Anti Trafficking Bulletin vol 20

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Anti-Trafficking Co-ordinator.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 JRF – Forced labour in Northern Ireland (an update) 1.2 JRF – Forced labour in the United Kingdom 1.3 Human Trafficking Foundation – Trafficking Survivor Care Standards 1.4 ATMG Alternative Modern Slavery Bill 1.5 European Union – Guardianship for children deprived of parental care 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Home Office context to Modern Slavery Bill 2.2 Parliamentary questions 3. Campaigns 3.1 Stop the Traffik’s campaign on supply chain legislation 3.2 Stop the Traffik’s Big Auction 3.3 The Salvation Army Cry Freedom 3.4 Freedom Sunday 4. In the news 4.1 Series of articles on Tilbury Docks case

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 JRF – Forced labour in Northern Ireland (an update) The Joseph Rowntree Foundation publishes an update to a 2011 report on forced labour in Northern Ireland: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/Forced-LabourNorthern-Ireland-FULL.pdf 1.2 JRF – Forced labour in the United Kingdom Report highlighting the findings and recommendations from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s research programme into forced labour: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/Forced-LabourUnited-Kingom-SUMMARY.pdf 1.3 Human Trafficking Foundation – Trafficking Survivor Care Standards Human Trafficking Foundation’s care standard working group publishes guidance on care provision to promote

4.2 ‘Human trafficking increases year on year in Cardiff’ 4.3 ‘Rotherham abuse victims tell their stories’ 4.4 ‘Rotherham child abusers “brazen”, says care home worker’ 4.5 ‘On-the-run human trafficker Vladimir Ismaili jailed’ 4.6 ‘Rotherham child abuse: Cases in other towns’ 4.7 ‘Rotherham child abuse scandal: The background to the report’ 4.8 ‘Labour appoints first MP to tackle violence against women’ 4.9 ‘Human traffic victim from Latvia rescued in Longsight’ 4.10 ‘Two men face people trafficking charges’ 4.11 ‘NCA would help police tackle human trafficking says David Ford’ 4.12 ‘Human trafficking: “20 victims rescued” in County Armagh’ 4.13 ‘Swindon man faces nine human trafficking charges’ 4.14 ‘Human trafficking activists welcome supreme court ruling on compensation’ 4.15 ‘The trafficking watchlist may be flawed but it’s the best measure we have’

a consistency of approach in the support of those using post-trafficking services: http://www.humantraffickingfoundation.org/traffickingsurvivor-care-standards 1.4 ATMG Alternative Modern Slavery Bill The Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group publishes an alternative modern slavery bill with the aim of assisting the scrutiny of the Government’s Modern Slavery Bill: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_ docs/2014/a/atmg_modern_slavery_human_trafficking_ and_human_exploitation_bill.pdf 1.5 European Union – Guardianship for children deprived of parental care A handbook to reinforce guardianship systems to cater for the specific needs of child victims of trafficking: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/ guardianship-children-deprived-parental-care-handbookreinforce-guardianship

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 24 June to 9 September 2014 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

2. Political and legislative 2.1 Home Office publishes context to Modern Slavery Bill Home Office launches ‘Modern Slavery: how the UK is leading the fight’: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/328096/Modern_slavery_ booklet_v12_WEB__2_.pdf Factsheets about the measures included in the Bill: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernslavery-bill-factsheets 2.2 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

9 September – written answers Margot James: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what the (a) nationality and (b) gender was of each suspected victim of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in July 2014; in which (a) region and (b) county, each of the suspected victims was found; which agency referred each person to the scheme; in which town the shelter was in which they were placed for the relevant period; and what contact is maintained with each victim after he or she leaves the shelter to ensure he or she is not re-trafficked.

Karen Bradley: The data requested for July 2014 can be found on The Salvation Army’s website, at: http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/Anti_Human_ Trafficking_Latest_Report Monthly reports are published on the website providing information on victims that have been supported. In the interests of the victim’s safety, only the region in which the victim was encountered will be provided.

Upon leaving Government-funded care, a victim is provided with tailored support either to safely return home or integrate in the UK, if they are eligible to do so.

Once a victim leaves the service, no formal mechanisms exist to maintain contact with them. However, ongoing support of victims is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism.

8 September – written answers Mr Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what the nationality and gender was of each suspected victim of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in August 2014; in which (a) region and (b) county each of the suspected victims was found; which agency referred each person to the scheme; in which town was the shelter to which they were placed for the relevant period; and what contact is had with each victim after they exit the shelter to ensure they are not re-trafficked.

Karen Bradley: The data requested for August 2014 can be found on The Salvation Army’s website, at:

http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/Anti_Human_ Trafficking_Latest_Report Monthly reports are published on the website providing information on victims that have been supported. In the interests of the victim’s safety, only the region in which the victim was encountered will be provided.

Upon leaving Government-funded care, a victim is provided with tailored support either to safely return home or integrate in the UK, if they are eligible to do so.

Once a victim leaves the service, no formal mechanisms exist to maintain contact with them. However, ongoing support of victims is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism.

1 September – written answers Mr Dodds: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if she will take additional steps to tackle human trafficking within the UK’s borders.

Karen Bradley: This Government is determined to stamp out all forms of modern slavery and human trafficking, regardless of whether these crimes have involved crossborder movement. The Modern Slavery Bill will give law enforcement the tools to tackle modern slavery and enhance support and protection for victims. The Scottish Government and Northern Ireland Executive are both bringing forward their own legislation to tackle this terrible crime and we are working with them closely to ensure a co-ordinated approach across the UK. We are also undertaking a comprehensive programme of activity which includes awareness-raising for front-line professionals, to ensure that they can spot the signs of modern slavery, including human trafficking, and know what to do.

22 July – written answers Justin Tomlinson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what the nationality and gender was of each suspected victim of trafficking to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in May 2014; in which (a) region and (b) county each of the suspected victims was found; which agency referred each person to the Scheme; in which town the shelter was to which they were placed for the relevant period; and what contact is had with each victim after they exit the shelter to ensure they are not re-trafficked.

Karen Bradley: The data requested for May 2014 can be found on The Salvation Army’s website, at: http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/Anti_Human_ Trafficking_Latest_Report In future, monthly reports will be published on the website providing information on victims that have been supported. In the interests of the victim’s safety, only the region in which the victim was encountered will be provided.

Upon leaving Government-funded care, a victim is provided with tailored support either to safely return home or integrate in the UK, if they are eligible to do so.

Once a victim leaves the service, no formal mechanisms exist to maintain contact with them. However, ongoing support of victims is being considered as part of the review of this service and the review of the National Referral Mechanism.

which agency referred each person to the scheme; in which town the shelter was to which they were placed for the relevant period; and what contact it had with each victim after they exit the shelter to ensure they are not re-trafficked.

21 July – written answers

Karen Bradley: In June 2014, there were 97 referrals to the Government-funded support service for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales administered

by The Salvation Army, of which, 59 were female victims, 37 were male victims and one was a transgender victim. In the interests of victim safety, only the region in which the victim was encountered is provided, and not the county, parliamentary constituency or details of the specific shelters at which victims are supported. The scope of the victim care contract does not extend (a) beyond the date on which a victim exits Government-funded support or (b) to the safety and protection of victims post the recovery and reflection period. The Salvation Army therefore does not routinely maintain contact with victims outside the scope of the victim care contract.

Details are provided at the following link: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm201415/cmhansrd/cm140714/text/140714w0003. htm#14071452000026

Mr Ivan Lewis: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what training her Department provides to immigration officials in Northern Ireland to identify victims of human trafficking.

Karen Bradley: All frontline immigration officials must undertake a mandatory two stage e-learning training package on identifying victims of trafficking. They must also undertake training on safeguarding children.

The Home Office continuously reviews the training provided to front line officers to ensure that it remains relevant and up to date.

15 July – written answers Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department with reference to the answer of 30 April 2014, Official Report, column 717W, on human trafficking, (1) how her Department gathers information to ensure that victims are safe once they have left the support service, if the town in which they have been placed is withheld on safety grounds; (2) whether The Salvation Army shares with her Department information on the town and shelter in which each victim is placed and whether the victim has a conclusive grounds decision.

Karen Bradley: Information on the whereabouts of adult victims, once they exit Government-funded support services, is not routinely held.

Although there is no requirement under the UK’s European convention against trafficking obligations to support a victim once they have exited the service, the Government is looking into ways to provide post-exit support to victims which will enable continuous engagement with them, with the purpose of ensuring their wellbeing and successful integration into mainstream society or reintegration into their home country. This proposal is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism and the retender of the Governmentfunded support service.

Should the Home Office request information, including on the town and shelter in which each victim is placed and whether the victim has a conclusive grounds decision, the Salvation Army is obliged to share it.

14 July – written answers Sir Richard Ottaway: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what the nationality and gender of each suspected victim of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army was in June 2014 in which (a) region and (b) county each of the suspected victims was found;

Sir John Randall: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department (1) with reference to the answer of 9 April 2014, Official Report, column 274W, on human trafficking: victim support schemes, how many of those referred were (a) men and (b) women, by country; what steps are taken to ensure that after the victim exits the shelter into which they have been placed by The Salvation Army they are not retrafficked or enter contact with their former traffickers; and if she will make a statement; (2) with reference to the answers of 9 April 2014, Official Report, column 274WS, and 14 January 2014, Official Report, column 481W, on human trafficking: victim support schemes, for what reason information on each individual and on their gender and location was not given in the former answer; and if she will provide that information in response to future parliamentary questions seeking equivalent information.

Karen Bradley: In March 2014, there were 126 referrals to the Government-funded support service for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales administered by the Salvation Army, of which 78 were female victims and 48 were male victims. In the interests of victim safety, only the region in which the victim was encountered is provided, and not the county, parliamentary constituency or details of the specific shelters at which victims are supported. The scope of the victim care contract does not extend (a) beyond the date on which a victim exits Government-funded support or (b) to the safety and protection of victims post the recovery and reflection period. The Salvation Army therefore does not routinely maintain contact with victims outside the scope of the victim care contract.

The breakdown of information requested is as follows and will be provided in response to future parliamentary questions seeking equivalent information. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm201415/cmhansrd/cm140714/text/140714w0003. htm#14071452000026

8 July – oral debates Full text of the debate around the second reading of the Modern Slavery Bill is available here: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm201415/cmhansrd/cm140708/debtext/140708-0001. htm#14070874000001

the Bill, I have had discussions with ministerial colleagues including with the Attorney-General in relation to the statutory defence.

When considering whether the defence applies, the age, sex and any physical or mental illness or disability of the victim is relevant under the test set out in the Bill.

7 July – written answers

2 July – written answers

Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department pursuant to her answer of 16 June 2014, Official Report, column 441W, on human trafficking: Albania, how many female victims of trafficking have returned from England using the International Organisation for Migration voluntary return package and taken up the facilities made available by the government in Albania; and if she will make a statement.

Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department with reference to the answer of 25 April 2014, Official Report, column 717W, on human trafficking, what tailored support is given to victims who have received a Conclusive Grounds decision to safely return home; to which countries such victims returned in January to March 2014; and if she will make a statement.

James Brokenshire: In November 2013, the UK Government and the Albanian Government, working with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), established a voluntary return package for female victims of trafficking who wished to return to Albania.

This comprehensive package includes the provision of secure accommodation in Albania (with guards and social services on site), child care assistance where required, and training or support to establish a business or enter the labour market. This provides the high level of support and assistance required for victims who wish to return to Albania to rebuild their lives. Although no victims have yet availed themselves of the package, a number of potential cases have been identified and the Home Office is actively working with the Albanian Government, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and IOM to improve the promotion of the scheme among those who may qualify and identify and address any perceived barriers to return.

Greg Mulholland: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if she will bring forward legislative proposals to recognise child trafficking as a separate offence to adult trafficking.

Karen Bradley: The most effective way to protect child victims of trafficking is to have a general offence, which applies to both adults and children. The Modern Slavery Bill contains a general human trafficking offence, which does not require prosecutors to prove the age of the child, as this can lead to practical problems during prosecutions. Targeting a child will, however, be an aggravating factor for sentencing purposes, and the human trafficking offence in the Modern Slavery Bill will carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

Greg Mulholland: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what discussions she has had with the Attorney-General on her policy in relation to the prosecution of child victims of trafficking who are forced to commit crimes.

Karen Bradley: The Modern Slavery Bill provides for a statutory defence for victims of slavery and trafficking who have been compelled to commit an offence as direct result of their trafficking or slavery situation. In preparing

Karen Bradley: Currently, there is no specific return and reintegration package for those who have received a positive Conclusive Grounds decision and wish to return home. The Assisted Voluntary Returns package is available to nationals of non-EEA countries. Where possible and appropriate to do so, the Government will work with host countries’ Government agencies to ensure that the victim receives adequate support.

Information pertaining to the countries to which victims returned via the AVR programme is not collated centrally and would require a detailed examination of case files in order to extract such data.

Between January and March 2014, The Salvation Army recorded that 30 individuals, in their care, returned to their country of origin. These were: Country of origin

Count

China

1

Czech Republic

2

Hungary

3

Latvia

3

Lithuania

4

Poland

1

Romania

9

Slovakia

4

Sri Lanka

1

Congo

1

Uganda

1

Grand total

30

Care and support for victims, once they receive a positive Conclusive Grounds decision, is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism and as part of the re-tender of the Government’s victim support service.

Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department with reference to the answer of 25 April 2014, Official Report, column 717W, on human trafficking, what information her Department holds on the current safety of victims who received Conclusive Grounds decisions and returned home in (a) January,

(b) February and (c) March 2014; and if she will make a statement.

and as part of the retender of the Government’s care contract for adult victims of human trafficking.

Karen Bradley: The Government does not hold information on the whereabouts of victims once they have left the victim support service.

Mr Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department further to the answer of 25 June 2014, Official Report, column 210W, on human trafficking, how many calls in each of the years from 2011 to 2014 came from (a) victims, (b) other police forces, (c) the UK border force, (d) other professionals and (e) the public; and how many (i) traffickers were arrested and (ii) victims rescued as a result of information provided by those calls. [202902]

Care and support for victims, once they receive a positive Conclusive Grounds decision, is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism and as part of the retender of the Government’s victim support service.

Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department with reference to the answer of 25 April 2014, Official Report, column 717W, on human trafficking, what tailored support is given to victims who have received Conclusive Grounds decisions to integrate into the UK; where such victims came from in January to March 2014; which organisations provide her Department with information on the progress of the victim integration process; and what information her Department holds on how victims have integrated into the UK. Karen Bradley: Currently, there is no specific integration package for those who have received a positive Conclusive Grounds decision and wish to stay in the UK. The Salvation Army, which delivers the Government’s support service for adult victims of human trafficking, provides support to those victims leaving its service by facilitating access to mainstream benefits, housing and local services as well as pastoral support such as assistance with completing application forms.

Care and support for victims, once they receive a positive Conclusive Grounds decision, is being considered as part of the review of the National Referral Mechanism and as part of the re-tender of the Government’s victim support service.

Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if she will ensure that the regulations governing the new contract for the specialist support providers allow bids to provide ongoing care and support once victims exit the shelter service, at the end of the 45 days period irrespective of whether they have received a Conclusive Grounds decision.

Karen Bradley: Once they receive a positive Reasonable Grounds decision, potential victims of trafficking are entitled to a minimum of 45 days’ care and support which can continue up to the point they receive a positive Conclusive Grounds decision, whichever is the later. Article 12 of the European Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings requires the UK to provide a minimum of 30 days’ support for victims of human trafficking. The current UK Government policy goes further than the European Convention on Action against Trafficking obligations by providing a minimum of 45 days’ support once a Reasonable Grounds decision is made.

Care and support for victims, once they receive a positive Conclusive Grounds decision, is being considered as part of the ongoing review of the National Referral Mechanism

Karen Bradley: This information is recorded by the Trafficking and Kidnap Unit at the Metropolitan Police Service. The breakdown of data requested is only available from 2013 onwards. This is detailed in the following tables: 2014 (up to 30 June 2014) Breakdown of calls received:

Number of calls

(a) victims

0

(b) other police forces

8

(c) UK Border Force

1

(d) other professionals

8

(e) members of public

15

Total

32

Traffickers arrested

0

Victims rescued

0

2013 Breakdown of calls received

Number of calls

(a) victims

0

(b) other police forces

5

(c) UK Border Force

1

(d) other professionals

11

(e) members of public

35

Total

52

Traffickers arrested

2

Victims rescued

2

For 2013, 52 calls were made to the helpline. A confirmed breakdown of calls is as follows: Number of calls

29

2014

1

2013

52

2012

41

2011

2

1

34

To 19 June From June to December 2

1 July – written answers Mr Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what recent changes have been made to the structure of the Human Trafficking Unit in the Metropolitan Police; and which other police forces in the UK operate a modern slavery or human trafficking unit.

Karen Bradley: On 12 May 2014, the Metropolitan Police Service launched the new Trafficking and Kidnap Unit with the aim being to provide enhanced support to the victims of human trafficking and modern slavery. The new Unit has an enhanced management structure to serve the growing demands of trafficking and modem slavery investigations. It is one of the largest pro-active investigation teams in London, and the only full-time modern slavery police unit in the United Kingdom.

The National Crime Agency’s UK Human Trafficking Centre provides 24/7 tactical advice capability for local forces, which have developed their own bespoke structures and processes according to local needs.

30 June – written answers Graham Evans: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department pursuant to the answer of 16 June 2014, Official Report, column 441W, on human trafficking: Albania, how much funding has been made available by (a) the Home Office and (b) the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to establish the International Organisation Migration voluntary return package; and if she will make a statement. [202547] Karen Bradley: In November 2013, the UK Government and the Albanian Government, working with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), established a voluntary return package for female victims of trafficking who wished to return to Albania. This package includes the provision of secure accommodation in Albania (with guards and social services on site), child care assistance where required, and training or support to establish a business or enter the labour market. This provides the support and assistance required for victims who wish to return to Albania to rebuild their lives.

The IOM package is funded by the Returns and Reintegration Fund. This is a cross-governmental programme, to which the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Department for International Development, the Home Office and the Ministry of Justice contribute resources.

The IOM package is funded to the value of £138,000 over an 18-month period, commencing in November 2013.

25 June – written answers Mr Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department how many calls the Metropolitan Police human trafficking hotline received from victims of human trafficking in each of the last three years; and what the annual cost of running the hotline is.

Karen Bradley: The following table shows the number of calls received by the Metropolitan police human trafficking hotline since it was set up in June 2011.

Number of calls

2014 (to 19 June)

29

2013

41

2012

52

2011 (June to December)

34

The freephone hotline number (0800 783 2589) is funded

by Stop The Traffik and therefore has no cost to the Metropolitan Police Service other than the £15 per month line rental.

24 June – written answers Emily Thornberry: To ask the Secretary of State for Justice how many people were (a) prosecuted for, (b) convicted of, (c) cautioned for and (d) given a noncustodial sentence for human trafficking offences in each year since 2008.

Jeremy Wright: Severe maximum penalties are available for serious offences. Where an offender is prosecuted and convicted, sentencing in individual cases is a matter for the courts, taking account of all the circumstances of each case. This will include the seriousness of the offence, including all aggravating and mitigating factors, and a guilty plea.

Since 2010, crime has continued to fall. At the same time offenders are more likely to be sent to prison and for longer.

The number of offenders cautioned and defendants proceeded against at magistrates courts and found guilty and sentenced at all courts for offences related to human trafficking, in England and Wales, from 2008 to 2013, can be viewed here: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm201415/cmhansrd/cm140624/text/140624w0003. htm#14062469000128 3. Campaigns 3.1 Stop the Traffik campaign around the Modern Slavery Bill Stop the Traffik encourages action around the inclusion of supply chains legislation in Modern Slavery Bill: http://www.stopthetraffik.org/gb/ modernslaverybill?utm_campaign=website&utm_ source=sendgrid.com&utm_medium=email 3.2 Stop the Traffik’s Big Auction Campaign launched in the run-up to October’s AntiSlavery Day: http://www.stopthetraffik.org/campaign/bigauction 3.3 The Salvation Army Cry Freedom Support The SA’s international work on trafficking: http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/cryfreedom 3.4 Freedom Sunday Resources available for churches tackling human trafficking: http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/Freedom_Sunday 4. In the News 4.1 Series of articles on Tilbury Docks case: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandessex-29088709 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28857000

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandessex-28841545 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28827133 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28824985 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandessex-28824752 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28817688 4.2 ‘Human trafficking increases year on year in Cardiff’ BBC News, 2 September http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-29009500

4.9 ‘Human traffic victim from Latvia rescued in Longsight’ BBC News, 21 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandmanchester-28881986 4.10 ‘Two men face people trafficking charges’ BBC News, 19 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-28848577

4.3 ‘Rotherham abuse victims tell their stories’ BBC News, 2 September http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-southyorkshire-28971058

4.11 ‘NCA would help police tackle human trafficking says David Ford’ BBC News, 19 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-28858905

4.4 ‘Rotherham child abusers “brazen”, says care home worker’ BBC News, 29 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-southyorkshire-28974336

4.12 ‘Human trafficking: “20 victims rescued” in County Armagh’ BBC News, 18 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-28845228

4.5 ‘On-the-run human trafficker Vladimir Ismaili jailed’ BBC News, 28 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventrywarwickshire-28970047

4.13 ‘Swindon man faces nine human trafficking charges’ BBC News, 31 July http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandwiltshire-28581148

4.6 ‘Rotherham child abuse: Cases in other towns’ BBC News, 27 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28953549 4.7 ‘Rotherham child abuse scandal: The background to the report’ BBC News, 26 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-southyorkshire-28934963 4.8 ‘Labour appoints first MP to tackle violence against women’ BBC News, 25 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28924206

4.14 ‘Human trafficking activists welcome supreme court ruling on compensation’ The Guardian, 30 July http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/jul/30/ human-trafficking-campaigners-supreme-court-rulingcompensation 4.15 ‘The trafficking watchlist may be flawed but it’s the best measure we have’ The Guardian, 27 June http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/ poverty-matters/2014/jun/27/human-traffickingwatchlist-report

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