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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thesis is an end of the academic journey and the start of the life outside academics. Each step on this path of mine had been a new experience in the story of my life, and as one’s life cannot be sustained in a solitary world, my story has been influenced by the efforts of numerous people. Research requires people to insert themselves into the world of knowledge and pick out the perfect ingredients in order to cook a blossoming dissertation. The only most important people who supported me throughout this path by playing the roles of guardians, were my parents who relentlessly had my side through the thick and thins of my journey. I am extremely grateful to Prof. Rajiv Kadam for being the perfect guide and mentor throughout the thesis and imparting bits of his infinite knowledge which led me to the successfully completing this degree. I thank my sister, Mili, for bearing me throughout the 23 years of her life; my friends, Aayushi Mody, Akshata Dalwadi, Jeny Dave, Kruti Shah, Kshitij Charania, Priyam Arya, Saumil Patel, Shivani Patel, Sneha Patel for existing and, unceasingly pushing and dragging me till the end of this path to salvation (finishing thesis is close enough). I would like to thank Shaurya Anand for his inputs. I thank Dr.Meghal Arya and Dr.Gauri Bharat for contributing immensely which helped me with the research. Sincerely, Sanskruti Suthar

Content • Introduction Aim Objectives Research Questions Methodology Scope and Limitations

• Chapter -1 : Library and informal interactions

1.1

Introduction of Library

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4

Introduction of Interaction

1.2

Library as a space Library as a place Library as a cultural element Library as a social platform

1.2.1 Importance of Interactions (in Library) 1.2.2 Types of Interactions 1.2.3 Informal Interactions in Libraries 1.2.4 Different age group and behaviour in Libraries

• Chapter – 2 : Case studies and analysis

2.1 Structure of Analysis 2.1 MJ Library , Ahmedabad. 2.2 Asiatic Library , Mumbai.

• Conclusion • Bibliography • Illustration Credits

63 66 67

Introduction What is Library ? By definition, Library is a collection of sources of information and resources . It provides access to books, documents and materials. Library is more than a space or place, it’s a concept. It is an environment that allows people to gain knowledge through books. The library is a service institution. A collection made accessible to group of people, community, or students. The library is defined by its contents and the society it serves. The accessibility and document collection defines the role of Library in society. But nowadays Library not just being a storage space for documents it has become so much more than that. Library has evolved over the years functionally as well as architecturally. In historical period libraries were medium of knowledge through the warehouse of books. As time passed it also became space to read and write. Initially the libraries were public then due to necessary of Libraries in academic zone , campus libraries were introduced. Libraries then became spaces where users would spend almost entire day. The architect’s main responsibility is to provide a potential environment, which provides effective physical settings for the behavior to occur. As a result, it is the combination of socio-behavioral aspects and design features, which finally defines a functional and successful social space. The extent up to which the potential environment fulfills its expected functions may be termed as ‘effective environment’. The study tries to analyse and establish a corelation between the physical environment and the activity and behavior occurring in the given setting.

Aim : The aim of this thesis is to analyze the spaces of social interaction in spatial organization of Libraries. Objectives : To analyze surrounding spaces as well as inside spaces of the building. To identify the public (informal interactive) spaces in libraries. To analyze social-spatial interaction in public spaces in libraries. Research Questions : The primary question would be which are informal-public spaces that allow library to become socially active ? The secondary question would be what are the factors which are responsible for the space to become informally active?

Methodology : The methodology followed for this thesis may not be a structured one but rather an exploration of related ideas developed from self experience and understanding of the case studies. The study has been carried out mostly through field study, observation and interactions along with it providing literature study to understand the ideas clearly. The informal interactions will be looked through the lense of types of activities , age group , usage pattern. Observation of the behavioural pattern will help further for understanding. Building’s spatial configuration and user response brings out certain patterns that helps to understand the nature of informal interactions. The analysis of the site will include •Literature review to understand theoretical framework •Base drawings of selected case study •On-site observations, interviews and photographs •Analysing to understand relationship between architecture and informal interactions •Activity mapping and understanding factors of usage •Spatial layout in architecture configuration to understand activities affecting informal interactions in library. Case studies selection criteria: In recent years contemporary libraries have designed recreational spaces which encourage informal interactions. For this matter I chose public libraries MJ library, Ahmedabad and Asiatic Library , Mumbai which belong to colonial period. Both buildings were built in time era when the concept of recreational spaces in building did not exist. Those buildings have been used by people from this generation on daily bases. Thus to study how people are occupying those buildings in today’s time is intention of this thesis. Scope and Limitations : Scope of this research involves around understanding through analysed qualitative data of various spaces having informal interactions in library. The configuration of built environment is described through selected parameters which varies in each case. This study will complete with set of general conclusion of time based informal interactions in the library. The observation is conducted morning , afternoon and evening having variety of age groups. The field study was done only during the week days and the observations have been documented by photographs and interviews. The observations on the site for both the case studies were only limited to few months of the year. This short duration does not give comprehensive view about the interactions and the activities happening rest of the year. Hence the analysis emerging out of it may not be absolute. The site study would only be limited to public libraries.

Chapter - 1 Library and Interactions

1.1

Introduction

Library

By definition, Library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and also access to a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. Library is the one institution, which has survived through centuries. The urban presence of the same has always been there even in difficult times of wars and riots. Libraries, in general, are mostly seen as the institute to give back to the society and to the improvement of the society and it has not been commercialized, as yet, as all the other institutes. Library is for resource sharing, to share and gain perspectives. It is an environment that allows the idea of a free speech as a principle. Library is free and open access to ideas and information which has the power to transform lives in a built community by building resilience and imagination. The British writer Caitlin Moran reacts to the closings of public libraries in London and in UK, in general, and she describs the Library. “A library in the middle of a community is a cross between an emergency exit, a life raft and a festival. They are cathedrals of the mind, hospitals of the soul theme parks of the imagination. On a cold, rainy island, they are the only sheltered public spaces where you are not a consumer but a citizen, instead. A mall-the shops-are places where your money makes the wealthy wealthier. But a library is where the wealthy’s taxes pay for you to become a little more extraordinary, instead. Library is a space where no one controls or dictates the users about what to read or where to sit. Users move easily between activities which are serious and non-serious and drift between life spheres and roles as a student, a friend, a family

member, a neighbour, and as a citizen. The library is a public domain, where most of the users are unknown to each other. Library become a platform that does not categorize its users by profession or as being unemployed, a millionaire or a poor, but all are library users. This makes the library an institution that is socially inclusive. The spatial organization of the library has an important role in the way libraries are formed positioned and maintained as social institutions The environment of the library, due to the vision and organization, allows its user to contemplate calmly with open mind to become more aware about discipline, identity of themselves and it also allows group/community reading spaces. Today in the digital age, we thrive to interpret and contextualize libraries. In the western part of the world where library architecture is becoming prevalent, we are yet to define and materialize the interpretations for ourselves for libraries The new information technologies has influenced the way of looking at the library and hence the functions library used to carry has also changed.

Types of Libraries We may recognize the following types of libraries: Academic libraries (school, college and university) Public libraries Special libraries It may be noted that the distinction between one type and another one is not always sharp. An engineering or medical college library can be considered an academic as well as a special library A school library serves the students and teachers. The objectives of a good educational system are to equip individuals to be able to play their role in the society effectively. A school library attempts to advance these objectives. A modern school library is supposed to serve as a resources centre. A university library is a part of a university set-up. In other words, a university library should aim to advance the functions of its university. The major distinction between a college library and university library lies in the fact that a university library lays emphasis upon research. A public library serves the public. A public library is expected to perform the functions of providing for recreation, information, inspiration and education. It serves the local community and is open to public without any distinction. Obviously the clientele to be served would cover a wide spectrum. It may include students, teachers, research scholara, husinessmen, professionals, housewives, sons, neo-literates etc. A special library is a one, which is specializing in a particular subject or group of subjects or a particular form of documents, Some people even consider libraries serving the needs of a special clientele (e.g. blinds, prisoners, patients, children, etc.) as special libraries. 6

Types of Libraries

Academic Libraries

Public Libraries

Special Libraries Figure 1.1 Showing different types of Libraries

1.1.1 Library as a space Space constantly encompasses our being. Through the volume of space, we move, see forms, hear sounds, feel breezes, smell the fragrances of a flower garden in bloom. Its visual form, its dimensions and scale, the quality of its light—all of these qualities depend on our perception of the spatial boundaries defined by elements of form. As space begins to be captured, enclosed, molded, and organized by the elements of mass, architecture comes into being.

Figure 1.2 showing the space of the library

Libraries are seen as a space of collection of books and more of the archives. Its primary function was to learn and read typically in a serious manner. The libraries provide quiet spaces, privacy and room to contemplate and opportunity to learn. The library as a sacred place is the once which is true to its most conventional meaning. The home or office library, where books are inclined towards the genre or the subjects, is also a sacred place where one can get drenched in the completely different world of words. Library also requires voluntary discipline inside the premises, without becoming overwhelming. 1.1.2 Library as a place

Figure 1.3 showing the space becoms place when humans occupy

Possibilities of informal and accidental meetings and interaction are the vital features of a library In the complex mix of cultures, ethnicity, generations meeting spaces are important to locate and due to the library practices and spatial organization of the libraries, they have a potential to become a meeting place for the community Ray Olderburg developed a theory called third replace, in which he describes home as a ‘first place, workplace as a second place’ and all other spaces where you feel sense of space, sense of engagement are described as ‘third place. Cafes, clubs, libraries, park and also traditional barber 7

shops are put in the category of the ‘third place The third place needs to be open and yet intimate which offers the something suitable for all the visitors In libraries, this theory also manifests as transition spaces between two or more activities spaces those have serious or casual or playful nature. In few libraries addition of cafe is also related to this theory.

1.1.3 Library as a cultural element The culture of space depends on the users, activities and perception of the users. Library is seen as a conceptualization or cultural model , and both as a medium and a product of social practice. Culture of a place refers to the physical or spatial location and how that area or place has changed over the time with existing architecture and human activities. So historically speaking a place could be inculted by the vision to enhance its cultural values in a particular group of spatial contexts within a city. The culture of any space has impacts of political , physical , social forces including technological developments over the time. Although important buildings like libraries help to build and create certain culture and keep it alive for years and years. And it is created and affected by Figure 1.4 showing the example of historical the location and features of its site and library which carries the culture of that it is influenced by the functions it holds region and the way it has been used over the years. The people around the libraries become the culture of that space and the other way that space becomes part of a culture of that community. 1.1.4 Library as a social platform Library receives various diverse users from different race, culture, economical background ethics-beliefs, age, interests, stages of lives etc. But library remains same for all its users, 8

users have the equal significance and access to the library’s spaces. Library becomes the platform to be equal. In the old libraries of Ahmedabad, there is a hall connected to libraries. It can be used for meetings for debates and talks, for cultural activities and also to be borrowed or used by study groups or for other programs. Library becomes the platform to revel the social activities “Library is place for all age group starting from the elderly gentleman to kids.” Libraries are largely contextualized by the social interaction it generates and by the community it serves. Most of the time libraries are built by the demand of the people or strategically located in at a certain location to inculcate the values that location need directly In the TED Calgary talk: The library is not a place, it’s a concept, by Bill Ptacek, he describes a library in Chicago with a tough neighbourhood where only handful of people would come with a very little interest in the library. As a children’s activity the library started Chess competitions and library was full with children and afterwards also the adults.

Figure 1.5 showing the social behavior in library

Library became a place where they would spend time playing chess rather than doing the disreputable things they were doing earlier Library does have the power and position to generate these kinds of activities in an appropriate environment provided by the premise it holds. By making community a part of the inner circle of the library, an ecosystem is generated that helps the community as well as the library In addition to these definitions which are largely based on the relationship between spaces functions/ activities and users/ community library is also a work place for many. And hence it should be as pleasant as any other work place.

1.2 Introduction of Interaction What is interaction? A communication or direct involvement with someone or something is generally defined as an interaction. Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. We humans are social beings/ species. Having a capability to understand the necessity of sharing information and experiences It’s further developed in our society due to culture and which were passed on to one another within gonerations.

Fig. 1.6 Group of people

Apart from daily routine interactions one needs to relax and pause as well. Before these daily interactions were usually at spots where people could gather for an activity. These places are called the third place ‘a home away from home, ‘where people meet and entertain themselves. These places are community places, senior centers, coffee shops and cafe, bars and pubs, restaurants, recreational centers, shopping malls, stores, markets, movie theaters religjous buildings, public libraries, parks, streets, neighbor yards, etc. Indian cities are densed fabric and flourished by the time, and most of them are not planned. But people have created their breathing places and areas for activities sometimes in common open spaces, sometimes in public buildings.

Fig. 1.7 Illustration by Mario Miranda

1.2.1 Importance of Interactions Interaction is a basic human need and as important as Air , Water and Food. It is not only for a human but also for animals. Each living being learns from his/her surroundings. Each human interacts differently according to their culture of society and believes. The definition says that interaction is “the process by which we act and react to those around us.” Dr Rose James, Assistant professor at University of Washington describes this as every individual grown, learned, doveloped got wisdom of all kind through this human interactions, Why is it important is something genuine for each individual, but there is the common basic significance and need! •Growth •Development •Social formationn •Sustaining ife as a sooal being •Cultural skils •Language development •Understanding diversity •Differences gain communication & listening •Developing skills for bridging And many more needs are filled by human interactions, its very easy to give hundreds of reasons “why human interactions are important”. According to Maslow Hierarchy Needs, humans need love and the sense of belonging right ater the need for personal between people and the physical environment safety. This shows how important human interaction is for humans to survive.

Fig. 1.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs 11

In Library: As libraries being a designed quite space formal interactions are visible. But besides those interactions , informal interactions do exist but in less amount. Libraries from older time were designed on basic three function bases. They were designed mainly for knowledge and educational purposes. As time passed other activities (formal/social) started incorporating with libraries. Digitalisation played an important role here. Libraries around the world needed integration of nonlibrary spaces to create an environment welcoming for everyone. As the result of this integration informal interactions took place in libraries. In some cases it was intentional, where in some cases it wasn’t. Informal interactions are equally important as any other formal interactions. Formal interactions are directly related to functions of library where informal interactions may or may not be dependent on functions. In the libraries where people spend 10-12 hours need rejuvenation. Informal spaces play major role to provide the same.

Fig. 1.9 What does library mean/do today

1.2.2 Types of Interactions Besides needing enough space in order to move about and perform various tasks, people react to space in a variety of ways Several researchers have defined the space surrounding the individual in terms of the limits within which people categorically respond .Intimate space is that area in which a person tends not to allow anyone to intrude unless intimate relationships are expected. Personal space is that area within which a person allows only selected friends or fellow workers with whom personal discussion is mandatory. Social space is that area within which the individual expects to make pure social contacts on a temporary basis. And, finally public space is that area within which the individual does not expects to have direct contact with others. 12

Fig. 1.10 Types of interactions

Intimate Area: There is a very Intimate area close to the body, within which it is possible to have physical touch, non verbal communication and emotional interactions. To gain such an intimate position one needs to be familiar with the other person. Even in the intimate space close to the body, the nature and level of intimacy is affected by the attitudes of the persons involved. Here due to the intimate relationship one senses the texture, temperature, moisture, vibrations, energy, etc.

Fig. 1.11 Distance relationship among people

Personal Area: There is an area immediate to the body that marks the Personal area. It is a zone of regulated and selective participation. This is an area where one can reach out through projection (expression), channels of communication, physically (through body limbs) or stretch out with gadgets (walking stick, stethoscope, etc.). Here the intimacy is regulated but it is not a private affair, unless some screening barriers are used to achieve the privacy. One can dwell in a culture or state formed of metaphysical elements (beliefs, customs, etc.), to achieve the same. Social Area: There is a zone of varying nearness. The nearness is defined by the position and duration of the eye contact, sound pitch and language call, olfactory sensation and body heat perception. The zone is used for sensing the time and space of happenings. The time (duration) and space (distance), are used alternatively to compensate the other. This is a zone of participation without personal involvement. It is also called a non-committal area.

Fig. 1.12 Distance relationship for any individual

Public Area : These are spaces beyond the current domain, like the street, neighbourhood, and such public areas. Here the ‘privacy’ is afforded by the familiarity of the surroundings and security of nearness. These areas have intimacy of the distance such as within the visible range, reach of shout or call, and the odour. These are part of the ‘home’ setting. Such public areas foster non-intimate group behaviour. Mothers allow children to play in these spaces, as these are under surveillance.

Vision Zone: The shape of the viewing area is Approximately as shown in Fig. Its size is always based on the size of the image to be viewed. The human eye can see detail only within a limited cone angle and the length of chord subtend with its distance from the observer. Thus an object 20 feet away and 6 feet long appears the same as a similar object 10 feat away and 3 feet long. The size of the viewing areas are determined by three dimensions as seen in Figure 1.8. The minimum distance 1 - which is the distance from the nearest part of the image to the eye of the closest viewer. The maximum distance 2 - which is the distance from the furthermost part of the image to the most detail viewer. Maximum viewing angle 3 - which is the angle between the projection axis and the tine of sight of a person located as far from this axis as can be and still see all image detail in proper brillance. Figure 1.14 illustrates the typical relationship between the human eye level height and the perceived floor plane. Commonly, the floor plane is below the vertical coneof-vision (28*) for a distance of 4 times the average eye level height of 1500-1650 mm (5 to 5 ft-6 in). In other words, a floor plane distance of 6000-6600 mm (20-22 ft) is typically within a pedestrian’s peripheral vision zone. As humans pursue the world by their basic senses, vision plays major role in their life. People tend to interact first visually and then they move forward. So whoever falls in the area of their cone vision , the possibility of interactions with those increases.

VIEWING AREA

Fig. 1.13 The cone of vision in plan

H = 1500-1650 mm (5’- 5’6” ft) W = 1200-1500 mm (4’ - 5’ ft)

Fig. 1.14 The vertical cone of vision distance of 6000-6600 mm

Types of Informal Interactions : Informal interactions are generally divided into major two parts which are verbal and non-verbal interactions.

Fig. 1.15 Major types in which informal interactions are divided

Non-verbal Communication: Nonverbal communication is that the method of communication by receiving unspoken messages. There are various ways people use non-verbal interface to send a message to others in society, such as speech posture, gestures, clothing, and consequences. It could also be conveyed through non-content parts of speech, such as voice quality, pace, pitch, volume, rhythm, and intonation. Gesture and posture vary by cultural context. It also includes messages communicated through material items such as clothing, hairstyle, etc. Even if people understand the signals, they are receiving, they will evaluate it by their experiences a knowledge.

Fig. 1.18 Non-verbal communication Fig. 1.16 The ways in which Verbal interactions take place Fig. 1.19 Verbal communication

Fig. 1.17 The ways in which Nonverbal interactions take place

Verbal Communication: This type of communication occurs when data gets transferred from one to another vocally. There are various ways in which people articulate themselves in space and communicate verbally. It majorly depends on number people engaging in a conversation and distance between them. The secondary factors which affect on verbal communication are background sounds and vocal characteristics of people engaged in a conversation. In this interaction generally people have occupied space informally and they are engaged in a casual conversation.

Informal Interactions in Libraries : In any given space people tend to engage informally in different ways. Generally individuals engaged with individuals form a group which encourage informal interactions. Similarly individuals engaging with group of people and groups engaging with groups create even bigger groups which allow informal interactions. In case of any library informal interactions depend upon different user group. Mainly users of any library building is divided into two groups staff and visitors. Possibility of informal interactions between visitorsvisitors and staff-staff is more than interaction between visitors-staff. staffvisitors interaction has larger possibility of engaging in formal interaction regarding inquiries, finding a book, queries.

Fig. 1.20 People and Informal Interactions

Important factors which affect any informal interaction in libraries are function of the space , layout, architectural elements and other elements. These four factors are highly related to one another but have thin line differences. These four factors allow people to occupy the space the way that they are occupying.

Functions of the space :

Informal interactions in any space is primarly depended on the function of that space. The amount of informal interactions varies with how much public the space is. When library started being built as an individual building, it had only three functions Book stacks, Reading area and Staff. Library used to be one functional building.

Fig. 1.21 Possibilities of informal interactions according to user group of library

When modern architecture started taking place in almost all buildings. It affected libraries as well. After digitalisation the use of libraries got decreased as people started getting required information online. This was the time when architects started encorporating different types of spaces under roof of library. Redefined functions of Seattle Central Library is great example for this matter. After 1990 multiple social functions were added in the

Fig. 1.22 Major factors which affect informal interactions

library which helped library to become socially active. Programs are not separated, rooms or individual spaces not given unique characters. As seen in Fig.1.26 books,staff,assembly, reading and parking were major functions in seattle central library . In recreation of this library roof terrace , gallery , store , mixing chambers , meeting rooms , coffee shop , conference rooms have been added afterwards. Ultimately, in this form of flexibility, the library strangles the very attractions that differentiate it from other information resources.

Fig. 1.23 Check-out Area

Fig. 1.24 Lobby Area

Fig. 1.26 Primary functions of Library

Fig. 1.25 Reading Area / Work Station

Fig. 1.27 Secondary functions of Library 17

Layout: Informal Interactions depend on the Layout of the building and layout of the spaces. In the manner the spaces are organised, decides how the spaces will be used. The way spaces are used by people, encourage informal interactions. After the existance of digitalisation and modern architecture, the plan itself started becoming complex after the integration of different spaces. But even after that there are contemporary libraries which have been designed with simplest form but encourages various interactions. Lilavati library by RMA Architects is one of the best example of such simple form. On the ground floor of lilavati library is completely open in terms of its function and accessibility. The exhibition space situated on ground floor has three access on all three sides which ease the access and its open to the citizens of the city. Exhibitions happening in this space attracts the people which eventually increases the visitors of the library.

Fig. 1.28 Ground floor plan of Lilavati Library

The small sitting spaces designed on sill level of the windows are most socially active places in library. This is how the simple layout and organisation could create interactive spaces.

Fig. 1.29 Exhibition space on ground floor

Fig. 1.30 Exhibition space in basement 18

Architectural Elements : The Urban Room is an interior main street between the library and the crescent wall. It is a vibrant urban living room that celebrates all seasons, and frames magnificent views of the city. It is flooded with natural light and activity.

Fig. 1.31 Arieal view of Salt Lake City Public Library

The outdoor plaza is anchored by an open-air amphitheater, set with the backdrop of the main lens of the library. The library, plazas, and gardens are places to celebrate the city. The outdoor piazza and lawns are the settings for book and art fairs and concerts. Urban life expands outdoors in summer and withdraws into the lightdrenched urban room in the winter. Atrium in inside of the library is an attraction for users. The informal seatings , vegetation under glass roof gives a feeling of openness in a big shell. In the outdoor piazza the bridge and poras structure below it gives enclosure to open amphitheater which encourages informal interactions.

Fig. 1.32 Showing informal spaces of Library

Fig. 1.33 View of atrium

Fig. 1.34 View of the outdoor plaza 19

1.2.3 Different age group and behavior in Libraries Everyone can recognize the fact that a person’s life traverses several stages infancy to old age. What is perhaps not so well understood is the idea that each stage is a discrete reality, with its own special compensations and difficulties: that each stage has certain characteristic experiences that go with it. Majorly a human’s life is divided into four different stages starting from children , youngsters , middle aged to old aged.

Children (0-15) : Children are the chief users of community/ open spaces. They may not be regular users of library as they spend their maximum amount of time in playing. Kids section do exist in public libraries but integrated with multiple playing/entertaining activities for kids. The key to provide children’s needs in a library is in the sensitive design of overall plan.

Fig. 1.35 Kids in the Library

Youngsters/Students (16-35) : Christopher Alexander calls this age the time of passage between childhood and adulthood. The balanced life cycle requires that this transition to be treated very subtle and embracing way. This is the age when most of learnings have been incorporated. As this age has maximum amount of students , libraries are generally occupied by them. They come to gain knowledge from books situated in library as well as they come to study as library provides efficient and sufficient atmosphere. Group sittings , group hanging out is normal with this age group. In regard to this , the key to provide an atmosphere where they can spend their entire day is by creating diversity in spaces to make their work well efficent.

Middle Aged (36-59) : This is age when most of the people are working or involved with any earning techniq.

Fig. 1.36 Students in the library

Most working people find very little time to visit libraries or even be socially involved. This age group is not regular visit group of library. They spend most of their time in work environment and remaining time at their home.They would only visit library if they get time from their daily work schedule or they are pursuing further studies.

Old Aged (60 & more) : This is the age when people get retired from their work and spend most of the day either resting or socializing. Public library becomes their one of important engaging place where they get opportunity to meet other people. Public libraries are place where senior citizens would come to read newspapers. They visit during mornings and evenings when they spend their time being socially active. They tend to occupy recreational/ open area in libraries and make library alive.

Fig. 1.37 Working class

Fig. 1.38 Senior citizens

Chapter - 2 Case Studies and Analysis

2.1 Structure of Analysis :

Understanding the concept of library context

Case studies selection (with selection criteria)

Background of case studies (Brief history)

Base drawings

Understanding different spaces of library

Activity mapping (3 different times of the day)

Identifying places where informal interactions occur

Detail analysis - Discussing the factors which affect informal interactions

2.2 Case study - 1

MJ Library , Ahmedabad

Figure 2.1

Site And Context : The library is located on Ashram road which is one of first road in new city of Ahmedabad. It is situated near Town Hall on a busy junction under a bridge which connects to walled city through Ellis Bridge. It is surrounded by roads with heavy traffic most hours of the day.

Figure 2.2 Location of the building in context of city

Figure 2.3 Location of the building in reference of river

Most of the buildings around the library are either commercial or office buildings. Commercial buildings are situated on the other side of the road. The placement of the library next to the Ellis Bridge and its proximity to the Sabarmati river makes the site a strong point of focus between the old city and new city. During the construction of the MJ Library , the city on the western side of the city was still under development. As it is located near by to the Sabarmati river , It provides services to the both parts of the city. Today as an over-bridge has been constructed right besides the library , gives an aerial view of entire building while crossing the bridge. Placed at the corner where two roads meet , provides two entrances to the building. Which also establishes the possibility of heavy traffic around the building. Here the front yard of this library becomes buffer zone which lower downs the noises and provides a quiet environment for library. The entrance on the north side is surrounded by hawkers and parking underneath the over-bridge. Where the entrance on east is more active as the road has heavy traffic almost entire day. Parking for vehicles have been provided in the compound.

Vehicular Moment Main axis of the building Main entrance points Figure 2.4 showing major access points to the building

The diagonal axis of the library and the orientation of the both entrances emphasize the corner where the building is situated.

Brief History : Maneklal Jethabhai Pustakalaya (M.J. Library) was founded in 1933 mainly for the purpose of preservation of the literature owned by the Satyagrah Ashram and Gujarat Vidhyapith. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi gave the suggestion to lay the foundation for a public library for the people of Ahmedabad and to retrieve the books. So initially the name of the library was gandhi Library after Mahatma Gandhi. Rasiklal Maneklal Jethabhai, son of Sheth Maneklal Jethabhai an established businessman of Ahmedabad contributed Rs. 55,000 to the establishment of the library in his father’s name and thus become the principal patron of the library.

Figure 2.5 MJ Library in 1945

The foundation for this library was laid on 21st September 1933 by Mahatma Gandhi and it was formally opened by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 15th April 1938. 9650 books of the Satyagrah Ashram were given by the municipality to the library and 8891 books by the Sastu Sahitya Karyalaya.The library felt small in the coming few years so new additions were added, in 1950. The building was designed by Claude Batley of Gregson Batley and king , an Anglo-Indian firm based in Mumbai and executed by his assistant Mr.Sharma. The library was built when there was a strong attempt to emphasize and define the Indian identity; at a time when the struggle for independence was at its peak. Claude Batley believed in using elements of past architecture of india along with elements of western architecture to evolve the definition of modern Indian architecture. Thus the initial part which was built in 1938 has essence of colonial architecture .

Figure 2.6 Proposed Plan of Gandhi Library (MJ Library) in 1938

Figure 2.7 Extension in plan of MJ Library in 1960

Current day : Daily Footfall at MJ Library

Timing of the library is from 7:30 in morning to 10:00 pm in night. It stays open for more than 14 hours containing books around 1,00,000. It provides a facility of bus which Kids (0-15) delivers books to respective residences Students (16-35) for handicapped and senior citizens. Middle Aged (36-59) Old (60 and above)

Figure Kids (0-15) 2.8 Students (16-35) Middle Aged (36-59) Old (60 and above) Kids Daily Footfall at MJ Library Students Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.9 Aerial view of the library

Figure 2.10 Main entrance of the library

Regular foot fall of the library is around 150200 people. It is mostly used by students and least used by kids. Old people mostly visit library to read newspapers. In the east corner of the building , the seating area is mostly used by elderly during mornings and evenings. Other than east corner almost entire compound is occupied by vehicle parking. The semi open spaces on north and east side is closed permanently because of security purposes. So now main building has only one entrance/exit. Visitors/staff who commute through cars are required to park outside of the compound , underneath the bridge. Initial library had two floors , some areas were double heighted with dome over it and new additional building is of three floors where one is basement. The addition block is constructed in such a way that there is a courtyard in between , which is a connector of old and new block.

Figuire 2.11 Informal sitting area on east side of compound

Figure 2.12 Ground floor plan of the library

Figure 2.13 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of Ground Floor

Figure 2.14 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of First Floor

Figure 2.15 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of Basement Floor

Figure 2.16 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of Second Floor

The main entrance is situated under the dome. The dispersion of movement happens from the lending area from where there is access to reading room, the stack division and through administration and exhibition area to the new part building. There is no separate staff entry or circulation. There are three internal staircases in the stack division and two staircases from the foyer area which reach to the balconies above the lending, reading and exhibition areas. There is one main staircase in the new part of building placed in the service core between the toilets. The circulation is confusing due to the internal changes made over the years and poor sign-age haphazard layout of functions. There exhibition space provided on the ground floor of old building which displays photographs of the history and heritage of Ahmedabad. Auditorium is provided in the basement , which is rarely open and there is a toys section for children on the first floor of the new building. The exhibition space is placed in transition space. The toys section is small and cramped and allows no play area thus it is nearly a storage space.

Figure 2.17 Reception desk at entrance

Figure 2.18 People reading newspaper in reading area on Ground Floor

Ground floor plan showing activity mapping during Morning Kids Students Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.19

Ground floor plan showing activity mapping during Afternoon Kids Students

Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.20

Ground floor plan showing activity mapping during Evening Kids Students

Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.21

Human Activities in the library : MJ library constructed and belonged to Colonial time when libraries were limited to major three functions which were book stacks, reading area and staff area. As it was designed in different time era but after 100 years it is being used by people of this time. Thus there are lot of changes which has been made to the building as per requirements but mostly interior. As the library is mainly used by students , spaces of the library is rendered with youngsters almost entire day. Students are mostly seen in reading area reading books or working on their own projects. During evenings they are seen near by to the chai corner on north side , gathered around vehicles under trees. Whereas in afternoon they occupy spaces inside the main building. Old aged people of the city visits library during mornings and evenings majorly to read newspapers. The time when they are not reading newspapers , they are mostly seen hanging around in the compound.

Figure 2.22 Parking area

The kids area in this library is situated on first floor that decreases the accessibility to the space. Plus the space is congested and does not have reading/play area. Thus kinds are almost never seen in this building. The staff of library is filled with middle aged people. Thus large amount of middle aged are seen in staff areas.

Figure 2.23 Reception area

Other than humans here pigeons are one of the important attraction for people. Civilians visit the building just to feed them , this activity expands through out the day. In overall plan the maximum activities are occupied in compound in most amount of day. Entrance foyer and reception area come second where else the reading area on ground floor comes third. Figure 2.24 Sitting area on east side

Figure 2.25 Plan showing the informal interactions of Ground Floor

Figure 2.26 Plan showing the informal interactions of First Floor

Figure 2.27 Plan showing the informal interactions of Basement Floor

Figure 2.28 Plan showing the informal interactions of Second Floor

Informal Interactions in Library: Through observation the places where informal interactions happen have been identified. In this diagrams the sizes of circles represent the intensity of informal interactions at different points. This analysis has been done keeping in mind the theory of fig.1.12. Which represents distance relationship. Here internal solid red dot represents group of people or proximity of people , where surrounding doted line represents possible required space for informal interactions.

Figure 2.29 Informal interaction in parking

In ground floor as seen in figure maximum informal interactions take place in compound mostly under the trees or semi open spaces. In the main building maximum informal interactions are observed in entrance spaces like entrance foyer and reception area. Intensity of informal interactions gradually decreases in spaces situated far from entrance. In first , second and basement floors informal interactions are spreaded evenly in spaces but mostly around the main staircase.

Figure 2.30 Bag drop off area at entrance

Figure 2.31 Plan showing five informal interactive spaces of Ground Floor

After observing informal interactions in entire building , five spaces are identified where major informal interactions take place. These identified spaces are situated either in the front yard of the library or reception area, which is old structure. In new block because it is situated far away from entrance decreases the accessibility. Almost entire old building has double volume which enhances the possibilities of natural light and ventilation. Where new block is comparatively darker. Thus the intensity of informal interactions in old building is higher specially reception area which has openings situated above. In compound , it is mostly occupied by vehicle parking. But there are places where it is highly crowded because of lot of reasons like the space being under shade of tree almost entire day , few formal seating arrangements , few informal seating created by parking.

Informal Interactions Categories Space

Cause

Responsible Elements

Function

Inquiry , Book transactions

1. Layout Reception Area

2. Entrance Foyer

3. Compound

4. Reading area

5. Tea post

Circular area without any obstructions

Architectural Elements

Columns, double height, furniture

Other Elements

Light

Function

Bag drop off

Layout

Other Elements

Semi-open Entrance, Circular space with circulation pathway in the middle Columns, openings, niches, double height in dome Parking , trees

Function

Parking , circulation

Layout

Two main access points on both sides

Architectural Elements Other Elements

Compound wall on one side and main entrance to the building in front Vehicles, trees and pigeons

Function

Reading newspapers/books

Layout

Other Elements

Long rectangular space with series of reading tables Continuous wall on one side and series of windows on the other -

Function

Hangout, tea

Layout

Long corridor space ending with a wall

Architectural Elements

Compound wall on one side and building on the other Trees

Architectural Elements

Other Elements

Space 1 : Reception Area Functions Inquiry , Book transactions

Layout Circular area created because of reception desk in center without any obstructions

Figure 2.32 3 dimensional view of reception area showing the dominance of elements which are affecting informal interactions

Figure 2.33 View of reception area taken from accessible mezzanine floor

Architectural Elements

Other Elements

Placement of Columns, First space visible double height, furniture through main entrance layout , connection with all spaces in the building , gender neutral

Reception area is easily accessible and first space situated after entrance , it is visited by everyone who enters the library as it is holding all spaces together. Reception desk situated in center of the space surrounded by columns , guiding people how to move around in the space. As seen in the plan central desk and two way circulation beside , creates two undisturbed corners. These corners provide enclosures which enhances possibilities of informal interactions. Near by the desk interactions between staff and visitors occur where inside the desk area interactions between staff and staff occur.

Not accessible area Skylight providing diffused light

Figure 2.34 Section showing height relationship , not accessible area and elements bringing natural light

Peripheral zone Cone of vision

Reception Desk Mezzanine Floor above

Staircase Entrance to book stacks Reception Desk Structural column

Online access place

Figure 2.35 Plan of reception area highlighting edges , visual zone of people and distances between them

Space 2 : Entrance Foyer Functions Bag drop off , Drinking water supply

Layout Semi-open Entrance, Circular space with circulation pathway in the middle

Figure 2.36 3 dimensional view of entrance foyer showing the dominance of elements which are affecting informal interactions

Figure 2.37 View of entrance taken from outside

Architectural Elements

Columns, openings, steps, niches, double height in dome

Other Elements Parking , trees

Entrance foyer is integration of open , semi-open and closed space followed by a dome. After passing three steps one enters into semi open space called bag drop off area. Where furniture is placed in such a way which creates narrow path in between. After passing through semi open space one enters into circular space with dome above followed by six doors where three doors are permanently closed. Three closed doors out of six creates corners in a circular space which provides closure and enhances possibility for interactions. The depth of dome and openness created by it plays an important role for the space to become interactive. People seem to be interacting , talk on their phones, have small chat because they feel comfortable in such undisturbed space.

Figure 2.38 Section showing distance height relationship , open-semiopenclose relation and elements bringing natural light

Bag drop off area

Not accessible area

Permanently closed doors

Not accessible area

N 0

Figure 2.39 Plan of entrance foyer highlighting edges , visual zone of people and distances between them

Figure 2.40 Main entrance

Space 3 : Compound Functions Parking , circulation

Layout Two main access points on both sides creates movement parallel to wall

Figure 2.41View of compound taken from east entrance

Figure 2.42 View of seating situated on external side of compound wall

Figure 2.43 People feeding pigeons

Architectural Elements

Other Elements

Compound wall on one Vehicles, trees and side and main entrance pigeons to the building in front

The entire compound itself is interactive space as it is placed on corner followed by roads on two sides , having openings from both sides. But the circular corner in this compound is most active , occupied with different activities at same time for example pedestrian using compound to reduce their walking distance, vehicle parking , pigeons , people standing in groups near by to their vehicles. As seen in the plan the seating spot on compound wall faces outside. People occupying the sitting may never can seen the building where compound is most interactive. During afternoon people find shaded and cold spots, thus they tend to gathered under the trees. Usually when people are parking their vehicles , this is the time when they encounter other visitors which establishes the possibility of interactions. People who come to feed pigeons everyday may or may not visit the library. Thus the compound of library is not just used for library related purposes where it is social place for the citizens.

People feeding Pigeons Seating place in compound wall facing outside

Figure 2.44 Section showing distance height relationship , levels , trees and pigeons

Pigeons

Compound wall

Vehicle parking

N 0

Figure 2.45 Plan of corner of compound showing emergence of different activities and correlation between them

After observing on site in every 10 informal interactions happening in compound , 8 of them happens while parking where else other 2 occur when people take break and come out to take a tea break.

Space 4 : Reading Area Functions Reading newspapers/ books

Layout Long rectangular space with series of reading tables

Figure 2.46 3 dimensional view of reading area showing the dominance of elements which are affecting informal interactions

Architectural Elements

Continuous wall on one side and series of windows on the other

Other Elements -

Situated on east side of the building , reading area receives natural light during early hours in the morning through bigger openings situated on same side creates pleasing environment for anyone to occupy. As the reading tables are located near the outer wall creates a pathway parallel to the edges in rectangle longitudinal space. Reading area is divided into two parts , a small niche created at the division becomes an undisturbed space creating a possibility for interactions.

Figure 2.47 View of reading area taken from entrance of the space

This space is occupied almost entire day although the amount of informal interactions is quite less as it is one focused space and basic rule to be quiet is being followed by everyone.

Display area

Figure 2.48 Section showing distance height relationship , levels , trees and pigeons

Not accessible mezzanine floor News paper reading area

Formal sitting area

Formal reading area

Staff table N 0

Figure 2.49 Plan of corner of compound showing emergence of different activities and correlation between them

Space 5 : Tea post Functions Hangout, tea

Layout Long corridor space ending with a wall

Architectural Elements

Other Elements

Compound wall on one Trees side and building on the other

Figure 2.50 View of north corner This corner of the library compound is least active although it has well sitting arrangements. This space is followed by parking on one side and dead end on the other. It has tea stall on the other side of the wall. People take their tea from above the compound wall , sit here and drink. This space is covered with trees and has a dead end which creates closure . This space is mostly used by students, As it has organised seating people tend to occupy it formally. In compound itself this corner is least occupied although it is well shaded and has enough enclosure. Comparitively it is far from other places on compound and visually isolated , thus it is occupied by youngsters. Never the less it has fixed furniture facing each other placed parallel to a wall which has 2 meter height , blocks most of the view.

Library compound

Figure 2.51 Section showing distance height relationship

Road

Library building edge

Sitting area

Compound wall Tea post

N 0

Figure 2.52 Plan of corner in compound situated on north side

Inferences : Informal Interaction Table Space

Closed

Minimal

Average

Maximum

Reception Area Entrance Foyer Compound Reading Area Book Stacks Exhibition Space Mezzanine Floor Staff Areas Services Storage spaces

1. In compound , which had well designed landscape when it was constructed , being used for vehicle parking now. Parking own vehicles itself is becoming an important elements which generates informal interactions further. While parking the vehicles, people tend to engage with others and also parked vehicles under the trees become hang out spot during day time due to shade . 2. In compound itself the intensity of informal interactions varies. The corner right in front of the library entrance is active because of pigeons , activity of feeding pigeons go on almost entire day which gives mystical sense to the space. The east corner which provides the facility of moveable furniture is more active than the space with fixed seating on north corner. 3. Inside the library , old block has larger openings with double height which increases ventilation. Thus the amount of informal interactions are more than new block. New building is dark and dingy with small openings, single height with circulation core placed on internal edge. 4. The library has designed permanent exhibition space when old block was being constructed in 1938 but after the new block established, it is used as circulation space , people hardly use it for interactions. 5. Through interviews and spatial analysis of the library , it is evident that rapid technological advancement has affected the real life libraries. The libraries of old times does not hold much activities in today’s time owing to people’s changing needs.

2.3 Case study - 2

Asiatic Library , Mumbai

Figure 2.53

Site And context: The town hall stands in the Horniman Circle (earlier Bombay Greens) in the Fort area of South Bombay. It is situated on longitudinal axis of main road. The area is not only located in the heart of the city but also has a profound historical importance. The Horniman Circle is located in a pivotal and a geographically important place which connects the commercial buildings of the North and the South. On the Western side of this building, there is a 17th century Gothic Cathedral of St. Thomas and the Eastern side is adorned with the resplendant Town hall. It stands glorified on a high platform with a magnificent flight of 30 steps which lead to the entrance of the building. The Doric facade is reminiscent of the ancient Greek buildings with the a set of grandiose columns. The East West axis dominates the location of the town hall with the grand entrance looking over to the West and similar elevations on the North and the South of the hall. Figure 2.54 Location of the building in context of city

Figure 2.55 Location of the building in reference of garden

The library sits in the central part of the building. The North wing is run by the Asiatic Society of Mumbai while the offices are located in the South wing. The building stands two storeys high on the East West axis. With a rectangular plan measuring approximately 200 ft. x 100 ft.

Brief History : Mumbai also known as Bombay is a metropolitan city built in 1800s by the Portuguese and later the British who colonised the city. They boosted the city’s progress during their administration, as it became more and more influential, people started to flock there until it became the financial capital of India. The city was primarily a fort and functioned as the navy base of the Portuguese. After the advent of the English in this Portuguese fort, it emerged as an important harbour town and an effective commercial hub for economic and financial trades. The British established Bombay as the social platform in the early 1800s owing to the trend of development. The Asiatic Society of Mumbai was founded as a public social forum building in the guise of a Town Hall with the intentions of also using it as a library. Sir James Mackintosh, a distinguished lawyer, jurist and public figure in England who became the Recorder or the King’s Judge for Bombay founded the Asiatic Society which was known then as the Literary Society of Bombay, it met for the first time on November 26, 1804. It was built through public and private funding.

Figure 2.56

Figure 2.57

With the main designer being Colonel Thomas Cowper, this building was constructed by numerous established architects and engineers such as Charles Waddington.

Vehicular Moment Main axis and entrance when it was town hall Main entrance points now Figure 2.58 showing major access points to the building

Current day : whole town hall functions as a library nowadays. The main hall constitutes the reading areas and offices on the ground floor. One of the flaws of the library is that it is not designed in such a way that lets the sunlight enter the premises. This requires the installation of artificial lights in the building. Wall fans are installed in order to compensate for the lack of air conditioning. Figure 2.59 Daily Footfall at Asiatic Library

Kids Students Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.60 Front view of the library

There are few internal changes made to the building while it was converted to library from town hall. Few of the spaces on ground floor has been permanantelyclosed. The ground floor currently functions as a location for the government office. The main hall on first floor has been converted into public library. North wing is run by Asiatic society which has its own library on first floor as well. The building areas are divided such that the first floor is open for the public as a library while the ground floor is occupied as administrative government official spaces. The original function of the town hall has been completely transformed and regenerated into a public library. The library has more than 1,00,000 and its timings are 10am-5pm. It is mainly used by students and elderly. The main access to the building was used to be from west side which is completely closed now. The access now is from north-south for safety-security purposes. Around 150200 people visit the library everyday.

Figure 2.61 Main entrance of the library

Figure 2.62 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 2.63 First Floor Plan

01 3

18m

01 3

18m

Figure 2.64 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of Ground Floor

01 3

18m

Figure 2.65 Plan showing the organisation of Four major functions of First Floor

Figure 2.66 Ground floor plan showing activity mapping Kids Students Middle Aged Old Aged

Figure 2.67 First floor plan showing activity mapping

Figure 2.68 View of the library Asiatic Library is majorly used by students and elderly. Central space is generally occupied by elderly who visit to read newspapers and daily magazines. Where else small reading areas created with help of book stacks are occupied by students as it provides enough closure and isolation for one to read. Maximum informal interactions take place on front steps. The location of this building is at a such place which connects commercials and offices. This front steps are directly connected to footpath which has become an attraction for working class to spend some time during evenings. As it is situated in “fort” area it is also one of the major attractions for tourists.

01 3

18m

01 3

18m

Figure 2.69 Plan showing the informal interactions of Ground Floor

Figure 2.70 Plan showing the informal interactions of First Floor

1 2

01 3

18m

Figure 2.71 Plan showing three informal interactive spaces of First Floor

Informal Interactions Categories Space 1.Front Steps (Near to columns)

2. Front Steps (Near to footpath)

3. Reading Area

Cause

Responsible Elements

Function

to access first floor

Layout

situated on west edge of the building

Architectural Elements

different levels with railing on one side

Other Elements

view of park in front

Function

connecting building with footpath

Layout

Other Elements

situated on west edge of the building parallel to road in front different levels with railing on one side and footpath in front View of park in front

Function

to read books/news paper/magazines

Layout Architectural Elements

Two main entrances on both sides , perpendicular axis in middle two raws of columns, elevated roof for daylight

Other Elements

Architectural Elements

After observing informal interactions in entire building , three spaces are identified where major informal interactions take place. These identified spaces are situated either in the front yard of the library or reading area. On the steps leading towards building is most active area as it is easily accessible and entrance above these steps has been closed . Almost entire old building has double volume which enhances the possibilities of natural light and ventilation. Thus the intensity of informal interactions in reading area is higher as it is naturally lit almost entire day.

Space - 1 : Front Steps (Near to columns) These openings followed by these steps were used to be main entrances of this building but after the hall being converted into public library the main entrance has been shifted to north-south. After talking to the staff it was found out that this major change has been done because of safety and security purposes. Because the main access has been changed , the steps remain isolated and undisturbed from basic functions of the library. Thus it enhances the possibilities of informal interactions at same spot. These steps are used by citizens during mornings and evenings where else during afternoon people shift to semi covered space created by columns. The front facade is mainly used a background for photography.

Figure 2.73

Figure 2.72

Library building edge Column of double height situated to provide semi open space

Steps leading to building

N 0

Figure 2.74 Plan of steps near to semi open space

Space - 2 : Front Steps (Near to footpath) This corner is situated far from the building and near to the footpath. Thus the steps which belong to first flight become the pause point for pedestrians. These pedestrians are mostly old aged people and working middle aged. Where else during evenings this place is most active. During evening while sitting on the steps one can have view of evening sun followed by lush green garden in front. When the library closes (5pm) visitors and staff come and sit on the steps and enjoy their evening snacks. Youngsters approach this steps during evenings with their cameras to click pictures.

Figure 2.75

Edge of staircase

footpath

Main road

N 0

Figure 2.76 Plan of steps near to footpath

Space - 3 : Reading area Multiple reading areas are spreaded in entire hall. Central reading area has long tables situated parallel to each other enhances the possibilities of larger group reading. Where else isolated reading areas occupy tables having possibilities of 4-5. Small reading areas are covered with book stacks on all sides provide privacy and quiet space. The central reading area is generally occupied by elderly to read newspapers/ magazines. Entire hall has been divided into smaller spaces with help of furniture layout. People tend to interact more in central reading area as it forms the transitional space due to the surrounding immediate furniture context. There are also the sub spaces formed within the area owing to the siting of furniture layout.

Figure 2.77 Central reading area

Figure 2.78 Isolated reading area

Book stacks

Reading tables

News paper reading area (standing) N 0

Figure 2.79 Plan of reading area

Inferences: Informal Interaction Table

Space

Closed

Minimal

Average

Maximum

Entrance Foyer Front Steps Newspaper Area Reading Area Book Stacks Hall on ground floor Mezzanine Floor (on second floor) Staff Areas Services Storage spaces MSWC Office Asiatic society Office 1.In case of Asiatic library, most informal interaction takes place near the steps at the library which were formally the main access to the building but now the formal entrance to the library has shifted on the other side. 2.The steps have been an important place for many visitors to just sit and may be have some interactions around or may be just take pictures there. Today the steps act as a background where interaction takes place. 3.The inside zones of the library which are accessible have a very poor ventilation system which makes it difficult for people to be in that space. 4.The public library situated in hall has diffused light flooding through openings in roof. The height-width ratio is in a such a way that the openness of the space makes one comfortable. 5.On asking the staffs regarding the decrease in the people visiting the place, it was found that the books in the library doesn’t much update with the trends so that has led to the decreasing usage of the library.

Conclusion Discussion : In both case studies main four factors which affect on intensity of interactions in spaces where informal interactions have been identified which are (1) functions of the space , (2) layout , (3) architectural elements and (4) other elements.

1. Function : The amount and location of any informal interaction is directly related to function of space depending on how less restricted function it has. In case of MJ library entrance foyer is most interactive space as it is first space when one enters the library. Thus is most easily accessible to people and layer of restrictions are none. Where else in case of Asiatic Library the most interactive space is staircase situated on west facade of the building. In this case main entrance of the building is not directly accessible from main road . It is situated on south side where space is narrow and amount of direct natural light is negligible . Thus the possibility of informal interactions at main entrance is none. Figure 2.80 Plan of MJ Library showing most interactive area

2. Layout : The layout of any space plays major role because it helps to identify pathway of movement on which informal interaction is passively dependent. Furniture layout encourages interactions. In case of MJ library in compound the east corner has informal seating area covered with trees. The layout of informal movable seating in a linear space provides opportunities for informal interactions. Thus that space is occupied entire day long. In entrance foyer space situated under dome have six doors but three of them have been closed permanently which establishes corners in a circular where informal interactions have been observed. In case of Asiatic Library the main hall which was central axis space , through furniture layout now there are two movement pathways situated opposite sides. This leaves central space undisturbed which encourages interactions in central space.

Figure 2.81 Plan of Asiatic Library 3. Architectural Elements : Architectural elements showing most interactive area like walls , columns , staircases , openings direct informal interactions. In both colonial buildings architecturally columns are major elements which plays important role in interactions as well. In case of MJ library in reception area corners situated on two opposite side provides enclosure which becomes a gathering place for people. In case of Asiatic

Library entire hall is naturally lit with help of skylights and openings in walls which encourage interactions. 4. Other elements : Other elements like landscape , animals , vehicles even plays major role to create s place for informal interactions. In compound of MJ library the activity of feeding pigeons happen on daily bases for entire day. People may or may not visit the library but they would visit compound to feed pigeons which provides environment for informal interactions. Old people sit under the trees , people would park their vehicles under the trees and site on their vehicles. In both case studies most happening areas are right at the entrance. One of the major affecting factor is its function and the place it is situated. Because of its function and placement it is easily accessible by citizens. In MJ library the compound plays the role of threshold connecting building to the main role. Whereas in Asiatic library building and main road is separated by pedestrian walk way which connects to front steps. Today in this era of commercialisation and globalisation , it is very important to create spaces that enhances social interactions. There have been multiple surveys done of offices where after creating recreational spaces it was observed that the work efficiency was increased. Man being social animal, there is need to have spaces which provides setting for making interactions possible. It is the humans who occupies spaces which helps to make a place from space.

Appendix: In both case studies interviews were conducted to understand the usage of the library as per the needs of users of different age groups. Semi structured method of interviews were conducted. There were - questions were asked. The interviews were conducted in month of march. In accordance with usage pattern and parameters for the use of library. The users were asked questions related to their age group , different reasons for them being in the library and how do they feel about the library. There were 20 people interviews including -male and -female. The age group of the interviewers varied from 18-65. There was a sequence followed to understand the usage pattern of the library over 5 years. To understand the in depth knowledge regarding the same there was a sequense followed right from security guards , staff , visitors of various age group. The interview questions were 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is the name of the person? What is the age and where do they come from ? far or near? How often do they come to library? Which other library do they visit? What do they feel about this library?

Bibliography : Published Books: Libraries a design manual by Lushington, Nolan & Others Publication: Basel Birkhauser 2016 . 263p. Date: 2016 Future concepts of library & information services : changes, challengs and role of library professionals by Danrita, J. & others Publication: New Delhi Ess Ess Pub. 2009 . 563p. Date: 2009 Unpublished Thesis: Libra(re)alisation : Evolution of libraries through time and context by documenting libraries of Ahmedabad by Shah, Stuti (UI3002). Architecture of public libraries as civic institutions : a study of public libraries by Patel, Antara Amar. Study of four modern academic libraries in India : generation of library form in the larger campus context by Singal, Apoorva Research papers: Buildings without electricity in early development of Mumbai City- A case study on Asiatic library building the town hall of Mumbai. By BARDE Saurabh, M.Arch RANE Amol, M.Arch http://www.plea2014.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Paper_4A_2780_PR.pdf Retrived on 15 February , 2019. Behavior in spaces by Gautam shah http://www.gautamshah.in/PDF/Behaviour%2017%20Aug%202013.pdf Retrived on 13 march , 2019.

Illustration Credits: Figure 1.2 - https://i.pinimg.com/736x/c6/27/9a/c6279a0056263a3def275f766100820b.jpg Figure 1.3 - http://world.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/library_11.jpg Figure 1.4 - https://secvlary.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/tumblr_ ljefozhkh41qicr7ho1_500. jpg Figure 1.5 - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/ women/2017/09/18/GettyImages-457207777_trans_ NvBQzQNjv4Bq3480UNUU8UfSxDSaY1n7MHg3Ouow98s8W0eJJv1ZTcU. jpg?imwidth=480 Figure 1.6 - https://i.pinimg.com/ originals/8e/2a/6a/8e2a6a5500d7508159c3161ed523637c.jpg Figure 1.7 - https://www.parsiana.com/uploads/Editor-Images/June%207-2017/Bawa%20 Musing%20003.jpg Figure 1.8 - https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow-5.jpg Figure 1.11 - From book Architectural standards Figure 1.12 - From bookArchitectural standards Figure 1.13 - From book Architectural standards Figure 1.14 - From book Architectural standards Figure 1.18 - http://1i1uzk29qpyovwq5s2t9ptd1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/08/Non-Verbal-Communication-Skills-Maintain-Eye-Contact_71004232_M. jpg Figure 1.19 - https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCgFTXowzWKXe M0IQeYScs7uDNMDxKVdkLA3pmd-wdMxt3tmiBrg Figure 1.23 - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn/572197a6e58ecea06b00000c-seattle-central-library-oma-lmn-photo Figure 1.24 - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn/57219734e58ece408a000007-seattle-central-library-oma-lmn-photo Figure 1.25 - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn/572198a9e58eced1af000002-seattle-central-library-oma-lmn-photo Figure 1.26 - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn/5721910fe58ece9438000003-seattle-central-library-oma-lmn-diagram-platforms-2 Figure 1.27 - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn/5721908fe58ece9e17000001-seattle-central-library-oma-lmn-legibility-section Figure 1.28 - https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5c6c/5818/284d/d151/2900/0450/ slideshow/Ground_Floor-page-001.jpg?1550604298 Figure 1.29 - https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5c6c/59d4/284d/d151/2900/0455/ slideshow/Image9_PC_Tina_Nandi.jpg?1550604731 Figure 1.30 - https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5c6c/59b6/284d/d1af/7400/08e2/ slideshow/Image5_PC_Tina_Nandi.jpg?1550604701 Figure 1.3 - https://safdie-staging.imgix.net/443da23f-e2f4-4a0c-815fc5b18bd8cbcf/01_B-F_SLC_aerial-1.jpg?q=50&ixlib=imgixjs-3.3.2&w=2880 Figure 1.32 - http://kurthuizenga.blogspot.com/2010/ Figure 1.33 - https://safdie-staging.imgix.net/17ce6faf-db28-467c-94942554a4f23250/02_4_SLC_GPowell_0163.jpg?ixlib=imgixjs-3.3.2&w=1800 Figure 1.34 - https://safdie-staging.imgix.net/d4348494-c4e8-470d-9fb0f2c1e33b8279/02_1_SLC_79157-FINAL_16X10.jpg?ixlib=imgixjs-3.3.2&w=1800 Figure 1.35 - http://clipart-library.com/images/pTodGxx7c.jpg Figure 1.36 - https://www.austockphoto.com.au/imgcache/uploads/photos/compressed/ group-of-international-students-reading-in-university-library-austockphoto-000095162. jpg?v=1.2.3

Figure 1.37 - https://www.austockphoto.com.au/imgcache/uploads/photos/compressed/ group-of-international-students-reading-in-university-library-austockphoto-000095162. jpg?v=1.2.3 Figure 1.38 - https://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/website/images/ subsites/library/libraries/people-reading.jpg Figure 2.2 - https://c8.alamy.com/comp/R912E1/urban-vector-city-map-of-ahmedabadindia-R912E1.jpg Figure 2.54 - https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSAq1df3GIb7xfdMcWMtNPlREgV_NB5qSXzRSgbLDRl5W5Jbn4i7g Figure 2.56 - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/98/cb/f4/98cbf414c594f3e4572509067539e3fc. jpg Figure 2.57 - http://www.plea2014.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Paper_4A_2780_PR.pdf

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