¡ ·≈– √â“ß √√§å¡√¥°∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡¡“°¡“Muang Sukhothai, Muang Su Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet had close relationships in both peace and war.

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”π—°æ‘¡æ凡◊Õß‚∫√“≥ Muang Boran Publishing House

À¡«¥ª√–«—μ‘»“ μ√å ISBN 978-974-7385-41-0

Photographers

√“§“ Ò˘ı ∫“∑ Price 195 Baht

Sakol Kasemphant Bansit Bunyaratavej

ISBN 978-974-7385-41-0 Àπ—ß ◊Õ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Û ®”π«πæ‘¡æå √“§“

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∫√√≥“∏‘°“√‡≈à¡ ¿“æ∂à“·ª≈ ÕÕ°·∫∫/®—¥√Ÿª‡≈à¡ §«∫§ÿ¡°“√º≈‘μ ·¬° ’/‡æ≈∑ æ‘¡æå∑’Ë ®—¥®”Àπà“¬

Õ¿‘«—π∑πå Õ¥ÿ≈¬æ‘‡™Ø∞å °≈ ‡°…¡æ—π∏ÿå ∫—π ‘∑∏‘Ï ∫ÿ≥¬–√—쇫™ ‘∑∏‘™—¬ ™¬ ¡∫—μ‘ ªî¬©—μ√ §ßÕ¬Ÿà ∏π“ «“ ‘°»‘√‘ °π°»‘≈ªá ‚∑√. -ÚÚÒı-Òı¯¯ ∑«’«—≤πå°“√æ‘¡æå ‚∑√. -Ú˜Ú-ıÒÙ-¯ ∫√‘…—∑«‘√‘¬–∏ÿ√°‘® ®”°—¥ Ú¯, Û ∂ππª√‘𓬰 ·¢«ß∫â“πæ“π∂¡ ‡¢μæ√–π§√ °√ÿ߇∑æœ ÒÚ ‚∑√. -ÚÚ¯Ò-ˆÒÒ (Õ—μ‚π¡—μ‘) ‚∑√ “√ -ÚÚ¯Ú-˜Û

Title English 3rd Edition Price Editor Photographers Translator Designer/Layout Production Color Seperation/Plate Printed in Thailand by Distributor

The Aerial Views of Three Historical Cities- The Dawn of Thai Civilization September 2009 195 Baht Apiwan Adulyapichet Sakol Kasemphant Bansit Bunyaratavej Sittichai Chayasombat Piyachat Kongyoo Tana Wasiksiri Kanok Silp Tel. 0-2215-1588 Thaweewat Press Tel. 0-2720-5014-8 The Viriyah Business Co.,Ltd. Tel. 0-2281-6110 Fax 0-2282-7003

ß«π≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘Ï¿“æ·≈–‡√◊ËÕß‚¥¬ ”π—°æ‘¡æ凡◊Õß‚∫√“≥ „ππ“¡ ∫√‘…—∑«‘√‘¬–∏ÿ√°‘® ®”°—¥ © All Right Reserved 2009 by Muang Boran Publishing House ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡¢Õß ”π—°ÀÕ ¡ÿ¥·Ààß™“μ‘ ¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“» Û ‡¡◊Õߪ√–«—μ‘»“ μ√å √ÿàßÕ√ÿ≥·ÀàßÕ“√¬∏√√¡‰∑¬. -- °√ÿ߇∑æœ : ‡¡◊Õß‚∫√“≥, ÚııÚ. Ù Àπâ“. Ò. ‰∑¬ -- ‚∫√“≥ ∂“π -- ¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“».

I. Õ¿‘«—π∑πå Õ¥ÿ≈¬æ‘‡™Ø∞å, ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√. II. ™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß. ˘ı˘.Û ISBN 978-974-7385-41-0 ”π—°æ‘¡æ凡◊Õß‚∫√“≥ („ππ“¡ ∫√‘…∑— «‘√¬‘ –∏ÿ√°‘® ®”°—¥) Ú¯, Û ∂ππª√‘𓬰 ·¢«ß∫â“πæ“π∂¡ ‡¢μæ√–π§√ °√ÿ߇∑æœ ÒÚ ‚∑√. -ÚÚ¯Ò-ˆÒÒ (Õ—μ‚π¡—μ‘) ‚∑√ “√ -ÚÚ¯Ú-˜Û ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ÿ«æ√ ∑Õß∏‘« ºŸâ®—¥°“√∑—Ë«‰ª/ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ΩÉ“¬»‘≈ªá ®”πß§å »√’π«≈ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ΩÉ“¬°“√μ≈“¥ ·≈–ΩÉ“¬ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å ªØ‘¡“ ÀπŸ‰™¬– ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ ”π—°æ‘¡æå Õ¿‘«—π∑πå Õ¥ÿ≈¬æ‘‡™Ø∞å ∑’˪√÷°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬ ¡æ®πå ‡®’¬¡æ“π∑Õß

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„πÕâÕ¡‚Õ∫·Ààߪ√“°“√∏√√¡™“μ‘ °—∫¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢Õß∫√√æ™π Sheltered by of Natural Citadels and Ancestral Wisdom

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Û ‡¡◊√ÿàßÕÕ√ÿߪ√–«— μ‘»“ μ√å ≥·ÀàßÕ“√¬∏√√¡‰∑The Aerial Views of Three Historical Cities The Dawn of Thai Civilization

‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—‡¡◊Õß»√’ —™π“≈—‡¡◊Õß°”·æ߇æ™√ Muang Sukhothai Muang Si Satchanalai

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Muang Kamphaengphet

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PREFACE

Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet were three important historical towns that had close relationships with one another.

They emerged and prospered during the 18th to 20th centuries, B.E. There is archeological evidence which suggests that before they became key cities at the regional level, communities had already been established there, perhaps since prehistoric times.

Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai, and Muang Kamphaengphet were endowed with natural resources such as minerals and forest products which contributed to their development. In addition, they were all located at the junctions of land and water transportation routes. It was possible to travel from these cities to other important centers during that period, i.e. around the 17th century, B.E. For instance, it was possible to contact Haripunchai in the north and Lavo, with its relationship with the Khmer Kingdom, in the south. On the other hand, Tak and other centers in the Salween river basin were accessible to the west and contact could be made with the communities in the Mekong river basin to the east.

The topographical features of Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet consist of mountains, and rivers which served as major communication routes, i.e. the Yom river in the case of Muang Sukhothai and Muang Si Satchanalai and the Ping river in the case of Muang Kamphaengphet. The interrelationship among these three cities can be seen from Phra Ruang Road, an ancient route from Muang Kamphaengphet to Muang Si Satchanalai, that facilitated communication as well as controlled and distributed water to prevent floods and promote agricultural activities.

The part of Muang Sukhothai that is presently known as the Old Town was extended from an even older settlement, which was located on the north side of Sukhothai in the compounds of Wat Phra Phai Luang, a religious monument in the Khmer art style which later became a Buddhist temple. Similarly, the city of Muang Si Satchanalai during its early period was in an area called 'Muang Chaliang' east of the present Muang Si Satchanalai, around the bend of the Yom river, with Wat Phra Si Mahathat, an important temple, situated at the center of the town. The fact that Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Sukhothai in their early days had been under the Khmer influence in terms of religious belief and architecture does not seem to indicate that these cities were under Khmer rule. It could have been the desire of the founders or the rulers of these cities to proclaim that their cities were as civilized as those of the Khmer.

In the 18th century, B.E., the community in Muang Sukhothai expanded southward. The geographical features of the city resulted in complicated city planning, with three layers of moats and dikes surrounding the city.

This is because Muang Sukhothai was situated on the plain between the Khao Luang mountains or the Prathak mountains and the Yom river. This was a strategic site suitable for the setting of a major town. In the rainy season, water from mountains flooded the lowlands near the river but not did reach the city itself. However, as the city was founded in a rather dry area, an irrigation system was introduced for use during the dry season. This consisted of moats, dikes, and canals. Weirs were constructed and

a number of canals and ponds were dug in the city. In many temples there were ponds, which were called 'Traphang'.

There remain traces of these water-ways which transported water from the Khao Luang along the canals into the city.

Muang Si Satchanalai expanded from the community at Muang Chaliang, where the Yom river ran parallel with the old city walls. One of the outstanding features of Muang Si Satchanalai is its natural fortresslike location, i.e. the Suwankhiri mountain and the Phanom Phloeng mountain at the center of city, and the Phra Si mountain surrounding the city.

Muang Sukhothai and Muang Si Satchanalai were situated together in the Yom river basin and had a relationship in their political and administrative systems to such an extent that they were referred to as 'twin cities'. Based on historical studies, it has been shown that the kings who ruled Muang Sukhothai had previously ruled Muang Si Satchanalai.

As for present day Muang Kamphaengphet, it started to develop as a community in the 19th century, B.E. In that vicinity, there were several ancient cities preceding Muang Kamphaengphet. On the west bank of the Ping River, across from Muang Kamphaengphet, was Muang Nakhon Chum and to the south there were two other smaller ancient cities - Muang Traitreung and Muang Thepnakhon.

One of the factors contributing to the development and significance of Muang Kamphaengphet was that the city was strategically situated between major kingdoms of the period - Muang Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Lanna. At the time, when Muang Sukhothai was at war with Ayutthaya, Muang Kamphaengphet was an important outpost of Muang Sukhothai. If Muang Kamphaengphet had been overtaken, Muang Sukhothai would have become vulnerable. Later on, when the Kingdom of Sukhothai declined, Muang Kamphaengphet still retained its significance as an important northern outpost to prevent attacks from Lanna’s army as it approached Ayutthaya from the north.

Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet were all devoutly Buddhist. There was a tradition of building their most important temples, known as Wat Maha That, with Buddhist relics enshrined in the principle pagodas.

In general, a conclusion could be drawn that Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet had close relationships in both peace and war. Together, they created, devised and accumulated a great cultural heritage in art, architecture and ideologies.

Some of the examples are the invention of Thai alphabet in the reign of King Ramkamhaeng the Great, the distinctive style of the lotus shaped stupas, the Four-Posture Buddha images, and the images in a walking posture. Consequently, the styles of both Sukhothai and Muang Kamphaengphet art have been recognized as two major schools in the history of Thai Art. Another cultural heritage was the ceramic ware called 'Khreung Sangkhalok'. These magnificent wares are considered works of art unique to Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Sukhothai. Sangkhalok wares became important exported goods in the Ayutthaya period, during the 21-22th centuries, B.E. They were exported to various countries in the region, near and far. The trading boom led to the development of an industrial level of production and Muang Si Satchanalai was so prosperous that it became an important economic city of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as well as a major trading point in intercontinental trade.

These ancient cities - Muang Sukhothai, Muang Si Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet, express the dawn of Thai civilization. They are not just ancient ruins, but roots of thai life and culture.

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Muang Sukhothai, an early Siamese state

‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—¬·≈–·π«‡¢“À≈«ß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∑“ß∑‘»μ–«—πμ°¢Õ߇¡◊Õß Muang Sukhothai and the Khao Luang mountains which are located at the west.

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‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—¬¡’°”·æ߇¡◊Õß·≈–§ŸπÈ”∑’Ë≈âÕ¡√Õ∫ ≈—∫°—π‰ª Û ™—Èπ À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ μ√’∫Ÿ√ §ŸπÈ”∑’Ë≈âÕ¡‡¡◊Õßπ’ȉ¥â√—∫πÈ”¡“®“°‡¢“À≈«ß ·À≈àß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘ ”§—≠¢Õ߇¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—Muang Sukhothai was surrounded by three layers of alternate city walls and moats.

These moats, referred to as "Triboon", collected water from the Khao Luang mountains, an important natural resource to the west of Muang Sukhothai.

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Muang Si Satchanalai, Among the mountains and the river - A Fortified city

¿Ÿ¡‘≈—°…≥åå¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߇™≈’¬ß„πÕâÕ¡‚Õ∫¢Õß≈”πÈ”¬¡ View of Muang Chaliang nestled in a bend of the river, Mae Yom.

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«—¥æ√–»√’√—μπ¡À“∏“μÿ ‡™≈’¬ß «—¥ ”§—≠¢Õß ‡¡◊Õ߇™≈’¬ß Õ“®®–‡§‡ªìπæÿ∑∏ ∂“ππ‘°“¡À“¬“π¡“°àÕπ∑’Ë®– ‡ª≈’ˬπ„À⇪ìπæÿ∑∏ ∂“π „ππ‘°“¬‡∂√«“∑ Õߧåæ√–ª√“ߧå„À≠à ∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥àπ√‘¡ΩíòßπÈ”¬¡π’È ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√ ´àÕ¡·´¡„π ¡—¬Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ Wat Phra Si Mahathat Chaliang, an important temple of Muang Chaliang, might have been a Buddhist temple in the Mahayana Buddhism before becoming a Dheravat Buddhist temple.

The principle Prang, standing majestically on the bank of the Yom River, shows traces of restoration in the Ayutthaya period.

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Muang Kamphaengphet, An outpost city on the Ping River

‡¡◊Õß°”·æ߇æ™√ ·≈‡ÀÁπ·π«°”·æ߇¡◊Õß·≈–§Ÿ‡¡◊Õß ¡’·¡àπÈ”ªî߉À≈‡≈’¬∫‡¡◊Õß∑“ߥâ“π∑‘»μ–«—πμ° Muang Kamphaengphet's city wall and moat are seen with the Ping River along their western side.

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The Aerial Views of Three Historical Cities The Dawn of Thai Civilization

Muang Sukhothai Muang Si Satchanalai Muang Kamphaengphet

‡¡◊Õß ÿ‚¢∑—¬ ‡¡◊Õß»√’ —™π“≈—¬ ·≈–‡¡◊Õß°”·æ߇æ™√ —¡æ—π∏å°—π∑—Èß„π¬“¡»÷°·≈–¬“¡ ß∫ °àÕ‡°‘¥ —Ëß ¡ ·≈– √â“ß √√§å¡√¥°∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡¡“°¡“Muang Sukhothai, Muang Su Satchanalai and Muang Kamphaengphet had close relationships in both peace and war.

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”π—°æ‘¡æ凡◊Õß‚∫√“≥ Muang Boran Publishing House

À¡«¥ª√–«—μ‘»“ μ√å ISBN 978-974-7385-41-0

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