Primary research

Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

History of wine

- Wine has been a popular beverage of mankind for thousands of years. Our natural fondness of this drink stems from the wonderful taste, its nutritious properties and not least its psychotropic (intoxicating) effects.

- The earliest remnants of wine were discovered in the site of Hajji Firuz Tepe, in the northern Zagros Mountains of Iran.

- The wine dated back to the Neolithic period (8500-4000 B.C.). Carbon dating confirmed the wine was from sometime between 5400-5000 B.C.

- Wine production and consumption increased, burgeoning from the 15th century onwards as part of European expansion. Despite the devastating 1887 phylloxera louse infestation, modern science and technology adapted and industrial wine production and wine consumption now occur throughout the world. - The altered consciousness produced by wine has been considered religious since its origin.

- The ancient Greeks worshiped Dionysus or Bacchus and the Ancient Romans carried on his cult. Consumption of ritual wine, probably a certain type of sweet wine originally, was part of Jewish practice since Biblical times and, as part of the eucharist commemorating Jesus’s Last Supper, became even more essential to the Christian Church.

- Although Islam nominally forbade the production or consumption of wine, during its Golden Age, alchemists such as Geber pioneered wine’s distillation for medicinal and industrial purposes such as the production of perfume

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Jesus making wine from water in The Marriage at Cana, a 14th-century fresco from the Visoki Dečani monastery

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History of wine : Timeline

7000 BCE

Fermented honey/rice/fruit residue found in China

4100 BCE 5100 BCE - 300 BCE 340 BCE

Oldest winery found in a cave in Armenia Phoenicians spread Vitis vinifera throughout Mediterranean Aristotle drinks ‘black wine’ in Lemnos (a Greek island). He remarks that a tastes of oregano and thyme

-70 BCE

Pliny the Elder writes “In Vino Veritas” in Naturalis Historia - “In wine, there is truth.”

1775

1st late-harvest ‘noble rot’ wines recorded at Schloss Johanisberg.

1752

Port wine is demarcated. Most popular wines include Port, Constantia, Tokaji, Sherry, Sauternes & Maderia.

1693

Dom Perignon ‘invents’ Champagne.

1670

1st vineyards planted at Château Lafite-Rothschild.

1650

Cabernet Sauvignon is born

1600

Madeira is called vinho da roda - a wine that is improved by aging on sea voyages.

1800

The era of Thomas Jefferson’s wine addiction.

1830 1857

Modern bottle shape introduced 1st commercial California winery in Buena Vista Winery.

1870

Phylloxera destroys 75% of France’s vineyards!

1890

Zinfandel is the most popular grape in America.

1920-1933

Prohibition

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Romans spread wine grapes throughout Europe

500

Fall of the Roman Empire

1000

Château de Goulaine in the Loire Valley built. Perhaps the oldest still operating winery in existence.

1100

Schloss Johanisberg in Germany built. Razed during a peasants war in 1525.

1200

Rumored to be first mention of Pinot Noir as Morillon.

1530

Wine grapes delivered to the New world by the Portuguese and Spanish in Mexico and Brazil

1500

Muscat Blanc, Pinot Noir, Tempranillo and Riesling are all common wines.

1400

Wine is safer to drink than water.

1336

Cistercian Monks erect walled vineyard monastery called Clos de Vougeot in Burgundy.

1304

First mention of Muscat Blanc as Muscatellus.

Sangria introduced to US and box wine is invented.

1976

Judgement of Paris and Wine Spectator’s first issue.

2008

Robert Parker insures his nose for $1 million. A bottle of 1869 LafiteRothschild sells for $230,000 $1 Billion ‘Wine City’ to open in Yantai, China.

2010 2016

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

God of wine

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- Dionysus is the god of the grape-harvest, winemaking and wine, of fertility, orchards and fruit, vegetation, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, festivity and theatre in ancient Greek religion and myth.

- He is also known as Bacchus, the name adopted by the Romans the frenzy he induces is bakkheia.

- Wine played an important role in Greek culture, and the cult of Dionysus was the main religious focus surrounding its consumption .

- Wine, as well as the vines and grapes that produce it, were seen as not only a gift of the god, but a symbolic incarnation of him on earth. - However, rather than being a god of drunkenness, as he was often stereotyped in the post-Classical era, the religion of Dionysus centered on the correct consumption of wine, which could ease suffering and bring joy, as well as inspire divine madness distinct from drunkenness. - He also invented the grapevine and the winepress

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Exploring the History of Wine in India

Grape growing and winemaking in India trace back to the Bronze Age, when Persian traders brought the practice to the region. Soon it became common throughout the area to find wine made from grapes or fermented grain beverages. Winemaking was widespread under British rule during the 19th century. However, phylloxera at the beginning of the 20th century, along with government disapproval, nearly wiped out the industry.

Wine production returned to India in the 1980s, along with a growing middle class taking more interest in luxury goods and dining out. The majority of wine consumed is domestic, as the tax on wine brought into India is 150 percent. Seventy producers account for the 24 million bottles that India produces per year. A little more than 10 percent of that total is exported. The principal red grapes are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir. White varieties include Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc and Chardonnay.

There are two main winegrowing regions: Nashik, in the state of Maharashtra, near Mumbai; and Nandi Hills, in Karnataka, near Bangalore.

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Wine Process

Harvest Add yeast

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Prepare grapes Fermentation Press

Malolactic fermentation

Aging

Blending Clarification

Bottling Bottle Aging

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Types of wine

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- The main classifications of wines are: Red wine, White wine, Rose wine, and Sparkling wines/champagne.

- There are many varieties (varietals) of wine within the main categories.

- They are made from different types of grapes and range from dry to sweet.

- They also range from still wines to bubbly wines. Types

- Red wine

- White wine

- Sparkling wine

- Rosé wine

- Dessert wine

- Fruit wine

- Mead (honey wine)

- Starch-based wine

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Fruit Wines

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Fruit wines

-Fruit wine is a term that refers to a fermented beverage (also sometimes called “country wine”) made with a fruit juice base that is not grape juice. - Fruit wines are like normal wines but that the fruits used are not grapes. - The alcohol is generated only by fermentation of the fruits; to be more precise by the alcoholic fermentation of the sugars. So no alcohol is added nor distillation takes place.

Fruit wine taste

Fruit wine can be sweet and fruity or not sweet, more complex and nuanced. And fruit wine is not just made from one fruit (grapes) but from every single fruit imaginable that is not a grape. And most fruits have numerous varieties with a range of flavors. Size considered in the selection of fruits for winemaking

a. it is more palatable b. it has an off-flavor c. the color is appealing d. it usually carries superior flavor and texture

Proper selection of fruits necessary in wine preparation

- They are indispensable for the maintenance of health and improve the quality of our diet. - Fruits provide essential ingredients like vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, etc. - Fruit juices are fermented to produce wine, an alcoholic beverage which are also nutritive and tastier.

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Storage

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- Wine cellars, or wine rooms, if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine.

- Purpose: Wine cellars protect alcoholic beverages from potentially harmful external influences, providing darkness, constant temperature, and constant humidity.

- Wines need to be stored at a constant temperature of 10 to 15 °C

- Generally, wine should be kept in cool, dark places with bottles placed on their sides to prevent the cork from drying out. The shelf life of unopened wine can last 1–20 years depending on the type of wine Storage stages of wine at home

- Store Wine at the Proper Temperature.

- Store Wine Bottles Horizontally

- Protect Wine from Light and Vibration

- Store Wine at the Proper Humidity.

- Store Wine in a Wine Fridge, Not a Regular Fridge.

- Serve Wine at the Proper Temperature.

- Store Open Bottles of Wine Properly.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Viticulture

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- Viticulture or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes

- Viticulture refers to studying and growing grapes, either for wine production or for raw consumption (table grapes).

- Viticulture supplies the population with fresh and dried grapes and the wine and canning industries with raw material

- Adequate sun, heat, and water during the growing season, and enough cold during the dormancy phase are crucial for healthy growth of vines and production of premium quality grapes.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine cork

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- Wine corks are a stopper used to seal wine bottles. They are typically made from cork (bark of the cork oak), though synthetic materials can be used. Common alternative wine closures include screw caps and glass stoppers. 68 percent of all cork is produced for wine bottle stoppers.

- Corks are manufactured for still wines as well as sparkling wines; the latter are bottled under pressure, forcing the corks to take on a mushroom shape. They are fastened with a wire cage known as a muselet.

- Cork stoppers are moisture-resistant, are slow to deteriorate, they help wine age, and provide a waterproof seal. The stoppers are associated with a perception of high quality wine, especially as cheaper alternatives are common with lower-cost wine - Like other cork products, natural wine corks are derived from the bark of cork oak trees. The bark is carefully peeled away and cut into sheets before processing. The oak trees are not cut down, and only about half of its bark is removed at any time. Cork oaks are first harvested at 25 years old, and take place every 9 years. After the third harvest, the bark is of sufficient quality for producing wine corks.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine Tasting

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- There are five basic steps in tasting wine: color, swirl, smell, taste, and savor.

- These are also known as the “five S” steps: see, swirl, sniff, sip, savor. During this process, a taster must look for clarity, varietal character, integration, expressiveness, complexity, and connectedness.

- A wine’s color is better judged by putting it against a white background. The wine glass is put at an angle in order to see the colors.

- Colors can give the taster clues to the grape variety, and whether the wine was aged in wood. TASTING STAGES

Apperance

In glass aroma of the wine

In mouth sensations

Finish (Aftertaste)

1

See 2

4 Swirl

Sip 3

5 Sniff

Savor

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Basic wine characteristics

- Sweetness

- Acidity

- Tannin

- Alcohol

- Body

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Sweetness

- Tingling sensation on the tip of your tongue.

- Slight oily sensation in the middle of your tongue that lingers.

- Wine has a higher viscosity; wine tears on the side of the glass slowly. (also an indicator of high ABV)

- Dry red wines such as cabernet sauvignon often have up to 0.9 g/L of residual sugar (common with cheap wines).

- A bone-dry wine can often be confused with a wine with high tannin. Acidity

- Tasting acidity is also sometimes confused with alcohol.

- Tingling sensation that focuses on the front and sides of your tongue. Feels like pop rocks.

- If you rub your tongue to the roof of your mouth, it feels gravelly.

- Your mouth feels wet like you bit into an apple.

- You feel like you can gleek.

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Tannin

- Tastes bitter on the front inside of your mouth and along the side of your tongue.

- Tannin makes your tongue dry out. After you swallow, you feel a lingering bitter/dry feeling in your mouth.

- Tannin can often be confused with the term “dry” because it dries your mouth out. Alcohol

- Wines with higher alcohol tend to taste bolder and more oily

- Wines with lower alcohol tend to taste lighter-bodied

- Most wines range between 11–13% ABV Body

- Body is the result of many factors – from wine variety, where it’s from, vintage, alcohol level, and how it’s made.

- Body is a snapshot of the overall impression of a wine.

- You can improve your skills by paying attention to where and when it’s present.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Types of Wine Bottles

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High Shoulder

This is the most common type of bottle style. The bottle style was made popular by Bordeaux where it’s used for Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and white wines made with Sauvignon Blanc. Sloping Shoulder

The sloping shoulder bottle is commonly used for Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Syrah and Grenache. Most oak-aged white wines come in this style of bottle.

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Sparkling Wine and Champagne

Sparkling Wine bottles are heavier because they need to withstand the pressure of seven earth atmospheres inside. Some bottles have punts (the divot on the bottom of the bottle) and some without. Often the custom bottles designed are used for premium sparkling wines. Various Dessert Styles

Tradition is the source of the styles of bottles used for dessert wines. These wine bottles are much more ornate than regular dry wine bottles. Producers will have custom stamps or seals and the shapes differentiate each style of dessert wine. Unique Bottles

The bottle styles of wine are not as unique or varied as styles for spirits. In fact, based on a glass manufacturer’s catalog from 1906, the design of wine bottles hasn’t really changed in over 100 years.

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Serving Temperature

- Different wines should be served at different temperatures. Red wine should be room temperature, or about 20-25°C (6877°F), while pink or rosé wines should be served slightly chilled around 7-13°C (4455°F).

- White wine and sparkling wine should both be cold — keep them in the fridge so that they’re below 5°C, or 40°F.

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20-25°C 7-13°C 4°C 5°C

Wine Glasses

- Different types of glasses are best for different types of wine. Of course, you don’t need all the variety of glasses in your home, but when picking out glasses, choose ones that complement the type of wine you favor.

- It’s always a good idea to have champagne flutes and port glasses on hand, as well.

Syrah/Shiraz Cabernet/ Bordeaux

Rioja/ Tempranillo Pinot Noir/ Burgundy Zinfandel/ Chianti

Sauvignon Blanc Riesling sweet Chardonnay/ Chablis Montrachet Riesling dry/ Pinot Grigio

Champagne Vintage Champagne Sauternes Rose/Blush Vintage Port

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Symbolism of wine

- Wine is seen as a status symbol in China

- Wine was also used as a symbol of blessing and judgement throughout the Bible.

- Wine in literature often connotes happiness and friendship. It is also a symbol of transformation, as grapes undergo transformation when they are fermented. Because of its importance in the Near East, wine may also symbolize sustinance and life.

- Christians participate in the Eucharist by eating a piece of bread and drinking a small amount of wine or grape juice. The bread symbolizes Christ’s body, while the wine or grape juice symbolizes Christ’s blood.

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Drinking culture in India

- The alcohol consumption to many consumers in India is a way of relaxing and having a good time. Drinking in India is regulated and the allowed drinking age is 18 years and some parts of the country 21 years. This rule has helped to reduce the cases of underage drinking, the older people who are responsible are only allowed to consume alcoholic drinks.

- Wine has still to find some foothold in the tough jostle that is market shares. This could be because wine does not get you “high” quickly, nor does it keep you “high” for a long time. It has to be seen as a beverage, akin to soft drinks, that can be incorporated into meals (of course drunk by adults).

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine & Medicine

Historical Role of Wine in Medicine

Ancient Egypt

- 2200BC - Oldest documented man made medicine - Recipe for wine based medicines found on ancient Egyptians tablets and papyri - Wine has a long history of use in the world of medicine and health and was used as an early form of medicine. It is the oldest documented man made medicine. Ancient Greeks

- Hippocrates - the father of modern medicine recommendations for wine - Wine as a part of a healthy diet - Use as a disinfectant for wounds - Medium to mix with other drugs for easier consumption - Cure for diarrhea and lethargy Ancient Rome

- Documented list of Greek and Roman wines used for medicinal purposes - Used to treat the gladiators in Asian Minor as a disinfectant for wounds

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Benefits of red wine

Cancer Red wine contains a strong anti-cancer agent known as Quercetin, which becomes active in the body when the grape juice ferments or the body digests food. Wine also contains Gallic acid, an acknowledged anti-carcinogenic.

Heart Disease Wine is a vasodilator that helps reduce the risk of cardiac diseases including angina and stroke.

Digestion Wine stimulates flow of gastric juices to enhance the digestive processes. It has also shown that wines kill cholera bacteria and can combat typhoid.

Aging Elderly people who drink moderate amounts are less prone to disability due to mental illness. Some attribute it to the mineral boron that helps older women to maintain their estrogen, which in turn enables them to absorb calcium. Vitamins and Minerals Wine contains utilizable minerals of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, Vitamin B & P.

Viruses Red wines have polyphenols that are effective against some viruses.

Stress Wine is a mild tranquilizer that can help reduce stress, which in turn can help prevent certain forms of cancer.

Kidney Wine can enhance the alkaline reserves, effectively combating kidney acidosis.

Migraine Red wine inhibits an enzyme called PST-P, which detoxifies all sorts of bacteria in the stomach. The absence of PST-P is linked to migraine.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine & Food

Pairing Wine & Food

- The wine should be more acidic than the food. - The wine should be sweeter than the food. - The wine should have the same flavor intensity as the food. - Red wines pair best with bold flavored meats (e.g. red meat). - White wines pair best with light-intensity meats (e.g. fish or chicken). - Bitter wines (e.g. red wines) are best balanced with fat. - It is better to match the wine with the sauce than with the meat. - More often than not, White, Sparkling and Rosé wines create contrasting pairings. - More often than not, Red wines will create congruent pairings.

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Wine & Music

A single sound, a melody, or a particular kind of silence can remind us of a specific place, event or period of life. In the same way, music can immediately color how we experience wine.

Practical music and wine tips 1. Match origin- Choose wine and music from the same continent, country or region. 2. Match character and personality traits Listen to the music carefully, and try to identify any of the following characteristics: light, powerful, elegant, robust, hot, cold, fresh, mature, youthful, sweet, halftone, inviting, restrained, easy-minded, moderate, expressive, tight. The more attributes you find to match to your wine, the better. 3. Match time and vintage- A ripe wine can fit perfectly with older music. 4. Test contrasts- Contrasting background music can have a fascinating effect.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine & Tourism

Enotourism

- Enotourism, wine tourism, or vinitourism refers to tourism whose purpose is or includes the - tasting - consumption - purchase of wine often at or near the source.

- Enotourism can consist of - visits to wineries - tasting wines - vineyard walks - or even taking an active part in the harvest

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Wine & Religion

The Greeks and Romans were especially noted for producing and consuming wine. Like many cultures, the ancient Greeks used wine as a part of their religious ceremonies.

In fact, many ancient cultures used wine as a means of communicating with their Gods. The intoxicating effects of wine made it appealing to them for this purpose. This is one reason why wine was highly valued for use in temples and religious celebrations.

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Wine & Zodiac

Wine zodiac pairing urges you to try something new that oh-so perfectly suits your personality!

- Earth Signs: Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn Wines: Assyrtiko, Chenin Blanc, Gamay, Grenache, Monastrell, Montepulciano, Pinot Noir, and Zinfandel

- Fire Signs: Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius Wines: Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Grüner Veltliner, Nero d’Avola, Sangiovese, Syrah, and Valpolicella

- Water Signs: Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces Wines: Bordeaux Blend, Cabernet Sauvignon, Falanghina, Malbec, Merlot, Nebbiolo, and Tempranillo, and Viognier

- Air Signs: Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius Wines: Champagne, Chardonnay, Mencía, Petit Verdot, Riesling, and Sauvignon Blanc, and Zweigelt.

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Wine & Romance

“Wine is romantic, intoxicating and built on passion that begins in the vineyard and ends in the glass… or perhaps ends in the intoxicating rush you get when you sip a spicy, silky, brooding red with your love… or the object of your affection,” says Ian Devereaux White.

Wines have always been linked to love or classified as a drink that intensifies romance. From romance stories to poems and simple quotes, wines have featured alongside romance or romantic lovers.

Romance is sweet, and so is wine. Whether it is red wine, rose or white wines, or even the recently popular Moscato, wines leave a pleasant feeling on the palate. Notes of fresh fruits and refreshing warmth are enough to set the romantic sides of us on fire.

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Sakshi Chaudhari | Graduation Project 2021

Wine in India

Status of Wine in India

- The Indian wine industry is growing rapidly in terms of area covered under wine grapes, production and export of wines.

- At present 90 wineries are established in India. About 34,000 area is covered under wine grapes and producing around 17 million L of wine per year.

- Major states in the country for wine grapes and wine production are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and north-eastern States.

Wine consumption in India

30 million litres per year

Production of Wine in India

- Nashik (Sula, York, Soma, Charosa and Chandon, Utopia Farmstay, Chandon India, Chateau D’Ori, Good Drop Wine Cellars, Nine Hills and Vallonne Vineyards)

- Pune (Four Seasons Vineyards, Fratelli Wines and Deccan Plateau Vineyards)

- Bangalore (Bangalore Soma Vineyards, SDU Winery, Grover Zampa Vineyards and Alpine Wineries)

- Hampi Hills (KRSMA Estates)

- Bijapur and Northern Karnataka (Nisarga Vineyards and Elite Vintage Winery)

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Demand

- India ranks 77th in terms of world wine consumption. The per capita consumption in India is only 20 ml per year. India consumed 0.8% of total wine consumed in Asia.

- Red wine is the most popular type of wine consumed in India, followed by white wine. Red wine accounts for 45% consumption followed by white wine 40% and sparkling wine at 10-15% and Rose wine 1-5%.

- Survey reveals that consumption of wine in India is expected to reach 28 million liters by 2017. Wine consumption in India is expected to grow gradually and could reach 34 million liters by 2020.

45%

40%

10-15%

15%

Red wine White wine Sparkling wine Rosé wine

Wine Exports

- Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc and Chenin Blanc are the export quality wines that India exports to other countries.

- China, Singapore, Japan, Nepal, Bhutan are the potential markets for Indian wines which are also getting good acceptance in U.S & France.

- Sweeter wines have a good demand in Bhutan and Vietnam.

- India exported almost 20 lakh liters or 10% of total production in 2015. India’s wine export value was calculated to be around Rs. 80 crore and is expected to increase to Rs. 500 crore in next five years.

Non-grape Wine Scenario

- Non-grape wine production in 2015 is estimated at around 1 million liters per year. Rhythm Winery is one of the oldest winery with an annual production of around 1 lakh liters per year. - Fruit wines are manufactured mostly from grape juice. South Indian Banana Winery, Wild Berry Beverages are some of the other manufacturers of non-grape wines in India.

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Climate and Geography

- Vineyards are then planted at higher altitudes along slopes and hillsides to benefit from cooler air and some protection from wind.

- The altitude of India’s vineyards typically range from around 660 ft (200 m) in Karnataka, 984 ft (300 m) in Maharashtra, 2,600 ft (800 m) along the slopes of the Sahyadri to 3,300 ft (1000 m) in Kashmir.

- Summertime temperature can get as hot as 113 °F (45 °C) and wintertime lows can fall to 46 °F (8 °C).