120513_11062308_DESIGN REPORT_Y5

YEAR 5

DESIGN REPORT SAMUEL HIGGINS 11062308 [RE_MAP]

CONTENTS

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+ 2

TAXONOMY OF LITERATURE

+ 4 + 5

MODELS: PHYSICAL

DIGITAL

+ 6

DATA COLLATION

+ 7

[RE_MAP] ICU (POLEMIC)

+ 8 + 9

CULTURAL CONTEXT I CULTURAL CONTEXT II

+ + + +

STUDIO PROJECTS OVERVIEW

TUNSTALL

CROYDON I

CROYDON II

10 11 12 13

+ 15

DISSERTATION

+ 16 + 18

TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE, MANAGEMENT AND LAW

+ 19

MSA EVENTS MAPPING CRIME

+ 20

CONCLUSIONS AND CRITICAL SELF-ASSESSMENT

+ 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TAXONOMY OF LITERATURE

2

PHYSICAL

TOWER AND OFFICE

JUST MY TYPE

SUPERMODERNISM

BEYOND ARCHITECTURE

AD TERRITORY

THE NEW RUINS OF GREAT BRITAIN

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION DATA FLOW I & II

NON-PLACES

ONEFIVEFOUR LEBBEUS WOODS

PERSONAL

AEROTROPOLIS THE BLDGBLOG BOOK

THE RISE OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY NETWORKED PUBLICS

ALL WAT MACHIN G

A SCANNER DARKLY

WAYS OF SEEING THE 21ST CENTURY OFFICE

TWENTY MINUTES IN MANHATTAN

DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP?

NON-STOP INERTIA

THE CENTURY OF THE SELF

NEUBAU WELT

CODE/SPACE

SOFTWARE, OBJECTS AND HOME SPACE

EVERYWARE

CLOUD COMPUTING

DISSERTATION

THE NEW OFFICE

THE EUROPEAN OFICE

SPACE TO WORK

THE CHANGING WORKPLACE OFFICE SPACE PLANNING

TOMORROW’S OFFICE TAMING THE BEAST FROM THE WILD OFFICE BUILDINGS: A DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN FOR CHANGE

MEGA TRENDS THE THIRD WAVE THE SECRET LIFE OF BUILDINGS: WORK

S,M,L,XL

THE INFRASTRUCTURAL CITY WORKING @HOME E-TOPIA

CCCP

THE REVENGE OF GAIA

E-BODIES, E-BUILDINGS, E-CITIES CRADLE TO GRAVE

RE-INVENTING THE WORKPLACE

iPHONE CITY

[RE_MAP] READER

HUNGRY CITY EXTREME INTEGRATION OUT OF CONTROL

CITY OF BITS

SUSTAINABILITY PLANNING’S SAVING GRACE OR THE ROAD TO PERDITION?

ME++

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SOURCES, MEDIA & PROJECT INTERACTION ALL WATCHED OVER BY MACHINES OF LOVING GRACE

TOXIC TERRITORIES ODK DATAKIT

THE CORPORATION

CAL RUCTION

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO TERRITORY?

FAKE ESTATES LOCAL CODE REAL ESTATES

JOHN CONWAY: GAME OF LIFE

TUNSTALL

INFRASTRUCTURAL URBANISM

CROYDON I

EFOUR WOODS

DROSSCAPES

UBAU WELT

IN SERACH OF NEW PUBLIC DOMAIN

CROYDON UDP 2006

THE DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES

CROYDON II

DESIGNING FOR A DIGITAL WORLD ACTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE HATCH - THE NEW ARCHITECTURAL GENERATION

SBD GUIDANCE

PHYLOGENESIS FOA’S ARK

MSA EVENTS FEAR AND SPACE

GROUND CONTROL

[RE_MAP] READER

ME++

YOKOHAMA PORT TERMINAL - FOA CAPITALIST REALISM

URBAN MAPS THE SITUATIONISTS: ART, POLITICS & URBANISM

INFRASTUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE

MANUAL FOR STREETS

HOMEZONES: A PLANNING AND DESIGN HANDBOOK

NON-FICTION FICTION EXTRACT / PART FILM DOCUMENTARY

MODELS

4

PHYSICAL

MANUAL

COMPUTER AIDED

CASTING

GEOFLEX

STONE PLASTER

CONCRETE

CARD

TIMBER

TUNSTALL

EXPERIMENTATION Throughout the Year 5 projects it has been possible to create a vast array of physical models to compliment the architectural discourses and drawings. Heavily utilising the University of Manchester facilities and FabLab open services it has been possible develop and expand my physical output into volumes and techniques I did not know were possible.

METAL

CROYDON I

CERAMIC

LASER CUT

3D POWDER PRINT

3D PLASTIC PRINT

CROYDON II

casting, ceramics and metal work enabled me to create new, intriguiging forms in many contexts.

Computer aided modelling enabled me to accurately and efficiently laser cut parts. 3D printing and development allowed me to create elements and forms which had been previously unknown to me.

When combined, the hand and computer modelled output MEDIA comprised casting, mapping, material testing, component Being familiar with hand made paper, card and timber models manufacture, prototying, kinetic experimentations and final this year’s projects suited my existing skill sets. Additional project models.

MODELS

DIGITAL

DOCUMENT

AUTODESK

SPACE SYNTAX

3DS MAX

ACAD

TUNSTALL

SAMUEL HIGGINS + 5

DESIGN

UCL

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REVIT

VASARI

ADOBE

NUCLEUS

ECOTECT

RHINO

GRASSHOPPER

CROYDON I

PHOTOSHOP

ILLUSTRATOR

CROYDON II

INDESIGN

BLOG

DISSERTATION

DASHED CONNECTION = PARAMETRIC DESIGN

No Interaction

The Electronic Nomad Nodal

Non-Place

Telecottaging in the Networked Society Code/Space / Coded Space

GENERAL OFFICE TYPE

Nodal Cell

Nodal Den

Autonomy

No Interaction

Autonomy

Interaction

Nomadic

CONTEXT

Autonomy

No Autonomy

Interaction

Cell

Club

Den

Nomadic Cell

Autonomy

ANALYSE Level of interaction

Hive

Nodal Club

Nomadic Club

ANALYSE Level of autonomy

DIGITAL WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Hive

Cell

Den

Fixed Nodal Cell Nodal Cell

Fixed Nodal Den Fixed

Nodal Den

Nodal Club

The Electronic Nomad Non-Places Telecottaging in the Networked S Code/Space / Coded Space Conceptual Link

Fixed Nodal Club Intermediate Nodal Cell Intermediate Nodal Den

Intermediate

Intermediate Nodal Club Intermediate Nomadic Cell

Nomadic Cell

Intermediate Nomadic Club

Transient Nomadic Club

Transient Nomadic Cell Transient Nomadic Club

DIGITAL WORKING ENVIRONMENT

ANALYSE The nature of place

Narrative

PLACE DEFINED DIGITAL WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

Nodal

Neighbourly

Nomadic

Fixed Nodal Cell MOBILE PHONES

Fixed Nodal Den

Hive

Fixed Nodal Club

Cell

Intermediate Nodal Cell Intermediate Nodal Den Intermediate Nodal Club

Narrative Nodal Neighbourly Nomadic

POWER

Den

COMPUTERS

SMART PHONES

Club

PDA’S

WIFI

TABLETS

MOBILE / 3G

LAPTOPS

ANALYSE Amount & accessibility of fixed coded assemblages and infrastructures.

ANALYSE Type, amount & length of transductions of space by portable coded objects.

Intermediate Nomadic Cell Intermediate Nomadic Club

ETC...

Transient Nomadic Cell Transient Nomadic Club PLACE DEFINED DIGITAL WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

VARIETY / COMPLEXITY The variety of programs and confindence in them which I have gained in the past year have been exponential. In order to cover all the subject matters and contexts efficiently and appropriately, I believe I have utilised my toolkit of available modelling softwares to the best of my abilities to suit the complexity of the projects.

Narrative

Hive

Cell

Den

Club

Narrative

Nodal Neighbourly Nomadic

The Electronic Nomad Non-Places Telecottaging in the Networked Society Code/Space / Coded Space Conceptual Link

year’s projects. This has enabled greater testing and analysis to be done on architectural and systems propositions.

Nodal

Neighbourly

Nomadic

Narrative Nodal Neighbourly Nomadic

Hive Cell Den Club

The Electronic Nomad Non-Places Telecottaging in the Networked Society Code/Space / Coded Space Conceptual Link

ORGANISATION / PRESENTATION To bring the myriad sources of information, influence and output together a solid combination of design and presentation packages has been learnt and utilised to allow me to work PARAMETRICISM smoothly, efficiently and structurally, and present my work In order to embody the data-driven nature of the unit and professionally in many contexts. produce variable, evolutionary and ever-developing models, a large amount of parametricism has been worked into all of the

Hive Cell Den Club

DATA

6

COLLATION

TUNSTALL

CROYDON I

CROYDON II

DISSERTATION

MSA EVENTS

SKETCHES PHOTOGRAPHY FILM RECORDINGS SPREADSHEETS G.P.S ODK SURVEY SECURE BY DESIGN UDP BUILDING REG’S METRIC HANDBOOK FORUMS PLANNING PORTAL

DATA-DRIVEN METHODOLOGIES Underlying all of the projects, research, reading and reflection throughout Year 5 has been the inherent desire to collate, compare and classify architectural and non-architectural influences upon the urban realm.

VARIETY Throughout Year 5 all the undertaken projects have consulted a wide range of data and resources, in attempt to contribute a holistic grounding to every piece of work. The diagram above highlights the different classes of data collection - manual collection, computer aided collection, policy, design guidance In order to guage many of these complex social, environmental, and desktop resources - which form a complex web of influences politcal, cultural, technological and environmental influences we whose general influence over the works can clearly be seen. developed methodologies which rationalised, condensed and ultimately rendered the concepts in question accessible. Data All year there has been ongoing effort to develop, test and finewas at the heart of the process of every project step and design tune a toolkit of resources which can be appropriated in all areas decision. We are required to justify and quantify the reasoning of design to efficiently and effectively progress projects towards behind, and the ramifications of, any architectural intervention logical and legitimated design solutions. The toolkit, as seen we make into any environment. As a direct result of this, my above, has been developed this year and utilised as and when work this year has become increasingly methodical, rationalised appropriate in a wide range of project and working contexts. and ultimately stronger in its reasoning.

ACCURACY The skewing of statistics, biases, errors and emissions in data sets would be extremely compromising to a unit whose work is concerned with design legitimated by data backed decision making. For this reason, at all possible stages in the project, the integrity of data is tested against peer reviews and various other avaialble data resources.

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POLEMIC [RE_MAKE]

[RE_MODEL]

“We are principally concerned with the ownership of space, its perception, demarcation and [mis]use in the contemporary city. We have entered a post-digital age in which how we design has become as significant as what we design. We embrace new mapping methodologies to make the complex accessible and the latent visible. Urban and cartographic space may be historically bound, but emergent networks are formed from information space, physical space or social space; often a hybrid of these types, whether organising patterns of data, navigating the city or representing hierarchical relationships within and between socio-political structures. The question of what constitutes territorial, community, networked and residual space is paramount to our research. This depends on a reading of near-futures underpinned by an understanding of global economics and the reality of a limitless information space and datascape. The devices of appropriation, enclosure, severance, fragmentation, and cultural identification of space are examined as, simultaneously, forces and reactions in physical space and within the datascape. It is with these enquiries that we construct an ideological position. We re_make the urban field in response to the confluence of revealed data, systems, flows and processes.”

“We mobilise the unit as a platform for design and theory teaching, testing and research in relation to architecture within an expanded and continuous field. We then operate with this data to develop strategies for change, urban renewal and landscape processing. We believe the studio to be a research laboratory for analysis, evaluation, prototyping and dissemination. Strategic proposals are formulated across a range of scales from masterplanning through to 1:1 detail production. We synthesise legible solutions as a response to the systems and processes we engage with and explore and define new methods of visualisation. We re_model the urban landscape.”

CULTURAL CONTEXT I OUTLINE INFLUENCES The Year 5 course began with the unit introduction, encompassing staff backgrounds, research and positions. The unit reader was issued and groups were given one text to read and review in a presentation. The reader embodied the contextual stance of [RE_MAP], situating the year’s principles of infrastructure, policy, urban design, digital / cybernetic interaction, intsallation and intervention. It also contextualised methodologies particular to the first studio project, but useful throughout: deep contextual analysis, urban navigation (dérive) and heritage.

STUDIO UNIT PROPOSITION

SCALES The unit operates principally within two scales of architectural / systems design. We are principally concerned with the macro - the global / urban / municipal / infrastructural level - and the micro - detailed / componentalised / manufactured / realised parts which constitute the larger scales. The bridge between these polar scales is the meso - the architecture of a building.

However, this is left largely undesigned by the unit, as the meso scale should be the response - a product of - the macro and micro scales of design.

UNIT POSITION The unit challenges Foucault’s assertion that; The main driving concepts common throughout all projects “Architects are not the engineers or technicians of in Year 5 are the accessibility of complexity in the urban the three great variables; territory, communication environment and the activation of latent issues / influences.

MAPS Maps and mapping are proposed in the tutor’s work in the reader as malleable tools for accessing, navigating and understanding.

As a loose platform of representation, throughout the year the map and all its variations have been utilised and manipulated to present the complex and uncover the latent.

MEDIATION Mediation between user and the urban environment have been at the core of projects in Year 5. The conveying, interaction, means of installation, resounding impact and network integration of projects has defined the architectural intentions of all schemes from macro to micro.

THEORETICAL AGENDA In order to embody the premise of [RE_MAP] - mapping complexity and latency - all projects had to develop contextually based data and information sets which were evolutonary, adaptational and influencial.

These (often abstract) data sets form the curved-ball site analyses which created contextually appropriate, complex and critically developed responses to individual sites. These resources also form the point of contact for many other design decisions throughout the project, ensuring the development as well as inception of architectural interventions are well grounded and rationally resolved.

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and speed.”(Foucault (1984) Space , Knowledge and Power. p244. New York, Pantheon.)

CULTURAL CONTEXT II CONTEXT A number of key theoretical urban notions and design themes have been explored through the studio projects and contextualised through existing texts (see literature matrix pp.

2-3).

PUBLIC DOMAIN / PRIVATE SPACE The urban realm is comprised of multiple levels and scales of interest and association. The nature of space, place, domain and territory is associated with historical distinctions of private and public. All of the projects in the Year 5 studio course have aimed to (re)address these binary conditions which are universal to all contexts.

OWNERSHIP To uncover the nature of private and public, study into ownership - histories, futures and fluctuations - has been done in each of the contexts. This sought to situate the year’s work in a latent environment, which is rarely considered in academic architectural design, yet is a key enabling parameter of urban development.

SURVEILLANCE Public and private spaces and their ownership are determined, articulated and governed by the measures of control that are layered into the urban environment. Aspects of crime, anticrime, security, (anti)social activity and community involvement have been addressed in each of the contexts. As a primary latent manifestation of private, municipal and civil control and influence, surveillance was focused on directly throughout the year. The focus of two studio projects orientated around quantifing, adapting and responding to the impact of ubiquitous yet latent surveillance technologies and their urban implications.

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PERSONAL PROPOSITION

ECONOMIC CONTEXT In a similar vein to a projects time relativity, it needs to be appropriate for a range of variable social, cultural and economic conditions. All projects have therefore aimed to be loose and malleable in order fit the changable conditions in which they would exist. A key example of this is the Croydon I project (p.13) which did not accept the supposition that the proposed masterplan would come into existance as intended. It sought to explore a series of potential conditions, scenarios and eventualities associated with the site and context in order to design a set of interventions which could suit some, if not all, of the economic outcomes.

CLASSIFICATION / RATIONALISATION To design in the context of extremely complex and often indeterminate variables, all of my Year 5 work has been orientated around rationalisation, simplification and classification. This enables the complex to be understood and made accessible, and creates a platform to make informed decisions for designs and interventions which are relevant to the contextual conditions.

COMPONENT DESIGN The micro scale is the key to defining all other scales. When design starts with components which embody governing ideologies and principles they can be scaled up to create assemblages, infrastructures and systems which in turn generate the meso and macro scales. An appreciation of the importance of junctions, connections, performance and materiality ensure that, when scaled, the micro intentions of the project generate holistically appropriate propositions.

MATERIALITY The properties of materials in a system, assemblage or POLICY infrastructure define the whole. The unit and personal aim Policies at all scales frame the agenda of studio projects. Design throughout the year was to test materiality, properties and standards in the metric handbook, construction principles behaviours so that specification and appropriation was best and standards in the Building Regulations, frameworks of the suited for application.

Planning Policies and development strategies, and accessibilty principles of DDA and the Equality act are all fed into the design EXPERIMENTATION process to ensure the development of all projects is guided by No answer is correct. Constant testing, adaptation, development a framework of real world influences, agendas and guidelines. and (re)design are key to creating propositions which are suitable. Experimentations in materiality, surface, layout, scale, TIME programme, and performance were key to all projects.

Architecture and design as static entities are not useful for contemporary society. There are large networks of influence which feed into the actual context of any product, site, region, territory, infrastructure or strategy, therefore all design work should aim to be integrated into a holistic landscape of progressive time and context. The projects have all aimed to develop and respond to variations and fluctuations over time, defined by parameters. For any intervention to be useful it needs to consider its lifespan, its lifecycle and its adaptability to change.

STUDIO PROJECTS

10

OVERVIEW

BRIEF APPRAISAL AND CONSTRUCTION The set briefs in studio projects throughout Year 5 were analysed, To model the complexity and the adaptability in many cases adapted and developed in order to focus architectural study parametricism was built into 3D models to test and manifest towards key urban issues which interested me. data-driven variables.

THEME The Stoke-on-Trent brief established a theme of perception and manifestation of crime anti-crime issues in the urban environment.

This theme was expanded to encompass surveillance, ownership and the notion of public / private throughout the duration of the year. The work in Stoke provoked relevant arcihtectural discourses within the group and with tutors, which ultimately revealed the areas for further study which were taken up in the two Croyodn design projects.

GROUP ETHOS / INDIVIDUAL STUDY Group work has greatly increased my project output this year enabling efficiency, organisation and interaction. Throughout the Stoke porjects and part way through Croydon I all work was group based and a team ethos helped design decisions and coherence.

OUTPUT The vast majority of final output has been digitally based, with presentations and final submissions comprising digital versions. However there has been a thorough mixture of media throughout. Hand sketching and loose modelling has in all cases aided the inception of design, and continued throughout.

Computer modelling and physical development models progressed all projects. The final output mixed all media, was presented digitally and finally printed and bound for submission.

TIME The longevity of architecture, its meaning, impact and function over time was a theme which was explored in each of the projects. the Stoke project was an emergent, developing system which was data-driven and perpetually malleable. Croydon I analysed the complex phasing of a large metropolitan redevelopment in order to design a series of suitable interventions. Croydon II saw a consistantly remodelling bridge, driven by external parameters CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT whose component design allowed the necessary variablility and All of the Year 5 design work I have undertaken has attempted flexibility. to draw upon worked experience of pragmatism, construction knowledge and buildability. Even in the case of Croydon II (a very COMPLEXITY conceptual scheme) every effort was made to rationailse the Complexity and scaling was addressed throughout all projects. project so that the methodology was proven and the concept The detail of components and their exponential applications could be effectively realised in the real world. as systems drove the micro design principles (especially in Croydon II). The complexity of large systems, infrastructures and POLICY networks influenced the large scale, holistic design approach of An awareness of principles and guidelines has been prevalent all projects (especially in Croydon I), enabling appropriate urban in all projects this year. High level policy of UDP development, scale interventions. Throughout all project work, the main masterplanning and Planning policies have driven all of the driving force was to embody the unit principle “to make the briefs. Focused policies of DDA and the Equality act, along complex accessible and the latent visible.” with all of the Building Regulations have fed the specific design decisions throughout.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY The main principles of design throughout all projects were testing, adaptation, refinement and rigour. In order to embody high complexity architectural ideas into a wide range of subject areas and contexts, the year’s work had to be as thorough, rationalised and explanatory, in terms of methodolgy, as possible.

DATA The collection, collation, analysis of data were the conceptual and detail driving forces befind all three studio projects (as shown in the data matrix p.6). They formed a point of reference for every stage of the project to ensure that the output reflected the initial brief, and was releveant because of its real world relationship to latent data. In all cases the data is not seen as stagnant. All sources are constantly adapting and becoming more dense, so the concept and detailed design of all interventions / projects reflected this fluctauting need for malleability.

COMPUTER AND PHYSICAL MODELS To embody the testing, development, thoroughness, complexity and accuracy which are stipulated by the unit and reinforced by interpretation of the briefs, a wide range of computerised and physical models were created.

TUNSTALL DATA DEFINITION WITHIN THE DERIVE: METHOD. PRACTICE. RECORD. TRANSLATE. CONFIGURE. Investigate the architectural ramifications of “wandering� in the city and landscape. Record and translate experiments into form with a geo-spacial context.

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MAPPING CRIME DATA DEVELOPMENT Our main data sets of perception and recording of crime / anti-crime in Stoke were live data sets, which ensured that a feedback loop was built into the project. As the crime crime figures and perception of crime altered, so did the function of the intervention.

MAP / RECORD / DOCUMENT Develop taxonomies of research to subvert, question, utilise and INSTALLATION CONTEXT AND CONTENT expose gaps in the data obtained - to allow the uncovering of The intervention and installation were carried out in context on latent opportunities to be exploited. the streets of Tunstall. We explored a range of data implimentation tools for the urban environment, with precedents taken from GROUP INTEGRATION AND BRIEFING graffiti, land art and digital urban installations. We etched and The project was started with the rough design principle of urban impregnated tiles (contextually appropriate for Tunstall) with QR navigation, mapping and visualisation. In order to generate barcodes which were linked to a notional web-based App which a suitable urban intervention / installation the group quickly would contain all the data for the street it represented. This settled on the notion of crime / anti-crime and their perceptions tool would be appropriated by the user to aid their navigation and manifestations in Stoke. through their (familiar) environments skewing perceptions of Working in groups with shared, internet / network based crime / anti-crime and safety in order to enable users to derive computing tools, we, as a group, were able to efficiently and explore their environments, revealing new areas which are tackle a wide range of areas of investigation across the town neglected day-to-day. of Tunstall. Skills were quickly transfered from the experienced sixth years throughout the group. All members were open to new and experimental techniques which resulted in a thorough exploration of media and presentation techniques.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY Several data collection and recording techniques were explored in the first week to test the methodology. We found what was successful and not in the condensed context of Hulme, learnt from the process and developed it so that an architectural intervention could be made in Stoke.

In Tunstall, crime and anti-crime representations, data sets and evidence were collected at the macro, town-wide scale to create a generalised notion of the nature of the area. The town was divided into OS defined grid squares so that the collected data could be rationalised and quantified as large scale areas. This constituted a high level analytical tool for the urban environment and its relationship with crime / anti-crime.

Initial data collation between resources highlighted areas for further investigation. We selected grid areas and streets of interest to develop our methodology and intervention at an appropriate architectural scale. We rated a series of streets using a wide range of resources to ensure objectivity. This gave them a crime and anti-crime rating which could be used as an alternate urban navigation tool. We took police live data, community forum live data, elevational analyses, crime and anti-crime surveys and interview data to rate each area with a differentiated and combined analysis of the influence of crime and anti-crime.

CROYDON I

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RESIDUAL SPACE INTERVENTIONS

INFRASTRUCTURE > INTERSTICE Infrastructural imposition has created fissures in the urban fabric and displaced spaces and events.

Investigate the niche/ interstitial/ residual space associated with a mainline railway (and its station), and created by a complex phased development.

Focus on... (Temporality / Permanance) (Adaptability / Mutability) (Materiality / in relation to the Global Polis) Design something that will occupy the space.

GROUND Investigation of the site in a group of three with Ground (topography/ ownership/ planning/ juristictions/ rivers/ sewage/ drainage) as the primary concern. Production of models and selfreview across the group helped keep the project well rounded and justified.

WHOLE OF LIFE In the context of the 2011 economic climate, an assumption INTERVENTION METHODOLOGY that the masterplan would be completed to schedule was not Understanding the complex nature of the phased Croydon realistic. An attempt was made to clarify the probability of the masterplan site allowed the ownership fluctuation, residual land site being completed as per the masterplan. This was compared accumulation and sites of potential interventions to be analysed. against the physical outcomes if the site were not to be used as proposed. With all the potential futures of the site in mind, the The interventions operated on two scales, the macro and the interventions at both scales were able to be designed so that micro. they remained contextually approriate to whatever happened to the site. After all, what would be use of proposed seating if the A macro scale infrastructural element of the site was regenerated masterplan were never built, or the proposed rail infrastructure to allow the masterplan site to function more efficiently and if the site never developed? effectively during its long-term development. Providing resources and equipment, improving the inherent logistical nature of the CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT site, and delivering the first guarenteed phase of the masterplan The contextual design in terms of both time and place enabled project smoothly. the construction and materiality of the interventions to be flexible and accurate. The cast concrete seating sculpture is A micro scale sculpture / seating intervention was proposed for quickly erectable and appropriate to the gritty, semi completion a central point of the Croydon masterplan site. The assumed of the masterplan, the empty, industrial use of the site, and can flows, nodes and routes around the newly integrated bridge, be polished up to reflect the upperclass A1 use if the masterplan the existing site and the new, proposed buildings on the site were complete. were analysed to define a site for intervention. This analysis generated the site position and the intervention’s form. A data The infrastructural provision matched the existing rail context, driven approach to the creation of complex forms was shown, reflected the industrial heritage of the site, suited the postallowing the most appropriate contextual response in the most industrial potential future and could be integrated and ultimately appropriate site. erased if the site were to completed as per the masterplan.

CROYDON II

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SURVEILLANCE / PUBLIC DOMAIN

MAKING URBAN SYSTEMS: PROTOTYPES & ASSEMBLIES To become a research and design lab - exploring the role between design intentions and materiality.

Research and prototype materials.

Explore systems to develop pragmatic, component / manufacture led design.

Every component embodies the ideology of the scheme.

Investigating relationships of materiality and components > defining systems by the organisation and combination of elements.

MAKING A BRIDGE A piece of living and programmed infrastructure > to bridge conditions < and provide connective tissue with either the station, the city, or both.

Examine notions of scale, orientation, permutation and performance with regard to structure, spacial effect and environmental effects.

BRIEF APPRAISAL To skew the notion of bridge as infrastructural provision. Using the project as vehicle to explore the relationship between public / private, regulated / unregulated and designed / emergent. between conditions and was chosen to function as the literal interpretation for the bridge.

DATA COLLATION AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY Croydon High Street was taken from the brief to be the area of BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT most interest. The crime data for the area was cross compared The intial conceptual form was very complex and highly with building values, retail occupant revenues and policy to irrational for appropriation as a bridge. A usable, accessible and holistically understand the complex nature of the High St. by functional surface began to emerge which satisfied the complex understanding its numerous actors. requirements of the potential users on the High St. Users of Ownership of the High St. became a key notion of how to the High St. were identified as the client / end user and design articluate what was public and what was private. As a medaitor stages were progressed to establish a bridge which would between private ownership and public interest, surveillance was allow the differentialtion of public and private, whilst meeting chosen as the key conceptual driver of the scheme. user requirements and fulfilling DDA, Building Regulations and The project initially attempted to render literally what was public Equality requirements. and what was private space. The cones of surveillance on the High St. were private and the negative, residual space remained RECONFIGURABILITY for free public use. Several models were used to artuclate this The inherent nature of the High St. is that trade, occupation and positive / negative concept. ownership are consistently in flux - therefore the mediating tools of surveillance are also variable. The bridge, as a conceptual TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT and functional differentiation between private and public The concept of the bridge was to occupy, articulate and was required to adapt to meet these fluctuations in form and represent the notional threshold between private (surveilled) function. At this design juncture, early in the project, the notion and public (unsurveilled) domains. In order to do this a digital of the bridge as a movable, reconfigurable set of components 3D representation of the site and the cones of surveillance was began to fundamentally govern the design of all elements. made. A form finding, physics engine was used to lay a mesh Components were developed through a large variety of physical of best fit over the areas which were in private control through models in a number of mediums and a wide range of scales to surveillance. This parametric mesh represented the boundary establish a complex system of part which could be rationalised

CROYDON II and scaled to provide the construction elements for the bridge.

EMERGENT PROGRAMME The nature of the High St. in terms of actors, users and owners is a very complex one, therefore the principles of programme, the zoning, layout, access and materiality were governed by external parameters. Rules of regulations, relativity and proximity defined the positions of all elements in the bridge, which in turn generated a plan which required minimum subjective input by the designer. Where appropriate, the mediation between the design rules and the context was designed directly to ensure that the most appropriate architectural solution was generated.

The design intent of each of the components, further to the brief embodied the ideology of the whole project and ultimately scaled up to create a holistically designed, proportionate, regimented and contextually appropriate solution.

The parametric design of the project through in depth 3D modelling softwares enabled smooth design and alterations at all scales from individual micro components (bolts and washers) right up to the general macro scale (whole bridge position relative to surveillance).

CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT All components of the system were designed with uniformity, standardisation to current construction practices, and UK based straightforward manufacture in mind. The materiality - predominantly steel, timber and glass - define a kit of parts which are easily attainable and are scaled for speed, deliverability, installation and adaptation.

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SURVEILLANCE / PUBLIC DOMAIN

DISSERTATION

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ABSTRACT AND REFLECTION

Working In Digital Space How is a work space analysed in the digital age?

Analysing classifications of overlaps in programme, technology and workers in the electronically enabled networked society.

digital working. Taxonomies and flow diagrams as means of classifying, understanding or predicting the conditions of the complex spaces of digital working were the final output of the dissertation. Triangulated by analysing myriad precedental resources, studying several case studies and conducting ABSTRACT interviews, the findings added some atypical analysis to the “Working environments as spatial or architectural typologies architectural discourses surrounding working, architectural have become increasingly difficult to define since the days of programme, digital/physical collisions and technologically the Bürolandschaft. imbued space.

The aim of this dissertation is to critically assess a series of recent office layout typologies, working practices/activities within work spaces, and types of worker who principally operate in the digitally networked world. Taxonomies will be established to allow a relative comparison between the existing commentaries on workspace, activities and workers, with the aim of understanding the contemporary architectural conditions of working space(s) in the digitally based knowledge economy.

In order to test the taxonomies of new working spaces, they are compared with focused case studies of transient, intermediate and fixed digital workplaces.

“I discovered – as did many others – that I no longer had to go to work ... the work now came to me.”

(Mitchell, 1995, p3)” THEORETICAL POSITION Existing definitions of working and digital environments do not pay significatnt enough attention to the prevalent trend of electronic nomadism which is permitted by the whitecollar knowledge economy. A holistic analysis of the existing tools for office workspace and working practices, context and technological anaysis is needed to understand whether they can predict or justify the newly emerging physical/digital realms which are occupied by digital and electronic working.

METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTION The dissertation, literature review and background reading assesed as many tools for the classification of office working environments and working practices as was possible in the given timeframe. The contextual analysis of digital working environments could have been focused on in much greater detail, with further analysis of non-places, the network society and technologically imbued architectural space.

The nature of the topic and the inherent inability to clearly define set parameters for digital working environments precluded some of the case study analyses. The unpredictability and ubiquity of personal technological devices made it extremely difficult to predict which users where occupying space in a work context or not, therefore the architectural implications of transductions into workspaces was largely unknown. Ideally, in depth surveys in many contexts (regions and environments) and longer, more focused spacial evaluations of the transduction of space would have been carried out - both points which were raised in the dissertation’s own reflection.

CONCLUSION REFLECTION The future of digital / physical crossovers in space and technological transductions of existing architectural environments is becomming a more recognised and valued discourse in architecture. It is believed that the nature of spaces and the notion CONTENT REFLECTION of distinct architectural programmes will be fundamentally reClassifications, comparisons, taxonomies and accessibility of the evaluated with the growing ubiquity and permeability of digital complex are key themes which have been developed through communications devices and infrastructures. the dissertation in line with the studio projects. Justification, rationality and clarity were the ultimate goals of the dissertation, The design of the infrastructure and interventions which permit in an attempt to make an extremely complex collision of digital this kind of (re)definition of space is backed by the unit’s and physical space, the contextual inhibitors and the precedental theoretical position and will hopefully be manifested in further influences understandable in architectural terms. detail throughout the Year 6 thesis project.

The mediation of user, space, technology, peripheral systems and infrastructures were the drivers of the three main studio projects, and were key to the descriptions of the conditions of

TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION It is well documented that through the manner in which we live our lives we are jeopardising the planet we live on. The intricacies of planet Earth are numerous and as man has developed over time we have thrown the natural balance of our planet out of kilter. It is clear that we need to rethink the way in which we interact with our planet before the damage we have done becomes irreparable.

‘The Earth has recovered after fevers like this, and there are no grounds for thinking that what we are doing will destroy Gaia, but if we continue business as usual, our species may never again enjoy the lush and verdant world we had only a hundred years ago.’ (Lovelock, 2007, p76).

But what if it’s already too late? What if we have already passed the threshold? Many writings and theories believe that this may be the case and we now face the Revenge of Gaia, “the living, self-regulating earth is now fighting back” (Lovelock, 2007).

Whether or not this is the case is debatable, but it is certain that if we continue business as usual with large carbon dioxide emissions resulting in higher global temperatures and rising sea levels, we face the rapid decline of our planet.

16

AND ENVIRONMENT

_ Technological adaptation and integration can help streamline the inefficiencies which currently exist to perpetuate the unsustainable conditions of the modern world. We need to be much lest wasteful, embody cradle-to-cradle lifespan design principles to provide a technological backdrop to all infrastructures and systems which currently exist and which will exist in the future. _ Integration should be re-addressed to provide the sustainability and environmentality which is desperately needed. We can take existing assemblages, systems and infrastructures and rationalise them, making efficientcies through integration to make a more sustainable contribution to the design and development of the world.

CONCLUSION It is clearly evident that we are faced with a myriad of problems under the banner of sustainability and these will only become more difficult to address as the capitalist consumer tendencies of the world continue to grow.

Whilst the multiple taxonomies of sustainability will take an undeterminable amount of time to clarify we believe that THEMES through the use of familiar methodologies we can filter and _ Reclassification of sustainability into organised taxonomies refine the way we think about sustainability. is needed, so that small steps can be made towards small problems. There is no use addressing the current concept of As [Re_Map], we believe that streamlining infrastructure, sustainability, it is too messy, too misunderstood and too vast to extreme integration and the use of latent data can all lead be comprehended or dealt with as an issue. It needs to broken to a positive change in the way we interact with the city. down and re-engaged.

Highlighting inefficiencies through the study of data allows us to re-evaluate the city before we begin to impose change through _ Infrastructral provision is the key to environmental design. We the construction of interventions and structures. By looking at need to reuse what we have. Streamlined, efficient, adapted the world in a multi-scalar fashion it is possible to transfer and and reprogrammed infrastructures which already exist are refine existing systems of infrastructure in order to increase the the obvious alternative to society’s notion of throw away and efficiency of our cities. replace. We need to rework what we’ve already got to make it more evironmentally performative and efficient.

There is, of course, no immediate fix to solve the problems of sustainability and all steps towards doing so will take time. _ Industrialisation is not a suitable precedent for human Attempts to install highly complex systems without testing and development. We cannot afford for emerging economies to growing them first will only lead to failure. We must be thorough make the same mistakes as those who preceded them. Energy, and precise in our methodologies. Whilst we must act as quickly consumption, growth and demand need to be completely re- as possible, it would be foolish to rush towards a single goal addressed as the developing world continues to industrialise, before we better understand the problems faced, and whilst and infrastructure is a key to getting this right. we strive to achieve clarity, our first steps must be towards the refining of our existing infrastructure. _ Food transit is a key infrastructural parameter that needs to be addressed when contemplating sustainabilty and environmentality in design. Refinement of existing logistics and infrastructures to make efficiencies, and embodying more insular principles of production and distribution will begin the change from the current wasteful ideologies of production and consumption, and will be able to define emerging nations’ consumption principles into sustainably oriented structures.

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REFLECTION The technological and environmental issues raised throughout the study course in Year 5 were extremely engaging. The development of the key themes from texts into a reflective stance integrated into the unit design proposition was an engaging process, which highlighted many issues and allowed us in work groups and seminars to debate these pressing issues.

However, I feel that these issues were not successfully integrated into the design strategies of the studio work throughout the year. More direct analysis of proposals and design schemes, and their relationship to technology and environment is needed to ensure that the Year 6 design thesis is heavily grounded in the provision of an appropriate and well designed, technologically imbued environmental solution.

The theme of infrastructural analysis, development and refinement went some way to embodying the principles of the technology and environment study, however it was not the main definitive design-driver in the projects.

More analysis of the design, manufacture, production, assembly and performance of materials and components at the micro scale is essential in the coming year. The high-level infrastructural analysis in all Year 5 projects was well aligned with the notions of sustainibility and environmental design through technology, but at the micro scale the projects did not fully integrate these ideas holistically into the finished design proposals.

INFRASTRUCTURE

[RE_MAP]

PROFESSIONAL

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PRACTICE MANAGEMENT AND LAW

CONTEXT The structured lecture series was punctuated with guest lectures by industry professionals. I believe this method of expertise integration into architectural education provides a well grounded initial basis for a career in the future.

PRACTICE The crossover between architectural education and experience in practice had until now been an issue for me. I am keen to learn through my education not only how to design, but how designs, practice and organisations assimilate into the context of the industry, policy and economy as a whole. I believe that by CONTENT undertaking this level of critical enquiry in relation to a project in Through the attendance of lectures, many aspects of industry the safe context of university provides a much needed real world practice management and law were covered in the course, integration of practice and education. including: During my two years experience as a Part I assistant in several _ Appointment and fees. companies, I learned a great deal about the industry and various sectors. This course has been integral to filling in a lot of the _ Planning and listed building regulations and applications. gaps which I have not covered in the professional realm. _ Building Regulations requirements and applications.

Working during term time, as I have during the course of Year 5, has benefitted me greatly, particularly in terms of the professional _ Health and safety requirements and documentation. practice course. Without the help, explanation and translation provided by a large office of industry professionals, I do not _ Accessibilty and the equality acts. believe that the content of the course would have had enough relevance. There needs to be directed integration between what _ Project management roles and relevance. we learn as students and how it can be transferred into practice.

We should not just learn about practice, management and _ Available contract and procurement methods and their law in the context of university, everyone should be integrated relevance and suitability. into a practice so that we can see and compare first hand the implications of what we are learning, as a bridge into Part III. _ Contract documentation and its relationship to projects. _ Budget and costing associated with projects. _ Programming of a project.

OUTPUT As well as lecture attendance, a large report was produced to assess understanding and form a basis for integrating the professional practice principles into a semi-real world project context. I believe that the content of the course was very thorough and thought provoking, however, the reportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brief in terms of clarity, legibility and extent was very poor. A much more thorough series of requirements needs to be stipulated to ensure that the content of the lectures can be assimilated more rationally into the coursework.

MSA EVENTS

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MAPPING CRIME

BRIEF Data collection of crime and anti-crime manifestations in the cumulative resources and addressed our brief successfully. The urban environment [Manchester]. final output was individual to each of the projects, but in total constituted some intriguing real world installations of varying Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preoccupation with fear results in increasingly obvious scale, a number of films, several detailed computer models, manifestations of safety, security and anti-crime measures in the some beautiful hand sketches and renderings and a number of urban environment. They exist in the spaces we use every day. articulate presentations to the review panel and peers.

They are both visible and invisible and any notion of the built environment must take them into account.

REFLECTION We were happy with the way in which we structured the event In what ways are they obvious? How do they make themselves in general. The mixture of whole group and individual tutorials covert? enabled the group ethos the develop and the individual projects to generate their own trajectory and style. Upon reflection, our How would our perception of the urban realm change if we group selection process for the indiviual projects should have were to start to recognize the boundaries between controlled been more formative and mixed, with groups combining some and uncontrolled? first and some second year students and both landscape and architecture students.

How are we able to articulate or alter these thresholds more through the use of architectural interventions?

In terms of output we enjoyed encouraging different modes of work and presentation, we felt that we managed to give our STRUCTURE advice and expertise in a structured and articulate manner which The events month consisted of five directed sessions with a helped the students develop their projects fully. The varied output final review. We initiated the programme by issuing two set and professional presentations from the students reflected the texts which were associated with the concepts in the brief. The way in which the project was successfully structured. students were asked to read them and compare other resources to develop an initial stance prior to the first meeting. We heavily We believe that the students were happy with the content, scope, relied on analytical tools developed in [RE_MAP] throughout the freedom and output which our brief and tutorials enabled. In year to encourange the analysis and development of complex one case a group were encouraged to investigate specific policy content specific to urban conditions. We created a blog which and guidance to further their project, a suggestion which they contained essential resources and which the students were actively followed and which gave them a pragmatic, real world regularly involved with and contributed to. skill set for their future studies.

TUTORIALS The aim of the event was to provide an informal spring board for the students to develop a brief and intervention to futher their own interests and abilities, with our role designed to suppliment their knowledge base and encourage thorough design research, analysis, development and strategic skills. We allowed the students to self organise; this resulted in two groups of three, two groups of two and one sole participant. Each area of enquiry related to the issues and content of the brief, but was tailored through tutorials into highly independant responses to individual contexts. The groups successfully utilised a series of resources, design, development, and computational and presentation techniques to manifest their proposals.

I would like to have seen the output integrating more physical models. Our assumption of what the form or content the interventions could have taken assumed lots of physical output in model terms, however the groups were able to tackle the brief without needing these. Physical models would however have supplimented some of the project content very well.

The events month functioned very well in terms of its integration of the different study areas and year groups throughout the school. It was very encouraging to work with enthusuatic lower school students and provide and recieve useful feedback.

I believe that as a Year 5 student this level of interaction and responsibility gives us a very strong grounding for Year 6 and our further careers. I have increased my confidence in my knowledge FINAL REVIEW and abilities and see the events month as an extention of my The last session of the event was a focused cross-event review. role as a Teaching Assistant.

With the students from group no.09, the students gave ten minute digital presentations with ten minute question sessions and feedback. There were six critic tutors and a guest critic from a local architectural practice, which, combined with the high student attandance gave the review a serious, professional feel with output and presentations which reflected this.

FINAL STUDENT OUTPUT We were very happy with the majority of the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; output.

In most cases their interventions were justified at a number of scales. The macro contextual analysis of their site was successful and acted as a generator for their proposals. The micro design of the interventions was well grounded, based on a number of

CONCLUSIONS OVERVIEW From the inception of Year 5 my concept of architecture, discourses and study have been fundamentally restructured. I have been introduced to novel and compelling theoretical positions throughout the studio projects and the research dissertation, which have been successfully worked into the content of my projects, redefining the way I think about architecture. Prior to attending the Manchester School of Architecture, I believe I was very pragmatic in my studies, aiming for “safe-bets” in terms of what I was willing to produce or investigate, a stance which was backed up by my two years placement in commercially orientated practices. Now, having completed one year at the MSA I believe that I am much more confident in the articluatiuon of my ideas, have a much wider and focused theoretical understanding of the subject and enjoy testing my limitations and abilities through design and production.

MODELLING I believe the workshop facilities provided by the university (the University of Manchester in particular) have been integral to getting the most out of this year. We have equipment, resources and assistance which ensures that anything within reason can be created. I have thoroughly enjoyed the two main studio projects because they enabled me to practice the modelling skills I had developed in my Part I course and combine them with much more advanced, experimental techniques to test material properties, performance, behaviour and qualities. I am happy with the range and depth of model making which has influenced my designs, and believe the Croydon II brief was very rich in terms of its exploration at the macro and micro design model stages. The power and importance of the use of 3D modelling and 3D fabrication became evident to me in the Croydon II project, and I aim to use these to their full potential in Year 6 to prototype and develop components and systems in my designs.

THE UNIT AND METHODOLGIES [RE_MAP] and the unit propositions and teachings have given me a very good attitude towards rationality, clarity, organisation and articulation. By enabling us to investigate complex urban ideas both evident and latent, we have had to learn new organisational structures, methodologies, tools of representation and design. I believe that the pragmatism which was instilled in me by my dissertation and tutor will stand me in good stead for Year 6 and the thesis project.

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CRITICAL SELF-ASSESSMENT

group to discuss and engage with the principles of the unit.

I hope that my theoretical position of investigation, knowledge and data based analysis of sites, contexts, components, systems, suppositions and theories will continue to define the way I work in Year 6.

TECHNOLOGY The level of technological integration in the unit and in all projects has been very high. I feel that I have used staple resources in terms of design packages and additonal software, and combined them with new techniques of analysis, design and representation to bolster my skill set and improve the quality and depth of my work. The use of parametric design in the two Croydon projects was very engaging and I very much look forward to being able to further these skills in the coming year. I am very proud to have used BIM software throughout the year, allowing my projects to be efficiently managed and coherantly designed and organised. I believe these techniques should be encouraged more in the school as they represent the changing industry standards. In the next year I would like to use more complex 3D modelling softwares including Processing, Grasshopper and Arduino to add depth to my designs and their use of REVIT/Vasari.

DISSERTATION The theoretical stance of analysis, synthesis and integration which was developed throughout the research, reading, writing and editing of my dissertation is a welcommed skill, and I look forward to using it to its full potential in the next year. I hope to be able to mix some of the conceptual basis of electronic nomadism, networked ideologies and information flows to govern the design concept of my thesis project. Linking these ideologies with the complexity inherent in parametric modelling and 3D fabrication will help me deliver a thesis which is theoretically deep and well realised.

TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND PRACTICE I look forward to the thesis project because of its holistic integration potential. I will aim to use the accrued knowledge and ideologies of the technology and environment courses in order to synthesise the project into a climatically, materially, structurally and technologically sound proposition. I am keen to find ways of integrating the professional practice, management and law learnings into the thesis so that it has a real world basis I feel that the group based methodology in the first project was in terms of legislation, responsibility, delivery, and buildability. a very efficient and effective way to allow the Year 5 students to integrate with the principles of the unit as a whole. The TEACHING ASSISTANT initial group tasks through to the initial Croydon I investigation I am very grateful for the opportunity to be a Teaching Assistant enabled me to fit in very well into a peer group which I did at the university. I think this is an integral resource that sets not previously know. This was further enforced with the study both the Part I and Part II courses above others in the country. trips to Croydon and Paris, which as an exporation was very I enjoy the lower school interaction and the knowledge gained enjoyable. I would hope that the study trip in Year 6 is more and imparted during the teaching sessions. I hope to be able fundamentally integrated into the context of course, and allows to continue this role next year, constantly learning and helping us to invest the time examining the context of our projects, as others learn quickly and efficiently during study time. well as getting very drunk and dériving.

The speed with which the unit expects students to engage and provide structured contribution to the group is very good. It is initially very daunting, but quickly and seamlessly allows the

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