K) Dual Coding Theory

DUAL CODING THEORY

"People learn better from graphics and words than words alone." - Clark and Lyons, 2004

Try this first!

Do you use both visual and verbal when acquiring information?

SYNOPSIS

Allan Pavio is the person behind Dual Coding Theory. This theory aims to provide an equal weight to both verbal and non-verbal processing. Paivio believes that there are two distinct subsystems that contribute to an individual's cognition: first is the language or the verbal information and second is the images or the non-verbal information. Dual Coding Theory also refers to the use of various learning strategies that will help students to encode the ideas in their brain and to easily recall information.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After this lesson, the learners are expected to:

Grasp the concepts and ideas of Dual Coding Theory, Appraise the learner's acquired knowledge through the activities at the end of the lesson; Apply the principles and concepts of Dual Coding Theory in the real life situation.

DUAL CODING THEORY

Who proposed the Dual Coding Theory?

Allan Paivio was theorized in 1986 and hypothesized that visual stimuli were doubly encoded in the brain and had an advantage over text stimuli. Since then, various experiments have supported his concept and expanded the role of images in cognitive activity.

What is Dual Coding Theory?

In 1971, Allan Paivio theorized the "Dual Coding Theory," which means that there are two distinct subsystems that contribute to an individual's cognition: one specialized for language and verbal information, and the other for images and nonverbal information.

According to Paivio

“Human cognition is unique in that it has become specialized for dealing simultaneously with language and with nonverbal objects and events. The most general assumption in dual coding theory is that there are two classes of phenomena handled cognitively by separate subsystems, one specialized for the representation and processing of information concerning nonverbal objects and events, the other specialized for dealing with language.”

That is why when an individual hears a word; it may be an object, person, animal, place, or an event that they have heard of and seen once, a mental image is formed. For example, when I say "cat", the first thing that comes to your mind is an image of a cat, whereas you also know that it is an animal because you may have a pet cat or you always see a cat, which makes you familiar with its appearance. Another example is when I say "pencil", an image of it will appear in your mind and you will also know its purpose because you have used a pencil before.

DUAL CODING THEORY

One of the best examples of this theory is children (who are just starting to learn) in preschool, where they are taught to analyze various objects such as fruits, animals, school equipment, and others. Teachers usually show preschoolers a picture to be familiar with, to ensure that when you mention a word, they will easily recognize it because there is an image in their brain that reminds them of that word because they have encountered it before. That’s why we often see many pictures inside the children’s classroom that help them for better familiarity with something.

Furthermore, dual coding refers to the use of various strategies to help students better encode knowledge and ideas in their brains for later recall. The most commonly used types of stimuli in classrooms are visual and late verbal stimuli. Moreover, the visual information is directly encoded in a person's working memory, which is a portion of our long-term memory that handles and processes information synchronously and retains information. This means that regardless of the sequence observed, we can obtain the data. That is why, in some cases, we can recognize something because an image of it forms in our minds; a piece of data obtained previously after hearing it for the first or nth time. Sometimes we forget what it's called, but the image of it stays with us.

There are two types of processing systems, linguistic and non linguistic:

DUAL CODING THEORY

How Does Dual Coding Improve Learning?

Individuals, particularly children who are just beginning to learn, such as preschool children, learn through verbal words, but when visual representations are shown to them, they can more easily recall and understand what you teach them. Similar to when teaching children to learn math They are taught using visual aids so that they can both visualize and mentally solve the problem. For example, when teaching them to add, the teacher would usually draw an object on the board to help them visualize the problem before teaching them to solve.

The brain, according to dual coding theory, has two cognitive subsystems: one that processes nonverbal objects and events through images, and another that processes verbal objects such as language and texts. On the other hand, because of the visual representations they see from what is taught to them, they develop a deeper understanding of what they hear verbally.

We frequently see visual representations in preschool classrooms, and teachers use them as part of their teaching strategies to ensure that the child learns and understands what the teacher is saying. Because of the images they see, the children can more easily visualize what a teacher is teaching them verbally.

Learners can quickly reinforce and expand their understanding by using illustrations, pictures, and objects. Sometimes children only recognize something by its image and do not recall it verbally. They can tell what it is when they see it. In this way, we can say that having a visual representation makes it easier for the brain to learn and adopt something.

Organize your thoughts

Direction: Read the following statements about Dual Coding Theory. Write true if the statement is correct, if false organize your thoughts and underline the WORD that made

the statement false.

______1. Sometimes learners only recognize something through non visuals and do not recall it verbally.

______2. Visual representations in preschool classes are frequently used, and teachers use them as their teaching method to ensure that the learners grasp the lessons well.

______3. Lagogens refers to mental images and non-verbal entities organized in terms of part-whole relationships.

______4. Dual coding refers to the use of various methods to help learners decode knowledge and concepts in their brains for later recall.

______5. The use of timeline, venn diagram, and other graphic organizers are examples of Dual Coding being established in the learning activity.

DUAL CODING THEORY

Let yourself explore

Direction: Let yourself explore and attach a movie/series poster that first came into your mind when you read the words or phrases.

Example: Cat - Garfield (poster)

Group of friends

Hero

Water creatures

Supernatural

Dancing

Summertime

War

Musical

Science

History

sQUIZ your Mind

Direction: Carefully analyze the situation, choose the correct answer and put them on the blank before each number.

___1.While Sabrina is watching a Korean Drama, one actor appeared on screen and she knew that she had seen that actor in another Series but she cannot recall what was the specific series. What theory can be classified in this situation? A. System B. Psychodynamic C. Psychological Development D. Dual Coding

___2. Dual Coding says that we have two different memory stores, one for words and one for __. A. Numbers B. Images C. People D. Faces

___3. Sensory organs play a part in the memory coding process according to Dual Coding Theory. A. True B. False C. Undecided

___4. Teacher Hana draws apples to use in her discussion about addition to her first grader students. Did Teacher Hana integrate the concept of Dual Coding Theory in her teaching strategy? A. Yes, she did. B. No, she did not. C. Maybe

___5. If the teacher uses Venn diagram, timeline, concept map and other graphic organizers in their activities, are they utilizing the concept of Dual Coding Theory? A. Yes, they are. B. No, they are not. C. Maybe

For numbers 6 to 10, analyze the diagram and choose the answer that corresponds to each box.

DUAL CODING THEORY

REFERENCES

___6. Based on your understanding of the topic, what should be in the box with number 6? A. Non-verbal Processing B. Picture C. Knowledge D. Verbal Processing E. Words

___7. Based on your understanding of the topic, what should be in the box with number 7? A. Non-verbal Processing B. Picture C. Knowledge D. Verbal Processing E. Words

___8. Based on your understanding of the topic, what should be in the box with number 8? A. Non-verbal Processing B. Picture C. Knowledge D. Verbal Processing E. Words

___9. Based on your understanding of the topic, what should be in the box with number 9? A. Non-verbal Processing B. Picture C. Knowledge D. Verbal Processing E. Words

___10. Based on your understanding of the topic, what should be in the box with number 10? A. Non-verbal Processing B. Picture C. Knowledge D. Verbal Processing E. Words

Explaining the dual coding theory. (2022, April 16). simpleshow video maker. https://videomaker.simpleshow.com/explain-dual-coding-theory/ Webpage

Learning_theories:dual_coding_theory [Learning theories]. (2012, January 12). learning_paradigms_and_theories [Learning Theories]. https://www.learningtheories.org/doku.php?id=learning_theories:dual_coding_theory Webpage