Northern State Hospital: Integration for a Better Future

WewouldliketoacknowledgethattheNorthernStateHospitalSiteislocatedonthe ancestralhomelandsoftheCoastSalishPeopleswhohavelivedintheSalishSeaBasin, throughouttheSanJuanIslandsandtheNorthCascadeswatershed,fromtime immemorial.TheHospital’spropertysharesaborderwiththefederallyrecognizedUpper SkagitIndianTribethatiscomposedofelevenpredecessorbands,includingthe Nuwha’ha,Nookachamps,Bsigwigwilts,Bsxwexwehwa’1,Chobahahbish,Sabelxu, Saylayotsid,Shayayotsid,Kwabatsabsh,Sahkumehu,andtheSkaywih(UpperSkagit IndianTribe,n.d.).Whenconductingresearch,cleanup,andredevelopmentactionsonthe propertyitisimportanttorespectandincludethesegroupsinthedecisionmaking processandtorespecttheirancestrallands.

Introduction:

TheNorthernStateHospital contaminatedsitehostsa varietyofcomplexities spurringintegrated collaborationbetweenparties involvedtocreatea prosperousfutureforthesite.

Itiscommonfor contaminatedsitesunderthe

ModelToxicsControlAct(MTCA)tobecleanedofcontaminantspriorto redevelopment.Howeverdistinctiveaspectsofthesite,likeitshistoricandecological characteristics,preventthisfromhappening Thesiteisalsostillinactiveusewith tenantsrentingoutbuildingsandrecreationalspacebeingopentothepublic.Withthese issuesinmind,thepartiesinvolvedinthesitecreatedaplantointegratecontamination cleanupandsiteredevelopment Thepartiesinvolvedinthesitemanagementareathree partypartnershipmadeupbythePortofSkagit,theCityofSedro-Woolley,andthe SkagitCounty.Thepartnershipdesignedanintegratedremediationandredevelopment plantoensurethatthehistory,ecology,andactiveuseofthesitearepreservedwhilestill efficientlyutilizingresources.

SiteHistory:

Nestledamongstthelowland foothillsjustnortheastof Sedro-Woolleyisasitethat hasalongandcomplex history.In1909,the constructionoftheNorthern StateHospitalbeganand threeshortyearslateritwas officiallyopenforuse,but notopentothepublic(TCLF,2009).The Hospital’scampuswasdesignedbytheOlmstedbrothersandtheirfamilyfirm,the OlmstedFirm.Theyweregreatlyinspiredbytheirfather’spreviousworkonCentralPark inNewYorkandimplementedthepark’ssignaturesprawlinglandscapeintothecampus’s 1,200acres(TCLF,2009) ThebrothersalsoimplementedaSpanishColonialRevival stylenotoftenseeninthePacificNorthwest,makingthecampusstandoutamongstits heavilywoodedsurroundings.Theimmensearchitecturalfeatwasundertakenlargely becauseoftheHospital’smainpurpose,toprovideaselfsufficientoccupationaltherapy centerforincarceratedindividuals(TCLF,2009).TheHospitalachievedthisthrough housingitsownpowerhouse,fuelingstation,laundrybuilding,barns,croplands,dairy plant,patientandstaffhousing,andmanyotheramenitiestotalingover80buildings (TCLF,2009).

Theconstructionofthehospitalwascommissionedduetoovercrowdingin neighboringhospitals.Withthehospital’sopeningin1912agreatburdenwasliftedfrom otherhospitalsinWashingtonStateaswellascreatinganeweconomicengineforthe Sedro-Woolleycommunity(TCLF,2009).Thehospital’sgentleidealistlandscapedidnot reflectwhatwentonbehinditsartfullydesignedwalls.ThepatientshousedatNorthern StateHospitalalsoknownastheNorthernStateAsylumwere,atthetime,referredtoas

“criminallyinsane”andcommittedagainsttheirwill.Theirconditionsrangedwidely from“violentlymentallyill”to“mildlydisturbed”,individualswithmoreconventional illnessessuchasepilepsyandaddictionwerealsotreatedhere(Judd,2017).

Thetreatmentspracticedonthepatientswereextremelyunethical,somebeing fittingofthetimeandothersbeingentirelyexperimental.Shocktherapywasregularly administeredtowomenexperiencingmenstruationinducedmoodswings(Judd,2017).

Transitionallobotomiesbecamecommoninthehospitalduringthe1940’sandwere consideredagroundbreakingcureformentalillnessandsocietalnonconformity(Judd, 2017) Thehospital'spatientpopulationwaslargelymadeupofimmigrants,manyof whomwereforcefullysterilized“forthebettermentofsociety”(Judd,2017).Uniqueto thehospitalwasthepracticeofexperimentalchemicalsedation.InsulinComaTherapy wasoneofthesetreatments,patientswereinjectedwithrepeateddosesofinsulinto induceacoma-likestate,thecomascouldbemadetolastdaystoweeks(Judd,

UpperRight:MaleWard10and11,UpperLeft:Hospitalstaffinthe“InsulinRoom”,LowerRight:Groupphotoof nursingstaff.LowerRight:AdministrationBuilding(UWSpecialCollections,n.d.)

2017;Wright-Mendoza,2018).Thistreatmentwasreservedforpatientssufferingfrom Schizophrenia,thetreatmentoftentimespersisteduntiltheindividualhadbeeninduced 30-50times(Wright-Mendoza,2018).TheHospitalalsohosteditsowncemeterywhere over1,000bodiesresttoday,manyofthedeceasedwerepatientsatthehospitalandwere unclaimedbytheirfamily(Judd,2017).

Thehospitalclosedin1973after61yearsofoperationduetobudgetcutsand deinstitutionalization(TCLF,2009).TheDeinstitutionalizationmovement,whichbecame prevalentinthe1970s,wasspurredbychangingpublicviewstowardsthetreatmentof individualssufferingfrommentalillness(Torrey,2015) Thegoalsofthemovement includedreducingcarecosts,protectingpatientrights, andshiftingcarefrominstitutions tocommunitywellnesscenters(Torrey,2015).TheNorthernStateHospital’sunethical treatmentofpatientsmadeitaprimesubjectfordeinstitutionalization Afteritsclosurea skeletoncrewwaskeptemployedatthecampustokeepthebuildingsfromfallinginto completedilapidation.In2010theDepartmentofArcheologyandHistoricPreservation (DAHP)classifiedthecampusasaNationalHistoricDistrictforthesite’simportanceto theState'smedicalhistoryandtheuniquearchitecturestillpresentonthecampus (WTHP,2017).Thehistorictitleincentivisesthepropertyownerstoprotectthehistoric andculturalintegrityofthecampus’s56remainingbuildings.

CharlieCruse,finalemployeeof NorthernStateHospital(EverettHerald,1976)

NorthernStateHospital’sstorydoesnotendwithitsclosurein1973,butinstead continuesontothepresentday. In1974theownershipoftherecentlyclosedcampuswas transferredtotheStateDepartmentofGeneralAdministration,whichisnowknownas theDepartmentofEnterpriseServices(DOE,n.d.).Alongwiththeseownershipchanges alargeportionofthecampuswasparcledoffandgiventotheDepartmentofNatural Resourcesforrecreationaluses(DOE,n.d.).Afterthisthecampuswouldsitrelatively unchangedfordecadesuntil2014whenitwasofficiallyclassifiedasacontaminatedsite andtheMTCAprocessbegan(seesection:CleaningupthePastformoreinformation). WiththeMTCAregulationnowactive,stepstounderstandthecontaminantspresenton thepropertybegan.Sitecharacterizationstudiesandsiteassessmentswereconductedby independentpartiesin2014.Preliminaryremedialinvestigationsandstudieswere conductedin2015,withaplanningassessmentcompletedin2017(DOE,nd) Despite thesitebeingacontaminatedone,thecampusbecameactiveagainafterthePortof Skagittookownershipandliabilityofthesitein2018andtheybeganrentingbuildings out Theactiveuseofthecampusalongwithitshistoriclegacy,ecologicalfeatures,and futuredevelopmentplanscreatesanunusualsitenotoftenseenunderMTCA.

NorthernStateHospitalTimelinecreatedbySophiaFox

Integration:

Asweinterviewedfromthedifferentpartieswerealizedhowspecialanddifferent thissiteis.Fromremediationtoredevelopmentintegrationisakeyelementtomakethis siteasuccessstoryanditreflectsjusthowcomplexthisoneis.Fromthehistorical integrityandculturalimportancetotheenvironmentalpriorities,theseconcernscreatea complexwebofbarriers.Thisapproachhasturnedthedreamofthissite'spotentialintoa reality.Theworkthatallpartieshavedonehassetaprecedentforhowtohandlethe clean-upofMTCAsitesalongwithredevelopment.Futurebrownfieldsitescanall implementthesenewwaysofmanagementandplanning.Sitesthatoftenwerereferredto as“unwanted”landscouldverywellbefuturehubsforcommunityopportunities.

CleaningUpthePast: Overview

ThelonghistoryoftheNorthernStateHospitalleavesbehindanotherlastingdark legacyintheformoftoxiccontamination.Frompesticidestolaundrychemicals,and eveninthebuildingmaterialsthemselves,thehospital’sday-to-dayactivitiesinvolved manysubstanceswenowknowtohaveharmfulimpactsonbothhumanhealthandthe environment.ThecontaminantsleftbehindbytheNorthernStateHospital’syearsspent inoperationcanlargelybegroupedintothreecategories:toxicmetalslikeleadand arsenic,volatileorganiccompoundswhichwereusedincleaningsolutions,and contaminationfrompetroleum-based productswhichcomefromunderground storagetanks Leftignored,these chemicalshavethepotentialtocausea widerangeofdangeroushealthissues.

(DOE,2019) Forexample,high amountsofleadwereusedinbuilding materials,andcancauseneurological damage(EPA,2023).Thechemicalsleft behindbycleaningsolutionsand petroleumcancausethroatandorgan damage,inadditiontobeing carcinogenic(EPA,2022).Inorderfor theformerNorthernStateHospitaltobe availableforreuseandredevelopment, thesehealth-harmingsubstanceshaveto becleaneduptosafelevels.

Duetotheimmensesizeoftheproperty,andthedifferenttypesofcontamination, itwasbrokendowninto8distinctproblemareascalledAreasofConcern(AOC).Some oftheseAOCsarecontainedtoonlyonelocation,whileothersrepresentasingle site-wideconcern,likethepresenceoftoxicsubstancesingroundwater.Accordingto CarolynWiseofMaulFosterAlongi,aconsultingfirmhiredtohandlecleanupwork, breakingdownthesiteinto‘bite-sized’chunkshasafewcrucialbenefits(Jackson& Wise,2023).Thisapproachmakesthecleanupworkforsuchahugelocationmore manageable.Additionally,itallowsAOCswithrelativelycheapandeasysolutionstobe tackledearly,whichcreatesspaceforredevelopmentandreuseofthesiteearlierrather thanlater.Italsomeansthatfundingforcleanupcanbeobtainedandappliedpieceby piece,ratherthanallatonce.

TheRoleofMTCA

InWashingtonStatetheModel ToxicsControlAct(MTCA)isthe lawwhichregulatesenvironmental cleanupthroughoutthestate. The WashingtonDepartmentof Ecology,alsoreferredtoas Ecology,isthegovernmententity whichorganizesandhelpsfund cleanupofMTCAsites Notevery sitegoesthroughtheformal MTCAprocess,butthosethatdo gothroughadefinedseriesof stepstoensurethat,bytheend, contaminationiscleanedup accordingtoanyapplicablestate orfederalstandards.Duringthe MTCAprocess,theDepartmentof

Ecologyorganizespublicoutreachtohelpinformthecommunityofthecleanupsite. Theyarealsorequiredtohavepubliccommentingperiodsthroughouttheprocesswhere anyonecansubmittheirquestionsorcommentstoEcologyandreceive

OneofthemostimportantpartsofMTCAisidentifyingthePotentiallyLiable Party(PLP),inthiscasethePortofSkagit,whotakesthefinancialresponsibilityfor makingsurethesiteiscleaneduptotheappropriatestandards.However,therearemany programsthroughEcologyorthroughfederalgrantstohelpcoverthecostsofcleanupin certaincontexts,suchaswhenasiteisconsideredabrownfield(refertotheRevival sectionformoreinformationaboutbrownfields)

TheformerNorthernStateHospitalpropertyisoneofthesebrownfields.Many publicandprivateentitiescanbehesitanttoacquireandredevelopbrownfieldsbecause theycouldenduptakingthefinancialburdenofcleaninguptoxiccontaminationaswell EventhoughitwasknownbothbythecommunityandbyEcologythattheformer NorthernStateHospitallikelycontainedsomeleveloftoxiccontamination,theexact natureandextentofthecontaminationwaslargelyunknown However,in2014,the desiretocleanupandreusethesitewasmetwithgrantmoneyfromtheDepartmentof Ecology.(DOE,2014).ThePortofSkagit,spearheadinganeffortbetweenseveral parties,acquiredtheNorthernStateHospitalproperty,assumedPLPstatus,andbeganthe MTCAcleanupprocessincoordinationwithEcology.

Inordertohandletheinvestigationsandimplementremediationsolutions,thePort ofSkagithashiredtheconsultantfirmMaulFosterAlongi.Remediationreferstotheact ofcleaningupenvironmentalcontamination AccordingtoIanFawley,anoutreach plannerwithEcology,thedifficultandexpensivenatureofidentifyingandremediating toxicsubstances,andalsobecauseofthemeticulousnessoftheMTCAprocess,cleanup oflargesitesliketheNorthernStateHospitalcantakealongtime(Jackson&Fawley, 2023).Thiscouldbeabigobstacletotheredevelopmentoftheproperty,andgreatly delayanypotentialeconomicreturntothecommunity.Forexample,eventhoughthis processstartedmovingalongin2014,rightnowthecleanupphaseattheNorthernState Hospitalsiteistechnicallyinthemiddleofreviewingtheremedialinvestigation(DOE,

2021).Thankfully,MTCAhasabuilt-inmechanismtoimplementorpartiallyimplement solutionswhichareurgentorrelativelyeasy:interimactions.ThisallowsthePLPand Ecologytoagreeonpartialremedialworkdoneoutsidetheformalprocess.Althoughthe MTCAprocesshasn’tformallyreachedthecleanupimplementationphase,thePortof SkagitandEcologyhaveanagreementwhereMFAhasdoneinterimremediationwork ontwoAOCs:AOC1andAOC4(DOE,2021).

AOC1

AOC1referstoanoldlaundrybuilding Thechemicalcontaminationinthesoilat thatlocationiscausedbythecleaningmaterialsusedfordrycleaningoperationsyears prior.Thesearecalledchlorinatedvolatileorganiccompounds,orcVOCs.Whenthese typesofchemicalsareinsoil,theyeasilyevaporate intotheair,whichmakesbeinginabuildingontopof cVOCcontaminationunsafe.Typically,thesetoxic substancescanberelativelyeasilycleanedupthrough excavatinganddisposingtheaffectedsoil However, thisdoesn’tmeettheredevelopmentandreusegoalsof theSWIFTCenter,asitwouldrequirethatthe buildingbetorndown Rightnow,thisisbeing addressedbysealingtheharmfulvaporsunderavapor barrier(DOE,2019). However,accordingtoCarolynWiseofMFA,inordertoremove theharmfulvaporsthereareplanstoinstallasubsurfacedepressurizationsystem This worksusingfanstocreateapressuregradientunderneaththevaporbarrier,whichdraws thesoilvaporandanytoxicsinitsafelyoutofthebuildingthroughpiping(Jackson& Wise,2023) Overtime,thecontaminationlevelsinthesoilwillreturntoacceptable levels.Throughouttheprocess,carefulmonitoringwillensurethateverythingis proceedingasexpected.

AOC4

AOC4isactuallytwolocations:oneonapatch oflandnearanoldbuilding,andanotherwhich ispartofanoldathleticfield.Theysharea characteristicofhavingelevatedlevelsof arsenicinthesoil.Whiletherelikelyisn’tasingle explanationforitspresence,arseniccontaminationcan belinkedtopesticideuseintheorchardsthattheNorthernStateHospitalstaffand patientsoncetendedontheproperty.ComparedtootherAOC’s,cleaningupthe contaminatedsoilwasrelativelyeasyasitwasonpatchesofsoilwithnostructureto contendwith.Asimpleexcavationandsafedisposaloftheaffectedsoilisallthatwas necessarytoremediateAOC4(DOE,2019).

TheRevivalofaGhostTown: TheNorthernStateHospitalhasalong historythathasgainedaninterestingreputationover theyears.Thesiteisrumoredtobehauntedbythe patientswhodiedatthehospitalandhasbecomea popularhauntedattraction.Ghostenthusiastshave traveledacrossthecountrytowitnessthesite's paranormalactivity.AsMTCAandredevelopment takeholdofthepropertyitfeelsasifithasbeen awakenedandtakenanew,lesshaunting,form.A three-partypartnershipconsistingofthePortofSkagit, SkagitCounty,andtheCityofSedro-Woolleyisexploring theopportunityofredevelopingthissite.Thepartnershiphasagreedthatthesitecould contributemoretotheoveralleconomicwell-beingofthecommunitythrougha concerted,locallydrivenefforttoplan,regulate,andattractprivateinvestmentwithina

unifiedplannedmulti-usecampus.Thepartnershiphasensuredthatdevelopmentwillbe consistentwithlocalgoals,andwillrenamethesitetheSedro-WoolleyInnovationFor Tomorrow(SWIFT)Center.

ThePorthastakenboththeownershipofthepropertyandtheliabilityfor clean-up.Theyhaveaspecialinterestinthepotentialofthesiteasatoolforeconomic developmentforthecountyandbecause,accordingtoHeatherRogersonthePort’s planninganddevelopmentdirector,theywouldliketoexpandtheirprojectsfarthereast toreachmorepeople(Fox&Rogerson,2023) AnotherreasonthePorthasundertaken thisprojectisbecausetheydonotneedtoseeimmediatefinancialreturnsontheir investmentcomparedtotheotherpartners.Thedreamofthissiteisforittobecomea multi-use,publiccampus Inordertotruly showasenseofprogressthemayorof Sedro-Woolleydecidedtorenamethesite.The partnersagreedonthenameSWIFTCenter whichhasdualmeanings.SWIFTstandsfor Sedro-WoolleyInnovationforTomorrowbutit alsoreferstoVaux’sswift.Vaux’sswift(as seeninthephotototheright)isalocalnative birdthatoriginallyhabitedoldgrowthtree stumpsbutnowinhabitsthesmokestacksofthe property ThemaingoalsthatthePortofSkagithasforredevelopmentinclude(Portof Skagit,2015):

A.EncouragetheprivatesectortocreateandsustainjobsattheCenterthatwillbenefit allofSkagitCountyanditscitizensandthatarecompatiblewithalloftheothergoals

B.ContinueandpromotepublicaccessandrecreationaluseoftheCenter

C.ProtecttheenvironmentallysensitiveareasoftheCenter,inparticularHansenCreek

D.Acknowledgeandprotectthehistoric significanceoftheCentertothelocal community,thewiderregion,andthe StateofWashington

E.Acknowledgeandrespectthe neighboringUpperSkagitIndianTribal Nation’sinterestsintheCenter.

SWIFTCenterImplications

ThisMTCAsiteisdifferentfromothers formanyreasons,onebeingthefactthat itisabrownfieldsite Brownfieldsare typicallyreferredtoas“unwanted”lands andareabandonedorunderutilizedduetopollutionfromindustrialuse(EPA,n.d.).This oftencomplicatestheredevelopment,reuse,andrevitalizationofaproperty(EPA,n.d.) Withthesetypesofclean-upsitesitcanbehardtofindsomeonewillingtoredevelopthe landandbecometheliablepartyfortheclean-up.ThisiswherethePortofSkagitcomes inandthisiswhytheirroleissoimportantinthethree-party-partnershipbetweenthem, theCityofSedro-Woolley,andSkagitCounty.AccordingtoHeatherRogerson,thePort’s planninganddevelopmentdirector,saystheyhavetakentheroleasliablepartyoverthe otherpartnerssincetheyhavetheresourcesforfindinggrantstodotheclean-upandare morefamiliarwiththeMTCAprocesses

Additionally,whileMTCAdoesnotincluderedevelopment,thissitecallsforan integratedapproachtotheclean-upprocessandredevelopment.Theremediationandthe renovationstage,whicharetypicallydoneseparately,mustbeintegratedtogether.There areacoupleofreasonswhythismusthappen

Cultural & Historic Integrity

BecausethepropertyanditsbuildingsarelistedundertheHistoricDistrict RegistryboththeMCTAprocessandredevelopmentmusttakeextremecaretoprotect thehistoricalintegrityofthearchitectureandbuildingdesign.WithintheFinal AgreementOrderbetweenthePortand Ecology,bothpartiesarerequiredto protectthehistoricintegrityofthe originalbuildings.

Asidefromthehistoricintegrity thereisalsoculturalimportancearound thesiteandtheadditionalrecreationarea thatisapartoftheoriginal1,200acres

ThelocalcommunityofSedro-Woolley seestheNorthernStaterecreationarea

asapieceofpride Whenyoudriveto

theparkinglotthefirstthingyouwillseeisacommunityplazainmemorialoflocal veterans.TheParkincludestheoldabandonedbarnsfromthehospital,discgolfcourses, andmanytrailsthroughtheparkandthecampusproperty.Localsspendtheirfreetime heretorelaxandgetbackintouchwiththelandscapesaroundthem.Thisareaposes somecomplexitieswithMTCAandtheredevelopment.Thisisbecauseparkaccessibility dependsontheSWIFTcenterproperty

roads Duetotheimportanceoftherecreationalaspectofthisproperty,the redevelopmentmustconsiderandprotectitsintegrity.

complexitytothissite.WithintheFinal AgreementOrderbetweentheP

Ecologyitstatesthatshouldeit anyactivitiesdoneatthesitecr dangertohumanhealthorthee oraroundthesite,thenthePort coupleareasofconcernonthe habitats.Hansencreekisanim Salmonhabitatthatrunsthroug property,thecity,andtheUppe reservation.Ifthecreekwereto contaminateditwouldaffectbo healthandthewildlife Thepar responsibilitiestoweighintrib

ulturallyimportant.SalishSea nPeople(Smithsonian heirCreator,andtheyhonor nstitute,n.d.).TheUpper omy.

dspecies,alsoinhabitsthe lynestinlargehollowsinold aturalhabitatgradually dtheirnestingpatternsand andonedsmokestacksonthe 9).Thebirdstendtonestin everaltotensofthousandsof Audubon,2019).Removing placewillmostlikelykillthe opulationalreadyinadecline atusitisimportanttohandle dubon,2019).Workingaround lopmentmayposeagreat SWIFTCenterpayinghomage isexpectedthattheywilltake ds.

IFTCenterhasgonethrough l,topark,tocontaminated

site,torenterspaceitisasifthepropertyhasseenitall.However,asthefuturedraws neartheCenterwillcontinuetochangewithmoreMTCAactionsandredevelopment beginning.ThefirstoftheupcomingMTCAactionswillbeapublicmeetingheldonJuly

17th,2023.ThemeetingwillgivetheSedro-Woolleycommunityanopportunitytoshare concerns,hopes,andquestionsaboutthesite’sfuture.Onamoreambiguoustimescale thethreepartpartnershipplansformoreremedialinvestigationsofthesitealongwith remedialactionsandrenovations.Thepartnershipalsoplanstomakeamendmentstothe finalagreedorderforthecontaminationcleanupofAOC1.

Allofthesefutureactionsbringthesiteclosertotheendofitsjourneyof contaminationandtoitsnewbeginningasaredevelopedeconomicengineforthe community.Whenthisprocesswillbecompleteisunknown,MTCAsitestendtotakea longtimetobeconsideredcleanandgetdelistedfromtheregister,withthedelisting processalonetakingmultiplefiveyearperiods.However,withthesite'suniqueapproach tointegratingremediationandredevelopment,anewandimprovedcampusmightcome soonerthanexpected Integrationhasbroughtthisdeeplyrootedlandmarkbacktothe forefrontofsociety,bysettinganexampleforfuturebrownfields.Thisexampleisset throughintegratingredevelopmentandremediation,notoftenaccomplishedinMTCA sites Aswelooktothefuturethissitesetsupmoreinnovativeapproachestothereuseof contaminatedsitesacrossWashingtonState.

Citations:

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2023). What are some of the health effects of lead?.

https://www.epa.gov/lead/what-are-some-health-effects-lead

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2022). Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality.

https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-ai r-quality

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency (n.d.). Overview of EPA’s Brownfield Program EPA.

https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview-epas-brownfields-program

Fox,S.,&Rogerson,H.(2023,May25).SWIFTCenterRedevelopmentInterviewwithPortof Skagit.personal.

GoogleEarth.(n.d).https://earth.google.com.

Jackson,C.&Wise,C.(2023,May3).RemediationInterviewwithMaulFosterAlongi. personal.

Jackson,C&Fawley,I.(2023May4).MultipartyCommunicationonMTCASitesInterview withtheDepartmentofEcology personal.

Judd,R.(2017,June2). An old mental institution, and its cemetery, might get a dignified makeover TheSeattleTimes.

https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/an-old-mental-institution-and-its-cem etery-might-get-a-dignified-makeover/#:~:text=Patients%20at%20Northern%20State%2 C%20which,Many%20were%20immigrants.

MaulFosterAlongi.(2019). Facility Map.Accessedat

https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/cleanupsearch/document/98228

NewJerseyDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.(2008). Fact Sheet: Subsurface

Depressurization Systems.

https://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/vaporintrusion/subsurface.htm

Northern State Hospital | TCLF (2009,October16).

https://www.tclf.org/landslides/northern-state-hospital

Northern State Hospital Washington Trust for Historic Preservation.(2017,July31).

WashingtonTrustforHistoricPreservation.

https://preservewa.org/most_endangered/northern-state-hospital/ Last day at Northern State Hospital with Chuck Cruse (n.d.).EverettHerald.

http://www.skagitriverjournal.com/NearbyS-W/NSH/NSH2-CruseLastDay.html

Sandström,B.(n.d.). Aerial view of the Northern State Hospital ~ Sedro-Woolley, WN ~ J Boyd

Ellis Photography ~ Vintage Postcard.Flickr.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/brettie/3549769630/

SmithsonianInstitute.(n.d.).Importanceofsalmon-pacificcoast:Teacherresource.Importance ofSalmon-PacificCoast|TeacherResource.

https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/pnw-history-culture-regions/pacific-coast#:~:text=N ative%20Nations%20of%20the%20Pacific,salmon’s%20sacrifice%20in%20special%20c eremonies.

Torrey,F (2015,November18). Out of the Shadows: Confronting America’s Mental Illness Crisis PBS.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html

UpperSkagitIndianTribe.(n.d.). Who we are: Upper Skagit Indian Tribe.UpperSkagitIndian Tribe|FederallyRecognizedIndianTribe.https://upperskagittribe-nsn.gov/who-we-are/

Vaux’s Swifts - Portland Audubon.(2019,July17).PortlandAudubon.

https://audubonportland.org/our-work/rehabilitate-wildlife/having-a-wildlife-problem/vau xs-swifts/#:~:text=Chimneys%20for%20Roosts%20%26%20Nests&text=Groups%20of %20roosting%20swifts%20can,35%2C000%20in%20some%20larger%20smokestacks.

WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology.(2021). Fact Sheet: Sedro-Woolley Innovation for Tomorrow Center

https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/cleanupsearch/document/98228

WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology.(2019). Fact Sheet: Agreed Order and Public

Participation Plan.NorthernStateMultiServiceCenter-(10048)(wa.gov)

WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology (2014). Remedial Action Grant Agreement G1400546

Between the State of Washington, Department of Ecology and the Port of Skagit.

https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/cleanupsearch/document/28706

WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology.(n.d.).FinalAgreedOrderNo.DE16309.

WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology.(n.d.). Steps In the Formal MTCA Cleanup Proccess.

Wright-Mendoza,J.(2018).The(Unproven,Deadly)CommonCureforSchizophrenia. JSTOR Daily https://daily.jstor.org/the-unproven-deadly-common-cure-for-schizophrenia/