Who Reads These Signs Anyways?

who reads these signs anyways? sarah samynathan

the c

count

homelessness at-a-glance

69% SF County

10% out of state

say that their biggest obstacle to obtaining housing is being unable to afford rent.

56%

7,499 total

21% other in ca

92% individuals

8% families

1 in 5 former foster youth experience homelessness within 4 years of exiting the foster care system.

40% of those in families have experienced domestic violence + 30% of them reported it was the primary cause of their homelessness.

Only 1% of the San Francisco homeless population are veterans.

88% of transgender respondents had reported previous experiences of domestic violence.

37% of female respondents had reported previous experiences of domestic violence.

30% of respondents identified as LGBTQ compared to 14% in the general SF population.

January 26, 2017

Every 2 years, the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) conducts a “blitz count” of the homeless in San Francisco.

It is conducted in one night (8p-12a) and covers all 47 sq. miles of San Francisco. The shelter count is conducted on the same evening and includes all individuals in shelters, transitional housing, and institutions (jails, hospitals, and treatment facilities).

district 6: 3,680 South of Market (SOMA), Tenderloin 49% of homeless in District 6 alone

district 10: 1,275 Bayview Hunter’s Point, Potrero, Visitation Valley 17% of homeless

3

2 5

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6

8

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9

7 11

10

age data

total population: age Under 18 years (13.4%) 18 - 34 years (30.4%) 35 - 64 years (42%) 65 years + over (14.3%)

13.4% < 18 14.3% 65+

general population: age

42% 35-64

30.4% 18-34

2% < 18 8.8% 65+

homeless population: age

38.5% 18-34 50.7% 35-64

16% < 18

age at first experience

50% 25+

34% 18-24

While the age breakdown is fairly consistent between the San Francisco general population and the homeless count, the amount of homeless over the age of 65+ is significantly less, due to the fact that the average life expectancy for those experiencing homelessness is 25 years less than those in stable housing.

Another surprising piece of data is that 16% of homeless individuals first experienced homelessness as a minor. However, as of this years count, they only make up 2% of the homeless population in San Francisco.

race data

race data: black and latino populations Hispanic or Latino (15%) Black or African American (6%)

homeless general

Black/African American homeless

general

Hispanic/Latino

general population vs. homeless

15% 22%

6% 34%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

When analyzing race data, I chose to explore the two ethnic groups that have the highest percentages of homelessness (Hispanic/Latino and African American) and compare their location and populations.

I discovered that the two ethnic groups are found most in the Tenderloin, which is known to be the part of the city with the lowest SES (socioeconomic status).

The most surprising data was how the percentage of African Americans in homelessness in San Francisco (34%) compared to African Americans making up only 6% of the general population.

income data

total population: income Households (less than $50,000) Households (less than $75,000)

When discussing income with the homeless, it is assumed that most homeless are unemployed.

While that is true, there are still 13% of homeless that are employed. That number is due to how high rent is in San Francisco. A one-bedroom apartment in the city costs on average $3,257/ mo. With these high costs, even someone who is working a full time job may not be able to cover the cost of living, especially if they are assisting their family financially.

10% out of state

previous living

21% other in CA

where are they from?

69% from SF County

Living arrangement immediately prior to experiencing homelessness: “33% of respondents reported that they were living in a home owned or rented by themselves or a partner immediately prior to becoming homeless”

8% from jails/prisons For those who were incarcerated, the highest chance of being homeless post-release would be indicated by SES. Those with lower SES are more likely to leave jail without anywhere to go and no way to reconnect with their social support systems that they had prior.

Jails rarely had resources to help those going through release to prevent this situation. (Street Sheet)

3% from hospital/treatment facility Modern Healthcare has started an initiative to help house homeless through the healthcare system as, “housing is a critical social determinant of health, alongside others such as availability of healthy food and safe neighborhoods. Homelessness leads to worsening of medical conditions, increased risks of injury and, ultimately, early death.”

duration + recurrence

12% 7-11 mo.

22% 1-6 months

length of current episode of homelessness

59% 1 year+

8% 30 days or fewer

75% of homeless (2017) reported that they had experienced homelessness previously.

48% of respondents stated that they had been homeless 4+ times in the past 3 years.

causes of homelessness

10% divorce/ breakup

13% argument/ asked to leave 12% eviction

15% alcohol/drug use

22% lost job

56% canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford rent

33% no income 25% no housing available 16% no money for moving costs

18% housing process is complex

obstacles to obtain housing

health conditions

53% of respondents reported that their condition limited their daily functioning This includes their ability to care for themselves, their relationships, hold and keep jobs, etc.

52% of respondents reported experiencing a food shortage within the past four weeks Even for those not experiencing a food shortage, the food that they usually end up eating is not nutritious. Food shortages can cause â&#x20AC;&#x153;increased prevalence of chronic health conditions, and preventing those that are already ill from improving health outcomesâ&#x20AC;?.

health conditions AIDS/HIV Related Traumatic Brain Injury Physical Disability

11% 12% 23% 29% 31%

PTSD Chronic Health Problems Psychiatric or Emotional Conditions

39% 41%

Drug or Alcohol Use

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10

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the pr

roject

intro, mission, + concept

introduction

Homelessness in San Francisco has reached a point of no return. With approximately 7,500 individuals living on the streets, something has to change. But while living there and continuing research, I realized that no matter how much money or resources that were being poured in, a majority of inhabitants very much despise the homeless population, seeing them as dirty, disruptive, or undesirable. Once this clicked for me, I realized this was the root of the problem and that this ultimately needed to be the point of change.

I worked in the Financial District of SF, the district that a majority of inhabitants commute into, and noticed the largest interaction, or rather the lack thereof, between San Francisco residents and homeless on Market St. I knew that my project had to show the realities of homelessness in contrast with the life that residents are used to; turning a blind eye to the issue as they grab their coffee and pastry and walk to work without even glancing to the homeless in fear that it would make them uncomfortable.

Today as designers we focus on the comfort of those that are desirable and act as if the â&#x20AC;&#x153;undesirablesâ&#x20AC;? will just disappear or head somewhere else. However, they are just as much our audience and clients as the wealthy San Francisco resident. The San Francisco landscape and culture is just as much theirs as anyone else. Therefore I am switching the narrative by making my client the homeless population and my intended audience the residents and businesspeople of the city.

The site itself is a 1.5 mile stretch of Market St. from the Civic Center/UN Plaza BART station to the Ferry Building. San Franciscoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Civic Center Plaza has one of the highest concentrations of the homeless, as it is a government building. Powell St. BART is ranked as the #1 most dangerous BART station for violent crime and is constantly inhabited by homeless populations. This is a scenario of correlation, not causation that many fail to realize. The terrain itself slopes gradually from 46 ft. above sea level down to 0 as it hits the water.

Overall, I hope to change the stigma towards the homeless. While you cannot win everyone over, I hope it gives a peek to the truth about homelessness while debunking myths about them. It is important to recognize the humans behind homelessness, as only then can true change begin.

the mission San Francisco has faced a growing homelessness epidemic over the last 50 years as a city and county.

There is an increasing demand for a solution but little involvement from the community to help fix the problem. Market St. has the greatest opportunity to display the real experiences of the homeless while also incorporating it into the daily fabric of San Francisco. This project will combine experiential art, psychology, and humanity into an experience to display the real challenges and dangers of being homeless in San Francisco.

the concept

An attempt to bridge the societal gaps found in San Francisco between the residents and the most vulnerable group, the homeless. While sharing the same landscapes, they do not share the same experiences and I wish to highlight those differences in order to break the stigma held against them.

goals + objectives

1

Raise awareness to the various ways that people become homeless.

1. Create signage that debunks myths 2. Display imagery of families, homeless youth, veterans, and chronic homeless 3. Information on mental illness 4. Information on rent and cost-of-living in SF in comparison to income 5. Videos featuring interviews

2

Highlight the dangers, challenges, and emotions that come along with being homeless.

1. Explore spatial compression and relief to create areas of high stress 2. Utilize visuals to create feeling of danger, unease, and paranoia 3. Utilize light and dark to create areas that imitate feelings of isolation 4. Make visitors feel a â&#x20AC;&#x153;this could be youâ&#x20AC;? situation 5. Have interaction between populations through experiences

3

Enhance the Market St. landscape to be an area for exchange of experience of ideas.

1. Employ homeless individuals to help clean up Market St. (Downtown Streets Team) 2. Reorganize flow of traffic and other sources of transportation to minimize circulation conflicts 3. Create areas of public space where width of walkway permits 4. Unite the aesthetics by choosing particular colors, materials, and furnishings to mark this as a separate area 5. Enhance BART stations to be a welcoming entrance to Market St.

4

Emphasize importance of understanding mental illness within homeless community.

1. Use sensory exhibitions to display the hardships of living with mental illness 2. Humanize those that suffer through putting face and name to illness.

3. Display lack of resources in SF shelters

5

Cultivate community spaces that provide comfort and promote equality and equity.

1. Develop pocket parks for relaxation and reflection 2. Provide furniture and design features that do not favor certain populations over others 3. Implement recycling centers for the homeless to benefit from financially

case st

tudies

lafayette sq

Oaklan

quare park

nd, CA

lafayette square park

mound “Visual separation allows many different users to enjoy the park in separate spaces and to avoid others with whom they might conflict” -The Field ASLA

“They’re all coexisting, and it’s precisely because the designer did what Laurie [Olin] and I would not have done.’

- Randolph Hester

“A decade ago the park was beset by maintenance problems, unsanitary conditions and drug use; at one point police tried to forcibly evict its homeless users. Community and social service groups protested and persuaded the city to launch a redesign that involved park regulars, as well as businesses, public safety officials and social agencies. (Bressi)”

“Just because many of the people are homeless, it doesn’t have to feel like an encampment. This is why I do public spaces. Who else is thinking about those guys in this way? And they take good care of it!” - Walter Hood (designer)

Design Features for Coexistence: - smaller separate areas for variety of users - mounds to block sight of “undesirables” - multiple restrooms

*one of the restrooms now has a barber shop inside for

those in need of a haircut - not formally designed - shade/rain structures

pershing

Los Ange

g square

geles, CA

Figure 4: (Stephens)

pershing square before

after

Pershing Square is located in Downtown LA, just a few blocks away from Skid Row. Skid Row is a 43-block area where the nation’s largest population of homeless sleep and live on public property.

The park has changed numerous times over the years but has developed a large population of homeless.

“Why can’t Americans just be honest with themselves and put the homeless in camps. Love thy neighbor, not.”

- Online comment concerning Pershing Square

When visiting Pershing Square, the thing that stands out the most is the shocking amount of homeless individuals that populate the space. The square has been uninviting due to the numerous amounts of homeless individuals and the smell of urine. Besides already being an aesthetically unappealing design, the homelessness present makes the space look even more poorly taken care of. Even with all the anti-homeless design features that the designers have purposefully implemented, the homeless have stayed.

Pershing Square’s Anti-Homeless features: - individual seat arm rails - curved seat walls - no shade structures

the

site

site location My site consists of a 1.5 mile stretch from the Civic Center/UN Plaza BART station to the Ferry Building down on the Embarcadero.

The walk would take approximately 45 min to complete and runs down Market St., one of the streets that bisects the Financial District from the SoMa neighborhood.

Ferry Building

Union Square

Ba

AT&T Park

ge

id

r yB

Powell St. BART

5 15 25 35 Civic Center/UN Plaza BART

45

topography

Embar.

BART

Montgomery St. BART

shade + weather

58.3°/ 46.3° 64°/ 50.6° 71.6°/ 57° 62°/ 50°

Highest density of shade cover

site photos: civic center to powell

site photos: powell to montgomery

site photos: mont. to embarcadero

site photos: embar. to ferry bldg.

user profiles

Chase, 22 Young Professional who just moved to San Francisco after college. Grew up in San Diego and is starting own life in the city.

Age/Family Cycle: 22, Single (unmarried), no children Gender: Male Family Size: 1 Income: $74,000/yr Housing Type: Apartment in Presidio Heights; sharing room Occupation: Business consulting Education: College graduate Ethnicity: White/Caucasian View towards homeless: Negative Social Class: Upper Middle-Class Social Group Status: Influencer, aspirational models Social Network Role: Information broker Personality Image: Successful Beliefs: Socially liberal, economically conservative.

Attitudes: Worked hard to get here, looks down upon those who are â&#x20AC;&#x153;lazyâ&#x20AC;?

Acceptance of Innovation: Early adopter Lifestyle Motivations: Status-oriented Lifestyle Traits: Young Digerati, Connected Bohemians Interests/Hobbies: Cooking, working out, Netflix/Hulu Media (read, watched, listened to): Apple News outlets

Patricia, 30 Grew up in Redwood City, moved to San Francisco with her husband to open a small business on Market St.

Age/Family Cycle: 30, married w/children Gender: Female Family Size: 3 Income: $70,000 Housing Type: Apartment in Glen Park Occupation: small business owner Education: College graduate Ethnicity: White/Caucasian View towards homeless: Negative; disruptive of business Social Class: Middle-class Social Group Status: Part of the crowd Social Network Role: Peripheral specialist Personality Image: Hard-working Beliefs: socially and economically liberal Attitudes: conflicted between liberal attitudes and upset at disruptions Acceptance of Innovation: Early adopter Lifestyle Motivations: Status-oriented Lifestyle Traits: Young Digerati, Urban Elders Interests/Hobbies: family time, going to concerts Media (read, watched, listened to): CNN, online news sources, twitter

user profiles

Karen, 25 Graduated from college a few years ago and commutes into Powell St. BART from Rockridge. Loves living in East Bay but hates the commute.

Age/Family Cycle: 25, single (unmarried w/no children) Gender: Female Family Size: 1 Income: $62,000 Housing Type: Renter; Shared house in Oakland/Berkeley Occupation: young professional at marketing firm Education: College graduate Ethnicity: White/Hispanic View towards homeless: Unbiased; agrees that disruptive at BART stations Social Class: Middle-class Social Group Status: Wanna-be, part of the crowd Social Network Role: Central connector Personality Image: Hard-working; economically smart Beliefs: socially and economically liberal Attitudes: Cares more about issues concerning the middle class Acceptance of Innovation: Early adopter Lifestyle Motivations: Principle-oriented Lifestyle Traits: Young Digerati, Urban Elders Interests/Hobbies: Working out, going out with friends Media (read, watched, listened to): Facebook, Twitter, Apple News

Richard, 42 Grew up in Redwood City, moved to San Francisco with her husband to open a small business on Market St.

Age/Family Cycle: 40, married w/children Gender: Male Family Size: 4 Income: $140,000 Housing Type: Owner; Home in Pleasanton Occupation: Established professional Education: College graduate Ethnicity: White View towards homeless: Thinks they are disruptive to his routine Social Class: Lower-upper class Social Group Status: Part of the crowd, aspirational models Social Network Role: Central connector Personality Image: hard-working; economically smart, family man Beliefs: More middle of the road politically Attitudes: Anything for his family to be safer/happier Acceptance of Innovation: Late mainstream Lifestyle Motivations: Status-oriented Lifestyle Traits: Networked Neighbors, Winnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Circle Interests/Hobbies: Family time, watching sports on TV Media (read, watched, listened to): News websites, cable news channels

elements + matrices

Inclusive design Equal furnishing Recycling centers Non-defensive design

Community Plaza space Reflection spaces Gathering/event Sunny spaces Shaded areas

Engagement Public art Gathering/event Signage and Wayfinding Landscape areas Sunny spaces Shaded areas

Circulation Bike paths Walking paths BART access MUNI access

schemati

ic design

concept map

Gathering + Conversation The Ferry Building A place for gathering, events, and conversation.

A place of appreciation for San Francisco and the future it has.

Reflection + Understanding Ecker Plaza A space to relax, reflect, and process. Flexible for personal use throughout all times of day and year. Open to all.

Education + Empathy Montgomery St. BART While most frequently used by commuters going to and from work, meant to educate and create empathy through installations.

Education + Empathy Yerba Buena Ln. Again, while used by commuters, the space will educate and create empathy through installations.

Equal Furnishing + Reflection Powell St. BART Creates a space for ALL people to reflect, be educated on equal furnishing and the role design has on social injustices.

Optimism SF Civic Center A space that brings together art, self-care resources, community, and gathering in a spirit of optimism for the future of San Francisco.

Education

Reflection + G

Education

n + Empathy: Fear

Gathering

n + Empathy: Isolation

ferry building Legend: 1. Decking with seating 2. Pavers with stories 3. Flexible gathering spaces 4. Ferry Building 5. Embarcadero BART 6. Recycling center(s) 3.

3.

1.

1.

2.

4.

6.

6.

6.

1.

3.

Legend: 1. Decking with seating 2. Water feature 3. Flexible gathering spaces 4. Ferry Building 5. Embarcadero BART 6. Recycling center(s)

circulation for tourism

gathering space

4.

2.

6.

recycling

conversation 1.

3.

ecker plaza

Legend: 1. Decking with seating 2.Water feature (under glass) 3. Planters

3.

1.

2.

4.

3.

1.

Legend: 1. Grassy mound 2.Water feature 3. Planters 4. Variety of seating

2.

water

variety of seating

reflection + relaxation

nature

montgomery st. BART

3.

4.

1.

1.

2.

Legend: 1. Educational installation (Fear) 2. Edu. installation (Isolation) 3. Mont. St. BART 4. Recycling

2.

3.

recycling 4.

educational installations

seating + furnishing Legend: 1. Educational installation (Bipolar Disorder) 2. Edu. installation (Isolation) 3. Mont. St. BART 4. Recycling

BART circulation

yerba buena ln.

2.

3.

1.

2.

1.

4

3.

Legend: 1. Educational installation (Bipolar Disorder) 2. Variety of seating 3. Ped. corridor

educational installation

4.

Legend: 1. Educational installation (Fear) 2. Edu. installation (Isolation #2) 3. Variety of seating 4. Ped. corridor

equal furnishing

circulation through

powell st. BART

2.

1.

3.

3.

4.

4.

3.

Legend: 1. Grassy mound 2. Flexible event space 3. Deck with seating 4. Garden space 5. Powell St. BART

2.

equal access

1.

mound

reflection + relaxation BART

community space Legend: 1. Grassy mound 2. Flexible event space 3. Deck with seating 4. Garden space 5. Powell St. BART

garden

sf civic center

2.

7.

3.

5.

3.

3.

8.

7.

5.

6.

4.

6.

5.

1.

4.

Legend: 1. Grassy mound 2. Flexible event space 3. Self-care resources 4. Community space 5. Art (to be brought in) 6. Central Axis 7. UN Building

3.

self-care resources 1.

5.

community + conversation

2.

2. circulatory paths

Legend: 1. Grassy mound 2. Decks w/seating 3. Self-care resources 4. Community space 5. Art (to be brought in) 6. Central Axis 7. Reflective space 8. UN Building

event space

garden spaces

final d

design

process Empathy-Altruism Theory Empathetic concern produces altruistic motivation to help others.

“Observation of a person in an unfortunate situation can either produce empathetic concern or personal distress (guilt, etc.)”

“Empathy evokes altruistic motivation to reduce another person’s distress whereas personal distress evokes an egoistic motivation to reduce one’s own distress.”

Just-World Hypothesis “The belief that, in general, the social environment is fair; such that people get what they deserve. A just world is defined as a world in which people do get what they deserve.”

“The hypothesis is important because it suggests that people may treat certain victims badly, oddly enough, out of a desire to sustain their belief in justice.”

On Schizophrenia “Imagine turning on five television sets, full volume, tuned to five different channels and trying to follow the thread of just one show.

That’s what schizophrenia feels like.”

On Bipolar Disorder “I read this after sleeping for 18 hours and haven’t had a shower in a week and a half. It’s not even recognizing who you are sometimes.

It’s looking in the mirror and seeing someone else. It’s hiding behind silence so you no one will call you ‘crazy.’ It’s every emotion rolled into a ball and you wait to see which ‘you’ comes out first.”

“The reality is, we live in a free-market society. The wealthy working people have earned their right to live in the city. I shouldn’t have to see the pain, struggle, and despair of homeless people to and from my way to work every day.”

- Unnamed (Tech Professional)

market st.

Uniting the Site Market St. The link to all these disjointed spaces is Market St. The goal was to clean it up, include wayfinding features, and have common materiality along the streetscape.

ferry building plaza

Gathering + Conversation The Ferry Building A place for gathering, events, and conversation. A place of appreciation for San Francisco and the future it has. The main water element (process depicted below) represents the various ways that individuals become homeless and how society classifies them as one group regardless of their diverse experiences.

e Th ba Em a rc ro de

5 6

1

2 4

ar M

o er

ad rc

Water Feature Concept:

ba

Ferry Building

Em

Deck with furnishing

6

e

Water Feature

5

Th

Entry

4

t.

Marketplace + Recycling Center

3

tS ar

Vaillancourt Fountain

2

eu St

1

ke

tS

t.

3

NTS

ecker plaza

Reflection + Understanding Ecker Plaza A space to relax, reflect, and process. Includes a timeline of the history of homelessness told through benches. Flexible for personal use throughout all times of day and year. Open to all.

e St.

Sansom

1 Sutter St.

2

M

ar ke t

St

.

3

1 Timeline of Homelessness 2 Art Piece 3 Terrace (not part of site)

History of Homelessness:

NTS

1640: “Vagabonds” would have to prove “worth” in order to stay in towns; Idea that God would provide for the righteous 1729: Philadelphia passes law for locals to deport homeless 1889: Jane Addams starts the Hull House 1920: Chicago Fire, San Francisco Earthquake, flood (from Ohio to New Orleans) - displaced 1.3 million people Early 1970s: CA Government emptied state mental hospitals 1980: Federal Government funds $2 billion for homeless assistance system 1984: Reagan: “The people who are sleeping on grates...the homeless...are homeless, you might say, by choice.”

1988: Government slashed HUD budget from $32 billion to $7.5 billion between 1981 and 1988 2010: San Francisco Sit-Lie Ordinance (makes it unlawful, with certain exceptions, to sit or lie on a public sidewalk, or on an object placed on a public sidewalk, between 7AM and 11PM) Present: ...

montgomery st. BART

Education + Empathy Montgomery St. BART While most frequently used by commuters going to and from work, this space is meant to educate and create empathy through art. One (right) aims to create the sense of fear and distrust and the other (above) creating a sense of isolation from those around you using a one way mirror along the sidewalk.

ar ke t

St

.

ery St.

Montgom

3

3

1

M

Post St.

2

1 Fear Exhibit 2 Isolation Exhibit 3 BART Entrances

NTS

yerba buena ln.

Education + Empathy Yerba Buena Ln. Again, while used by commuters, the space will educate and create empathy through art.

One piece (above) is on the sidewalk that illustrates the disorienting effects of schizophrenia through auditory and visual over-stimulation. The second (right) illustrates the shifting perception of self that many with bipolar disorder experience by utilizing mirrors and light.

Stockton

1

2

St. M

ar ke t

St

.

3

4t h .

St

1 Schizophrenia Exhibit 2 Bipolar Disorder Exhibit 3 Community space with furnishing

NTS

powell st. BART

Equal Furnishing + Reflection Powell St. BART Creates a space for reflection while educating on equal furnishing and the role that design has on social injustices. Mounds have been studied by landscape architects in the past to explore the idea of visual barriers to allow parks to be open to all. These mounds are a play off of that idea. In addition, they pose the question of when is it appropriate to be laying on the ground?

Does it matter more upon the setting or the person?

nin St.

Cyril Mag

3

Eddy St.

r Cy

2

il M n

ni

ag

M

ar ke t

St

.

.

St

1

5t h .

St

1 Reflection space with furnishing 2 Mound 3 BART Entrance

NTS

Benches (actually) fit for a human: Benches have a weather shield that can fold up and protect from sun or rain.

civic center plaza

Optimism SF Civic Center A space that brings together art, self-care resources, community, and gathering in a spirit of optimism for the future of San Francisco. In this space, the main feature is an art piece that has 750 poles, each representing 10 homeless individuals in SF (total of 7,500 counted during the 2017 count). There are also spaces for community and gathering and a building dedicated to self-care where resources, showers, bathrooms, a recycling center, etc. can be found.

St. le ar Ch

McAllister

s J. en Br m ha

3

.

Pl

5

M

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tS

t.

.

Hyde St

4

2 .

Fulton St

1

5

M

ar

ke

tS

t.

5

5

1 Resources Building 2 Art Piece 3 Reflection Garden

.

St

Mockup of Pole:

h

5 BART Entrance

8t

4 Mound with decking

NTS

bibliography

Works Cited Allday, Erin. “The Streets’ Sickest, Costliest: The Mentally Ill.” San Francisco Chronicle.

San Francisco Chronicle, 29 June 2016. Web.

- Statistics on the topic of homelessness in San Francisco specifically Andre, Claire, and Manuel Velasquez. “The Just World Theory.” Ethical Decision

Making. Santa Clara University, 13 Nov. 2015. Web. 06 June 2017.

- Research and definitions on just-world theory Batson, C. Daniel. Altruism in Humans. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.

- Research on altruism-empathy theory Bercovici, Jeff. “Can A GoPro Help Build Empathy for S.F.’s ‘Extreme’ Homeless?”

Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 14 Apr. 2014. Web.

- Professional Contact for Homeless GoPro and Miracle Messages Bishop, Deborah. “The People’s Park.” Dwell. Dwell Magazine, 28 Feb. 2009. Web.

- Research on Lafayette Square Park, Oakland, CA Bressi, Todd W., and Ilaria Salvadori. “Lafayette Square [EDRA / Places Awards --

Design].” Places 14.1 (2001): 10-13. EScholarship. Web.

- Research on Lafayette Square Park, Oakland, CA “Design Resources for Homelessness.” Design Resources for Homelessness. N.p.,

2016. Web.

- Website that discusses how design can help change homelessness issue Duane, Daniel. “The Tent Cities of San Francisco.” The New York Times. The New York

Times, 17 Dec. 2016. Web.

- Research on topic of homelessness in San Francisco “Fair Landscapes for All Americans.” The Field ASLA. ASLA, 23 July 2015. Web.

- Research on Lafayette Square Park, Oakland, CA Fast Company Staff. “Landscape Architect Walter Hood Aims to Build Community-

Inclusive Spaces.” Fast Company. Fast Company Magazine, 10 Oct. 2010. Web.

- Research on Lafayette Square Park, Oakland, CA Hill, Kashmir. “Why Does San Francisco See to Have Such a Huge Homeless Problem?”

Fusion. Fusion, 18 Feb. 2016. Web.

- Statistics on homelessness in San Francisco “Homelessness 101.” Homeless Hub. Canadian Observatory on Homelessness, 2017.

Web.

- Database with many links and useful information on homelessness

“Just-World Hypothesis.” Psychology IResearch. N.p., n.d. Web.

- Research on just-world theory Knight, Heather. “What San Franciscans Know about Homeless Isn’t Necessarily True.” SF

Gate. SF Gate, 29 June 2016. Web.

- Research on homelessness in San Francisco Mitchell, Don. “The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and

Democracy.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85.1 (1995): 108-33.

JSTOR. Web.

- Journal discussing People’s Park, Berkeley, CA “People’s Park.” People’s Park Official Website. N.p., n.d. Web.

- The goals of People’s Park through the eyes of the people who protect it Pesky, Nathan. “Poverty and the “Just World Hypothesis”.” Pando. N.p., 13 Feb. 2014. Web.

- Research on just-world hypothesis Phelan, Jo, Bruce G. Link, Robert E. Moore, and Ann Stueve. “The Stigma of Homelessness:

The Impact of the Label “Homeless” on Attitudes Toward Poor Persons.” Social

Psychology Quarterly 60.4 (1997): 323-37. JSTOR. Web.

- Journal on stigma of homelessness and poverty “6686 Civic Disgrace.” San Francisco Chronicle: Beyond Homelessness. San Francisco

Chronicle, 3 July 2016. Web.

- Research and statistics on homelessness in San Francisco Stephens, Josh. “Los Angeles Seeks to Revive “Worst Public Space in America”.” Next City.

N.p., 10 Dec. 2015. Web.

- Research and opinions on Pershing Square, Los Angeles, CA Tempest, Rone. “It’s Still a Battlefield.” The Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times, 4 Dec.

2006. Web.

- Opinions on People’s Park, Berkeley, CA Waters, Rob. “Berkeley’s Liberal Image in Question amid Homeless Crisis: ‘The Soul of Our City

Is at Stake’.” The Guardian. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 15 Mar. 2017. Web.

- Homelessness in Berkeley, “Hilton for the Homeless” argument

thank you

sarah samynathan sarah.samynathan@gmail.com (949) 584-8808