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Programming Document ST. JAMES AME ZION CHURCH DEA 6500 | Fall 2019 Ruth Barankevich Julia Jaffe Jina Lee Sabah Mohammed

CONTENTS PART I. INTRODUCTION 1 2

Mission Statement Executive Summary

3 4

PART II. FINDINGS 1 2 3 4

5 6 7

Site & Context Stakeholders Programming Approaches User profile approach Behavior setting approach Observations Users Behaviors Physical trace observations & Mapping Interviews Identification of Issues Statement of Future Issues

6 8 9 10

16 19 20

PART III. RECOMMENDATIONS 1

2 3 4 5

Goals & PR Statements & Concept Diagrams Issue 1 ― Architectural and structural elements Issue 2 ― Flexibility of spaces Issue 3 ― Kitchen Issue 4 ― Historical artifacts and interior elements Phasing Line-by-Line Program Adjacency Diagram Detailed Programs

32 34 35 36

PART IV. APPENDICES 1 2 3

Interviews References Team Responsibility Matrix

47 54 57 1

PART I.

INTRODUCTION

MISSION STATEMENT The mission of this project is to create a program for the redesign of the community outreach space of the St. James African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion church that supports the growing fellowship of the church and community needs while honoring its historical significance.

Figure 1. Front facade of the church. Photograph by Julia Jaffe.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The St. James AME Zion church is a historic building in Ithaca, New York, and holds significance for the members of the church and the community at large. The three main spaces on the first floor of the church - the Fellowship Hall, middle room, and kitchen - are used for community outreach and church activities. However, the original program for these spaces no longer suits the church’s needs, as both church and community outreach activities have evolved since the original completion of the church in 1836 (National Park Service, n.d.). The purpose of this program is to highlight the current state and use of these three spaces, identify obstacles to a well-functioning space, and suggest goals and recommendations for the future. The User Profile and Behavior Setting approaches, which include in-depth interviews and space observation, revealed that the existing spaces were not conducive to the current and desired future functions of the church in several key ways. The existing layout of the first floor, including the walls, windows, and flooring, have been deemed historically significant and therefore cannot be altered. As a result, the recommendations outlined in this program were designed to fit inside the constraints of the existing footprint. This emphasized the importance of finding solutions for the small spaces to help them function more efficiently. Much of our focus was turned towards helping to create a dedicated space for the secure display of historical documents in a way that would lend itself to the exploration of artifacts and the overall story of the St. James AME church. Altogether, this program targets the factors that inhibit the historical, aesthetic, and functional qualities of the space. Recommendations for a redesign of these spaces include creating a dedicated space for the display of historical artifacts; expanding storage spaces for furniture, historical artifacts, and pantry items; providing flexibility and variety within the Fellowship Hall through compact, mobile furniture solutions; and reconfiguring the kitchen and eating spaces to allow for meal preparation, distribution, and consumption at a large scale. Overall, these recommendations will encourage a variety of church and community activities and engage both church and community members in the rich history of St. James AME.

PART II.

FINDINGS

SITE & CONTEXT Date of Construction: 1836 Address: 116 Cleveland Avenue, Ithaca, NY

The church and stone meeting house

Figure 2. Photograph by Richard Pieper. Courtesy of New York Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation.

The St. James AME Zion Church is a historic church located in the southside neighborhood of Ithaca, New York. Believed to be one of the oldest churches in the AME Zion system, which was chartered in 1797 due to inequitable worship practices and persecution, the two-story frame church structure is set on a high foundation and features a four-story entrance tower – a distinct feature of the church – which affords a clear view of Ithaca (National Park Service, n.d.). Completed in 1836, the St. James AME church was founded to create a safe and inclusive worship space for the African American community in Ithaca (Ithaca Heritage, n.d.).

are believed to have played a vital role as a stop on the Underground Railroad, protecting and shepherding those seeking their freedom in the north (National Park Service, n.d.). The church provided such a supportive community that many former slaves chose to stay in Ithaca and form a neighborhood around the church. Because many of the children and adults were not properly educated and not yet welcome in the schools, the church transformed into a place of learning to ensure everyone had access to an education. This motivation to help people improve their situations is still a guiding principle of the church today. St. James’ legacy as a pivotal establishment in the black community of Ithaca continued into the 20th century. Founded on the principles of inclusion and equality, the church has been the birthplace of organizations such as Alpha Phi Alpha, the nation’s oldest official black fraternity (est. 1906), the Order of the Eastern Star (est. 1900), the Elks club, and the Delta Sigma Theta sorority (est. 1980) (National Park Service, n.d.; Angelo Hickman, personal communication, November 15, 2019).

The structure of the church has been modified many times since its original construction. However, many aspects of the church have fallen into disrepair. Issues with access, inoperative appliances, and historical preservation restrictions have rendered the three rooms on the first floor – the Fellowship Hall, middle room, and kitchen – inefficient, while hampering the ability of the church to fulfill its responsibility to the community. Our observations and interviews, supplemented with church archives, have uncovered many outreach activities, including serving meals to the community and regular Sunday night dinners, that are no longer feasible in the current space.

Figure 3. (Top) Fellowship hall of the church. Figure 4. (Bottom) Kitchen of the church. Photographs by Ruth Barankevich.

Figure 5. Middle room of the church. Photograph by Ruth Barankevich.

The shortage of financial contributions from both historic landmark renovation grants and the dwindling congregation have prevented church leadership from creating the physical space to match their emotional and spiritual commitment to the community. Throughout its history, St. James has been instrumental in helping people out of undesirable situations through community, fellowship, and outreach. However, they have not been able to celebrate this history because they cannot safely display a number of their precious artifacts due to lack of funds, space, and support. In order to continue to improve the lives of all who come in contact with the church and its congregants, it is essential to both preserve and showcase these artifacts, reminding people of where they came from and what the church stands for. This program aims to redevelop these spaces to support the church leadership’s goal to revive its role as the religious, social, and cultural center of the community.

STAKEHOLDERS Church leadership, church members, community members, the Historic Preservation Committee, and city officials have been identified as primary stakeholders for the church. The Historic Preservation Committee and City of Ithaca leadership are prepared to take a more central role if more items of historical value are linked to the St. James church. As the historic value of the church’s activity becomes more recognized, more emphasis will be placed on the preservation and restoration of the church.

Church Leadership

Church Members

Leadership figures within the St. James AME Zion church have been the primary motivators for the growth and advancement of the church. These stakeholders include the pastor, trustees, stewards, and leadership of the greater AME Zion Church.

Since the congregation is small, many members of the church have taken on multiple or overlapping roles. Although a majority of this population has been highly involved for a number of years, attendance at services and events has decreased due to accessibility restrictions.

St. James has played an important role in the history of the city. Community members not directly involved with St. James have interacted with the church through services, concerts, Vacation Bible School, and holiday activities. The support of the community both through local government and increased participation in activities can help the progress of this program and the vision of St. James.

Members of the Historic Preservation Committee and the City of Ithaca leadership play a vital role in the process of achieving structural updates to the historic building.

Community Members

Historic & City Leadership

PROGRAMMING APPROACH The programming phase of the design process aims to understand spaces, people, and behaviors in order to create recommendations for the design. This program is a guide for the redesign of the community and support spaces within the existing St. James AME Zion Church building, and will define existing issues, set goals and priorities, and outline recommendations. A programming approach is the process and lens through which the problem is viewed and the program is created. The approach used dictates the way in which the program is developed, from data collection methods to recommendations. This program applied the User Profile and Behavior Setting Approaches. Together, these two approaches support a comprehensive document that identifies user groups and then links them to behaviors within specific settings.

User profile approach The User Profile Approach focuses on the distinct persons that use the lower level spaces in the existing church building. Through identification of the users of each space, this program document includes profiles for each type of user and employs these profiles to guide the recommendations.

Determine specific criteria to identify user types

Identify user types and needs based on data collection (observation, interview, scholarly research, etc.)

Derive program requirements (PR) based on the identified needs Figure 6. Process of user profile approach

Behavior setting approach The Behavior Setting Approach utilizes physical spaces as a lens through which to view peoples’ movements. We can identify the current and ideal patterns of behaviors that are connected with specific areas by analyzing the unique progressions of actions within each space. Through the identification of these behavior patterns, this program provides recommendations to improve how these spaces afford movement and activities. Identify current behavioral patterns Observe patterns of behaviors based on observation of physical traces Derive patterns of behaviors based on interviews Establish a list of desired behavioral patterns

Derive program requirements (PR) based on the identified behaviors Figure 7. Process of behavior setting approach

OBSERVATIONS A. Users Church Members

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants 10

• 1 person • Activity/Role Description: The Pastor leads the congregation. • Spaces Used: All • Frequency/Level of Engagement: High • 2 people • Activity/Role Description: Trustees are appointed annually upon the nomination of the Pastor; take care of the physical property of the church; budget funds and seek out grants; lead the congregation in keeping peace and harmony; organize and guide tours. • Spaces Used: All • Frequency/Level of Engagement: High • 2 people • Activity/Role Description: Stewards make sure the Pastor’s needs are met; promote all projects and programs within the church; support and care for the well-being and needs of congregants; collect donations and dues; lead the congregation in keeping peace and harmony. • Spaces Used: All • Frequency/Level of Engagement: High • 4-5 people • Activity/Role Description: Meal preparation and service for weekly events (Sunday services, bible study, fellowship), funerals, occasional appreciation or small community event meals; meal preparation and service following community fellowship every 5th Sunday • Spaces Used: Kitchen, Meal distribution • Frequency/Level of Engagement: High • approximately 30 people • Activity/Role Description: Attend services and events; make up the community of the church • Spaces Used: Fellowship Hall • Frequency/Level of Engagement: Medium

Community Members

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

TO Tourist

• Activity/Role Description: Community members who are not members of the congregation that come through the space for meals; NA and AA meeting attendants • Spaces Used: Fellowship Hall (Community activity space, Meal distribution) • Frequency/Level of Engagement: Low • Activity/Role Description: Community members who are not members of the congregation that come through the space for other community activities including but not limited to recitals, voter registration drives, community meetings; Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority; Order of the Eastern Star; NAACP members. • Spaces Used: Fellowship Hall (Community activity space) • Frequency/Level of Engagement: Low • Activity/Role Description: Community members who are not members of the congregation that are interested in learning more about the history of St. James AME. These include elementary school-aged children, visitors to Ithaca, and high school and college students. • Spaces Used: Fellowship Hall, UGRR space • Frequency/Level of Engagement: Low

B. Behaviors Behavior Patterns

Fellowship hall

Middle room

Kitchen

Current

Desired

● Meal distribution (unstructured) ● Refreshment service

● Meal distribution (structured) ● Refreshment service

● Dining

● Fellowship ● Community/Celebration events ● Concerts ● Waiting space for visitors

● Fellowship ● Community/Celebration events ● Concerts ● Active classes (e.g., yoga)

● Displaying historical artifacts (informal) ● Tours

● Displaying historical artifacts (formal) ● Tours

● Coat storage

● Coat storage ● Storage for historical artifacts ● Furniture storage

● Tours about UGRR

● Displaying historical artifacts (informal)

● Displaying historical artifacts (formal)

● Reading books ● Bible study ● Circulation space

● Reading books ● Archiving books ● Small group meetings / Impromptu meetings

● Meal warm-up ● Meal preparation ● Refreshment services

● Meal Preparation (full) ● Meal warm-up ● Refreshment services

● Food storage (insufficient)

● Meal storage ● Dry goods storage ● Cold storage

Behavior Mapping

C. Physical trace observations & Mapping Trace observations are a way of indirectly evaluating how groups and individuals are using a particular space. “Traces” are evidence of use that can be collected and explored. The traces can be physical objects, patterns of use, or changes that users have made to the spaces in order better fit their needs. Trace observations are crucial to understanding how areas function, and can uncover important patterns in observed spaces that might not otherwise be revealed. Through observations of the Fellowship hall, Middle room, and Kitchen, we found:

(FF Fellowship Hall

(M M Middle Room

(K K

Kitchen

● Props: temporary additions to aid in the use of spaces

A. Coat rack sits behind the door (F) F B. Dining tables are used to serve multiple purposes (meetings, dining, display) (F) F

● Unofficial public messages: temporary signs, posters, notes, etc., informally communicating a message C. Posters are standing up on tables (F) F D. Historical items are temporarily displayed on tables (F) F

● Official public messages: fixed signs, posters, etc., that communicate a message from authority figures E. Display of artifacts does not aid in the preservation of the items (F) F

● Leftovers: items that have been used and remained in the spot of use, even though they do not belong there permanently F. Furniture is not in ideal spots but cannot be moved due to weight and bulk (F) F G. Equipment and cords are piled in the corner (F) F

● Erosion: wear of spaces or items over time due to use

H. Historic architectural elements are being neglected and worn down (M) M I. Materials are falling apart due to age or weather exposure (K) K

● Adaptations for use: makeshift or creative uses of products to serve a needed purpose J. Items are stored in rooms in which they do not belong (M) M

● Missing Traces: lack of wear or missing items where patterns are expected to occur and traces should have been visible K. Lack of food storage due to pest problem (K) K L. Lack of a cooling system (F,F M K M. No ventilation to the exterior (K) K

● Connections: informal junction or linking of two areas not originally designed to be joined 14

N. Kitchen is used as hallway (K) K

Trace Observation Mapping

K N

I KITCHEN MIDDLE ROOM

B D E FELLOWSHIP HALL

C G L

Photographs by Julia Jaffe.

INTERVIEWS Interviews are one of the primary data collection tools for programming. Unlike other data collection methods, interviewing supports a more personal and flexible way to gather information from those with an intimate knowledge of the environment. Interviews help us to build a relationship with those who are most involved with the project and understand how different people perceive and use the space. We are able to more holistically understand what each space means to each individual, how the spaces are perceived, and how the individuals’ values and opinions are tied to the physical and administrative features of the environment.

A. Church members (Reverend Price: Pastor; Angelo Hickman and Nick Sledziona: Trustees; Crystal Benton: Kitchen manager; Glenda Hickman: Steward) St. James AME has a history steeped in public service. From safety to education to general well-being, the church has been at the heart of the African American community in Ithaca since it was initially founded in 1833. Along with the congregants and Pastor, the stewards, trustees, and kitchen staff are all essential in both the day-to-day and the overall functioning of the church. From our interviews, we learned that the spaces on the first floor of the church are not being used efficiently or effectively to fulfill the needs and goals of the church. These needs and goals include being able to distribute meals; take care of those who “seek out [the church’s]

need and comfort”; be a place for gathering, worship, and fellowship; and proudly proclaim the church’s past, present, and future stance on harmony and equality. Although the first-floor spaces are used regularly, the lack of specificity within the spaces means that no one area is optimized for any particular function. This has resulted in fragmented meal preparation and distribution, deficient storage, and impaired mobility and access. With a diminishing congregation and very little in the way of financial contributions or grants, the trustees have expressed concerns with how to properly and safely maintain the church.

B. Public official (Bryan McCracken: Historic Preservation Planner for the City of Ithaca; Christine O’Malley: Preservation Services Coordinator for Historic Ithaca) Our approach to a redesign for the interior of the St. James church revolves around preserving the existing wall layout and flooring in order to protect the historical record of the original stone church. Proper maintenance of the building materials within the church that retain evidence of the Underground Railroad activity would improve the organization of the church tours, which are currently conducted informally by the trustees. Since proposed changes would be presented to community members and city leadership prior to approval, there would be an opportunity to collect feedback about and draw attention specifically to the tours at St. James. This would facilitate a more structured experience so that tours of the church could

C. Scholar (Professor Jeffrey Chusid: Cornell University, Architecture, Art, and Planning) We established the importance of the process of identifying “character-defining spaces” and designing changes to maintain consistency with and complement the aesthetics of the existing space. Through this interview, we learned the value of a historic structure report (HSR) and the value of developing a program for the redesign alongside both the HSR and other specific historical evidence related to the structure.

be conducted more frequently with a more standardized progression.

D. Interview takeaways Issues

Values

● Structural Sprinklers or other fire suppression systems are needed as the church is made of old, dry wood.

Protection and preservation of the church, and maintaining consistency of identity of church appropriate to character, aesthetics, and historical evidence related to the structure.

● Declining membership As many members have passed away, the declining membership of the church has been an issue both for financial and community building reasons.

Want to be able to leverage the structure and design of the church to attract new congregants.

● Historical significance There is no standardized system to present the information, pictures, and documents that express the church’s celebrated history.

Disseminating the value of the church and its role in the UGRR and larger abolitionist movement, including standardizing tours, securely displaying artifacts, and attracting external bodies that may be interested in the history of the church such as professors and museum organizations.

● Inefficient use of space Spaces are used for a variety of activities. Inadequate storage, furniture, and organization has forced multiple activities in the spaces that have not been optimized for those activities.

“[We are] able to have community presence, but we have to be prepared to handle community presence” (RP, personal communication, Sep, 18, 2019).

● Mobility

Many features of the church are not universally accessible, causing these spaces to be under-utilized by a large population of the congregation.

Want to revive their role as a cultural and spiritual leader in the community but have to start with reviving the congregation by making the church more welcoming for all.

IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES Issue 1 ― Architectural and structural elements Structural elements needing restoration must be preserved as well as updated to meet safety and accessibility codes while maintaining the character-defining and architectural elements of the church.

Issue 2 ― Flexibility of spaces The furniture, layout, access, and circulation patterns of the middle room and Fellowship Hall do not adequately support either existing or desired functions and behaviors.

Issue 3 ― Kitchen The materiality and layout of the kitchen does not provide what is necessary for the functions of a kitchen, especially at a large-scale capacity.

Issue 4 ― Historical artifacts and interior elements Improper preservation, storage, and presentation of historical artifacts and interior elements hampers the church’s ability to engage the public and highlight its role in the larger abolitionist and Underground Railroad movement.

Photographs by Jina Lee & Ruth Barankevich.

STATEMENT OF FUTURE ISSUES ● Issue: Declining membership and attrition of older congregants A future danger to the St. James AME Zion church is the declining membership and attrition of older congregants. These more established members make up a core faction of those who are active in the church services and activities, and are some of the most valuable members to the congregation. As the second-floor sanctuary space at St. James’ has been limiting the involvement of older or mobility-impaired individuals, it will become much harder to maintain a large number of congregants.

It is possible that this issue will affect the church both socially and financially. Difficulties finding funding to maintain the historic elements of the church may make turning the building over to a historical society and into a museum a better financial decision. This would allow St. James to focus on fostering the community without having to take accountability for the issueslike accessibility, layout, and upkeep of significant elements. Our recommendations for evaluating the building through a Historic Structure Report as well as increasing security and storage for the artifacts to protect from any future damage, would keep the artifacts in good condition for examination and display. Taking an inventory of structural and architectural elements and a survey of artifacts would aid a museum or historical society in dedicating the entire building to St. James’ history and its role in the abolitionist movement.

● Issue: Incorporating new activities and programming congregation expansion within the constraints of the historic layout By targeting specific community groups and creating a diversified church agenda, St. James increased their membership across all age groups. The issue lies in this expansion and how to incorporate new activities while working within the constraints of the church’s footprint. An increase in community-focused activities, from yoga to AA meetings to monthly concerts, could bring life back into every space in the church. This larger congregation would help the church maintain a better financial status, resulting in improvements such as a new stairlift, better infrastructure, and improved facilities. The heighted socialization and diversity of activities would put stress on the current spaces. However, the new furniture in the Fellowship Hall allows for easy transition from one function to another, making it simple for members to transform the space to suit their needs. The functionality of the kitchen would support the increase in the amount of food prepared and distributed for both the growing social events and more frequent meal distribution events. The excitement and growth at St. James would draw the congregation and community together in ways that celebrate the space and history.

PART III.

RECOMMENDATIONS

ISSUE 1

ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

GOAL 1. A Historic Structure Report (HSR) will be developed to summarize the church’s history and development and guide operations and management (Loveland, 2016). PR Statements PR 1.1: The HSR should be used to obtain proper insurance for the church, such as a Historic Replacement Cost plan, in case of damaged property or loss (Watts, 2008). PR 1.2: A HSR should be created by a team of preservation professionals (Association for Preservation Technology International) through documentary research, surveys, analysis, and inspections to be used in documents such as an insurance appraisal or maintenance plan (Loveland, 2016; Watts, 2008).

Concept diagram [PR 1.2]

GOAL 2. The updated interior spaces of the church will include fire safety measures (Bukowski & Nuzzolese, 2008). PR Statements PR 2.1: Fire protection engineers should evaluate the building prior to construction to identify high-risk areas and resources that may be affected in the event of a fire (Watts, 2008; WBDG, 2019). PR 2.2: The interior spaces should be updated according to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) for cost savings and protection of historic resources (Technical Preservation Services, n.d.). PR 2.3: Fire suppression systems, such as high-pressure mist systems, and Aspirating Smoke Detection (ASD) systems that are extremely sensitive and practically invisible should be installed in accordance with NFPA standards (Watts, 2008; Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, 2006).

Concept diagram [PR 2.3]

PR 2.4: Artifacts and documents should be stored in fire-resistant containers, such as compact storage or modular bassinets, and located within 100 meters of an ASD (WBDG, 2019; Watts, 2008). PR 2.5: Emergency pathways, inclined stair lifts and other barriers that impede general egress in the event of a fire should be established according to the NFPA (Patterson & Vogel, 2003).

GOAL 3. The interior spaces of the church will be updated to reflect accessibility standards (Patterson & Vogel, 2003). PR Statements PR 3.1: Experts in the field of historic preservation and architecture should be consulted and a building survey or assessment completed before proceeding with permanent changes to the church (Jester & Park, 1993; Ballantyne & Russell, 1983; Technical Preservation Services, n.d.). PR 3.2: A building survey or assessment should identify barriers to accessibility such as entrances, doorways, surface textures, circulation, and transitional spaces in accordance with the Architectural Barriers Act (1968) (Jester & Park, 1993; United States Access Board, 2004).

Concept diagram [PR 3.2]

PR 3.3: All accessibility accommodations should be added in the least obtrusive locations and maintain a balance between accessibility and historic preservation as well as be constructed in accordance with the Americans with Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) (U.S. DoJ, 1991; Jester & Park, 1993). PR 3.4: Interior doors must be able to be opened by pushing or pulling with a force of no more than 5 lb/f. (pounds per foot) as measured by a strain gauge. (Patterson & Vogel, 2003)

PR 3.5: Automatic and power-assisted doors are permitted (ADAAG 4.13.4, 4.13.8, & 4.13.12).

PR 3.6: Existing thresholds up to 3/4” in height should remain in place, as long as they are beveled on either side (ADAAG 4.1.6). Higher thresholds should be modified or replaced. In some cases, the problem can be resolved by raising the adjacent walk or finished floor to meet the requirements.

Concept diagram [PR 3.6]

GOAL 4. Character-defining features will be preserved and/or restored (Grimmer, 2017). PR Statements PR 4.1: Character-defining features as defined by the National Park Service should be identified and classified (Nelson, 1988; Grimmer, 2017). PR 4.2: A maintenance plan should be developed based on a Historic Structure Report that includes background information, previous construction, and a description of the church’s character-defining features (Park, 2007; Lovejoy, 1998; Babor, 2008). PR 4.3: Standards for preserving, maintaining, and protecting features important to the overall historic character of the church as outlined by the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards (2017), should be observed.

ISSUE 2

FLEXIBILITY OF SPACES

GOAL 5. The community activity space will support functions that will promote and encourage community outreach. PR Statements PR 5.1: The community activity space should hold a minimum of 50 people such that each member has an individual seat that has been ergonomically designed to ensure user comfort. PR 5.2: The furniture in the community activity space should be portable to allow for multiple layouts (Greenbaum, 2016).

Concept diagram [PR 5.2]

GOAL 6. A meal distribution point will provide a fluid pathway from meal preparation to meal consumption. PR Statements PR 6.1: The meal distribution space should have a horizontal surface, with a minimum of 120” in length and 32” in depth for holding food containers (ADA, 904.5). PR 6.2: The horizontal surface for meal distribution should be made of materials able to handle hot surfaces, be easy to clean, and be highly durable (such as steel). PR 6.3: Access to the meal distribution point should be possible from both lengths of the surface.

Concept diagram [PR 6.3]

PR 6.4: The meal distribution point should be directly adjacent to both the kitchen and the dining room, but access to the meal distribution point should not require entry into the kitchen. PR 6.5: Circulation around the meal distribution point should provide 5’ of room for the formation of an unobstructed line long enough to accomodate 50 people. PR 6.6: Circulation around meal distribution point should be at least 30” wide by at least 48” long to meet ADA requirements (ADA, 2010; ADA checklist for Existing Facilities).

ISSUE 3

KITCHEN

GOAL 7. Functions of the kitchen should not affect environmental factors of adjacent areas in the church. PR Statements PR 7.1: Sound reverberation should be reduced with acoustical ceilings or ceiling tiles with a rated noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.75 (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018). PR 7.2: High sound transmission class (STC) walls should be installed between the kitchen and adjacent spaces to prevent the transmissions of sounds and smells to adjacent areas (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Floor Plan Including STC walls (grey arrows indicate absorption and reflection of sounds and smells) Concept diagram [PR 7.2]

GOAL 8. The kitchen will facilitate large-scale meal preparation and outreach for members of the community. PR Statements PR 8.1: The kitchen should have easy-to-clean and durable countertops having a minimum depth of 2’. PR 8.2: The kitchen cabinets and cupboards should be easily accessible and durable, with a minimum of 20 linear feet of storage. PR 8.3: The placement of the stove, refrigerator, and sink should be such that the distance between each element of the kitchen triangle is greater than 4’ and less than 9’ (See National Kitchen and Bath Association - NKBA standards, 2015).

Concept diagram [PR 8.3]

PR 8.4: The sum of the three sides of the kitchen triangle should be compact such that it does not exceed 26’ (See National Kitchen and Bath Association - NKBA standards, 2015).

ISSUE 4

HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS

GOAL 9. St. James’ historical artifacts will have a dedicated display space for preservation and information. PR Statements PR 9.1: The display space for historical artifacts should be acoustically insulated in order to prevent amplification (or permeation) of sound across rooms (WBDG Productive Committee, 2018). PR 9.2: The display space should facilitate the presentation of a large variety and number of artifacts and include a digital, interactive exhibit of certain historical documents.

Concept diagram [PR 9.2]

PR 9.3: A minimum of 12 total linear feet of storage for physical historical items should provide full visual access to viewers, security from theft, and preservation qualities for the object.

Concept diagram [PR 9.3]

GOAL 10. The historically significant spaces (e.g. UGRR space) will preserve and celebrate the story of the church and the Underground Railroad. PR Statements PR 10.1: Wooden structure should be treated with non-damaging cleaning surface treatments and an application of protective coating treatments (The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, 1995; Jandl, 1988). PR 10.2: Floor plans that define the historic character of the building, including the size, configuration, and relationship of rooms and features to the adjacent spaces should be preserved (SISR, 1995; Jandl, 1988).

(Left) Existing floor plan of original lower level space; (Middle) Remodeled floor plan with original walls removed; Concept diagram [PR 10.2] (Right) Floor plan with original windows removed

PR 10.3: Windows should be made weathertight by recaulking gaps and installing weatherstripping (Grimmer, 2017; Jandl, 1988). PR 10.4: The original flooring should be preserved such that it is durable and can withstand the wear and tear of everyday use whilst preserving its historical value (ex. epoxy (Jandl, 1988; Bryan McCracken, personal communications, October 2, 2019).

(Left) Floor plan: original flooring location highlighted; (Right) Section of wood flooring and protective material Concept diagram [PR 10.4]

PHASING This program includes several assumptions about the spaces and the significance of certain features of the building. In order for his program to be successfully implemented, a timeline of events is recommended. Since fulfilling all of the requirements of the program would require extensive funds and a large amount of both time and labor, we suggest phasing out the process into the steps included here. This will help to ensure an interrupted schedule of worship, a more controlled system of renovation and preservation.

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

An HSR is conducted, in order to gain a better understanding of the building, its’ connection to the underground railroad, the level of significance for individual architectural elements, and the narratives that have been developed about the church (Jeffrey Chusid, personal communication, 9.30.19). This program assumes

With the understanding of room and building significance, changes will be made to the HVAC system, in order to upgrade the furnace, move outside wall heater in the kitchen, and establish a more effective air flow pattern (Nick Sledzonia, personal communication, 11.15.19). These changes will be able to appropriately address historic

that the Middle Room is found to be historically significant, so that materials within that room would have to be preserved adequately. Historic documents are examined, identified, and organized accordingly.

interior elements, and larger-scale systems can occur with greater confidence. During this upgrade, crucial changes will be made to critical areas with low accessibility.

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Kitchen space should be upgraded in order to provide an opportunity for beginning an enhanced community engagement program (Reverand Price, personal communication, 9.28.19). Renovations of the kitchen could be paired in conjunction with introductions of new behavior patterns for users.

The middle room and Fellowship Hall will be re-designed in ways fitting to the results of the HSR. These changes will go along with organizational changes. Classrooms, entry, and offices will be moved to a new location, and existing spaces will be dedicated to dedicated activities.

The following line-by-line program is recommending spaces contingent upon several existing programs moving to another location. This program suggests that classroom spaces be entirely relocated, so no functions or traces of the educational program require a space within this facility. The existing office off of the middle room is also intended to move to a different facility, so that these spaces could assume an improved function, more suitable for promoting the goals of the church.

LINE-BY-LINE PROGRAM TOTAL NSF

187

Pantry

KITCHEN

NSF/ SPACE

Kitchen

MIDDLE ROOM

NO.

UGRR space

FELLOWSHIP HALL

SPACE TYPE

Community activity space

800

Meal distribution space

Display space

Storage

TOTAL existing area

COMMENTS Space for meal preparation, meal warm-up, refreshment services Space for meal storage, dry goods storage, cold storage

211

195

Space for visiting tour groups

Display space

Lounge

Space for displaying historical artifacts and tours Space for reading and archiving books

TOTAL existing area

277 Space for fellowship, dining, active classes (e.g. yoga), concerts, community/celebration events, and tours Space for serving hot food for outreach dinners Space for displaying historical artifacts and tours Space for storage of historical artifacts

946

RECOMMENDATIONS

ADDITIONAL

To fully accomplish the outreach program, our recommendations include additional spaces. The area is calculated regarding the desirable meal preparation/distribution and flexible furniture storage.

Kitchen

690

Pantry

Storage

270

TOTAL additional area

1008

Additional space for 2 Pot sinks (23” x 33”), bins (47” x 33”), 1 Grill (36” x 33”), and circulation Additional space for storage of dry and frozen goods Space for storage of historical artifacts and furniture storage

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

DETAILED PROGRAMS A. Kitchen Required Area

187 sq. ft

Users

◦ Allowed Access:

Behavior Pattern

Meal Preparation, Meal warm-up, Refreshment Services

◦ Restricted Access:

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required: General lighting with 200-500 lux (IESNA, 1993). Recommended: Task lighting, and LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007).

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air), with no air exchange with adjacent areas in compliance with ASHRAE (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, 2017). Venting of cooking surfaces to the exterior, with a minimum 150 cubic fpm exhaust fan (NKBA, 2015). Recommended: Air Conditioning (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) on all receptacles, Wall-mounted room controls l(15-48” above the finished floor), 2 duplex receptacle outlets minimum. Recommended: Additional duplex receptacle outlets

• Acoustics

Required: Materials should aid in dampening noise stemming from kitchen activities (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Architectural Elements

• Doors

Swing freely without interference, with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

All original windows and doors are to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58). Windows must be provided to allow daylight.

• Walls

Required: Layout of the exterior walls cannot be altered (Bryan McCracken, personal communication, October 2, 2019). Walls acoustically reinforced with acoustical ceilings or ceiling tiles with a rated noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.75 (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints (Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

Easily cleanable, durable, preferably composed of a hard surface material such as vinyl commercial flooring

User types:

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants

Circulation

◦ Within Kitchen: The shortest walking distance between the refrigerator, primary sink, and primary cooktop should be 26’ or less. Each leg of the triangle should range from 4-9” long (National Kitchen and Bath Association - NKBA standards 2015). ◦ Kitchen to Meal Distribution: Minimum 36” wide clear path, with no flooring differences (ADA, 206.2.4) If using rolling cart to deliver food to meal distribution area, a temporary ramp will be required. ◦ Community space to two exits: Doors should not be blocked and should remain open when room is occupied (NFPA 101). Exit signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101.

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ Required: 1 Stove/ Oven (33”W x 33”H) 1 Commercial Hood Liner (18”D x 36”W) 1 Double Sink (45”W x 24”D) 1 Upright Bar Fridge (58”W x 33”D) 1 Dishwasher (24" W X 24" D X 34–1/2" H) 1 Trash Container- (22”W x 22”D x 46.3”H) 1 Joint Recycling Container- (22”W x 22”D x 46.3”H) 1 Microwave (21.22”W x 19.4”D x 11.8”H) 1 Coffee maker: shared with meal distribution space during refreshments (12.75”H x 7.5”W x 11”D) ◦ Recommended: 2 S. Pot (23”D x 33”W) 1 Grill (36” x 33”) 1 Commercial Coffee Pot (10.5”W x 10.5”D x 18”H) 1 Oven (33”W x 33”H) Counterops and Cabinets: ◦ Required: Easy-to-clean and durable countertop with rounded cornes and edges, some 28’36”H and some 36-45”H (NKBA, 2015). Easy-to-clean, durable, and sealed cupboards (20 linear feet of storage, with main storage in pantry). Mobile storage cart such as the Fresnay Kitchen Island (Laurel Foundry) ◦ Recommended: Counter of various heights to accommodate various tasks and individuals Quantity of ceiling lighting based on specific fixture type. ◦ Required: Ceiling-mounted fixture with energy-efficient bulbs, such as LED can lights (Rácz, 2012). ◦ Recommended: 2W of incandescent lighting or 34-W fluorescent per SF of floor area IESNA 1993). Task lighting- 36” apart for 8’ ceilings or 48” apart for 10’ ceilings.

Fire & Life Safety

A fire extinguisher should be visibly located in the kitchen away from cooking equipment and 15-48” above the floor. Smoke alarms should be installed near the kitchen. (NKBA, 2015)

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

TO Tourist

B. Pantry Required Area

187 sq. ft

Users

◦ Allowed Access:

Behavior Pattern

Meal Storage, Dry Goods Storage, Cold Storage

◦ Restricted Access:

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required: General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007).

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air), with no air exchange with adjacent areas in compliance with ASHRAE (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, 2017) Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets within 3’ of the pantry. Recommended: Floor outlet

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty. Materials of the space should aid in dampening noise (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Architectural Elements

• Doors

All doors should swing freely without interference with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

No specifications for windows.

• Walls

Required: Layout of the exterior walls cannot be altered (Bryan McCracken, personal communication, October 2, 2019). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints(Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

Flooring must be easily cleanable, preferably composed of a hard surface material such as vinyl commercial flooring or ceramic tiles which are very durable.

Circulation

The cabinets must be placed such that it creates a clear and adequately sized path through the space and improves overall circulation and flow (Jester & Park, 1993).

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ The pantry space must consist of several free-standing storage structures or storage systems attached to walls. (NKBA, 2015). ◦ Main storage is in the pantry with a section of the kitchen also used for storage. ◦ Recommendations: 20-44”, open shelving, shelf racks on pantry doors, and drawers or roll-out shelving for easy access. Recommended sizes- small 180”, medium 230”, and large 310” (EXAMPLE). The totals for wall, base, drawer and pantry shelf frontage can be adjusted up or down as long as the recommended total stays the same. ◦ Lighting fixture quantity based on specific fixture type to meet required lux level. Fixture to be ceiling-mounted and contain energy-efficient bulbs, utilizing fixtures such as LED can lights. Recommended: two watts of incandescent lighting or 34-watt of fluorescent per SF of floor area. Place fixtures about 36” apart for 8’ ceilings or 48” apart for 10’ ceilings.

User types:

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants

Additional Pantry Required Area

48 sq. ft

Users

◦ Allowed Access:

Behavior Pattern

Additional space used for the storage of dry goods. Movement to and from pantry during meal prep and during delivery of donations.

Circulation

The cabinets must be placed such that it creates a clear and adequately sized path through the space and improves overall circulation and flow (Jester & Park, 1993).

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ Additonal storage cabinets ◦ Quantity based on specific fixture type to meet required lux level. Fixture to be ceiling-mounted and contain energy-efficient bulbs, utilizing fixtures such as LED can lights. ◦ Recommended: two watts of incandescent lighting or 34-watt of fluorescent per SF of floor area. ◦ Task lighting- recessed fixtures directly over the outer edge of the counter. Place fixtures about 36” apart for 8’ ceilings or 48” apart for 10’ ceilings.

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

◦ Restricted Access:

TO Tourist

C. UGRR space Required Area

195 sq. ft

Users

Display Curating side:

◦ Allowed Access: PA

Display Viewing side:

◦ Allowed Access: PA

Behavior Pattern

◦ Restricted CM Access:

EA EA

TO TO

Displaying Historical Artifacts, Tours about UGRR

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required:General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007).

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets within 3’ of the UGRR space. Recommended: Floor outlet

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty. Materials surrounding the lounge space should aid in dampening, rather than heightening noise produced in the adjacent spaces (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Architectural Elements

• Doors

All entry, appliance, and cabinet doors should swing freely without interference from another door, with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

All original windows and doors are to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58). Windows must be provided to allow daylight into the interiors and thereby increase occupant comfort.

• Walls

Layout of the exterior walls cannot be altered (Bryan McCracken, Oct 2, 2019). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints or seams to allow water penetration (Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

All original flooring is to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58).

Circulation

◦ Required: 30 SF of circulation space. ◦ UGRR space has three exits. Doors should not be blocked and should remain open when room is occupied (NFPA). An unobstructed 36” wide path of travel should be present at all times (ADA). Exit signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101.

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ 1- Wall-mounted interactive screen ◦ 1-Joint Recycling Container ◦ 1- Trash Container ◦ Quantity based on specific fixture type- Lighting Fixture ◦ Required: ceiling mounted energy-efficient bulbs (Greenbaum, 2017). ◦ Recommended: Automatic shut-off lighting sensors ◦ Occupant sensor controls are required to automatically turn off the lights within 20 minutes of all occupants leaving the space. Default settings should automatically turn the lighting on to 50% power or less (NY Building Energy Code, 2016; The WBDG Historic Preservation Subcommittee, 2019)

User types:

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants

D. Display space Required Area

22 sq. ft in the middle room and 46 sq. ft in the Fellowship Hall

Users

Curating side:

◦ Allowed Access: PA

Viewing side:

◦ Allowed Access: PA

Behavior Pattern

◦ Restricted CM Access:

EA EA

TO TO

Display Historical Artifacts

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required:General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007), display cabinet lighting

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlet within 3’ Recommended: Floor outlet

• Acoustics

No acoustical requirement specified.

Architectural Elements • Doors • Windows

No windows or doors are required to separate meal distribution space from adjacent spaces.

• Walls

Walls, where possible, should consist of materials allowing for easy interchanging of artifact displays.

• Floors

Slip-resistant, meets ADA standards, and easily cleanable, preferably composed of a hard surface material (such as vinyl flooring).

Circulation

From Display Space to Two Exits: An unobstructed 36” wide path of travel should be present at all times (ADA, 206.2.4). Exit signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101. Circulation around display areas is included in the community and UGRR space requirements.

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ 1 Display Case (38”H x 20”D x 70”L) ◦ Required: Lockabe, anti-theft cabinet where items are easily visible from multiple viewing angles ◦ Recommended: Interior lighting of cabinet

◦ 1 Wall Display (10 linear feet) ◦ Required: Items displayed on the wall must not protrude out more than 4” (ADA, 307.2) ◦ Recommended: Safety hangers used to hang art

◦ Quantity of ceiling lighting based on specific fixture type ◦ Required: ceiling mounted energy-efficient bulbs (Greenbaum, 2017). ◦ Recommended: Automatic shut-off lighting sensors, such as Sengled LED Bulb with Motion Sensor (NY Building Energy Code, 2016; The WBDG Historic Preservation Subcommittee, 2019)

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

TO Tourist

E. Lounge Required Area

60 sq. ft

Users

Access:

Behavior Pattern

Reading books, Archiving Books, Small Group Meetings/ Impromptu Meeting (Also Used in Conjunction with UGRR space)

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required:General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007); softer lighting from dimmable lights or task light.

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets within 3’ of the lounge Recommended: USB port in outlet

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty. Materials surrounding the lounge space should aid in dampening noise (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018)

Architectural Elements

• Doors

All doors should swing freely without interference from another door, with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

All original windows and doors are to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58).

• Walls

Layout of the exterior walls cannot be altered (Bryan McCracken, personal communication, October 2, 2019). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints or seams to allow water penetration (Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

All original flooring is to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58). Soft area flooring is recommended.

Circulation

◦ Required: 25 SF of circulation space. ◦ Lounge to two exits. Doors should not be blocked and should remain open when room is occupied (NFPA 101). Exit signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101. ◦ Lounge to UGRR Space: Minimum 36” wide clear and direct path, with no flooring differences (ADA, 206.2.4)

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ 2 Lounge chairs (33”H x 26”W x 36”D), with an additional third space left open for a wheelchair ◦ 1 Side Table With Storage (23.5”H x 18.0”W x 15”D) ◦ 1 Task light (16.5”H x 11.5”W x 11.5”D) ◦ Quantity of ceiling lighting based on specific fixture type. Required: Ceiling-mounted fixture with energy-efficient bulbs, such as LED can lights (Rácz, 2012).

User types:

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants

F. Community activity space Required Area

800 sq. ft

Users

Access:

Behavior Pattern

Dining, Fellowship, Community/Celebration Events, Concerts, Active Classes (e.g. yoga)

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required:General lighting with 200-300 lux (IEC 62471, 2007). Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting.

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets should be located every 5’.

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty.Materials should dampen noise created by use of the space (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018)

Architectural Elements • Doors

All entry, appliance, and cabinet doors should swing freely without interference from another door, with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

All original windows and doors are to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58). Windows must be provided to allow daylight into the interiors.

• Walls

No windows, walls, or doors are required to separate meal distribution space from adjacent spaces, though acoustic requirements for this space should be considered within adjacent spaces. The elements need to be acoustically reinforced with acoustical ceilings or ceiling tiles with a rated noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.75 to prevent attenuation of sounds and smells to adjacent spaces (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints or seams to allow water penetration (Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

Easily cleanable, preferably composed of a hard surface material (such as bamboo flooring).

Circulation

Community space to two exits: Doors should not be blocked and doors should remain open when room is occupied (NFPA). An unobstructed 36” wide path of travel should be present at all times (ADA, 206.2.4). Exist signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101.

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ Foldable Tables- 7- 72”W x 30”D x 29”H◦ Foldable and/or Stackable Chairs- 130- 18.22”W x 18.22”D x 29.52”H◦ Trash Container- 1- 22”W x 22”D x 46.3”H◦ Joint Recycling Container- 1-22”W x 22”D x 46.3”H◦ Required: Ceiling mounted energy-efficient bulbs (Greenbaum, 2017). ◦ Recommended: Automatic shut-off lighting sensors, such as Sengled LED Bulb with Motion Sensor (NY Building Energy Code, 2016; The WBDG Historic Preservation Subcommittee, 2019).

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

TO Tourist

G. Meal distribution space Required Area

80 sq. ft

Users

Receiving side: Serving side:

Behavior Pattern

◦ Allowed Access: PA

ST TR

◦ Restricted CG Access:

Meal Distribution & Refreshment Service

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required:General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007).

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets within 3’ of the space Recommended: Floor outlet

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty. Materials surrounding the lounge space should dampen noise (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Architectural Elements • Doors • Windows • Walls

No windows, walls, or doors are required to separate meal distribution space from adjacent spaces, though acoustic requirements for this space should be considered within adjacent spaces.

• Floors

Easily cleanable, preferably composed of a hard surface material (such as vinyl flooring).

Circulation

◦ Kitchen to Meal Distribution: Minimum 36” wide clear path, with no flooring differences (ADA, 206.2.4) ◦ Line to Meal Distribution: 42” wide pathway for the formation of a 37’ line of people (accounting for room occupancy and partitioned food distribution) (ADA, 904.5.1). ◦ Meal Distribution to two exits: Doors should not be blocked and doors should remain open when room is occupied (NFPA 101). Exit signs should be clearly marked and adhere to NFPA 101.

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

• Serving Fixture

◦ 2 Serving Fixtures: (60”W x 32”D x 34”H Maximum Height (ADA, 904.5.2)) ◦ Required: Horizontal serving surface, bleachable, ADA accessible from receiving side, movable and able to withstand 30 lbs of weight and heavy use (ADA; Olson, 1993). ◦ Recommended: contain storage, four lockable casters

• Lighting Fixture

◦ Quantity of ceiling lighting based on specific fixture type. ◦ Required: ceiling mounted with energy-efficient bulbs (Greenbaum, 2017). ◦ Recommended: Automatic shut-off lighting sensors.

User types:

PA Pastor

TR Trustees

ST Stewards

KI Kitchen staff

CG Congregants

H. Storage Required Area

20 sq. ft

Users

◦ Allowed Access:

Behavior Pattern

Storage of Historical Artifacts, Coat Storage, Furniture Storage

◦ Restricted Access:

Environmental Qualities • Lighting

Required: General lighting with 200-300 lux. Recommended: LED lights or other ceiling lighting (IEC 62471, 2007).

• Air Flow

Required: Heating, air flow (i.e. ventilation by fans or fresh air). Recommended: Air Conditioning to offset heat produced from within the building (Geva, 1998).

• Electrical

Required: Electrical outlets within 3’ of the pantry. Recommended: Floor outlet

• Acoustics

Required: Maximum sound level of 60 dBA when room is empty. Materiality of the space should aid in dampening, rather than heightening noise produced in the adjacent spaces (The WBDG Productive Committee, 2018).

Architectural Elements • Doors

Required: minimum 36”W x 72”H, lockable, fire rated. Selected handles should be levers instead of knobs (ADA, 309.4). All entry, appliance, and cabinet doors should swing freely without interference from another door, with a clear opening of at least 32” (Jester & Park, 1993).

• Windows

Windows are not recommended within storage areas. However, all original windows and doors are to be “retained and preserved” (City of Ithaca, 2013 p55, 58).

• Walls

Layout of the exterior walls cannot be altered (Brian McCracken, Oct 2, 2019). Walls must be fitted out with waterproofing material with few joints or seams to allow water penetration (Grimmer, 2017).

• Floors

Flooring must be easily cleanable, preferably composed of a hard surface material such as vinyl commercial flooring or ceramic tiles which are very durable.

Circulation

From Storage Space to Two Exits: The cabinets must be placed such that it creates a clear and adequately sized path through the space and improves overall circulation and flow (Jester & Park, 1993). Regardless of furniture arrangement, an unobstructed 36” wide path of travel should be present at all times (ADA, 206.2.4).

Furniture, Fixtures & Equipments (FF & E)

◦ Quantity based on specific fixture type to meet required lux level. Fixture to be ceiling-mounted and contain energy-efficient bulbs, utilizing fixtures such as LED can lights. ◦ Recommended: two watts of incandescent lighting or 34-watt of fluorescent per SF of floor area. ◦ Task lighting- recessed fixtures directly over the outer edge of the counter. Place fixtures about 36” apart for 8’ ceilings or 48” apart for 10’ ceilings.

CM Community outreach recipient

EA Event attendee

TO Tourist

PART IV.

APPENDICES

INTERVIEWS ● Interview with Crystal (10.27.19) Q. How many times a month/week do you use the kitchen? It depends on what kind of event we have. We prepare light snacks for Sunday school such as coffee and donuts, and we have a lot of funerals which is one of the biggest ceremonies held in the church. Sometimes we serve an appreciation meal for staff and lend the space (i.e. fellowship hall and kitchen) for small events to people in the community. Q. Are you usually alone or are people there with you? I usually work with 4 to 5 people at a time to prepare meals. Basically the kitchen can be used by anyone but I need to manage the number of people up to six otherwise it’s too crowded. We do several things simultaneously at different spots such as the stove, the prep sink and the main sink. Q. How is the kitchen staff group organized? (e.g. age group, gender) They are all church members and mainly females. Most of them are in an age group of 40s to 60s but we also have some early 30s. Q. What do you like or dislike about the kitchen? I wish I could have nicer cubbies to pre-organize dishes and small stuff. Also the maximum number of pots that the stove can hold is only three or four at a time, which is far from ideal. I prefer using the main sink to prep sink because it has hot water. Q. How are the Fellowship Hall and the middle room used for meal preparation? We don’t often use the middle room for meal preparation other than putting some desserts temporarily before it goes to the Fellowship Hall. We serve cooked foods in the Fellowship Hall as a buffet style and usually 30-35 people are served.

● Interview with Reverend Price (09.28.19) Q. How are the Fellowship Hall and the middle room used for food related events? We conduct multiple events at our church that involve food distribution. Some of these events include food service, prayer service on Sundays, bible study, fellowship hours, and community events such as “trunk or treat”. Additionally, every 5th Sunday, we host an event where we go out and invite the community to fellowship. This is usually followed up with a short service and a meal. Earlier, we would do Sunday dinners and it is something I would like to revive during my time here as Pastor. Q. How is the kitchen being used currently during these events? At the moment, the kitchen is being used to heat the food that we bring in. I feel that the kitchen is too jank to cook in, especially for the capacity we plan to serve. Q. How do you envision the kitchen in the future? I would like to be able to use the kitchen for Sunday dinner after services. Meal preparation is an important aspect of the kitchen I would like us to focus on since I believe that it brings people together. Ideally, I would like the kitchen to facilitate meal distribution. The kitchen should have a station to set up to-go meals, storage, and better refrigeration since we would like to purchase food items in bulk and freeze before preparation. Q. How is the Fellowship Hall being used currently? At the moment, people congregate before and after church service at the Fellowship Hall. The gatherings are usually very informal and leisurely. Our church is a part of the connectional church which is a group of 6 churches that take turns hosting functions. During these events, it is difficult to accommodate everybody, especially if more than 60 guests show up. During these events, every seat is full and people can’t really sit and eat in the Fellowship Hall. The Fellowship Hall is also used for financial planning meetings and other important church functioning meetings. We also donate the spaces for community activities. The Fellowship Hall is usually rented out as a greenroom for recitals. The hall is also used for funeral repass events as well as a meeting area every other year for Alpha Phi Alpha which is a fraternity that was formed at St. James. Q. How do you envision the Fellowship Hall in the future? We would like the Fellowship Hall to be used for connection church meals, to revive the community with events, for church parties and events that the members want to use informally, for monthly fellowship meal services, and for other events that invite members of the community to the church to have intimate conversations without being interrupted. Q. How is the middle room being used currently? Currently, we are using the middle room for adult Sunday school which is a classroom of about 5-10 students. We also use the space for tri-minister meetings and connectional church. However, using this space as a multi-functional space creates issues. We have to decide which group goes where because each group needs their own space and sometimes need the space at the same time which causes logistical and scheduling issues.

Q. How do you envision the middle room in the future? I envision the middle room as a hang out space which is comfortable for the members and guests of the church. I would like it if we could keep bookshelves there as it would be nice to make it a library room for Bibles and other christian literature. It would also be nice to have electrical outlets so people can bring in computers and work. The middle room could then serve as a media center and library. Q. How does the storage system work currently? Currently, we do not use the storage space to its full capacity as we believe that there are some creatures that live there. However, we do keep our copier there because the abutting office is very small. Ideally, I would like it if our Sunday school supplies can be stored in the new space. Q. How do you envision the space being used to showcase the history of the church? The church has a rich history, especially with the Underground Railroad. We believe that the church may have been a stop on the railroad system with the neighboring houses serving as safe houses. We would like to exhibit this history through display spaces. Want to make a display space but moving the tables and items that are currently there is tedious. We also want to put up pictures and artifacts but we are afraid of it being stolen. At present, there is no formal space for the Underground Railroad tours. Ideally, we would like an active discovery space which is tactile and auditory in nature, especially for children. Q. How do the tours function currently? It is usually by word of mouth. Schools come to visit our church and usually request us to give a tour beforehand. There are also impromptu tours during community activities in church.

● Interview with Christina Culver (10.28.19) Q. How does the meal service function currently? We serve 130 meals on a regular day and 200 meals in summers. Visitors are encouraged to take second and third helpings. Attendance is fairly constant over the year across all seasons. Usually higher towards the end of the month as pay day approaches. Our operational days are Monday through Friday & all holidays except Thanksgiving. The food we serve is vegetarian. We also have vegan options. Q. What are your staffing requirements to meet the demands? We have 20 volunteers per day on a rotational basis and 100 volunteers each week. They work in 2 shifts- preparation cycle and a serving and cleanup cycle. We employ only 3 permanent staff and everyone else is a volunteer. Lunch service food preparation begins at 9am and goes on until 12pm. Post-service clean up wraps up by 2:30pm. For the days we do dinner service, food preparation begins at 5pm and goes on until 8pm. Post-service clean up wraps up by 10:30pm. Q. What are your seating arrangements to meet the demands? A third of our visitors are regulars. We have a community style dining space layout with the tables for the advocacy program at the back. We aim to create a caring and compassionate environment for all our guests. The seating arrangement is such that it can seat 6 per table and with a total of 10 tables, we can seat 60 patrons per service. We have a grand piano at the back which is usually played by a volunteer during service hours. Q. What are some of your other outreach programs? Our advocacy program includes pro-bono consulting, career workshops etc. through conversation and guidance. This is to fill basic unmet needs and help guests transition to more stable situation. We have 25 direct outreach partners who come in during lunch to facilitate patrons. The space functions as a worksite for many agencies during mealtimes. We also run a free “Laundry Love” program in the basement while lunch is served where visitors can get their laundry done. We run 2 cycles per day. To meet this demand we have 2 washers & 2 dryers in the basement. Additionally, St. John’s church has been giving out this space rent-free for the past 36 years which definitely eases some of the burden off our shoulders. We also receive food donations to the tune of $40-$50k per year. Some of our regular donors include Gimme Coffee, Wegmans, and Ithaca Soy/Tofu among others. Q. How do you store this food? We use our basement as a separate storage area. The excess food goes to the church pantry. At times, we borrow freezer space from local grocers to store turkey. Before each meal service we have 7 pounds of pre-meal waste which is something we are trying to address with local recycling organizations.

● Interview with trustees (11.15.19) Q. What are some of the pressing issues that the church is currently facing? We are stretched pretty thin with our finances. We have received only one grant so far- The New York State Sacred sites grant in 2016. We used the grant money to patch up holes on the exterior of the church. However, we do have a lot of repair work pending. Notably, the renovation of the kitchen wall, the replacement of the furnace, fire proofing the space, and so on. Currently, almost all of our finances are directed towards the payment of our heating bill. Other issues that our church is currently dealing with includes getting more members in. Most of the members of the church have passed away and we have started our member recruitment program. One of the areas that requires our attention and funding is the history of our church. As a trustee, one of our tasks is to organize the historical information that we have on hand. Q. What are your roles as a trustee? Trustees are in charge of the church and parsonage- from fixing the plumbing to mowing the grass. We are also responsible for maintaining the spiritual balance of the church and complement the stewards of the church with this task. Q. What are some of the church’s major needs? Currently, there is a lack of space for the different groups of our church community. For instance, the Sunday school for adults and kids takes place in the same space. Another area that requires our attention is showcasing the history of the church. Ideally, we should split the focus between our local church and the AME church. We need to investigate ways to protect documents. Accessibility is another area that needs to be addressed. We need elevators for our elderly members or ramps that increase their mobility within the interiors of the church. At the moment, we are exploring ways to livestream events on our projector downstairs. We believe that this will address our accessibility issues in the short term. However, we do need to find a long term solution. Q. How are the tours in the church structured? At the moment, we have high school students who visit every year. At times, elementary students also visit our church. City officials also visit us from time to time. Mayors and other political candidates visit our church during the election campaigns. Our tour groups are usually 10-20 people on average and the largest group we have hosted was a group of about 40 people. The tour starts from the Fellowship Hall and ends with the grande finale which is when we go up to the bell tower and get a breathtaking view of Ithaca. Another attraction on the tour is the memorial for 26 soldiers who passed away fighting for liberty. Us trustees have been discussing the possibility of showcasing the artifacts and pictures from the Underground Railroad as a major feature on our tours. Q. How often are you at the church on a weekly basis? Brother Nick visits 2-3 times a week to check on the furnace. I visit the church on Saturdays for 2-3 hours when there are events and on Sunday for service for 3 hours. Over the summer, I visit twice a week to visit the boiler room. We also visit the church on occasions when there is immediate maintenance required. We have proposed installing a live feed camera to constantly monitor the boiler room and check on the doors. The camera system could also be used to monitor the kids when the adults are at service or in bible study class.

● Interview with Professor Jeffrey Chusid (09.30.19) Q. What are some key considerations while documenting a historically listed building? With regards to archaeology, it is crucial to determine the existing artifacts and their significance followed by an examination of their current conditions and how they can be integrated with the overall aesthetics of the space. It would be imperative to involve a historical preservation consultant at this stage. The resulting historic structure report can be used to program the space. When observing the larger space, identify the character defining spaces. While developing the new program, make sure you are complying with standards such as 9th & 10th Standards for renovation. Additions should be complementary and sympathetic to the existing structure and its history. If the new program is veering towards adaptive reuse, it is crucial to approach the new program with sensitivity.

● Interview with Bryan McCracken (10.02.19) Q. What are some key considerations while documenting a historically-listed building? I believe that the St. James AME church is not an archaeological building but is a historically-listed building. As a result of this distinction, any alteration that may affect the building’s appearance should be approached in a way that preserves the original structure and façade. I would highly recommend preserving the existing wall layout and flooring of the Fellowship Hall and the middle room. This becomes extremely relevant if the presence of an underground railroad stop is confirmed beneath these spaces. I would also like to emphasize the importance of maintaining the basic space layout as it would help protect the historical record of the stone church as well as the historically significant materials. I am of the opinion that the right way to approach this programming assignment would be to present the proposed changes to the larger community in Ithaca along with the church leadership to get their approval before proceeding to the design phase.

● Interview with Christine O’Malley (10.21.19) Q. How are the current tours to the St. James church structured? The tours are administered by the members of the church who guide groups of 20 visitors through the church whilst explaining the historical significance of the church. The tours that we have organized in conjunction with them usually happen on a very occasional basis and the tour group is mostly comprised of groups of adults from a range of ages.

● Interview with Glenda Hickman (09.29.19) Q. What are some issues that you face with the current classroom space? The middle room is currently being used as the classroom space. Some of the issues that we face include lack of appropriate furniture and storage for our Sunday school materials. Sometimes, children use the rug space as alternative seating feature when we run out of chairs. We are also constrained by the space when it comes to integrating technology into our course delivery. We would like to have a projector in this area to aid in teaching. Having more bookshelves to display our collection of books would also be very well received by the church and the community members.

REFERENCES African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. (1892). The doctrines and discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in America. New York: Published by the A.M.E. Book Concern. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. (2019). ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, Chapter 23. New York: ASHRAE. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. (1973). ASHRAE standard 55: Standards for Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. New York: ASHRAE. Arbogast, D. (2011). How to write a historic structure report. WW Norton & Company. Babor, D.T. (2008). Maintenance Planning for Historic Buildings. Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, Construction Architects, 33-44. Ballantyne, D.S., Russell, H., Park, Historic Architecture Division, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. (1983). Accommodation of Disabled Visitors at Historic Sites in the National Park System. Washington, D.C. Bernardi, A., Todorov, V., & Hiristova, J. (2000). Microclimatic analysis in St. Stephans church, Nessebar, Bulgaria after interventions for the conservation of frescoes. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 1(3), 281– 286. Bukowski, R. W., & Nuzzolese, V. (2008). Performance-based Fire Protection of Historical Structures. Fire Technology, 45(1), 23–42. Camuffo, D. (1998). Microclimate for cultural heritage. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Camuffo, D., Pagan, E., Bernardi, A., & Becherini, F. (2004). The impact of heating, lighting and people in reusing historical buildings: a case study. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 5(4), 409–416. Camuffo, D., Sturaro, G., & Valentino, A. (1999). Thermodynamic exchanges between the external boundary layer and the indoor microclimate at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy: the problem of conservation of ancient works of art. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 92(2), 243–262. City of Ithaca: Department of Planning, Building, and Economic Development. (2013). The City of Ithaca Historic District and Landmark Design Guidelines. Retrieved from: https://www.cityofithaca.org/ DocumentCenter/View/78/Historic-District--Landmark-Design-Guidelines-PDF International Standard ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (E). Accessed December 11, 2019.

Geva, A. (1998). Energy Simulation of Historic Buildings: St. Louis Catholic Church, Castroville, Texas. APT bulletin, 29(1), 36-41.

Greenbaum, S. (2016). Place of Worship. Whole Building Design Guide. Retrieved from: http://www.wbdg. org/space-types/place-worship Grimmer, A.E., US Department of the Interior National Park Service. (2017). The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing Historic Buildings. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/ treatment-guidelines-2017.pdf Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). (1993). Lighting handbook (8th Ed.). New York: Author. Ithaca Heritage. (n.d.). PocketSights Tour Builder: St. James AME Zion Church. Retrieved from: pocketsights. com/tours/place/St-James-AME-Zion-Church-14147. Jandl, H.W., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Heritage Preservation Services (1988). Preservation Brief 18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings: Identifying and Preserving haracterdefining elements. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/18-rehabilitatinginteriors.htm Jester, T.C., Park, S.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Heritage Preservation Services (1993). Preservation Brief 32: Making Historic Properties Accessible. Retrieved from: https://www.nps. gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/32-accessibility.htm Lovejoy, K. (1998). Special Report: Building Conditions Surveys. New York Landmarks Conservancy, Common Bond, 14(1). Loveland, B. (2016). Operations and Maintenance For Historic Structures. Whole Building Design Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.wbdg.org/resources/operations-and-maintenance-historic-structures Melink, S. K., Witter, D. L., & Bussy, E. P. (2001). U.S. Patent No. 6,170,480. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). Aboard the Underground Railroad: St. James AME Zion Church. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/ny2.htm Nelson, L.H., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Heritage Preservation Services. (1988). Preservation Brief 17: Architectural Character: Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving their Character. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/ briefs/17-architectural-character.htm Padfield, T., Bøl1Ingtoft, P., Eshøj, B., & Christensen, M. C. (1994). The wall paintings of GundsøMagle church, Denmark. Studies in Conservation, 39(sup2), 94–98. Park, S.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Heritage Preservation Services. (2007). Preservation Brief 47: Maintaining the Exterior of Small and Medium Sized Historic Buildings. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/47-maintaining-exteriors.htm Patterson, E. A., & Vogel, N. A. (2003). Accessible faith. Chicago, IL: Retirement Research Foundation.

Preserving Historic Religious Properties. (2005).A TOOLKIT FOR CONGREGATIONS & COMMUNITY LEADER, The Massachusetts Preservation Coalition and The National Trust for Historic Preservation. Rácz, D.A. (2012). Why Invest in Energy Efficiency? The Example of Lighting. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 2(2), 83-98. Tabunschikov, Y., & Brodatch, M. (2004). Indoor air climate requirements for Russian churches and cathedrals. Indoor Air, 14(s7), 168–174. Technical Preservation Services, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (n.d). Codes and Regulatory Requirements for Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/ tps/standards/applying-rehabilitation/successful-rehab/codes.htm The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, 36 CFR §67.1 (1995). Retrieved from: https://www. nps.gov/tps/tax-incentives/taxdocs/36cfr67.pdf The WBDG Productive Committee. (2018). Provide Comfortable Environments. Whole Building Design Guide. Retrieved from: http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortableenvironments The WBDG Historic Preservation Subcommittee. (2019). Historic Preservation. Whole Building Design Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/historic-preservation The Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, the Department of Public Safety & Division of Fire Safety. (2006). Fire & Building Safety Code Compliance for Historic Buildings: A Field Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.uvm.edu/histpres/307/LifeSafetyFieldGuide.pdf U.S. Department of Justice. (1991). Standards for Accessible Design: ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). Washington, D.C. United States Access Board. (2004). ADA-ABA Accessibility Guidelines, Chapter 4: Accessible Routes. Retrieved from: https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-adastandards/background/ada-aba-accessibility-guidelines-2004/chapter-4-accessible-routes Watts, J. M. (2008). Fire safety in historic buildings. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C.

TEAM RESPONSIBILITY MATRIX

Mission Statement Executive Summary Site & Context Stakeholders Programming Approach Interview with Rev. Price (1) Interview with Rev. Price (2) Interview with Jeffrey Chusid Interview with Bryan McCracken Interview with Crystal Interview with Bernadette Interview With Christine O’Malley Interview with Trustees Interview with Glenda Interview With Christina Culver St. James Sunday Observation Observation of St. John’s User Profiles Behavior Patterns Findings: Observation Findings: Interviews Issues Statement of Future Issues Goals ans PRs Scholarly Research Concept Diagram: Ideas Floor Plan for Diagrams Concept Diagram: Deliverables Phasing Line-by-Line Adjacency Diagram Detailed Program Interview: Appendix References Layout for Draft Doc Layout for Practice Presentation Layout for Final Doc Layout for FInal Presentation

Jina Lee

Julia Jaffe

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Ruth Sabah Barankevich Mohammed

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