The Partition Project Pamphlet

LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Looking Back, Informing the Future: A Multi-disciplinary Research Project on the 1947 Partition of British India

TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT OVERVIEW

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

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AREAS OF RESEARCH

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SPRING SEMINAR SERIES AT HARVARD

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RADCLIFFE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY WORKSHOP

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PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD

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CROWD-SOURCING MEMORIES PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD

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TEAM MEMBERS

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Project Overview RESEARCH THEMES:

Crowd-sourcing Memories of Partition HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL

Rhetoric of Political Speeches in South Asia HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL WITH UC SAN DIEGO

Impacts of Partition on Urbanization of the Subcontinent HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN

The Project is a multidisciplinary study that is examining questions not yet fully addressed by existing scholarship.

The lessons from this project can inform current cross border displacement crises such as Syria, Yemen, and Myanmar, etc.

The Demographic and Humanitarian Consequences of the Partition HARVARD T.H. CHAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

• Specific Perspectives of Partition: A City and a Princely State • Relief and Rehabilitation of Refugees • Children and Women’s Experience During Partition • The Partition Experience of Sanitation Workers INDIA

• Bangladesh’s Experience of Partition BANGLADESH

• Mapping of Refugee Movement during Partition • Bureaucracy’s response to Partition • Erasure of Hindu Buildings in Post Partition Pakistan • The Role of Military, Para Military, and Police during Partition PAKISTAN

PARTITION PROJECT ADVISORY COUNCIL: Ian Talbot, Professor of Modern British History, University of Southampton Yasmin Khan, Official Fellow, University Lecturer in British History, Faculty of History, University of Oxford Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar, Associate Professor of History, Brown University Sunil Amrith, Mehra Family Professor of South Asian Studies, Professor of History, Harvard University Urvashi Butalia, Writer and Publisher LOOKING BACK, INFORMING THE FUTURE: THE 1947 PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA

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PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS:

Multidisciplinary Research Team:

TOTAL PROJECTED BUDGET:

PROJECT TIMELINE:

November 2016

$150,000

US, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan

Start of Multidisciplinary Research

Eight-part LMSAI Seminar Series

Exploring the Multiple Themes Related to Partition

$10,000

Events Highlighting the Partition Research:

Karachi, Lahore, Delhi, London, New York City, Harvard University, Brown University, World Economic Forum, Dalin

$40,000

Workshops:

Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study (May 2017), Delhi (Summer 2016 and August 2017), Lahore (Summer 2016 and August 2017)

$30,000

Online and Print Publications:

May 2019

Podcasts,Website, Peer-reviewed Articles, Edited Volume, Teaching Tools

$70,000

Total Budget:

THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Completion of Research

$300,000

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The LMSAI Partition Project, “Looking Back, Informing the Future: The 1947 Partition of British India�, is a multidisciplinary study that is examining questions not yet fully addressed by existing scholarship on the Partition of British India.

Despite ample scholarship, and a growing literature of personal reflections, photo essays, oral history, and fiction, there remain gaps in our understanding of what transpired in the years prior to the Partition, during months of forced migration and conflict, and in the ongoing years of settlement and resettlement in the new states of India and Pakistan, and eventually Bangladesh. We have much to learn from the Partition about the complexities of large-scale human migration and the resulting displacement, violence, and resettlement.

In the 70th anniversary year of the Partition, the Partition Project is attempting to enhance the understanding of the history, context and continuing impact of the Partition. The project is exploring the Partition through varied lenses: the demographic and humanitarian consequences of the Partition; a textual analysis of potentially inflammatory language through examination of formal speeches and writings of political leaders and others in the public domain; crowd-sourcing oral histories and analysing them for new data on Partition; and the examination of the physical forms, layout, and temporality of refugee camps and settlements established for Partition migrants. The project has deployed new methods to extract further insights from existing texts, documents, maps of borders, border crossings, oral histories, and patterns of urban assembly and growth. The lessons from this project can inform current cross border displacement and the corresponding growth of urban settlements.

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AREAS OF RESEARCH

THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Crowd-sourcing Memories: Partition Stories Project This project aims to build an extensive database of oral histories and gather discrete information on the experiences of both migrants and non-migrants during Partition through unique techniques and an innovative model of crowd-sourcing memories. It will examine, both quantitatively and qualitatively, aspects of partition narratives previously unexplored. Utilizing mixed methods, we will examine how social and cultural themes relate or correspond to the beliefs and attitudes of those impacted by Partition, looking particularly at minorities and those who have historically been unable to share their stories. We also plan to enrich our knowledge on refugee routes, camp locations, and the formation of new refugee settlements in cities, utilizing geospatial techniques to examine areas impacted by Partition more closely. Lessons from this analyses will hopefully help to inform processes of and responses to current and future population displacements, such as those occurring as a result of events today.

Tarun Khanna is the Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor at the Harvard Business School and Director of the South Asia Institute. At HBS since 1993, after obtaining degrees from Princeton and Harvard, he has taught courses on strategy, corporate governance and international business to MBA and Ph.D. students and senior executives. His expertise is in the study of drivers of entrepreneurship in emerging markets as a means of economic and social development.

Karim Lakhani is Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School, the Principal Investigator of the Crowd Innovation Lab and NASA Tournament Lab at the Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science and the faculty co-founder of the Harvard Business School Digital Initiative. He specializes in technology management and innovation. His research examines crowd-based innovation models and the digital transformation of companies and industries.

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The Demographic and Humanitarian Consequences of the Partition This research is documenting the experiences of people during their flight and temporary settlement en route between borders from a humanitarian perspective. The ongoing work examines a dimension not yet touched in the historical literature: how civil society, medical professionals, religious organizations, ordinary people, and a wide array of government agencies collectively attempted to provide care and protection to the millions who crossed the borders and, along the way, over days, weeks, and/or months, experienced extreme physical and emotional hardship.

Jennifer Leaning is the François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Director of the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights. Dr. Leaning’s research and policy interests include issues of public health, medical ethics, and early warning in response to war and disaster, human rights and international humanitarian law in crisis settings, and problems of human security in the context of forced migration and conflict.

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Impacts of Partition on Urbanization of the Subcontinent The proposed research project focuses on the catalytic effects of the Partition of India, on the urban form of Delhi and Mumbai, due to the rapid densification following the influx of refugees with a comparative look at Lahore and Karachi. The research also examines the mechanisms used by the Government in those cities, to ensure the safety of both citizens and refugees, like rehabilitation programs, unconventional planning efforts, public private partnerships, and new notions/appropriations of property rights. Of particular interest and pertinent to today’s global flux of refugees, is that some of these precedents, morphed into more permanent solutions, while others were ephemeral, in that they served as temporary and transitional solutions for perceived short-term problems.

Rahul Mehrotra is Professor of Urban Design and Planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD). He is a practicing architect, urban designer, and educator. He has written and lectured extensively on issues to do with architecture, conservation, and urban planning in Mumbai and India. He studied at the School of Architecture, Ahmedabad (CEPT), and graduated with a master’s degree with distinction in Urban Design from the GSD. He has taught at the University of Michigan (2003–2007) and at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at MIT (2007–2010) about crisis settings, and problems of human security in the context of forced migration and conflict.

THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Rhetoric of Political Speeches in South Asia This research is collecting and analysing political speeches, articles, and quotes by political leaders and other figures in South Asia using modern techniques. The research will analyse the broad trends of conflict that can be seen in speeches and writings with respect to the relations between the countries in South Asia (particularly India-Pakistan relations). Using machine learning techniques, this project will study trends related to conflict, international relations, and political posturing in South Asia over the years.

Asim Khwaja is the Sumitomo-Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development Professor of International Finance and Development at the Harvard Kennedy School, and Co-Director of Evidence for Policy Design (EPoD). His areas of interest include economic development, finance, education, political economy, institutions, and contract theory/ mechanism design. His research combines extensive fieldwork, rigorous empirical analysis, and microeconomic theory to answer questions that are motivated by and engage with policy.

Prashant Bharadwaj is an Associate Professor in the economics department at UC San Diego.

His current research focuses on interactions between fertility, health, and labor markets. He also engages in environmental issues, including studies of the impacts of pollution on fertility and child health and development. His research affiliations include BREAD, CEGA, CERP and the NBER. He is also an Associate Editor at Economic Development and Cultural Change.

He was awarded a PhD in 2009 in Economics from Yale University and a bachelors degree in Economics from University of Chicago.

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SPRING SEMINARS SERIES, PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD AND RADCLIFFE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY WORKSHOP

LOOKING BACK, INFORMING THE FUTURE: THE 1947 PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA

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SPRING SEMINAR SERIES I. History and Context of the Partition February 1, 2017

Professor Amrith gave a broad overview of South Asian political history, including a history of British colonial rule in South Asia, the place of South Asia within the empire, and specifically governance policies and systemic factors that contributed to the Partition. The seminar covered seminal events such as the 1857 Rebellion, development of canal colonies in Punjab, and the 1905 Partition of Bengal. The seminar contributed to understanding the independence movement and politics both internal and external (World War II, Quit India Movement, 1946 Riots) that culminated in the independence and creation of India and a bifurcated Pakistan.

Sunil Amrith, Mehra Family Professor of South Asian Studies, Professor of History, Harvard University

THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

A series of presentations in India, Pakistan, the UK, and the US have been unique opportunities for promoting broader engagement with LMSAI’s Partition project.

II. Historical and Humanitarian Consequences of Migration February 8, 2017 The seminar explored the story of the mass migration of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims from Pakistan and India respectively, into the other country and the resulting humanitarian crisis. Professor Leaning analyzed: the Boundary Commission’s work, the patterns of migration, and unprecedented sectarian violence, including massacres, physical violence, and destruction of property.

Leaning also considered ethics and mechanics of care provided as part of immediate relief. Special attention was focused on the role played by the main players during and after the Partition, including the key political parties and individuals. Guest Erum Sattar, SJD Candidate, HLS, provided insights into how water issues related to the Partition.

Jennifer Leaning, François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Director, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights

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SPRING SEMINAR SERIES III. Gender and the Partition February 15, 2017

IV. Religion, Ethics, and Nascent Nationalism and the Partition February 22, 2017

When the Partition is viewed from the lens of a gendered history, what happens? Is this the same history with women’s voices added and silences interpreted, or does it offer alternate scales and geographies? To what extent did the Partition shape the gendering of citizenship in South Asia? This seminar examined how narratives of gendered violence had been collected, read, and interpreted in the Partition historiography. Seminar participants had the opportunity to survey the state of the field and consider possibilities for future research on citizenship, gender, coercion and mobility in post-colonial South Asia.

Given that the Partition was widely considered to have resulted due to religious differences, this seminar critically explored the interplay between religion and nationalism in pre-Partition rhetoric, in the post-Partition riots, and in the actual migration process. The seminar also explored the historical root of the idea of a separate Muslim homeland, as well as histories of multi-faith society in pre-modern India.

Ali Asani, Professor of Indo-Muslim and Islamic Religion and Cultures, Harvard University Catherine Warner, College Fellow in South Asian Studies and History, Harvard University

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V (A). The Short and Long Run Impacts of the Partition

V (B). Crowd Sourcing Memories March 1, 2017

March 1, 2017 This seminar examined how areas affected by the partition fare in the long run. Using migrant presence as a proxy for the intensity of the impact of the partition, and district level data on agricultural output between 1911-2009, it was found that areas that received more migrants have higher average yields, were more likely to take up high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, and were more likely to use agricultural technologies. These correlations were more pronounced after the Green Revolution in India. Using pre-partition data, it was shown that migrant placement was uncorrelated with soil conditions, agricultural infrastructure, and agricultural yields prior to 1947; hence, the effects were not solely explained by selective migration into districts with a higher potential for agricultural development.

Migrants moving to India were more educated than both the natives who stayed and the migrants who moved out and migrants to Pakistan were in turn more educated than their host populations. Given the positive association of education with the adoption of high yielding varieties of seeds, the seminar highlighted the presence of educated migrants during the timing of the Green Revolution as a potential pathway for the observed effects.

The seminar introduced the part of the project that is focused on oral accounts of the Partition. They are attempting to build a comprehensive database of oral histories through crowd-sourcing, and the use of modern techniques to collect, analyze, and store information from an individual’s experience. The aim is to preserve the rightful spot of these stories in history and give a voice to the realities experienced in the data and surrounding research.

Karim Lakhani, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School

Prashant Bharadwaj, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of California, San Diego

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SPRING SEMINAR SERIES VI. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission: Cartography and Conflict in the Partition of India and Pakistan

VII. Witness to Two Partitions: 1947 and 1971 March 1, 2017

March 8, 2017 Over a period of six weeks in the summer of 1947, Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer who had never been to India and had no experience in boundary-making, drew a 2500-milelong line that would divide India and Pakistan. This talk examined the pseudo-judicial framework and deeply politicized nature of the Radcliffe Boundary Commission’s work. Chester aimed to clarify the geographical thinking of the main political parties involved in this commission, the reasoning behind Radcliffe’s deliberations, and the boundary’s role in partition violence.

The role of maps, as texts that communicate contemporary attitudes and beliefs, received particular attention. Many of the maps used in this division had been created as tools of colonial control. The “silences” of such maps, such as the absence of information about the inhabitants of the territory depicted, significantly impacted the Radcliffe Commission’s work. Other maps were the product of nationalist attempts to shape independent South Asia. They had silences of their own, with costs and benefits that continue to influence what is arguably a still unfolding partition.

Chen spoke from a personal perspective, as a long-term resident of India and Pakistan who witnessed two partitions: 1947 and 1971. For the 1947 Partition of India, Chen featured excerpts from her grandmother’s letters written that year from Rawalpindi to family in the USA, and also her own few memories of that time as a 3-year-old. For the 1971 Partition of Pakistan, Chen recalled a series of events she witnessed: the cyclone and tidal wave of November 1970, the elections of December 1970, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s historic speech in March 1971, the military crackdown that led to civil war later that month, and Sheikh Mujib’s release from Pakistani custody and return to Dhaka in January 1972.

Martha Chen, Lecturer in Public Policy at the HKS, Affiliated Professor at GSD

Lucy Chester, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder

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VIII. The Partition of British India: 70 Years Later March 1, 2017

Presentation on Multi-disciplinary Research at Harvard World Wide Week, Harvard University October 24, 2017

This last seminar was structured around a discussion on the current impact of the Partition and the new/continuing research and work that was being done on this topic.

Professors Tarun Khanna and Asim Khwaja recapped the insights from the previous seminars and then discussed the new research they are undertaking in crowd-sourcing oral histories and analyzing rhetoric of political leaders.

Karim Lakhani, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School Tarun Khanna, Jorge Lemann Professor, Harvard Business School Rahul Mehrotra, Harvard Graduate School of Design

Tarun Khanna, Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor, HBS; Director, LMSAI Asim Khwaja, Professor of International Finance and Development, HKS

THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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RADCLIFFE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY WORKSHOP

Workshop with Harvard, India, and Pakistan research teams.

May 8-10, 2017 In May 2017, the Harvard South Asia Institute, along with the Radcliffe Center for Advanced Studies hosted a workshop on its Partition Project, “The 1947 Partition of British India: Looking Back, Informing the Future”. Faculty and researchers across disciplines of health and human rights, history, business, economics, law, etc. participated in this unique academic study.

Due to the complex and often strained political situation in South Asia, it is very difficult and often impossible for Pakistani and Indian citizens to travel across their borders to collaborate in South Asia. The situation is particularly fraught when it comes to engagement on the sensitive and politicized events and consequences of the Partition.

Jennifer Leaning, François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Director, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Tarun Khanna, Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor, HBS; Director, LMSAI Asim Khwaja, FASID Professor of International Finance and Development, HKS Indian and Pakistani researchers

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This workshop was a unique opportunity for researchers from both sides of one of the most contentious borders in the world today, India and Pakistan, to come together in Cambridge, MA and share their research on an event that forever has reshaped the relationships and politics in South Asia. It brought together representatives from each country-based research team to explore fertile ground for building scholarship not only on the Partition but also more generally on mass migrations, forced population displacement, and other emerging research areas relating to involuntary population movement. It explored not only new avenues of substantive data collection but also new modes and methods of collection, including crowd-sourcing of historical data. The workshop was a major step in the ultimate goal of the team producing collaborative materials that will inform and influence scholars in the humanities, social sciences, and the wider public.

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PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD

The in-region presentations involved well attended discussions that garnered great interest from academics, scholars, and civil society.

Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan with Faiz Foundation

Ali Institute of Education, Lahore, Pakistan August 7, 2017

August 4, 2017

Jennifer Leaning, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health With Pakistani researchers

LOOKING BACK, INFORMING THE FUTURE: THE 1947 PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA

Jennifer Leaning, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health With Pakistani researchers

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Bikaner House, Delhi, India

Kings College London, UK

August 10, 2017

September 15, 2017

Jennifer Leaning, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health Tarun Khanna, Jorge Lemann Professor, Harvard Business School With Indian researchers

Tarun Khanna, Jorge Lemann Professor, Harvard Business School Jennifer Leaning, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health Ian Talbot, Department of History, University of Southampton

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PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD Asia Society, New York City, NY November 30, 2017 The Lakshmi Mittal South Asia Institute at Harvard University researchers on the Partition of British India 1947 presented their research-to-date at the Asia Society’s Lila Acheson Wallace Auditorium. This event was part of Asia Society’s Viewpoints series, generously supported by Aashish and Dinyar S. Devitre. Jennifer Leaning introduced the humanitarian catastrophe of the Partition. Leaning emphasized three key take-away points. First off, groups of people organized a significant amount of the violence, as opposed to prior theories of “random” or “spontaneous” violence. Secondly, the death rate for this period is higher than conventionally assumed. Finally, there was an amazing collective of pioneering and heroic efforts at relief and rehabilitation. These efforts, while imperfect, were remarkable considering the challenges the new dominions faced.

Prashant Bharadwaj shared his teams’ proof of concept. His team has been developing the use of machine learning for sentiment analysis of hate speech in India and Pakistan.

Karim Lakhani channeled his expertise on crowd-sourcing in a Partition-era oral history collection project. Lakhani is working with LMSAI Director Tarun Khanna Lastly, researcher and graduate student Diane Athaide presented an update on her work with Rahul Mehrotra. She shared with the audience the different effects of Partition on urban development in three pairs of cities: Dhaka and Kolkata; Delhi and Lahore; and Karachi and Mumbai. The research to date has noted the diverse resettlement policies used by the Indian government in terms of housing colonies in Delhi vis-a-vis Punjabi migrants and that of then-Bombay towards its influx of mostly Sindhi refugees.

Prashant Bharadwaj, University of California, San Diego Tarun Khanna, Jorge Lemann Professor, Harvard Business School Karim Lakhani, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School Jennifer Leaning, François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health Rahul Mehrotra, Harvard Graduate School of Design THE LAKSHMI MITTAL SOUTH ASIA INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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CROWD-SOURCING MEMORIES PRESENTATIONS BEYOND HARVARD Professor Tarun Khanna was invited on various platforms to present on the Partition Oral Stories aspect of LMSAI’s Partition Project, titled Crowd-sourcing Memories. He expanded on how the project seeks to preserve and enrich the historical knowledge of the Partition in crowd proportions, as well as analyze the different yet merging trends of the mass migration.

Professor Khanna emphasized that by utilizing mixed sampling methods, the scope of the research can be expanded to include broader social and cultural themes related to the beliefs and attitudes of those impacted by the Partition, looking particularly at minorities and those who have historically been unable to share their stories. The presentations and audience interactions led to productive dialogue and different perspectives of data collection and analysis.

Crowd-sourcing Memory: The 1947 Indian Partition, STS Circle at Harvard Kennedy School September 2017

World Economic Forum Presentation, Dalin, China June, 2017

Crowd-sourcing Memories: Lessons from the 1947 Partition of British India, Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs, Brown University October 2017

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PARTITION PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS

PARTITION TEAM

PROFESSORS

ADVISORY BOARD

US TEAM

JENNIFER LEANING

SUNIL AMRITH

MEENA HEWETT

TARUN KHANNA

URVASHI BUTALIA

SHUBHANGI BHADADA

Writer and Publisher

Interfaculty Fellow, LMSAI

ASIM KHWAJA

VAZIRA FAZILAYACOOBALI ZAMINDAR

Research Associate, LMSAI

KARIM LAKHANI

YASMIN KHAN

Official Fellow, University Lecturer in British History, Faculty of History, University of Oxford

RASIM ALAM

Business Administration, Harvard Business School

RAHUL MEHROTRA,

IAN TALBOT

SABA KOHLI DAVE

Professor, Director - Department of Global Health and Population, FXB Centre for Health and Human Rights of Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Director, LMSAI; Harvard Business School

International Finance and Development, Harvard Kennedy School of Government

Professor - Urban Planning and Design, Harvard Graduate School of Design

PRASHANT BHARADWAJ

Assistant Professor, UC San Diego

Mehra Family Professor of South Asian Studies, Professor of History, Harvard University

Executive Director, LMSAI

NABIL KHAN

Associate Professor of History, Brown University

Professor of Modern British History, University of Southampton

Research Associate, LMSAI

Research Associate, LMSAI

DIANE ATHAIDE

Research Intern - Harvard Graduate School of Design

STEPHANIE MAO

Research Intern - University of California, San Diego

INDIA TEAM

PAKISTAN TEAM

BANGLADESH TEAM

SANJAY KUMAR

MARIAM CHUGHTAI

DR. OMAR RAHMAN

MIHIR BHATT

AQDUS ASLAM

DR. RITA YUSUF

Country Director India – LMSAI

Director - All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, India

UMA CHAKRAVARTI

Country Director Pakistan – LMSAI

Research Associate, Pakistan – LMSAI

Vice Chancellor - Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Professor & Dean - Life Sciences Department, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Professor Emeritus - History Department, Miranda House College for Women, Delhi University, India

Assistant Professor - Social Development and Policy Department, Habib University, Pakistan

SHAHRAM AZHAR

ORNOB ALAM

MANDVI DOGRA

YAQOOB BANGASH

AFREEN KHAN

NADHRA KHAN

SYED A.K. SHIFAT AHMED

Co-Founder - SnapPeas, India

RIMPLE MEHTA

Assistant Professor - Women Studies Department, Jadavpur University, India

JHUMA SEN

Assistant Professor - Jindal Global Law School, India

SRIKANT SINGH Freelance Researcher

NAVSHARAN SINGH

Researcher - History Department, Delhi University, India

Assistant Professor - History Department, Information Technology University, Pakistan

Humanities and Social Studies Department, Lahore University of Management Studies, Pakistan

ALI RAZA

Assistant Professor - History Department, Lahore University of Management Studies, Pakistan

Lecturer - Life Sciences Department, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Lecturer - Life Sciences Department, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Senior Lecturer - Life Sciences Department, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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