Sampriti Saha_Master's of Landscape Architecture Thesis

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TOWARDS IMPROVING STANDARDS OF LIVABILITY OF A CITY USING CANAL SYSTEMS AS A TOOL OF REVITALIZATION: A CASE OF KOLKATA

SAMPRITI SAHA MASTERS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THESIS, CEPT UNIVERSITY

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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content chapter 1: introduction...................................................................................................2 1.1: current urban issues 1.2: evolution 1.3: synopsis

chapter 2: context analysis............................................................................................18 chapter 3: typology analysis..........................................................................................25 chapter 4: observation and analysis of demonstration stretch.................................33 chapter 5: strategies for holistically improved canal edge environment................50 chapter 6: concept and intervention..........................................................................55

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

The wave of modernization is sweeping our metropolises at present.

Increased demand requires increased supply of food, housing and employment. In the process the infrastructure and resources supporting the city are becoming over burdened by this uncontrolled growth. Our changed livelihood push us more towards a lifestyle that deteriorates us psychologically and physically.

For Kolkata the growth in urbanization has taken a toll on various infrastructures of the city. The

reducing number of trees, the increased

air pollution, siltation of the main sewage canals leading to frequent flooding during monsoon and reducing public spaces of the city hint towards the decreasing standards of livability of the city.

this project aims to revitalize the existing network of canals of the city to improve the quality of life in it. To achieve this goal it is important that the canal edge be reimagined to be relevant for current times.

Map showing Kolkata Municipal Corporation area (KMC) and Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) located within the vicinity of the coast and close to the international border of Bangladesh (source: An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata,Subham Mukherjee, Wiebke Bebermeier and Brigitta Schßtt )

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Before 1756 1756-1793 1793-1856 After 1856

A CONJECTURAL MAP SHOWING CALCUTTA IN 1680

MAP SHOWING INCREASE IN URBANIZATION

Kolkata as we know today was a collection of 3

Kolkata was highly altered by urban prosperity during the British rule. Facilities like

(source: https://puronokolkata.com/2018/06/17/finding-dhurrumtollah/.)

hamlets; Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Ko l i ka ta , interspersed with

creeks and dense forest

which connected the Hoghly river in the west and Saltlake in the east. These creeks served drainage of stormwater and sewage along the natural slope which was then carried to the sea.

(source:An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata, Subham Mukherjee, Wiebke Bebermeier and Brigitta Schßtt.)

roads, canals and other infrastructures were built to support the rising need of Kolkata as a city. With continued development migration from surrounding areas inflated thus increasing the pressure on its infrastructure. During partition of 1947 the population of Kolkata spiked up due to the inflow of migrants from neighbouring country of East Pakistan. Over time Kolkata continued densifying with time, and thus the infrastructures of the city started failing.

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Map of Kolkata 1785, (source: British Library )

the map shows the water network of the region which were modified to create the network of canals existing at present

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1.1: CURRENT URBAN ISSUES

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1980

2010

1990

2014

7

2000

MAP SHOWING DECREASE IN GREEN COVER OVER 34 YEARS

(source: An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata,Subham

Mukherjee, Wiebke Bebermeier and Brigitta SchĂźtt.)

In recent times green cover has dipped at an alarming rate and now stands at a mere

4.79%

The minimum requirement of Indian cities is 15% and other metropolises like Delhi and Mumbai stand at 19.09% and 18% respectively.

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1990

2004

2000

2010

MAP SHOWING DECREASE IN OPEN SPACES OVER 34 YEARS

(source: An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata,Subham Mukherjee, Wiebke Bebermeier and Brigitta Schßtt.)

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Rampant development has reduced its open spaces in Kolkata to a bare minimum of 5.5% from 13% in the past decade This statistics include maidan, excluding which it would be only 3%.

The minimum requirement for Indian cities i s 1 5 % o f open space.

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Reduced air quality se e m s c o n s i s t e n t with the decreased green co v e r . thu s pressurising central kolkata majorly

REDUCED AIR QUALITY IN THE LAST DECADE

(source: West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Air Quality Information System, http://emis.wbpcb.gov.in/airquality/filter_for_aqi.jsp.)

Kolkata is a city which is already prone to flooding because of it geographical setting, being located on the floodplain of river Hooghly.

The canals are a major means of drainage for the city. However increasing pressure on the canals like

lack of desiltation and dredging, garbage dumping, risk of flooding in Kolkata increases.

PRIME AGENTS CAUSING WATERLOGGING IN KOLKATA

(source: Pluvial Flooding in Kolkata: A Case Study of the Major Streets in Northern, Southern and Central Kolkata, Deblina Mitra, Suranjana Banerji.)

DECREASING WALKABILITY IN THE CITY A recent survey by Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reveals that walkability index of Kolkata is

0.81, which is lesser than other

metropolises like Mumbai and Delhi. Walkability reflects the built environment and overall livability of any space.

It relates to security, comfort and attractiveness of any street. Over one fourth of Kolkata’s population are walkers however the street conditions are far from suitable for this purpose. Improving walkability in Kolkata would reduce its dependence on fuel to a large extent.

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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need for addressing the canal system The canal system of Kolkata is an approx.

1800 km

stretch spread throughtout the city like a network. This extensive length of majorly redundant spaces abused and neglected provide an excellent opportunity to be utilised for mitigating the current urban scenario It is itself is an existing network of green blue infrastructure laid on the city which serves crucial ecological purpose.

It is important

urban sewage infrastructure of the

city. Which turns gives huge financial benefit to the city, allowing it to work on only 2 waste treatment plants.

It is a

250 year old

water infrastructure heritage which

needs to be recognized to save its further deterioration.

PLAN OF WATER NETWORK KOLKATA AREA 2018 (source: Google Map.)

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1.2: EVOLUTION

Tolly Nullah and the south-eastern Calcutta suburbs of Alipore and Kalighat in 1860 (Photographer: Samuel Bourne , Source: British Library)

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata 1600

Bidhyadhari River a Northern Distibutary of the river Hooghly still functional.

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pre-independence redundant

active drainage agriculture

1700

1750

Hooghly changed its course speeding up deterioration of Bidyadhari defunct, and in the process also arresting the increase in the spill areas due to silt deposition.

As the process of delta formation stops the East Kolkata Wetland emerges in the low lying area and the drainage syste m based on the characteristic slo p e o f t h e c i t y towards the EKW emerges.

1773-75

trade

pisciculture

transportation

metro corridor TOLLY NULLAH The silted bed of Adi Ganga was excavated

by Edward Surman in 1773 was later reexcavated by William Tolly and connected to the pr e se nt C i rcu l a r Canal. This excavation diverted the water from Bidyadhari and sped its degeneration due to increase in siltation.

BELIAGHATA CANAL

1806-10

Abandoned in 1800, the Beliaghata Canal was re-excavated and transportation started along this route.

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata 1829-33 CIRCULAR CANAL

1897

Major Shalch had proposed a new canal for navigation along the original route of the Maratha ditch. This canal was extended from Chitpur to Beliaghata Canal.

1859

NEW CUT CANAL

BHANGAR CANAL Bhangar Canal was extended as a part of the Kultigong plan. At present it drains a part of the no rth K o l ka ta t h e new township of saltlake and the vast rural area abutting it.

1921

It was introduced between Dhapa and Chitpur to reduce b o a t t r a f f i c congestion in Beliaghata and Circular canal

KESTOPUR CANAL It forms the northern boundary of Saltlake was initially excavated to ease the water traffic on Beliaghata and Circular Canal and to eliminate a longer route.

In 1948 kestopur canal was joined with Bhangar Canal

ALTERATION OF EKW

1883

DWF & SWF CANALS Both channels run parallel to each other, excavated in 1939 and 1937 respectively as the main drainage artery of the city . These channels divided bidyadhari in two halves causing further degeneration

1928-43

Bidyadhari

was

abandoned and Kutli Outfall

Scheme

proposed. In the transition years the eastern marshes were utilized for sewage deposition this caused the marshes to change from salt water lakes to fresh water lakes.

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata 1945-60

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MIGRATION During the partition of 1947 the city saw an increase in the rate of inflow of migrants. Many

s

migrants ettled along the Tolly Nullah, Circular canal and New Cut canal as they were the available public spaces of the city.

t

Due to partition rade permit was discontinued and the canals lost one of their main function of trade.

1960-80

RECLAMATION To cope with the pressures of urbanization the marshes of Saltlake were proposed to be reclaimed for the new township of Bidhannagar.

1999-2001

METRO CORRIDOR Extension project of Metro Railway from Tollygunge to Garia was proposed to be taken over the Tolly Nullah. This caused the canal to be bisecte d wi th 2 0 0 p il l a r s a t interval of 20 m.

TOLLY NULLAH 2018

(source: SEARCH organization, Photograph: Anik .)

post-independence

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1.3: SYNOPSIS

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

aim A holistic approach towards Revitalization of the canal network to increase the standards of livability of the city.

objective To cater to the needs of decreasing social infrastructure of the city like public space, green cover, and lesser walkability.

Reimagine the canal edge to reinstate its past glory of cultural connection to the city

research question How can the canal corridors of the city be reimagined as a holistic system for it to be relevant in present times and serve as a breathing corridor of the city?

scope To develop a concept for the larger system and limit the detail design for a limited stretch of 1.8 km To design from a contextual and a more humanitarian perspective than a touristic one

limitation Although ecology is an important part of any canalfront development. In depth exploration of the same would not be the dealt in this thesis.

methodology

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

obstructed access to the market Patuli Floating market

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/kolkatas-only-floating-marketstruggles-to-stay-afloat/articleshow/65164463.cms

contradiction of imagibility Captain Bherry

http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/captain-bheri/

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potential of the strategy in recent times many government has attempted a beautification drive of the canals which aim to create a pleasant experience in the city along canals and other water bodies. however it may be noted that a holistic strategy towards revival of canals and mitigation of urban

non native species

obstructed acces to a walkway along a road

http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/captain-bheri/

www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/bridges-over-salt-lake-canal/cid/1414406

Captain Bherry

Eastern Canal Beautification

issues is yet to be seen, which makes it an “opportunity lost� scenario

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 2: CONTEXT ANALYSIS

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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physical layers The major and minor roads along canals in Kolkata indicate potential accessibility throughout the length of the canal.

Flowing through the busiest areas of the city treating the canals would benefit the ecological cultural and social well being would benefit these highly urbanised areas.

Water Green Road

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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elevation layer the canals follow the general slope of the land to carry the city discharge through the low lying areas of the east to the river kutli. these canals serve as the main connection drainage and if lost would amount to a huge infrastructural loss

water quality of canals as observed during survey (image source: author)

direction of flow showing major WTP and STPs Water Treatment plant

Water Inlet Point

Sewage Treatment plant

Pumping station/ Lockgate

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

vegetation From Marshland to a City: Once Kolkata was a marshy swamp forest extending from the Sunderbans. However as a result of massive urbanization since the 1600s today no forest remains in the Kolkata or the adjoining districts. Outside Kolkata swamps devoid of trees and large stretches of paddy fields exist with mostly planted trees. The only remnant of the landscape today are the historic spaces which have remained intact since its inception like the maidan, victoria memorial, trees on city streets. The vegetation of Kolkata with its natural evolution rightfully includes the native as well as the naturalised plants of the city.

Scientific Name

Common Name

Origin

Mangifera indica

Mango

native

Lannea grandis

Jiyal

native

Spondias mangifera

Amra

native

Leucaena glauca

Subabul

native

Diospyros cordifolia

Tamal

native

Scientific Name

Common Name

Origin

Diospyros peregrina

Gaub

native

Salmalia malabarica

Red silk cotton tree

native

Cordia dichotoma

Bahubara

native

Anthocephalus indicus

Kadam

native

Ficus religiosa

Peepul

native

Limonia acidissima

Wood apple

native

Ficus benghalensis

Banyan

native

Ziziphus jujuba

Ber

native

Ficus infectoria

White fig

native

Azadirachta indica

Neem

native

Ficus Rumphii

Golden Rumph's Fig

native

Zizyphus Jujuba

Indian plum

native

Ficus hispida

Hairy Fig

native

Ficus glomerata

Cluster Fig

native

Pandanus tectorius

Screw pine

native

Polyalthia suberosa

Bara chati

native

Flacourtia indica

Madagascar plum

native

Tamarix gallica

Indian tamarix

native

Acacia suma

White cutch tree

native

Moringa oleifera

Drumstick tree

native

Pongamia pinnata

Indian beech

native

Acacia arabica

Babul

native

Ficus religiosa

Peepul

native

Barringtonia acutangula

Freshwater mangrove

native

Syzygium Cumini

Black Plum

native

Hibiscus tiliaceous

Cotton tree

native

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata Scientific Name

Common Name

Origin

Scientific Name

Common Name

Origin

Alangium salvifolium

Ankol

native

Pterospermum acerifolium

Muchukunda

native

Morinda citrifolia

Indian mulberry

native

Dilennia indica

Chalta

native

Vitex negundo

Chaste tree

native

Dalbergia Sissoo

Shisham

native

Vitex trifolia

Indian privet

native

Kleinhovia hospita

Timanga Tree

native

Sapium sebiferum

Chinese tallow

native

Millingtonia hortensis

Indian Cork Tree

native

Ardisia solanace

Shoebutton ardisia

native

Phoenix sylvestris

Khajur

native

Calotropis gigantea

Crown flower

native

Cassia fistula

Amaltas

native

Solanum verbascifolium

Mullein nightshade

native

Cassia siamea

Kassod

native

Streblus asper

Sand paper tree

native

Albizzia Lebbek

Shirish

native

Trema orientalis

Indian Charcoal tree

native

Anthocephalus cadamba

Kadam

native

Trewia nudiflora

False White Teak

native

Mimosops elengi

Bakul

native

Antidesma Ghaesembilla

Black Currant Tree

native

Syzygium Cumini

Jamun

native

Litsaea monopetala

bara-kukurchita

native

Terminalia catappa

Indian Almond

native

Litsea chinensis

Indian laurel

native

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Jarul

native

Sterculia foetida

Wild Indian Almond

native

Delonix regia

Gulmohar

naturalised

Polyalthia longifolia

Ashok

native

Borassus flabellifer

Taal

naturalised

Salmalia malabarica

Silk Cotton Tree

native

Swietenia macrophylla

Big Leaf Mahogony

naturalised

Schleichera oleosa

Kusum

native

castanospermum australe

Moreton Bay Chestnut

naturalised

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Kathal

native

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Copperpod

naturalised

Putranjiva roxburghii

Child Life Tree

native

Colvillea racemosa

Colville's Glory

naturalised

Tectona Hamiltoniana

Dahat Teak

naturalized

Samanea saman

Rain Tree

naturalised

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

soil layer

Gangetic alluvial region (Murshidabad, Nadia, Hoogly, Burdwan and North 24 Parganas)

Avg Rainfall: 375mm Wettest Month: July

Origin: Gangetic alluvium

Avg Temperature: 30.4 °C Maximum Temperature: 40 °C Minimum Temperature: 9 °C – 11 °C Warmest month: May Coolest month: January

Deep neutral soil Most fertile soil of West Bengal

Brown Forest Soil Terai Teesta alluvial region Gangetic alluvial region

Avg Daylight hour i n Summer: 13hr Avg Daylight hour i n Winter: 11 hr

Vindhya alluvial region Coastal region Red and Laterite Gravelly Source: Author data source: Soils of West Bengal. P. Chakraborty, Ms S Chakraborty

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The climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall during the monsoon. Hence factors like shade and flooding should be considered when providing any solutions for the future.

Slum Population 32% Average family income/month 1685-3370rs

Majority of people interacting with the canal regularly are from weaker economic background.

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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cultural identity

cultural identity of a place are the factors that bind a community together. kolkata like many other places is defined and understood through its culture of durga puja, college street, theatre, coffee house, new market, book fair, neighbouhood sports and adda. these when understood as elements help us decode the relationship between successful public spaces and the people.

festivals

shopping streets sports

food adda

public events small scale gatherings

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 3: TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

circular canal

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The canal passes through the highly urbanised city core, edge is encroached by slum and used for activities related to household, small scale business and parking while the surrounding land use mixed. The streets abutting the canal in most cases are devoid of public transport routes. Innumerable small shrines along the edges.

new cut canal

New Cut canal has a mixed development on the southern side. The street character is highly similar to the circular canal. As the canal approaches the Kestopur canal the development changes to largely residential.

kestopur canal

The Kestopur canal in parts of Laketown is influenced by a beautification drive by the government. The upper storey of the green is intact in most places except the beautified stretch. The rest of the stretch leading to Bhangar canal is characterised by residential and agricultural land use

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

swf canal

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The land use is characteristically the edge between urban extension of Kolkata and land for agriculture and pisciluture. A part of the stretch is still encroached while a part has been relocated. The stretch is comparatively cleaner however industrial effluents are discharged into the water from nearby industries.

beliaghata canal

The Beliaghata canal edge supports a residential settlement with a green canal edge, commercial development with the canal edge used for various purposes supporting the land use, slum areas which exhibit all types of uses from dumping to residence to small scale business activity.

tolly canal

Tolly Nullah is a long stretch which varies drastically along its course. Along its course it supports residential commercial and mixed land use like in the kudghat stretch.

In parts of Kalighat it sees a religious influence, where not only one of the most pious temples of Kolkata is placed on its edge but the use of the canal and the surrounding land use is also impacted by it. The construction of metro pillar have impacted the water course, virtually stagnating its flow

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Flow chart showing various categories of Canal edge across Kolkata, the activities the harbour and the resultant impact they generate (image source: Author)

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

MARKET

SLUM

WALL

PARKS AND GREEN EDGE

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

RELIGIOUS

OPEN SPACE

RESIDENTIAL

SERVICES

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

HIGHWAY

SERVICES (bus stand)

RESIDENTIAL

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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key learnings: LACK OF ACCESS

CONNECTIVITY

STENCH GARBAGE DISPOSAL

NOSTALGIA LACK OF ASSOCIATION / LOST CONNECT

VISUAL AESTHETICS

DIRTY WATER

EXISTING GREEN EDGE

NEGLECT

HERITAGE

LACK OF AWARENESS

BIO DIVERSITY

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 4: OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF DEMONSTRATION STRETCH

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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demonstration stretch: kestopur canal Part of the Circular- New cutkestopur canal system.

Entire length of the canal is 20 km.

Drains areas of Laketown, Bangur, Dum Dum park, Saltlake, Rajarhat, Bhangar Experiences tidal effects from Hooghly and Kulti river The annual high flood line is 2.75 - 3m The full drainage depth of this canl is 2.42m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

The stretch is located at the urban fringe of Kolkata Metropolitan Core in the North 24 parganas. It is a highly

developing region at present and is

experiencing an developmental peak with increasing population and amenities, and on the other hand results in decreasing resources required for a healthy living. This makes it the

right time to insert a holistic

urban image that enriches the quality of life.

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Site area: Stretch of 1.8 km District: North 24 parganas

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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evolution of site area 1600s

1700s

1800s

1990-95

19952000

Evolution of laketown lying on the fringe of Kolkata is highly influenced by the emerging city. As the city grew the marshes and low lying areas of Laketown and Bangur were developed to accomodate its sprawl. At present this area is highly densified and developing zone and has emerged as a major node connecting the city to its northern areas.

environmental significance of site selection The stretch of Kestopur canal from ultadanga to Laketown boasted a green corridor from all along the canal. Some of them planted by the forest department in the 1970s and many trees were added later in phases. However their value for maintaining the ecology of the place has been neglected repeatedly.

2006: Trees felled to make way for Footbridge near Sreebhumi Green corridor which existed along Kestopur Canal

Kestopur Canal at present

Over time Kestopur canal lost its green verge completely and along with it the biodiversity. Kestopur Canal beautification project could have easily been the opportnity of returning the green back to the canal. However no such afforestation attempt was observed. With increasing importance of this area as a major node it is implied that in near future it will undergo massive development which would further pressurize the green resources of this place. Hence it is of utmost importance that an attempt to be made towards a more inclusive way of development without sacrificing the ecology of the place.

2008: Trees felled to make way for Ultadanga flyover

2009: Trees damaged due to dumping of dredged soil

2016: 519 trees felled for road expansion 2017: Avenue of Samanea saman destroyed due to development of a diesease Â

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

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cultural significance The Site stretch of Laketown, Bangur and especially Sreebhumi has always been a famous attraction for Durga puja. In recent times Christmas Carnival, the Bangur book fair and also an upcoming weekend streethas added to the list of major local events arragend here.

Such events witness large footfalls from people especially from the surrounding area of South Dum Dum municipality. But inspite of a strong potential cultural stage the site area has no strong identity to adhere to. Especially in context of its public art, the biggest example of this is the huge landmark of Laketown which is a replica of the Big Ben, London. Even the public spaces of this area are treated on borrowed concepts that contradict the context.

Book fair at Bangur

Christmas carnival at Laketown

Hercules at Eco nest

Chhota Bheem at Eco nest

Big Ben replica at Laketown

social significance The site area is a highly densified zone which has small and scattered public spaces of low impact. However the fact that the need for public space is rising can be witnessed in the increased government initiatives and success rate of recent initiaves like eco nest which is the Nayanjuli Water body development project. Although it might be questioned on grounds of cultural identity and environmental restoration the success of public participatrion in this project is unquestionable. However a space large enough to meet the needs of the time is still awaited. Another attempt which could have a strong impact on the area has been limited to a superficial idea of 'beautification'. The Kestopur Canal Beautification project, had the potential of becoming a public space of strong impact however it has failed to attract the attention as anticipated. Thus it could be said the need for an effective and impactful public space is yet to be fulfilled in this area.

the access to the park along the length of the road has been barred allowing entry at only 2 point

lack of shade discouraging public activity throughout the day. Few seating unable to capacitate more public gathering or activity

a clear patch of land along the road lies unused by either the park (by fencing) or the road.

the dirty canal water rendering the meaning of canalside development meaningless and avertinging public involvement

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

1. Park Entry

5. Canal View

2. Bangur Bus Stop

6. Rickshaw stand

3. Encroachment

4. Laketown Footbridge.

7. Traffic Guard House

View from Footbridge.

8. Saltlake road

1 10. Sreebhumi Footbridge

3 7 10 11. Bus stop Golaghata

12. Fence

1

11

5

4 6 9

12

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9. WTP

2 8

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

site surrounding

Footbridge Water body Open spaces Built form Road network

The site area is highly built with the canal and a major road along it divides it into two parts.

3 footbridges connect both sides and gives maximum visual access to the canal.

There are small and scattered pockets of green which area existing in the site.

0

500m

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Footbridge

Parallel Water Body

existing sections

SECTION AA

SECTION BB

Parallel Open space

Urban Catchment point

Urban Node

typologies along the canal

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

SECTION CC

SECTION DD

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

SECTION EE

SECTION FF

SECTION GG

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

surrounding land use:

43

open space typology:

Institutional Commercial Mixed use Utilities 0

500m

Open spaces

0

500m

Unused

Residential

The two sides of the canal respond to very different settings, residential sector of planned development of Saltlake brings user group of mostly higher class people while the other edge invite users from various sources from pedestrians to school children to office goers. Hence the

activity pattern on the Laketown side is more public oriented and on the other side it is more community oriented.

Recreational Median Institutional

The main open spaces in terms of scale and success are the canal edge green, AE Block green verge the Apanjan park in Bangur and Eco nest. However, these patches of scattered green fails to create any strong impact on the area and provides a potential opportunity for this place to be developed as a

connected green zone in the upcoming future.

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

circulation mapping:

road hierarchy mapping:

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500m

44

Sub Arterial Road

Vehicular movement

Collector Road

Pedestrian movement

Local Road

VIP road and the Jessor road connector road; major sub arterial and collector road respectively are the busiestroad on the site. Both these road contain movements of public, private and para-transit vehicles. The collector road just abutting the canal on the saltlake side contains only Cycle rickshaws as a para transit mode of transport except for private vehicles.

0

500m

Stoppage point

The vehicular activity follows the road patterns. The busiest ones are VIP road and VIP and Jessore road connector. The major existing pedestrian activities are both utilitarian i.e access to vehicular node points and recreational, along the eco nest and the Kestopur canal beautification project. This shows the

potential and need for developing a pedestrian network for the region

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

noise level mapping:

visual mapping:

0

0

500m

The most impactful view of the canal can be seen from the footbridges.

While the canal can be viewed from both sides the impact from the saltlake side is limited due to a row of residences abutting the road, whereas from the other side the impact is much more due to the road width and the urban node of Laketown.

view and an image.

45

Potential of creating a

500m

Higher noise level Medium noise level Low noise level

The residential side has lower noise levels creating a calm and quaint atmosphere. The laketown edge with continuous traffic is much busier with higher noise levels.

experiences

Need for noise buffer to create various site

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

cultural pattern:

water discharge:

Religious Marker Cultural Marker

0

500m

direction of water flow from the surrounding areas

Potential for accomodating the cultural scene of the area.

Activities like these display community bonding and cohesion. And thus the increased success rate of public spaces.

Site photo showing drainage outlet at regular interval

Grey water from the surrounding area is discharged directly into the canal without any treatment through pipelines opening into the canal. No segregation of grey and storm water is found here.

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

water quality study: Causes of Pollution: Waste and contaminant from

domestic sewage, High traffic density and transportation along channel, disposal of solid wastes from market complexes and other commercial spaces nearby.

Impacts of physiochemical and microbiological parameters seen in Kestopur Canal: Ph: Withing recommended standards.

EC: affects the taste of water, is unsuitable for aquatic life or irrigation.

Turbidity: Increased turbidity reduces the amount of light penetration, dissolved oxygen in water and also affects the colour of water.

TDS: Mainly relates to the aesthetic quality of water rather than the health effects.

Hardness: Within permissible limits.

DO: Affects general health of the water body, essential to survival of organisms which cause the self purification of water, and all

Comparison of physiochemical and microbiological parameters with established standards of drinking water (WHO 1998 and IS: 105000: 1991)

othe aquatic life in general.

BOD: high BOD level is harmful for aquatic life, affects the taste of water, indicates biologically degradable pollutants.

COD: Indicates biologically resistant pollutants and chemical pollutants Cl: Within permissible standards.

Comparison of metal concentration with established standards of drinking water (WHO 1998 and IS: 105000: 1991)

Impacts of metal concentration seen in Kestopur Canal: Fe: causes microbial growth, gives bad taste to water and stains clothes when in contact with water.

Cr: within permissible limit.

Cd: Have adverse health effects like kidney damage and brittle bones.

Pb: Within permissible limit.

As: Causes cancer.

NO3: Within permissible standards Coliform: Indicates presence of human sewage and animal droppings leading to health disorder on consumption. Reason behind reduced DO and high BOD level of water.

47

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

existing site pattern l aketown edge adjacent to road

48

saltlake residential edge

The tree This edge of the site has sparse

tree cover hence unshaded. The park is segregated from the main public flow with high fence . Very few seatings are provided. The canal side walkway is the only part of the site that is used by few walkers and joggers. Features like water body and palm grove do not add value to the landscape. Many wasted spaces which are neither part of the parks or the road can be observed thoughout the site.

cover of this edge has been maintained hence allowing more public participation comparatively inspite of a similar design approach as the other side. Walkways and the few seating are used for walks and rest under the shade. The small play area attracts few children due to the

mosquitoes from the dirty canal. Wasted spaces are

observed on this edge as well including parts of the park which are cordoned from public use.

Overall the design seems isolated and exclusive hence limiting its success potential

survey

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

49

54 samples were studied over a course of 5 days incuding weekdays, weekends and occassions. The time of survey was morning, evening and afternoon.

inference: •

People of this area are showing positive interest in participating towards the idea of a public space.

•

But the lack of association as can be understood from the most common answer that people like nothing specific about the park; this could be one of the reasons obstructing its success.

•

There is a need for the public activities to be made more inclusive to the surrounding

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 5: STRATEGIES FOR HOLISTICALLY IMPROVED CANAL EDGE ENVIRONMENT

50

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

51

city level vision:

ity level network of green corridor.

Safe and comfortable access

Water transport corridor

strategies aim towards a holistic improvement of the

canopy cover percentage, encouraging walkability and giving a purpose to the canals which relates more intimately with the public city living standard by increasing the

discharge of only treated grey water in the canal

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

52

Programmatic strategies: •

Strict segregation of grey water and storm water.

•

Installation of more treatment plants for city’s grey water

•

Ony treated grey water be allowed to be discharged in the canals.

•

Establishing a committee dedicated solely to regular maintenance of canal and its edge. Thus formulating specific schedule for all regular and intermittent maintenance activities like dredging, desiltation, removal of clogged waste and garbage collection.

•

Regular execution of maintenance schedule for Canal by concerned authorities like dredging, desiltation and removal of clogged waste material at regular interval.

•

Fig showing water segregation strategy

The canal edge be divided into smaller stretches for better management and supervision of restoration policies.

•

Generate awareness program involving the local youth and community clubs of the neighborhoods adjacent to the canals.

•

Create employment opportunities for locals in canal maintainance and restoration program.

•

Civic amenities like dustbins to be provided at every 300 m interval and public toilets at every node.

•

Prohibit waste dumping on canal edge by levying strict penalty on offender/offenders.

•

Stacking of materials which could be potentially polluting to the water edge to be prohibited

•

Stacking of other products to be allowed at not more than 20% of the canal edge to minimize visual pollution. Land for stacking to be rented on pre-decided incentives.

Fig showing programmatic management strategy for canal system

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

Local design strategies: •

Implement water purification technique by natural methods like

53

Green cum Public Corridor

constructed wetland, soil filtration, use of aquatic plant.

•

Installation of garbage nets at regular intervals.

•

Create a green corridor all along the edge of the canal.

•

Plant selection to be done considering native vegetation of the place, suitability to the climatic conditions of the place and its environmental impact.

•

Planting high canopy shady trees at a minimum of 10m c/c upto a

Water purification

maximum of 20m c/c as high canopy trees allows uninhibited visual connection with the edge at all times thus increasing the safety standards of the place.

•

Optimum illumination of the canal edge during the night time to allow public activity.

•

All hard plot boundary walls facing the canal could be replaced with soft edge or transparent fencing.

•

Mandatory provision of pedestrian access all along the canal.

•

Encourage small scale commercial activity to increase security of the

Transparent Boundary

canal through eyes on canal approach.

•

Highlight the heritage value of the canal and the importance of its preservation through facade treatment, signage and art installations.

•

Use porous walls to block the canal edge wherever waste treatment plants are located to prevent garbage dumping while allowing visual access.

Facade Treatment

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

area specific strategies Residential Areas: •

In case of residential areas, Develop the canal edge as an

Public Node Strategies: •

Public activity nodes like markets, bus stands to be developed

open public space catering particularly to the needs of

as major nodes (in relevant scale specific to the context) for

community interaction and gathering.

public congregation and canal experience in utilitarian and recreational manner.

Slums: •

vegetated buffer.

water system.

Water transport Strategies

Development of the canal edge as a multiple use stretch which accommodate household activities as well as

•

Religious institutions to utilized to highlight the religious sentiment attached to the canal and attach a sense of respect to the

All dwelling built right on the edge of the canals need to be shifted a minimum distance from the canal to allow for a

•

•

•

Introducing ferry service in selected stretches as a pilot project,

community congregations.

which could further be expanded as an elaborate system on

Relocation of the slums with compensatory incentive to be

success.

proposed.

•

The routes should be formulated based on 3 typology of stop points. Tourist points, Vehicular node points and Local stop

Roadways: •

In cases where a major road is abutting the canal stretch the edge to be treated as an inclusive pedestrian edge.

•

Use of avenue trees in road edge planting.

points like markets.

•

The stop point for the transport node should be treated in appropriate scale to the surrounding context.

•

Signage should be provided for easy navigation

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

CHAPTER 6: CONCEPT AND INTERVENTION

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

concept development:

56

Design Intent: The design intends to tap into the memory and instinctive association of people to the c an a l s t o c r e a t e a p l a c e which is inherent to the context and thus the psyche of its people. This would give a sense of belonging to the user and thus would encourage interaction between man and landscape to create a place which is loved for its present and treasured for its future.

Design Strategy: The design strategy is to use Reinvention, Restoration and Participation as a method for reconnecting the people to the canals. Thus it intends to create a space which isat the same time accessed for leisure and utility. To make this possible the design intends to create spaces which are: Flexible Visible Accessible Has a strong purpose to it

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

association to canals:

access along the canals

flexibility of movement residential neighbourhood

ferry ghat

congregation nodes

loading and unloading

boat ride in canal

edge green

visual expanse

market

temple

the scenes sum up the various instances in which the city interacted with its canals during the times in which it was a part of the daily livelihood. it might be observed

transport, commerce, industry, religion, aesthetics and day to day life of people that these water channels have been the stage for

quiet niches

57

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

green cover Mandatory preservation of existing trees all along the canal and addition on the Laketown side to substitute the currently existing barren stretches.

proposed trees

0

500m

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

water transport circuit Water transport corridor with stoppage points at existing bus stops. For point which do not have a footbridge a ghat should be created on both sides of the canal.

water transport movement and stoppage points

0

500m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

60

access and circulation Circulation at the Canal edge need to cater two purposes of leisure and utility as it responds to both walkers and regular pedestrians.

movement responsive to abutting road movement responding to the canal

0

500m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

activity nodes The continuous stretch of green cover and pedestrian access is interspersed by major and minor nodes which act as magnet point to increase the footfall in the area.

major node minor node smaller pockets

0

500m

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

master plan The design is visualized as a

continuous

0

500m

green space which is used by people both for the purpose of utility and leisure. major node minor node water transport movement and stoppage points green cover

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

63

water purification strategy Median swales and constructed strip wetland along the river could serve as

probable means to collect the grey water and transfer it to the treatment plant and further release it to the canals from a point source.

This strategy needs to be validated through de ta i l stu dy o f the w e t l a n d a n d m e d i a n construction which is out of the scope of this thesis.

Probable location for median swale and constructed wetland along water edge subject to detail analysis

water purification network

Concept illustration for median swale and constructed wetland along water edge

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

proposed general section

DETAIL A

ROAD PATHWAY BANK VEGETATION

DETAIL B

DETAIL C

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

proposed general view

image depicts the continuous green cover, access and pause points to be followed as a strategy along water edges.

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

66

Sectin AA (A): This section responds 0M 1M 3M

to the Golaghata footbridge on the Laketown side thus it has been visualized as a minor node cum stoppage point for water transport in a smaller scale as this node exhibits comparatively lesser congestion.

DETAIL AA

Section AA (B): This edge is

maintained as a green zone with minimum intervention as followed throughout the canal DETAIL AB

SECTION AA (NTS)

0

1 2

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

67

jetty stoppage point

green edge

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

68

Section BB (A): This 0M 1M 3M

section responds to the Sreebhumi footbridge on the Laketown side thus it has been visualized as a Jetty point buffered by a thick green patch.

DETAIL BA

Section BB (B): This responds to the residential

settlement on the saltlake side. Considering the absence of a market in the vicinity, a knack for a morning walk followed by vegetable shopping amongst people and the history of markets along the edge of the canal, this edge has been provided with a linear market buffered from the immediate canal edge by a buffer strip to prevent garbage dumping.

DETAIL BB

SECTION BB (NTS)

0

1

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

market stretch

green edge, walkways and pause points

69

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

0M

70

Section CC (A): This edge has been denoted as a substitute to the celebratory ground on the opposite side of the canal. Aims towards flexible spaces which can be used as a celebration ground on occassion. It is buffered on the both sides by shady tree cover for shade and aesthetics.

1M 3M DETAIL CA

0M 1M 3M

Section CC (B): This edge is maintained as a green zone with minimum intervention as followed throughtout the canal

DETAIL CB

0 SECTION CC (NTS)

1

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

71

celebration ground

green edge, walkways and pause points

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

informal interactive zone continuing towards celebration ground

72

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

73

Se c tio n DD (A ): T h i s i s t h e

busiest part of the whole stretch by the v i r t u e o f i t s l o c at i o n .

Hence this has been visualised as a major urban node which serves dual purpose of a Jetty point. This intends to allow space for the congestion to dissipate and connect the alternate route of water traffic to the road network.

0M 1M 3M

DETAIL DA

0M 1M 3M

Section DD (B): This edge is maintained as a green zone with minimum intervention as followed throughtout the canal

DETAIL DB

SECTION DD (NTS)

0 1

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

the laketown node point, an interactive zone cum stoppage point with commercial insertions to encourage activation the node

74

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

laketown node on saltlake side, showing the congregation area and the secluded green walk that runs parallel to it

75

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

76

Section EE (A): This edge has been imagined as a

flexible open space allowing group activity and congregation. It consists of one of the many majecstic dead trunks of Samanea saman. For the memory of what once existed there the tree trunk has been preserved while the others removed.

DETAIL EA

Section EE (B): This edge responds to the Saltlake AE Block green verge

which exists adjacent to the site and it has also been treated as a pause point to highlight not only the the ecological but also the aesthetic importance of biodiversity. Features like mound have been incorporated which encourage informal activity, along with a raised pathway which brings you closer to nature.

DETAIL EB

0 1 SECTION EE (NTS)

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

77

congregation area

green mound

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

78

Section FF (A): This part of the canal 0M 1M 3M

edge is a comparatively narrower stretch. The pathway on both sides are separated by a thick buffer and the general section for green cover and pedestrian access follows here as well.

DETAIL FA

Section FF (B): This has been treated 0M 1M 3M

as a node point responding to the institutional zone and the adjacent node. It is visualized as an informal interactive edge which also incorporates a jetty point.

DETAIL FB

SECTION FF (NTS)

0 1

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

greenwalk

informal interactive zone

79

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

0M 1M 3M

80

Section GG (A): Similar to

Section FF (A) This edge is a comparatively narrower stretch maintained as a green zone with minimum intervention as followed throughtout the canal

DETAIL GA

0M 1M 3M

Section GG (B): This edge is a huge stretch of thick existing green which has been maintained and it has been developed as a This edge is maintained as a green zone with minimum intervention as followed throughout the canal

DETAIL GB

SECTION GG (NTS)

0

1

5

10m

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

road - canal interaction on VIP road

green zone

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A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

viewing deck

tree court

82

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

road - canal interaction on saltlake road

83

A holistic approach towards improving the Standards of Livability of a city using Canal System as a tool for Revitalization: A case of Kolkata

The design at a larger level aims to revive the blue green network of the city to mitigate the resource crisis the city is facing at present.

In the future it provides an opportunity for all reclaimed land to be drained by canals connected to a larger system which attempts to prevent the perils of urbanization as seen today.

Most importantly this attempt is aimed towards creating a system that is experienced and protected by the people.

THANK YOU

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A BLUE GREEN NETWORK OF THE CIT Y USED AN D PROTECTED BY ITS PEOPLE