Examiner Fall 2021, Vol. 24

FEATURED: TheBody' sBi gRedLi ght GnaneswarChundi TheEpi demi cCr i ppl i ng Physi ci ansAr oundt heCount r y AyaanMemon ALooki nt ot heBest Envi r onmentf orConcent r at i on

Sr i yaSadangi

FALL2021

Let t erf r om t heEdi t or FALL2021 DearReader , Thi spastFal lsemest erasRut ger sbegant or epopul at ecampusandr esumeact i vi t i esmor east heywer e pr epandemi c,j our nal i st sand EBoar d member sofTheExami nerhavebeen put t i ngt hei rbestf oot f or war di nt hi st r ansi t i on backt ot hei nper son envi r onment .Ourj our nal i st scont i nuet ost aycur i ous andi nqui si t i ve,whi l stcont i nui ngt owr i t eandputoutqual i t yar t i cl esondi f f er entt opi cswi t hi nsci ence and heal t hcar e.I ’ m so pr oud ofal lofourmember sf ort hei rcont i nued dedi cat i on t hr ough al lt he chal l engeswe’ vef aced.

TheExami nerst r i vest omakesci encei nt er est i ngandaccessi bl et oever yRut ger sst udent .Jour nal i st s wor kt ot i et hei rt opi cback t ot heRut ger scommuni t yt o maket hear t i cl esbot hi nf or mat i onaland r el at abl e.Asi de f r om wor ki ng on outsemest er l y publ i cat i on,t he or gani z at i on cont i nues t of ost er i nt el l ect ualcur i osi t ywi t hi nourcl ubmember st hr oughdebat es,j our naldi scussi ons,andi nvi t i ngguest speaker s.Thi ssemest er ,wei nvi t edDr .Mar t haHavi l and,t heRut ger sUni ver si t yDeanofLi f eSci ences, t oshar esomei nsi ghtondi f f er entcar eer si nheal t hcar e,andherowncar eerpat h,andhow t ogr ow asa st udent .Wewer eal soexci t edt of i nal l ybeabl et ohostsomeoft hesemeet i ngsi nper son.Thecl ubhost ed an i nper son debat er egar di ngonl i never susi nper son i nst r uct i on f r om ament alheal t h per spect i ve,a ver ypr eval entt opi cespeci al l yi nt hi scur r entt i me.Thecl ubal sohost edan i nper son meetandgr eet bet weenmember st ohel pever yonegett oknow eachot herbet t eraf t ermor et hanayearofbei ngvi r t ual .

Wewer esogr at ef ulf ort heoppor t uni t yt omeetot hermember soft hecl ubf acet of aceagai n.

Wear eacommuni t yofcommi t t ed,i nt el l i gent ,andsci encel ovi ngst udent sal lpassi onat eaboutwr i t i ng andi nf or mi ngot her si nourcommuni t y.Iam exci t edf orwhat ’ st ocomeandIcan’ twai tt oseet hecl ub cont i nuet ogr ow andsucceed.Wet hankyouf ort aki ngt het i met or eadt hi si ssueandwehopeyouenj oy r eadi ngi tasmuchasweal lenj oyedwr i t i ngi t .

Si ncer el y,

Shr ut hiThi yagar aj an Edi t or I nChi ef

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

COVI D19Resul t sJustaSwi peAway?

CavemenandCOVI D19 TheBody' sBi gRedLi ght eGFR:TheRel at i onshi pBet weenRaceandKi dneys TheConsequencesofLanguageBar r i er si nHeal t hcar e Expl or i ngt heEf f ect sofEpi genet i csAcr ossGener at i ons Epi dr ugs:ABr eakt hr oughi nt heSear chf oraCur e COVI D19andt heSur geofDomest i cVi ol enceCases Over l ookedandUnder ser ved TheBenef i toft heMedi t er r aneanDi etonHear tHeal t h Gami ngYourWayt oHeal t hyEat i ng TheEpi demi cCr i ppl i ngPhysi ci ansAr oundt heCount r y TheEf f ectofCl i mat eChangeonMal ar i aandLymeDi sease Cl i mat eChange:TheNew Communi t yChal l enge Bl uel i ghtGl asses:AWor t hwhi l eI nvest ment ?

How t heCOVI D19Heal t hCr i si sHasBr oughtPr event at i veMedi ci net ot heFor ef r ont TheFut ur eofNeur alTi ssueRegener at i on Neur opl ast i ci t y:CanOurBr ai nsRepai rThemsel ves?

Fl yi ngPi gs,TheBeaut ySt andar d,andOt herI mpossi bl eThi ngs TheRi sksofLonel i ness CanPsychedel i csI mpr oveMent alHeal t h?

APr omi si ngNew Tr eat mentf orAl z hei mer ' sDi sease ALooki nt ot heBestEnvi r onmentf orConcent r at i on Vi r uses,butGoodOnes Dr eami ngi nt oConci ousness Subj ect i vi t yofPai n ANew Er aofCochl earI mpl ant s Pr i nt i ngt oSaveLi ves St ucki nTr af f i c?TheDanger sofLongerCommut eTi mes TheDual i t yofAut i sm Spect r um Di sor der s

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COVI D19RESULTS J USTASWI PEAWAY?

Aj i t aNai r

Af t eral mosta yearsi ncet hepandemi cbegan i nt heU. S. ,about1.

4 mi l l i on COVI D19 t est sar est i l lbei ng 1 admi ni st er ed dai l yt hr oughoutt hecount r y.

Theset est sr equi r esampl esr angi ngf r om nasalswabst ot hr oat swabs( al lofwhi ch ar equi t ei nvasi veand uncomf or t abl e) .Duet ot henat ur eoft hedi sease,t est i ngmaybe r equi r edf r equent l y,whi ch can bean i nconveni ence,t osayt hel east .Thati sunt i lRut ger sr ecent l ycr eat edt he sal i vacol l ect i onmol ecul art estt hatr esol vesmanyoft hei ssueswi t hot hert est i ngmet hods.

Thi sr api dt est ,devel oped byRut ger s’RUCDR I nf i ni t eBi ol ogi csi n par t ner shi p wi t h Spect r um Sol ut i onsand Accur at e Di agnost i c Labs,pr eser ves t he sal i va sampl ei n a sol ut i on unt i lt he sampl e ar r i ves att he l ab f or 2 anal ysi s. Thesampl eassayi st hen r un t hr ough aPCR machi net odet er mi net hepr esenceofCOVI D19vi r al RNA.Thi snew sal i vat estof f er edmanyadvant agescompar edt ot heot hert est i ngopt i onsi ncl udi ngt her educt i on i nbot hf al senegat i vesandf al seposi t i ves,i ncr easedsensi t i vi t y,andr educedr i skf orheal t hpr of essi onal sast hey 3 nol ongerneededt ophysi cal l ycol l ectt hesampl ef r om t hepat i ent .

Whi l easal i vacol l ect i ont estcer t ai nl yr educes t her i skf orheal t hpr of essi onal swhenadmi ni st er i ngt het estcompar edt oanasalort hr oatswab,anew met hod ofCOVI D19t est i nghasr ecent l ybeenexpl or edt hatonl yi nvol vedasi mpl eski nswab.

Uni ver si t yofSur r eyr esear cher si nt heUK haveexami nedt hi snew met hodofempl oyi ngaski nswabt ocol l ect 4 andanal yz esebum,anoi l ysubst ancepr oducedbyski nt hati scomposedofmanydi f f er entl i pi ds.Wi t ht hi snew met hod,obt ai ni ngat est i ngsampl ef orf ur t heranal ysi swoul dbemuch l essi nvasi vef orpat i ent sandsaf erf or heal t h pr of essi onal scompar edt ocur r entopt i ons.Tocol l ectasampl eofsebum,agent l eswabi st aken ofski n 5 ar easwi t hl ar geamount sofsebum suchast hef ace,backorneck.

Evi dent l y,t hi spr ocedur ei ssi gni f i cant l ymor e gent l e,f ast ,andeasyt hananasalort hr oatswab.Anal ysi soft hesebum candet er mi net hei ndi r ectef f ect soft he vi r usonCOVI D19pat i ent sbymeasur i ngt hecomponent soft hepat i ent ’ sl i pi dome( al lt hel i pi dsi nt hei rcel l s) .

Thecor onavi r usdi r ect l yi mpact smanymet abol i cpr ocesseswhi chi nt ur naf f ect st hedi st r i but i onandt ypeoft he l i pi ds i nt he sebum.St udi es have shown t hati nt he bl ood ofCOVI D19 pat i ent s,t r i gl ycer i de l evel s ar e 5 si gni f i cant l yaf f ect ed aswel lasvar i at i on i nl i popr ot ei n si z eand di st r i but i on. Ther ef or e,t est i ngt hesebum f or changesi nt hel i pi dcomposi t i on can al soi ndi cat et heef f ectoft hevi r uson i t shost .When anal yz i ngt hel i pi d pr of i l esofpat i ent swhot est ed posi t i vef orCOVI D19 compar ed t ot hosewhot est ed negat i ve,t her esear cher s 3 not edt hatcer t ai nl i pi ds,especi al l yt r i gl ycer i des,wer el oweri nt heCOVI D19pat i ent s.

Sebum t est i ngf ordi agnost i csi snotr el at i vel ynew,ast hi ssamei deahasbeen appl i edt ot est sf orPar ki nson’ s di seaseandt ype1di abet es.However ,t hi sst udywasj ustt hef i r stst epi n devel opi ngCOVI D19t est i ngwi t ha sebum sampl e,and t her ei s much mor er esear ch needed i n or der t o make t hi s a vi abl et est i ng opt i on.

Nonet hel ess,sebum t est i ngf orCOVI D19woul dbeani ncr edi bl eadvancementt hatavoi dsmanyoft hechal l enges anddi scomf or tassoci at edwi t ht hecur r entt est i ngt echnol ogi es.

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CAVEMENANDCOVI D19 AmoghKudv a

Neversayt hatyourancest or sdi dn’ tdoanyt hi ngf oryou.Genespasseddownt hr ought hegener at i onshave beenf oundt oencodepr ot ei nst hatser veapl et hor aofbi ol ogi calf unct i onsandpr ovi dei mmunol ogi cal pr ot ect i ons.I nher i t edgenescanhavebr oadi mpl i cat i onsf orourheal t h:somecanl eadt oast r ongeri mmune 1 syst em oraf astmet abol i sm,whi l eot her scanpr edi sposeyout oahi gherr i skofdi abet esorsi ckl ecel lanemi a.

I nher i t edDNAcanbet r acedbackt ot heNeander t hal s,wi t h2% oft heDNAofi ndi vi dual sl i vi ngi nEur opeand Asi acomi ngf r om t heseext i nctspeci es.Genet i cassoci at i onst udi eshavel i nkedgenesor i gi nat i ngf r om t he Neander t hal sandt hesever i t yofCOVI D19i ni ndi vi dual spossessi ngcer t ai nspeci f i cNeander t halgenes.

Not i ci ngt hatsomei ndi vi dual swi t hCOVI D19l andedi nt hecr i t i calcar euni twi t hsever esympt omswhi l e ot her swer ecompl et el yasympt omat i cpr ompt edr esear cher st oi nvest i gat ewhet hergenet i cspl ayedar ol ei n COVI D19sever i t y.Thi ssear chl edr esear cher st oi dent i f yagenet i ccl ust eronchr omosome3t hataggr avat ed t hei mmunesyst em’ sr esponset oCOVI D19,l eadi ngt osympt omssuchasr espi r at or yf ai l ur e.Af ur t herst udy conduct edbyt heCOVI D19HostGenet i csI ni t i at i vest udi ed3, 199pat i ent swhower ehospi t al i z edf r om t he di seaseal ongsi decont r ol sandf oundt hi ssamegenecl ust ert obeasi gni f i cantgenet i cr i skf act orf orsever e sympt omsi ni ndi vi dual swhohavecont r act edCOVI D19.Thi sgenecl ust eral sol edt oa60% i ncr eased l i kel i hoodofhospi t al i z at i on.Resear cher squi ckl yl i nkedt hi scl ust ert oi nher i t edNeander t halDNA,andt he 2 cl ust erwasf oundt obecar r i edby50% oft hepopul at i onofSout hAsi aand16% oft heEur opeanpopul at i on.

However ,st udi esar est i l lbei ngconduct edt omeasur et hei mpactoft hegeneont heCOVI D19mor t al i t yr at ei n t hesecount r i es.

Neander t halDNAi snotal lhar mf ul ,however .Thesamet eam ofsci ent i st sf r om t heaf or ement i onedst udy di scover edt hatanot hergenei nher i t edf r om Neander t hal sseemst opr ot ecti ndi vi dual sf r om adver seef f ect sof COVI D19.I nt hi sst udy,t her esear cher sexpl or edt heOAS1r egi onofchr omosome12andf oundt hateach copyoft hegener educedt heneedf ori nt ensi vet r eat mentby22%.Thepr ot ei nsencodedbyt heOAS1genet i c r egi onact i vat eenz ymest hatar ei mper at i vet ot hebody’ spr ot ect i onagai nstRNAbasedvi r usesl i ket he cor onavi r us.Theenz ymeswor kbybr eaki ngdownvi r algenomes,whi chmar kedl yr educest headver seef f ect sof 3 COVI D19.Thesci ent i st sappr oxi mat edt hatt hi sgenei scar r i edby50% ofi ndi vi dual sout si deofAf r i ca, meani ngt hatmanyi ndi vi dual shaveanat ur alpr edi sposi t i ont oexper i enci ngl esssever eCOVI D19.

Si mi l art ot hesci ent i st sst udyi ngNeander t halDNA,r esear cher satRut ger sUni ver si t yhavemadesi gni f i cant pr ogr essi nuncover i ngt heconnect i onbet weengenet i cmakeupandt hebody’ snat ur alr esponset ohar mf ul subst ances.Dr .LeiYu,apr of essori nt heGenet i csLab,hasexpl or edt hei mpactofshar edgenesont he l i kel i hoodofdevel opi nganal coholaddi ct i ondi sor der ;hehasut i l i z edmousemodel st oassessgeneexpr essi on associ at edwi t hsoci alf act or si nal coholconsumpt i on.Hi si nt er esti nt heconnect i onbet weengenet i cmakeup anddi f f er entbodi l yr esponsest of or ei gnmat er i al semphasi z est heneedt ol ear nmor eaboutwhi chi ndi vi dual s maybemor esuscept i bl et ocer t ai ndi seasesandhow t opr ot ectt hem.

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THEBODY' SBI GREDLI GHT Gnanes warChundi

Mostofushavebeent her eatsomepoi nt —i t ’ sdar kout si deandyou’ r et r yi ngt of i ndaf r i end’ s houseonabadl yl i tst r eet .Theyt ext edyout hehousenumber ,butt hesi gnsar ebar el yvi si bl e att hi st i meofni ght .Yousl owl yr ol ldownt hest r eeti nyourcar ,l ooki ngf ort hemagi cnumber , butf i ndyour sel fatt heendoft hest r eet .Begr udgi ngl y,you havet odoubl ebackf orasecond r oundofsear chi ng.

Buthow woul dt hi s or dealhave t r anspi r ed i fyourf r i end’ s house had magi cal l y become a sent i entobj ect ,somehow knew t hati twashavi ngguest sover ,andst ar t edf l ashi nga“ bi gr ed l i ght ”t hatonl yyou,t heguest ,coul dsee?Youwoul dhavebeenabl et odr i vest r ai ghtupt ot he housewi t houtsqui nt i ngatsi gnsi nt hedar kordoubl i ngbackt or echeckt hest r eet .Thepr ocess woul dbemor eef f i ci entt haneverbef or e.

Now i magi net hatt hehousei nt hi sscenar i oi sabi gl umpofcancert i ssue.Thatwoul dmake your epr esentt hedr ugt hatt hedoct or sar eusi ngt oheali t .Thedr ughasbeengi venagener al “ addr ess, ”butl i keyou,st i l lhast r oubl ef i ndi ngi t sdest i nat i on.Wher edoest hef l ashi ngr ed l i ghtcomei nt opl ayi nt hi ssi t uat i on?

Resear cher sar eappl yi ngasi mi l arpr i nci pl et odr ugdel i ver ywher et hedr ugwi l l“ know”wher e t ogo,basedont hi s“ hypot het i calbi gf l ashi ngr edl i ght ”att hesi t ei ti ssupposedt obet ar get i ng.

Cur r entf or msofdr ugdel i ver yar emor esi mi l art oyoust umbl i ngt hr ought hedar kt of i ndyour f r i end’ s house.Moder nday nanopar t i cl e dr ug del i ver y syst ems usual l yi nvol ve bi ndi ng a nanopar t i cl ewi t hl i gands.Thesel i gandsar edesi gned t obi nd speci f i cal l yt oj ustonet ypeof r ecept orpr ot ei nont hesur f aceofadi seasedcel l ,suchasacancercel l .Oncet hi sl i gandbi nds 1 t ot hedi seasedcel l ,t henanopar t i cl er el easest her apeut i cagent s.

However ,t hi snanopar t i cl edel i ver ysyst em hassever ali ssues.Thi sappr oachmeanst hatnew l i gandsmustbedi scover edandcr eat edf ordi f f er entr ecept or sonuni quecancercel l s,whi chi s apr ocesst hatcanbecost l yandt i meconsumi ng.Fur t her mor e,t umor sanddi seasedt i ssuedo nothaveanevendi st r i but i onofsur f acer ecept or s.Theser ecept or scanal sochangeconst ant l y, andt hesur f acer ecept or sf oundi nt umorcel l smi ghtal sobef oundi nheal t hycel l s,causi ngt he 2 dr ugt ot ar gett hewr ongl ocat i on.

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MAsar esul t ,r esear cher sar edevel opi nganew appr oach,onet hatdoesnott ar gett her ecept or s on speci f i c di seased cel l s and t umor s,but r at her one t hat t ar get s a speci es pr oduced uni ver sal l yamongmostdi seasedcel l s.Thi suni ver salspeci est hatt hedr ugwoul dt ar getwoul d 3, 4 bet he“ bi gr ed l i ght ” ,whi ch i nt hecaseofdi seased cel l s,ar eknown asf r eer adi cal s.

Fr ee r adi cal sar eusual l ypr esenti nt hehumanbodyi nsmal lamount s,pl ayi ngani mpor t antr ol ei n t hei mmunesyst em andcel l ul arsi gnal i ng.However ,el evat edconcent r at i onsar ef oundatt he si t esofvar i oust i ssuedi seases,i ncl udi ngi nf l ammat or ydi seases,bur n wounds,cancer ,and 5 spi nal /br ai nt r auma.

Att heRut ger sDepar t mentofBi omedi calEngi neer i ng,Dr .Davi dShr ei berhasbeenr esear chi ng how el evat ed f r eer adi calconcent r at i onscan beused i nt ar get i ng dr ug del i ver y.Hi sgr oup hypot hesi z edt hatt heseel evat edconcent r at i onscani nducet hecr ossl i nki ngofacr yl at egr oups ( chemi cal agent st hat have bi ndi ng, f i l mf or mi ng abi l i t i es) .I f a suf f i ci ent amount of cr ossl i nki ngoccur s,t hepol ymerwi l lbecomet ool ar get odi f f useawayf r om t hear eaofhi gh concent r at i on.And i ft hese acr yl at ed mol ecul es ar e coupl ed wi t ht her apeut i cf act or s,dr ug 4 accumul at i oncanbet ar get edt odi seasedt i ssue.

Thusf ar ,i n vi t r oexper i ment shavel edt opr omi si ngr esul t s.Thegr oup’ sr esear ch hasshown t hatt heseacr yl at edmol ecul escancr ossl i nkuponr eact i onwi t hf r eer adi cal ssi mi l art ot hose f oundi ni n vi vodi seasecel l s.Fur t her mor e,t hesemol ecul eswer eabl et osuccessf ul l ydel i ver and sust ai n dr ug payl oads, whi ch ar et her apeut i c mol ecul es t hat ar et oo t oxi ct o be 4 admi ni st er edacr osst hewhol ebodyi nt hei runt ar get edf or ms.

Ongoi ngwor katShr ei ber ’ sl ab ai mst ot estt hesepol ymer si nmor eadvancedt i ssuemi mi cmodel st hatar emor esi mi l art ot he humanbody.Ul t i mat el y,r esear chl i ket hi scoul dr esul ti naver sat i l edr ugdel i ver ypl at f or mt hat coul dbeadj ust edt ot r eatanendl essnumberofdi seases.

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Whyi sr acest i l lconsi der edabi ol ogi calf act ori nsomemedi calt est s?Whi l ei tcer t ai nl ycont r i but est ovar yi ngheal t hout comes acr osssoci algr oups,i ti snotaphysi ol ogi calorgenet i ccomponentt hatcanbequant i f i ed,measur ed,orcat egor i z ed.Yet ,t her e ar et est sst i l lbei ngused i n pat i entcar et odayt hatr el yon r aci alcat egor i es.I n nephr ol ogy,onesuch t esti st heeGFR,or est i mat edgl omer ul arf i l t r at i on r at e,at estusedt odet er mi neki dneyf unct i on.Thi st esti sder i vedf r om an equat i on t hatwas gener at edusi ngt heser um cr eat i ni nemeasur ement ,age,sex,andr aceofaper son.Ser um cr eat i ni nei sabypr oductofmuscl e br eakdown,andhi ghl evel sofcr eat i ni nei ndi cat ef ai l i ngki dneyf unct i onast hecr eat i ni nei snotbei ngf i l t er edpr oper l ybyt he r enalsyst em.Thet estwasf i r stdevel opedi n 1999,when r esear cher sdeci dedt of act ori nr acebecauseBl ackpar t i ci pant si n t hei rst udyhadhi gherl evel sofcr eat i ni ne,onaver age,t hanWhi t epar t i ci pant s.Theyconcl udedt hatt hi swasbasedonhi gher muscl emassi n Bl ackpeopl e,af aul t yassumpt i on t hatcompel l edt hem t oi ncl udeamul t i pl i cat i on f act orof1.

2f oral lBl ack 1 pat i ent s’eGFR scor es.Thi sadver sel yaf f ect sBl ackpat i ent sseeki ngki dneyt r eat ment ,ast hei rscor esar ebasal l yhi gher ,and 2 t hosewi t hhi ghscor esar edeemedt oexhi bi tgoodki dneyf unct i on.

I ncl udi ngar acecor r ect i onalf act ori nt hi st esti sbasedon ol dersci ent i f i cst udi est hathavesi ncebeendebunked,andheal t hi nst i t ut i onsshoul dr econsi deri t susageaccor di ngl y.

Ther esear cher soft he1999 st udyconcl uded t hata mul t i pl i cat i on f act orshoul d bei ncl uded f orBl ack peopl ebecause,on aver age,t heyhavehi ghercr eat i ni nel evel sduet ot hei rsupposedhi gherbodymass.Theybasedt hi son a1977st udyof242 chi l dr en i n whi ch r esear cher s deduced Bl ack i ndi vi dual s have hi ghermuscl e mass due t ol owerbody wei ghtand hi gher 3 densi t y.

A deduct i onbasedonsuchasmal lsampl e,onet hathasal sobeenat t r i but edt or aci sti deol ogi es,shoul dnotbet he basi sofsuchacr uci almedi calt est .Fur t her mor e,t heconnect i onbet weenmuscl emassandi ncr easedcr eat i ni nel evel shasal so 4 beenf oundunt r uei nast udydonebyHsu,etal .i n2008.

ThoughBl ackpat i ent s,onaver age,hadhi ghercr eat i ni nel evel si n var i ousst udi es,aspeci f i ccausef ori thasyett obef ound,andi tcannotbeassumedt oappl yt oal lBl ackpat i ent s.Thei ssueof sel f i dent i f i cat i oncanal sobeseenher e,ast hemul t i pl i cat i onf act ori sonl yappl i edt opat i ent swhosel f i dent i f yasBl ack.Ther e i snowayt omeasur eaper son’ sr ace,and t heeGFR t estonl yconsi der st wor acecat egor i es,Bl ack and nonBl ack,l eavi ng consi der abl er oom f orer r ori npat i entcar eandt r eat ment .Whi l enewert est shavebeendevel opedt omeasur eki dneyf unct i on, r acer emai nsaf undament alf act or ,posi ngadi r ectt hr eatt oBl ackpat i ent sseeki ngmedi calcar e.

However ,i ti scer t ai nl ypossi bl et ot aker aceoutoft heequat i on.Recent l y,t heUni ver si t yof Washi ngt onSchoolofMedi ci neannouncedi twi l lnol ongerconsi derr aceasacomponentoft he t est .Rat her ,i twi l lcont i nueusi ngt heeGFR equat i on t hatf act or ssex,age,and cr eat i ni ne l evel s,wi t hnoconsi der at i onf orr ace.I fot herheal t hi nst i t ut i onsf ol l ow sui t ,i twi l lmakeaccess t ocar ei ncr easi ngl ypossi bl ef orBl ackpat i ent s,andl i mi tt her i sksassoci at edwi t h havi ngt o wai tf orcar eduet oi ni t i alhi ghscor es.

Havi ngpr eci sescor est hatonl yconsi derbi ol ogi calf act or si si ncr edi bl yi mpor t ant ,andr esear ch doneher eatRut ger spr ovi desj ustoneexampl eoft hi s.I n 2015,f acul t yatt heRut ger sNew Jer seyMedi calSchoolf oundt hati n pat i ent swi t h di abet es,eGFR scor eswer ei ndependent l y 5 associ at ed wi t h a hi gherr i sk ofchr oni cki dneydi sease.

Thi sdi r ectand sever ecor r el at i on si gni f i est hei mpor t anceoft hi sscor eandi t saccur acy,andr ai sest hequest i onofwhyt her ace cor r ect i onalf act ori snotbei ngr emovedacr osst heboar d.Cont i nui ngt ousear acecor r ect i onal f act ort hati snotmedi cal l ynecessar ynorsci ent i f i cal l ypr oven,i nat estt hati scr uci alt opat i ent ki dney car e,put st he heal t hcar e ofmany atr i sk.Removi ng t hi sf act or woul d notonl y si gni f i cant l yi mpr ovepat i entcar e,butwoul d makei tmor eaccessi bl eand ai di n medi at i ng cur r entr aci aldi spar i t i esi nheal t hcar e.

eGFR:THERELATI ONSHI P BETWEENRACEANDKI DNEYS Reem Es s eghi r 8

Takeyour sel fbackt oamomentwher eyoucoul dnotspeakt hecommonl anguageofanar ea,under st andi t ,ormakeyour sel f under st ood.Thi si samomentwher eyou f acedal anguagebar r i er .Accor di ngt ot heU. S.CensusBur eau,ar ound25mi l l i on 1 peopl ei nt heU. S.havel i mi t edEngl i shpr of i ci ency( LEP) ,meani ngt heyspeakEngl i shl esst han“ ver ywel l . ” Now,i magi net hat momentt aki ngpl acei n an envi r onmentwher eyou don’ tshar et hesamenat i vel anguageasyourheal t hcar epr ovi der .Thi s i nabi l i t yt ocommuni cat ei st her eal i t yf ort housandsofpat i ent swhoexper i encet hesel anguagebar r i er s.Accor di ngt ot he syst emat i cr evi ew TheI mpl i cat i onsofLanguageBar r i er si nHeal t hcar e,l anguagebar r i er si mpactt hequal i t yofheal t hcar et hat 2 pat i ent sr ecei ve.

Ther evi ew i ncl uded14st udi espubl i shedf r om 20002019andi dent i f i edsever alt hemes:mi scommuni cat i on bet weenpr ovi der sandpat i ent s,i nef f ect i veheal t hcar edel i ver y,andpat i entdi ssat i sf act i onwi t hheal t hcar e.

Communi cat i oni sessent i ali nheal t hcar epr of essi onal sandpat i ent st oensur eappr opr i at ecar e.Whenphysi ci ansdonotspeak 2 apat i ent ’ sl anguage,i tr esul t si nwr ongdi agnosesandmedi cat i onspr escr i bed.

Pat i ent sal soencount erdi f f i cul t i es,asst udi es show t hatoft he“ pat i ent swhodon’ tspeakt hel ocall anguage,49% hadt r oubl eunder st andi ngamedi calsi t uat i onand41.

8% 2 hadt r oubl eunder st andi ngal abelonmedi cat i on. ” Fur t her mor e,“ ar ecentst udyconduct edi nt heUSf oundt hatadver seevent s 2 occur r edmor ef r equent l yamongpat i ent swi t hl i mi t edEngl i shpr of i ci encyt hanamongt hosewhower eEngl i shpr of i ci ent . ”I ti s cl eart heef f ectofl anguagebar r i er si npat i ent si nheal t hcar ei sdet r i ment al .Wi t hl i mi t edl ocall anguagepr of i ci ency,pat i ent sar e al sol i kel yt omi ssmedi calappoi nt ment sandhavean i nsuf f i ci entl evelofsat i sf act i on wi t ht hei rheal t hcar eduet ol anguage 2 bar r i er s.

3 Di vi ngdeeperi nt ot hi si ssue,Lat i noscompr i semostoft he25mi l l i onpeopl ei nt heU. S.wi t hLEP. AsRut ger sst udent swhoar e par toft heNew Br unswi ck( NB)communi t y,i ti sessent i alt oaddr esst hel ocalheal t hcar esyst emsandhow t heyser vet heNB 4 popul at i on,wher e46.

8% ofi ndi vi dual si dent i f yasei t herHi spani corLat i no.

Thi si scr uci albecauseLat i nochi l dr enwi t hLEP par ent sr epor twor secommuni cat i on wi t h pr ovi der sand gr eat erdi ssat i sf act i on wi t h heal t h car et han Lat i nochi l dr en wi t h 3 Engl i shpr of i ci entpar ent s.

So what ’ st hesol ut i on?To st ar t ,wemusti ncr easeaccesst oi nt er pr et erser vi cesas“ 70.

7% ofl i mi t ed Engl i sh pr of i ci ency 2 pat i ent sr epor tl i mi t edavai l abi l i t yoft heseser vi cesi nt hei rheal t hcar ei nst i t ut i ons. ”I nf act ,t heuseofpr of essi onalt r ansl at or s 3 andonl i net ool ssuchasGoogl eTr ansl at ehavei ncr easedsat i sf act i onf orbot hmedi calpr of essi onal sandpat i ent sbyupt o92%.

Fur t her mor e,wemustt r ai n heal t hcar est udent sbypr ovi di ngcour sesr el at edt opat i entcar eandcul t ur e.Someschool sar e 5 A i mpl ement i ng t hi s by educat i ng st udent s on under st andi ng communi cat i on st yl es and cul t ur aldi f f er ences. spi r i ng and cur r entphysi ci ans need t or eal i z et he heal t hcar e syst em i sf or ei gn t o many pat i ent s.As a r esul t ,t hey mustf ocus on under st andi ngt hel anguaget hei rpat i ent suse,accessi ngi nt er pr et erser vi ces,and pr ovi di ngqual i t ycar ef ort hesepat i ent s despi t el anguagebar r i er s.

Her ei n New Br unswi ck,TheEr i cB.Chandl erHeal t h Cent er ,a f eder al l y qual i f i ed heal t h cent er ,hast heNB Communi t y 6 S I nt er pr et erPr oj ectt hatbr i ngs Rut ger s st udent s,r esi dent s,and medi calpr of essi onal st oget her . t udent s can be medi cal i nt er pr et er satt hecent ert hr ough f eder alwor kst udyj obsand vol unt eeroppor t uni t i es.Byt r ai ni ngt hesei nt er pr et er s,t he heal t hcent erpr ovi desanoppor t uni t yf orRut ger sst udent st ol ear nmor eabouti ssuessuchas“ cr osscul t ur alcommuni cat i on 6T andt heHi spani ccul t ur e. ” hi si svi t alt odel i ver i ngef f i ci entt r ansl at i onser vi ces,br eaki ngl anguagebar r i er s,andbui l di nga mor eunder st andi ngenvi r onmentf r om t heunder gr aduat el evel .

As st udi es show,l anguage bar r i er sr esul ti n mi scommuni cat i on,di ssat i sf act i on wi t h heal t hcar e ser vi ces,and i nef f ect i ve heal t hcar edel i ver y.However ,sol ut i onssuch asi ncr easi ngaccesst oi nt er pr et er sandt r ai ni ngpr of essi onal sandst udent si n pat i entcul t ur ear ecr uci alt o mi t i gat i ng i t sef f ect s.Aboveal l ,t hel ocaland nat i onalheal t hcar esyst em mustbr eak down l anguagebar r i er sempat het i cal l ybyconsi der i ngt hemostval uabl eper spect i ve—t hepat i ent st heyser ve.

THECONSEQUENCESOF LANGUAGEBARRI ERSI N Ni l aUt hi r as amy HEALTHCARE 9

“ You’ r et heav er ageoft hef i v epeopl eyou s pe nd t hemos t 1 t i mewi t h. ” Whi l et hi smayormaynotbet r ue ,epi ge ne t i cs i saf i el dt hat s t udi es t he e f f ect your be havi or s and 2 e nvi r onme ntcan hav eon yourge neexpr ess i on. Ext er nal f act or s ,s uch as s t r ess ,t r auma,and one ’ se nvi r onme nt , maybeabl et ot ur n age neon orof f ,whi ch coul d hav ea wi de ar r ay ofe f f ect s on one ’ s heal t h.Ther e ar e var i ous epi ge ne t i c changes , but DNA me t hyl at i on, hi s t one modi f i cat i on, and noncodi ng RNA ar e t he mos t pr edomi nantones .Thef i el dhasonl yr ece nt l ys t eppedi nt o t he s pot l i ght ,butepi ge ne t i cs i s bei ng ut i l i z ed i n many di f f er e ntf i el ds ,i ncl udi ngcancerr esear chandi mmunol ogy , andhasar emar kabl eamountofpot e nt i alt or ev ol ut i oni z e heal t hcar eandmedi ci ne .

Epi ge ne t i cr esear chhaspr edomi nant l ybee ndoneonmi ce , asi ti seas i ert oi sol at et het r uechangesi nge neexpr ess i on and s t udy mul t i pl e ge ner at i ons ofmi ce t han mos tot her v er t e br at es .Resear cher sBr i anG.Di asandKer r yJ.Ressl er s t udi edhow t heexpos ur eofpar e ntmi cet ocer t ai n sce nt s af f ect edt hei rof f s pr i ng.Theyi nf l i ct edpai nf r om anel ect r i c cur r e ntonmal emi cewhi l es i mul t aneousl yexpos i ngt hem t ot he sce ntofcher r y bl ossom so t hatt he mal e mi ce ev e nt ual l yconnect edt hecher r ybl ossom sce ntwi t hpai n.I t wasobser v edt hatt heof f s pr i ngoft hesemal emi cef el tmor e anxi ous whe ns mel l i ng cher r y bl ossoms ,as opposed t o mi cewi t hf at her swho had notbee nt r aumat i z ed by t he sce nt . The s per m DNA of t he of f s pr i ng was al t er ed, s peci f i cal l y on t he r ecept or t hat hel ps one s mel l . The r esear cher snot ed t hat“ i ti snott hatf eari sbei ngpassed down t he ge ner at i ons—i ti st hatf ear ofa sce nti n one ge ner at i on l eads t o se ns i t i vi t yt ot he same sce nti nt he 3 next . ” The f ol l owi ng ge ner at i ons exper i e nced t he same se ns i t i vi t y ,butnott hef ear ,so i tappear st hatt heexact char act er i s t i c or t r ai ti s not al ways passed on.At t he mome nt ,epi ge ne t i csi snotascl ear cutasonewoul dhope , andt her ear emanyunans wer edques t i ons .

10

Asepi ge ne t i cscont i nuest o becomei ncr eas i ngl y popul ar , r esear cher s ar e at t empt i ng t o deci pher t he e f f ect of epi ge ne t i cson humans .Oneoft hemos tgr oundbr eaki ng exper i me nt si n epi ge ne t i cs was conduct ed by Dr .Rachel Ye huda ofMountSi naiand herf el l ow r esear cher s ,who soughtt os t udygl ucocor t i coi dact i vi t yi nHol ocaus t

s ur vi v or s and t hei r desce ndant s . The r esear cher s concl udedt hatt heHol ocaus ts ur vi v or shad adecr easei n 4 t he amount of cor t i solr el eased.

Cor t i soli sas t er oi d hor mone r es pons i bl ef or r egul at i ng t he body’ ss t r ess r es ponseandi si ns t r ume nt ali nass i s t i ngt hebodyt or ev er t t onor malaf t erat r aumat i cev e nt .TheHol ocaus ts ur vi v or s wer e al so obser v ed t o hav e a l ower amount of 11 βhydr oxys t er oi dde hydr oge naset ype2( 11βHSD2) ,whi ch me t abol i z escor t i sol .Adecr easei nt hee nzymel ev elr es ul t s i n mor ecor t i solr emai ni ng i nt hebody ,whi ch hel psone s us t ai nt hemsel v esi ns t ar vat i onper i ods .

I nt er es t i ngl y , whi l et he r esear cher s obser v ed t hat t he of f s pr i ng of Hol ocaus ts ur vi v or s al so exper i e nced a decr easei ncor t i soll ev el s ,t heyexper i e ncedani ncr easeof t hee nzymer at hert han adecr ease .Whi l et her esear cher s cannot concl ude exact l y why t hi s i s , one poss i bl e expl anat i oni st hatt hehei ght e nede nzymeamounti sf r om t hepl ace nt a.I ft hemot herdi dnothav es uf f i ci e ntamount s oft hee nzymei n herbody ,“ a gr eat eramountofcor t i sol coul dmakei t swayt ot hef e t us ,whi chwoul dt he ndev el op 5 hi gh l ev el s oft he e nzyme t o pr ot ecti t sel f . ” Thi ss t udy per f ect l ye ncaps ul at es t he f i el d, as i t exempl i f i es t he br eakt hr oughst hatcanoccurandsomeoft hel i mi t at i ons t hats t i l lper s i s t .Now,assci e nt i s t scont i nuet oexpl or et he f i el d ofepi ge ne t i cs ,f r om phar maceut i cali nnovat i ons t o advancesi ndi seasepr ev e nt i on,t hepot e nt i alappear st obe e ndl ess .AtRut ger sUni v er s i t y ,t her obus tr esear chf aci l i t i es and t he s t el l ar ge ne t i cs depar t me nt ar e conduct i ng cut t i ngedge r esear ch t hat may one day f ur t her our under s t andi ng ofepi ge ne t i cs .The mol ecul arbi ol ogy and bi ochemi s t r y depar t me nt of f er st he cour se 01: 694: 413 Chr omat i nandEpi ge ne t i cswhi ch“ pr ovi deani nt r oduct i on t o chr omat i n dynami cs ,par t i cul ar l yt he s t r uct ur aland bi ochemi cal modi f i cat i ons of chr omat i n t hat under l i e epi ge ne t i cs t at esand t hei re f f ect son ge neexpr ess i on and 6 dev el opme nt . ” Per hapsoneday ,r esear chwi l lt el lusexact l y how mucht hepeopl ear oundusi mpactourge ne t i cs .

Al t hough t r adi t i onale f f or t st ounder s t and human di sease hav ef ocused on t he ge nome ,j us tas compel l i ng ar et he e f f ect soft heepi ge nome :t hese tofchemi calmodi f i cat i ons t hat r egul at e how our ge nes ar e expr essed. These modi f i cat i ons actas an on/ of fs wi t ch t o de t er mi ne t he f unct i on ofcel l s ,s i l e nceunnecessar ycopi esofge nes ,and 1 can be i nf l ue nced by our e nvi r onme nt and habi t s .

Epi ge ne t i c modi f i cat i ons , or “ epi mut at i ons ” , can hav e mass i v ei mpact sonhumanheal t handdi sease ,andcancer i s no except i on—due t o epi ge ne t i cs ’ce nt r alr ol ei n ge ne expr ess i on, epi ge ne t i c mut at i ons can af f ect cancer dev el opme ntatnear l yev er yl ev el .Epi dr ugs ,anew cl assof cancert r eat me nt st hatt ar ge tt hesemut at i ons ,hav emany be ne f i t swhe n used al ongs i det r adi t i onalcancert her api es and r epr ese ntan i mpor t antadvancei n cancert r eat me nt ands ur vi vabi l i t y .

Whi l e epi mut at i ons ar er ev er s i bl e ,t hey can be j us tas cat as t r ophi c as i r r ev er s i bl e ge ne t i c mut at i ons ,af f ect i ng t umorf or mat i onanddev el opme ntatev er ys t epoft heway .

Begi nni ng wi t h cancer cel l dev el opme nt i t sel f , cer t ai n epi ge ne t i cchangescandi r ect l yl eadt ocancerf or mat i onor ar e associ at ed wi t h t he f ut ur e dev el opme nt of 2 cancer caus i ng ge ne t i c mut at i ons ( and vi ce v er sa) .

Once t umorcel l shav ef or med,epi mut at i onscans uppr esschecks l i ke t he cancer i mmuni t y cycl e t hat woul d nor mal l y 3 el i mi nat et hem.

Changes i n ge ne expr ess i on can ev e n cont r i but et owar dt het umor ’ ss ubseque ntabi l i t yt os pr ead t hr oughoutt hebodyandr epl i cat econt i nuousl y ,di sas t r ous t ot hebodybuthel pf ult ot hecancert hathasov er t ake ni t .

Theubi qui t yandi mpactofepi ge ne t i csoncancermayhel p t o expl ai ni ndi vi dualvar i at i on i nt r eat me ntr es ponse ,as 4 ev er yone ’ sepi ge nomei sdi f f er e nt .

The epi ge nome ’ s pot e nt i al t o cont r i but et owar d cancer f or mat i on and pr ogr ess i on may seem me naci ng,butt hi s knowl edger epr ese nt sa hugeadvancei n cancerdi agnos i s and t r eat me nt .Si nce epi ge ne t i c mut at i ons can eas i l y be t ar ge t ed and al t er ed unl i kege ne t i cmut at i ons ,f i ndi ngson t he epi ge ne t i cscancer r el at i ons hi p has l ed t o t he dev el opme ntofepi dr ugs :a new cl ass ofcancert her api es t hat f ocuses on t r eat i ng epi ge ne t i c cont r i but or s . As epi mut at i ons can dr i v e cancerdev el opme ntand s uppr ess i mmune r egul at or s ,epi dr ugs may be abl et or ev er se t he epi mut at i onsbe hi ndt hesepr ocessesandr es t or et henor mal epi ge nome . Ear l yr es ul t s of epi dr ugs , whi ch hav e bee n pai r ed wi t h exi s t i ngcancert her api es ,hav ebee n ext r emel y pr omi s i ng.Notonl ydoepi dr ugswor ki nconcer twi t ht hese t her api es ,butt heycanal sor educecommonadv er see f f ect s , dr ug r es i s t ance , cont r i but i ng t owar d i ncr eased t umor 5 r emi ss i on and l i f eexpect ancy .

Duet ot her ece ncy oft he f i el d,howev er ,t her ear er el at i v el yf ew epi dr ugst ohel pt r eat cancer ;i twasonl yi n Januar y2020t hatt az eme t os t at ,t he f i r s tepi dr ug t ot r eatsol i dt umor s( s peci f i cal l y ,epi t hel i oi d sar coma) ,wasappr ov ed.St i l l ,t heseear l yf i ndi ngss ugges t t hatwhe nepi dr ugsar emor ewi del yavai l abl e ,t heyar el i kel y t os i gni f i cant l yi mpr ov ecancerde t ect i onandel i mi nat i on.

TheCaoLabor at or yatt heRut ger sCancerI ns t i t ut es t udi es epi ge ne t i cr egul at i on oft hei mmuner es ponset ocanceri n 6 cel landani malmodel s .

Theyseekt ouset hi sappr oach t o dev el op epi ge ne t i csbased t her api es t hat can ai d t he i mmune r es ponse agai ns tt umor s ,as expl ai ned i nt hei r r ece nt publ i cat i on “ Cancer epi ge ne t i cs ,t umor i mmuni t y , andi mmunot her apy . ”Hope f ul l y ,t hewor kofr esear cher sl i ke Dr . Cao t o i nv es t i gat e t he i mpact of epi ge ne t i cs on cancer —and t he pr omi s i ng f ut ur e dev el opme nt of epi dr ugs—canonedaymakecancer sdi seasesoft hepas t .

Epi drugs:ABreakthrough i ntheSearchForaCure SarahAdams 11

COVI D19ANDTHESURGEOF DOMESTI CVI OLENCECASES NehaBadade Notal lr el at i onshi psar eheal t hy.Whatseemsper f ectonsoci al medi aandi npubl i ci sf r equent l yani l l usi ont hatcancoverup t he r eal i t i es oft oxi c mani pul at i on,di shonest y,and abuse.

Lastyear ,when COVI D19 caused havocar ound t hewor l d, vi ct i msofdomest i cvi ol encewer el ef twi t h noescape,f or ced i nt ol ockdown.Per pet r at or s wer e now wor ki ng f r om home, maki ngi tmor el i kel yf orvi ct i mst obevul ner abl ei nt hef aceof vi ol ence.Thi syi el dedani ncr easeofi nt i mat epar t nervi ol ence ( I PV) .Howevert hi spai r ed wi t ht hei sol at i on caused by t he pandemi cl ed t o a decr ease i nr epor t s ofsuch cases.The number sar edecei vi ng:i tmay seem t hatdomest i cvi ol ence decr eased, but r at her l ockdowns pr event ed vi ct i ms f r om r epor t i ngt hei rcases.

I nt i mat epar t nervi ol encehasal waysbeenawi despr eadi ssue.

Accor di ngt ot heCDC,“ Onei nf ourwomenandonei nt enmen exper i ence I PV, and vi ol ence can t ake var i ous f or ms…

1 physi cal ,emot i onal ,sexual ,orpsychol ogi cal ” . Thi sst at i st i c i ncl udesvi ct i msf r om sever alagegr oups,i ncl udi ngst udent s.

Anyonecan exper i encesuch vi ol at i ons,especi al l ywhen i ti s pai r ed wi t h economi ci nst abi l i t y,l ack ofchi l d car e,and an unsaf eenvi r onmenti n al owi ncomecommuni t y.Whi l esuch t oxi cpr act i cesmay beobvi oust o out si der s,t hevi ct i m can have many r easons t o st ay i nt he r el at i onshi p,such as f i nanci aldependence.Thei ncr eased r at esofunempl oyment dur i ngt hepandemi chavemadei tdi f f i cul tf orvi ct i mst of i nd al t er nat i ve sour ces of r evenue. The l ack of adequat e t echnol ogyorsoci alsuppor tcan det ert hevi ct i mf r om saf el y seeki ng out shel t er as wel l .Not knowi ng what a heal t hy r el at i onshi pl ooks l i ke or havi ng genui ne af f ect i on f or t he bat t er ercanal sogeti nt hewayofi dent i f yi ngsaf eopt i ons.

Accor di ng t o Al i son Daks,SexualAssaul tSuppor tSer vi ces Coor di nat or at Womanspace, “ Ther e has been a dr ast i c r educt i oni nsexualassaul tr esponset eam ( SART)act i vat i ons si nce t he pandemi c st ar t ed.Mer cerCount y aver aged about f our t eenSARTact i vat i onsever ymont hpr evi ousl yandwear e downt oaboutf our . ”Womanspacei sanonpr of i tor gani z at i on t hat of f er s vi ct i ms hot l i ne emer gency ser vi ces, l egal consul t at i on,and an undi scl osed pl acet ost ayunt i lacour t or deri smadef ort hei rcase.Theyal sopr ovi dehot l i neser vi ces

12

wi t hi n uni ver si t i es,onebei ng TheCol l egeofNew Jer sey i n Ewi ng. Advocat es wer e not per mi t t ed t or espond t ot he r epor t ed emer genci es f or sever almont hs due t o pandemi c r est r i ct i ons setby hospi t al s.Thi s change i nr epor t s,Daks expl ai ns,di dst ar tt ogobackt onor malaf t ert hei ni t i alpani c of t he pandemi c set t l ed down. Medi cal scr eeni ngs wer e pr ompt ed t o cont i nue i n nor malways as f or ensi c nur ses r epor t ed t ot he emer gency r ooms f or evi dence col l ect i on, however .

Dur i ngt hepandemi c,changeswer emadet ot hesaf ehouses t oo. Reyna Car ot her s, Di r ect or of Emer gency Ser vi ces at Womanspace,says“ Bef or eCOVI D19,wecoul dser veupt o8 adul t sand17ki ds.However ,wear ecur r ent l yoper at i ngata 50% capaci t yi n or dert o make soci aldi st anci ng possi bl e. ” Car ot her sf ur t her shar ed t hatnow t hey ar e abl et o pl ace vi ct i msathot el st hr oughapr ogr am f undedbyt heNew Jer sey Depar t mentofCommuni t yAf f ai r s.Thesevi ct i msar epr ovi ded wi t hcasemanagementser vi cesvi aphonecal l sand‘ doxy. me’ , at el emedi ci net echnol ogyt hatpr ovi desr eal t i meheal t hcar e onl i ne.

As peopl e ar ound t he wor l d cont i nue t of ace ever yday chal l engeswi t ht hepr esenceoft hepandemi c,i ti si mpor t ant t oi dent i f y avai l abl er esour ces t hatwer er evi sed f ort oday’ s vi r t ual at mospher e. Websi t es i ncl udi ng t hose cr eat ed by ‘ Womanspace’ and ‘ Nat i onal Coal i t i on Agai nst Domest i c Vi ol ence’ar esaf et ovi si t ,f ort heyhavea‘ saf eexi t ’opt i ont hat r edi r ect st hevi ewert o a di f f er entwebsi t e,and r emovest he pr evi ous one f r om t he devi ce’ s br owsi ng hi st or y.Si mi l ar l y, t her ear eopt i onsf orst udent st oo.Aspr evi ousl yment i oned, col l ege st udent s exper i ence domest i c vi ol ence as wel l ,and bei ng away f r om home war r ant sf ora hi gheravai l abi l i t y of r esour ces.For l ocalst udent s,Rut ger s Uni ver si t y of f er sa Domest i cVi ol encecl i ni c,whosehel pl i necanbecont act edon t henumber( 856) 2252915.Theypr ovi del egali nf or mat i ont o vi ct i msbyhel pi ngt hem i ssuer est r ai ni ngor der s,amongot her t hi ngs.I ti s cr uci alt o under st and and val i dat e a vi ct i m’ s exper i ences.Enhanci ngsaf et yopt i onsandmodi f yi ngt hem t o accommodat evi r t ualset t i ngsi sal ar gepar toft hi sval i dat i on.

Accor di ngt ot heCent er sf orDi seaseCont r olandPr event i on, about 17% ofchi l dr en aged 3 t hr ough 17 year s have a devel opment al di sabi l i t y. ‘ Devel opment al di sabi l i t y” i s an umbr el l at er m f or condi t i ons due t o physi cal ,l ear ni ng, l anguage, or behavi or i mpai r ment s. They i ncl ude at t ent i ondef i ci t /hyper act i vi t y di sor der ( ADHD) , aut i sm spect r um di sor der ,cer ebr alpal sy,l ear ni ng di sabi l i t i es,and ot herdevel opment aldel ays.Someaf f ectphysi calabi l i t i esor ment alabi l i t i es,whi l eot her saf f ectbot h.Commonl y,chi l dr en wi t h di sabi l i t i esr equi r esuppl ement aleducat i onalpr ogr ams and ot herser vi ces r el at ed t ot hei rt r eat mentt o hel pt hei r sympt oms, such as physi cal , speech, and occupat i onal t her apy.

I n t he i ni t i al hyst er i a associ at ed wi t h t he out br eak of COVI D19,peopl ewi t hdevel opment aldi sabi l i t i esexper i enced t hechangei n ahei ght enedmanner .Wi t h at r ansi t i on t ot he vi r t ualwor l d,manypeopl el ostasenseofr out i nei nt hei rdai l y st r uct ur e. Rout i nes hel p chi l dr en wi t h devel opment al di sabi l i t i es f eelsecur e and awar e due t ot he pr edi ct abl e ambi ence.However ,wi t h ar obustshi f tt o vi r t uall ear ni ng, t her e was l i t t l e r oom f or pl anni ng and t hat sense of pr edi ct abi l i t ywasl ost .Manyf ami l i eswi t h di sabl ed chi l dr en communi cat ed t hatt hey exper i enced hi gh l evel s ofst r ess, 1 anxi et y, and depr essi on.

Speci al i st s and physi ci ans publ i shedsuggest i onst ohel pf ami l i esnavi gat e,l i st i ngbr oad goal sandhoni ngi nonspeci f i cst epsi nat t ai ni ngt hosegoal s.

I ti s suggest ed t hata consi st entr out i ne i s cr eat ed f ort he chi l dr en i nr egar dst omeal s,medi cat i ons,schoolwor k,and bedt i me.Whi l e many par ent s cr eat ed r out i nes,75.

7% of sur veyed par ent s suggest ed t hati twas di f f i cul tmanagi ng 2 t hei rchi l d’ sst r uct ur edact i vi t i es.

A speci f i c consequence of t he pandemi ct hat negat i vel y i mpact eddi sabl edchi l dr enwasal ossorr educt i oni nsuppor t ser vi ces. These ser vi ces i ncl ude speci al i z ed t her apy, r ecr eat i onalpr ogr ams,and educat i onalser vi ces.Undert he I ndi vi dual s wi t h Di sabi l i t i es Educat i on Act ,chi l dr en wi t h di sabi l i t i es ar e ensur ed access t o ser vi ces speci f i ct ot hei r needs.However ,as school s wentr emot e,many chi l dr en’ s 3 i ndi vi dual i z ededucat i onpl answer edi sr upt ed.

Thi s has caused a di ssonance bet ween chi l dr en and t hei r educat i on.Thespeci aleducat i onsyst em wasf l awedbef or et he pandemi c, wi t h a shor t age i nl i censed speci al educat i on i nst r uct or s and di spr opor t i onat e access f or l owi ncome st udent sand st udent sofcol or .However ,t hef r agi l i t yoft he speci aleducat i on syst em was magni f i ed as a r esul toft he pandemi c.

Col l egesanduni ver si t i eshavecommuni cat edt hei rmi ssi ont o pr ovi de onl i ne suppor tf or st udent s wi t h di sabi l i t i es and cr eat eaccommodat i onsi naccor dancewi t ht hest udent .I twas emphasi z ed t hatcl earl i nkst or emot ei nst r uct i on r esour ces and counsel i ng ser vi ces wer e pl aced i nt he di sabi l i t y and accessi bi l i t y pages ofal li nst i t ut i ons ofhi gher educat i on.

Addi t i onal l y, i t was suggest ed t hat hi gher educat i on admi ni st r at or s pr ovi ded t r ai ni ng f or f acul t y on r emot e 4 i nst r uct i on i n accor dance t o st udent s wi t h di sabi l i t i es.The Of f i ce of Di sabi l i t y Ser vi ces, her e at Rut ger s Uni ver si t y, act i vat ed a Li veChatser vi cet o makecommuni cat i on mor e accessi bl ef orst udent s.Car l i eAndr ews,t heseni ordi r ect orof ODS,st at ed t hatt her e has been an “ upt ake ofst udent s [ r eachi ng out ]i nr egar ds t o ment alheal t h. ”St udent s have communi cat ed sent i ment s of “ academi c st r ess and l onel i ness, ”howevert heseni ordi r ect orbel i evesi ti ssi mi l art o t heexper i enceoft heover al lRut ger sst udentbody.

Peopl e wi t h devel opment al di sabi l i t i es ar e especi al l y vul ner abl et ot hephysi cal ,ment al ,and soci alef f ect soft he pandemi c. Cogni t i ve i mpai r ment s can l i mi t one’ s under st andi ng of t he cont ext behi nd a quar ant i ne.

Di sr upt i ons i nt hei rusualact i vi t i es can i nduce st r ess and ment ali r r i t at i on,whi ch can l ead t o behavi or alchal l enges.

Losi ngsuppor tser vi cest hatwer ei nt egr aland shi f t i ngt oa vi r t ualenvi r onmentcaused a hi ndr ancei nt hei reducat i on.

Thepandemi chasal sobr oughtt heal r eadyexi st i ngpr obl ems anddi spar i t i espeopl ewi t h devel opment aldi sabi l i t i esf acet o t hesur f ace,whi ch i san ur genti ssuet hatr equi r esi ncr eased awar eness.

OVERLOOKEDAND UNDERSERVED Tas nov aChoudhur y 13

THEBENEFI TOFTHEMEDI TERRANEAN DI ETONHEARTHEALTH AnushkaSubrahmaninan Cl oseyoureyes,andi magi nevi si t i ngt heMedi t er r aneancoast .You seepi ct ur esquevi l l agesper chedoncl i f f s,over l ooki ngt he whi t esandandbl uewat er s,wi t hpl ent yofsunshi neandawar m br eez e.Thi sbr eaki sexact l ywhatyourmi ndhasneeded,and i tmi ghtal sobewhatyourhear tneeds.

I nr ecentyear s,t heMedi t er r aneandi ethasbeenci t edasoneoft hebestf orhear theal t h,r ecei vi ngsuppor tf r om t heAmer i can 1 Hear tAssoci at i onandot heror gani z at i ons.

Whi l et hedi etvar i esf r om count r yt ocount r y,t her ear euni f yi ngi ngr edi ent sused acr osst heMedi t er r aneant hatmaypr eventhear tdi seases.

Onesuchel ementoft heMedi t er r aneandi eti sol i veoi l .Thebenef i toft hi sunsat ur at edf atcomesf r om t hepr esenceofphenol s, 2 whi ch r epr esent an oxygenhydr ogen chemi cal gr oup at t ached t o a si xcar bon benz ene r i ng.

I n 2006, a Eur opean 200par t i ci pantst udy,named EUROLI VE,f ound t hatast hephenol i ccont entofol i veoi li ncr eased,t her ewasadecr easei n mar ker sf oroxi dat i vest r ess,whi chi swhendanger ousl yr eact i vespeci esofoxygenbui l dupi ncel l s.Thedamageassoci at edwi t h 3 oxi dat i vest r esswasal l evi at edbyt heol i veoi l ,maki ngi tapot ent i al l ypot entant i oxi dantt hatpr ot ect shear tt i ssue.Ol i veoi lhas al sobeenshownt or educei nf l ammat i oni na2004st udyl ooki ngati t sr el at i onshi pwi t ht heNFkB pat hway,whi chi sacel l ul ar mechani sm t hati ni t i at es i mmune r esponses.A subsequentst udy f ound t hatol i ve oi li mpr oved t he f unct i on ofi mmune syst emmodul at i ngendot hel i alcel l s,whi ch suggest st hati ti sa cr i t i calaspectoft heMedi t er r anean di et ,asi tr educest he 4 damagedoneont hehear t .

Anot herheal t hyaspectoft hedi eti st her el i anceonwhol egr ai nf i ber s,suchasoat sandbar l ey.Mul t i pl est udi eshaveshown t hatwhensubj ect sar egi venavar i et yofgr ai ndi et s,t hosewi t hwhol egr ai nsdemonst r at ei mpor t antchangesi ncar di ovascul ar heal t h,suchasi mpr ovementofbl oodpr essur eanddecr easei nchol est er ol .A2008met aanal ysi sofsevenr el at edst udi esf ound t hata whol egr ai n di etwas associ at ed wi t h a 21% decr ease i n car di ovascul ardi sease,as wel las si mi l arr educt i ons i n 5 compl i cat i ons,suchasst r oke.

Mul t i pl emechani smshavebeenpr oposedasexpl anat i onsf ort hi sdat a;si mi l art ool i veoi l ,t hese gr ai nshavebeenf oundt or educei nf l ammat i onandactasant i oxi dant s,pr event i ngdamaget ot hehear t .Addi t i onal l y,t heymay 2 enhancegl ucosemet abol i sm andpr eventt heabsor pt i onofunheal t hyf at s.

Whi l et her ei sa l ar gebody ofdat a suppor t i ng Medi t er r anean cui si ne,caut i on mustbeexer ci sed when anal yz i ngt her esul t s.Manyst udi esar eobser vat i onal , maki ngi tdi f f i cul tt oi sol at et hef act or si nf l uenci ngt her esul t s.Fur t her mor e,t her e i sa l ack ofr egul at i on among t he st udi es.Forexampl e,t he cl assi f i cat i on of i ngr edi ent sof t en var i es,wi t h meat sand l egumesf al l i ng i nt o a var i et y off ood gr oups,andst udi esf ocusonj ustaf ew aspect soft hedi et ,r at hert hant hedi etas 6 awhol e.

I nt hef ut ur e,mor est r i ngentgui del i nes,combi nedwi t hcl earf oodgr oups andcont r olgr oups,canhel pt hepubl i cbet t erasser tt heval i di t yoft her esul t s.

Despi t et hedr awbackst ot heexi st i ngdat a,t her ei sst i l lpr omi si ngevi dencef ort he Medi t er r anean di et ,whi ch i sl ar gel y suppor t ed by medi calor gani z at i ons and pr of essi onal s.I nf act ,i t ’ snotj ustt hef oodt hati sbenef i ci alf orourheal t h.AsDr .

St ephenVat nerofRober tWoodJohnsonMedi calSchoolwr i t es,t hedi etnotonl y emphasi z es“ t hei mpor t anceofdr i nki ngwat er ,and [ consumi ng]l ocalseasonal f ood pr oduct s, ”butal so“ hi ghl i ght st hef undament ali mpor t anceofengagi ngi n physi calact i vi t yandconvi vi al i t y[ and]t hei mpor t anceoft aki ngashor tnapi nt he 7 The l i f est yl et akes i nt o accountbot h di etand psychosoci al ear l yaf t er noon” .

7 f act or s,maki ngi tacompr ehensi vewayt hr ough whi ch t oi mpr oveone’ sheal t h.

Wi t hmor er i gor ousdat acol l ect i on,wecancont i nuet ol ear nabouthow andwhy t heMedi t er r anean di eti shel pf ult ohuman heal t h,and hopef ul l ymi ni mi z et he ef f ect sofcar di ovascul ardi seasesal ongt heway.

14

GAMI NGYOURWAYTO HEALTHY ATI NG Bi anc aBat t agl i aE Thei ncr eased adver t i si ngand consumpt i on ofpr ocessed,unheal t hyf oodshi gh i nf at s,sugar ,and sodi um havel ed t o an 1 i ncr ease i nt he pr eval ence ofcar di ovascul ardi seases and obesi t y wor l dwi de.

Even mor e concer ni ng,pedi at r i c obesi t yi s becomi nganepi demi c,aschi l dr enar enotr ecei vi ngt henecessar yeducat i onr egar di ngt hei mpor t anceofheal t hyeat i nghabi t s 2 ear l yon.

Cur r entst r at egi est opr omot eheal t hyeat i ngbehavi or si n yout hi ncl udecl assr oom educat i on andpubl i cheal t h pr omot i onal campai gns.However ,i nawor l dwher echi l dr engr ow upsur r oundedbysmar tphones,t abl et s,andcomput er s,r esear cher shave di scover ed apot ent i al l ynew wayt oappealt ochi l dr en:vi deogames.I nf act ,usi ngavi deogamecal l ed Fooya! ,r esear cher s 2 di scover edt hatvi deogameswhi chut i l i z ei mpl i ci tl ear ni ngcani mpr ovechi l dr en’ seat i ngbehavi or s.

I nFooya! ,t hepl ayerbat t l es r obot swhoappeari nt hef or m ofunheal t hyf oods.Thebodyshapeoft hepl ayer ’ savat archangesi nr esponset ot hef ood i t consumes,wher et hegoali st omai nt ai naheal t hybodyshapet oef f ect i vel yf i ghtt her obot s.I naddi t i on,nut r i t i onalf act sar e pr esent edt ot hepl ayerf ol l owi ngt hecompl et i onofeachl evel .Dur i ngt hegame,t hechi l dr enwer eneverexpl i ci t l yt ol dwhatf ood 2 choi cest heyshoul dmake.Rat her ,t hechi l dr eni mpl i ci t l yl ear nedaboutt hedanger sofunheal t hyeat i ngt hr ought r i alander r or .

Usi ng a r andomi z ed cont r ol l ed t r i al ,chi l dr en bet ween t heagesof10 and 11 year sol d wer edi vi ded i nt ot wo gr oups.The t r eat mentgr oup pl ayed Fooya!i nt wosessi onsf ort went ymi nut eseach,whi l et hecont r olgr oup pl ayed an unr el at ed boar d game.Todet er mi newhet hert hegamei nf l uencedt hei reat i nghabi t s,bot hgr oupswer et henaskedt opi ckbet weenj unkf oodor heal t hysnacks.Chi l dr eni nt het r eat mentgr oupmor eof t enpi ckedt heheal t hi eropt i ons,andi nt er est i ngl y,t her esul t sshowed t hatchi l dr en’ sf ood choi ceswer emost l yi nf l uenced by t hef ood f act st hey r ead i nt hegame,notby t heact ualgamepl ay.

2 Addi t i onal l y,r eadi nggoodf oodf act sencour agedt hepar t i ci pant st or esear chmor eheal t hyf oodf act s.

Whi l et hest udysuggest s t hateducat i ont hr oughvi deogamescanposi t i vel yaf f ectnut r i t i onaldeci si onmaki ng,t her ear est i l ll i mi t at i onst hatmustal so beaddr essed.Fori nst ance,somechi l dr en,i nanat t emptt omakea“ goodi mpr essi on, ”mayhavemadet hei rdeci si onsbasedon how t heyt houghtt heexper i ment er swant edt hem t oanswer .Mor eover ,i nsomecases,r eadi ngt oomanypoornut r i t i onalf act s 2 act ual l yencour agedchi l dr en t opi ckunheal t hyf oods,whi ch i scount er i nt ui t i ve.

Assuch,f ut ur er esear ch di r ect i onsi ncl ude usi ng l ar gersampl esi z esand l ongerexper i ment alper i odst o assessbot ht heshor t -and l ongt er m ef f ect soft hi st ypeof gamepl ay.I n spi t eoft hesecr i t i ci sms,t hi sst udydemonst r at est hatposi t i veeat i ngbehavi or si mpl i ci t l ypr esent ed t hr ough a vi deogamecani mpr ovechi l dr en’ sf oodchoi ces.

Whi l et hi svi deogameexper i menti nt r oducesonei nnovat i veappr oacht o combat i ngaper vasi veheal t hpr obl em,r esear cher swor l dwi dear ecur r ent l y devel opi ngot hermet hodst hatai mt oi nst i l lheal t hyf oodhabi t samongt oday' s yout h.AtRut ger sUni ver si t y,f orexampl e,t heNew Jer seyI nst i t ut ef orFood, Nut r i t i on,andHeal t h( I FNH)r ecogni z est heval ueoft eachi ngchi l dr enheal t hy eat i ng.Thr oughout r eachef f or t ssuchast heNew Jer seyHeal t hyKi dsI ni t i at i ve, t heI FNH addr essesawi der angeofchi l dheal t hi ssuesamongbot ht hegener al popul at i on,aswel last heunder ser ved,st at ewi de.Wi t hi nt heI FNH,t heCent er f orChi l dhoodNut r i t i onResear ch( CCNR)wor kst opr omot echi l dr en’ sheal t hi n school sal lacr ossNew Jer seybydevel opi ngpr ogr amsandi ni t i at i vest hat 3 emphasi z et hei mpor t anceofexer ci seandaheal t hydi et .

Ul t i mat el y,ear l yf or mat i veeat i ngbehavi or shavel ast i ngi mpact sonone’ s 4 heal t h.Thenor mal i z edconsumpt i onofunheal t hyf oodsf r om ayoungagewi l l makei thar derf orchi l dr ent obr eakt hei rpoornut r i t i onalhabi t si nadul t hood.

Conver sel y,exposur et oawi devar i et yofnut r i t i onalf oodsi naposi t i vecont ext , al ongsi det heaut onomyt ochooset hef oodst heyconsume,wi l lencour age 5,6 chi l dr ent obemor er ecept i veandent husi ast i ct owar dseat i ngheal t hi erf oods.

Bydesi gni ngmor evi deogamessuchasFooya!t hatf ocusoni mpl i ci t l yeducat i ng andmot i vat i ngheal t hyeat i ngbehavi or si nyout h,chi l dr enwi l lhopef ul l yl ear n aboutt hei mpor t anceofnut r i t i on,andwi l lt husbemor ei nspi r edt omakebet t er di et ar ydeci si onsont hei rown

15

THEEPI DEMI CCRI PPLI NGPHYSI CI ANS AROUNDTHECOUNTRY Ay aanMemon

A pl aguei ssweepi ngacr osst hecount r yaswespeak, and i tt hr eat ens t o di smant l e a syst em al r eady i n di sar r ay. I n a t i me of over whel mi ng cr i si s, our heal t hcar e syst em has been i nf ect ed wi t hi t .Nur ses, doct or s,EMTs,andheal t hcar epr of essi onal sacr osst he boar dar est r uckwi t haseemi ngl yi ncur abl ei l l ness.But I ’ m nott al ki ng aboutCOVI D19—Iam t al ki ng about “ physi ci an bur nout , ” one of t he most under mi ned i ssuespr eval entwi t hi n ourpopul at i on ofdoct or s.But t hedet er i or at i ngment alheal t hofmedi calpr of essi onal s i sn’ tanew pr obl em;asamat t eroff act ,i t ’ sanongoi ng i ssuet hataf f ect sphysi ci ansaswel last hei rpat i ent s.

So whati si tt hatmakes bur noutso pr eval ent ? To under st and t hat ,wehavet of i r stunder st and how t o def i nebur nout .Ther ear ean i ncr edi bl ywi devar i et yof cont r i but i ng f act or s her e,i ncl udi ng hi gherphysi ci an r et i r ementr at es and a gr owi ng l ack ofpr i mar y car e physi ci ans amongst gr aduat i ng medi cal st udent s, 1 However ,oneof l eadi ngt oamor est r essf ulwor kl oad. t he most uni ver sal l y common cont r i but or si st he conceptofmor ali nj ur y.Mor ali nj ur yi sdef i nedwi t hi n heal t hcar east hei nabi l i t yt opr ovi det hebestcar ef ora 2 I ti sa gat ewayt o pat i entduet oout si deconst r ai nt s. bur nout ,di st i nctf r om i tbecausei tspeci f i cal l ybl ames t he r est r i ct i ve nat ur e of t he heal t hcar e syst em f or f eel i ngs ofbur nout .By addr essi ng mor ali nj ur y and cor r ect i ngt hesyst em t hatcausesi t ,di r ectassi st ance canbepr ovi dedt opat i ent sandcommuni t i esaswel las t ot hephysi ci an.

I nsur ancecompani esar eoneoft hebi ggestpar t i est o bl amef orcausi ngmor ali nj ur y.Nar r owi ngcover age,f or one,pr event spat i ent sf r om accessi ngqual i t ycar eand of t en opposes a physi ci an’ sr ecommended t r eat ment 3 Anot heri ssuei st heexcessdocument at i on and pl an. i nef f i ci entpaper wor k syst emsmandat ed byi nsur ance

16

compani es t hat si gni f i cant l y el ongat e a physi ci an’ s wor kday.Di r ectobser vat i on of57 physi ci ansf or430hour si n ast udyshowst hat manyphysi ci ansspendabout33% oft hei rt i me doi ngcl i ni calwor kand49% oft hei rt i medoi ng document at i onr el at edwor kandi nt er f aci ngwi t h 3 Much oft hi s document at i on,whi ch t he EHR. r el at es t o bi l l i ng and j ust i f yi ng pat i entt est i ng, per t ai ns mor et o cost cut t i ng measur es r at her 3 t han opt i mi z i ng medi calcar ef or t he pat i ent .

Thi s means t hatt hr ough al loft he advances heal t hcar e has made i nt he U. S,t he syst em hasn’ t been cat er ed t o i t s pat i ent s or i t s physi ci ans.Physi ci anbur noutul t i mat el yaf f ect s pat i entpopul at i onsaswel l ,l eadi ngt oagr eat er l i kel i hoodofmedi caler r or sandr educedpat i ent 1 sat i sf act i on.

Asevi denceoft hepr eval enceoft hi spr obl em,I i nt er vi ewedaphysi ci anatRober tWoodJohnson Uni ver si t yHospi t ali n New Br unswi ck.Dr .Peck i san acut ecar eand t r auma sur geon,butal so conduct s r esear ch i n pol i cy and uni ver sal heal t hcar e.Asaphysi ci an whohasexper i enced bur nout , he under st ands t he f act or s t hat cont r i but et oi t .“ Onedayyouwakeupt or eal i z e t hatt her e ar e st r uct ur es t hatpr eventchange.

When you’ r e young and ener get i ci t ’ s much easi er t o f i ght t hese power s … but t he accumul at i onofmor ali nj ur yover t i mel eadsyou t ot hef actt hatt hesest r uct ur esover poweryour 4 Among l ocal hospi t al i nt ent i on t o hel p. ” net wor ks’pol i ci esandf eder al l yi nst i t ut edpol i cy, he ci t es i nsur ance compani es as a cul pr i tf or such mor al i nj ur y. Speci f i cal l y, he ci t es t he concept of mor alhaz ar d, wher eby i nsur ance compani esmai nt ai n pr of i tbyi nsur i ngl ow r i sk popul at i onsand avoi di nghi gh r i sk ones:“ Asa mat t er of f act ,i nsur ance was made f or a l ower r i skdemogr aphi c.I twashi st or i cal l yputi n 4 pl acet ohel pt hosewhoneedi tl ess. ” Aboveal l , Dr . Peck st r esses t he sanct i t y of t he physi ci anpat i ent r el at i onshi p and how t hi r d par t i es who don’ tunder st and t hi s connect i on cont r i but e so heavi l yt o mor ali nj ur y.“ Ti mel y car e,qual i t ycar e,and af f or dabl ecar emakeup t het hr eel egged st oolof‘ accesst o heal t hcar e. ’ I nsur ance di r ect l y af f ect s af f or dabi l i t yf or t he pat i ent ,and t hi sl eadst omor ali nj ur yi nduced 4 Sowhatcanwedot of i x byout si dest r uct ur es. ” t hi si ssue? The obvi ous answer i st or ef or m heal t hcar epol i cysot hatpol i cymaker sand

heal t hi nsur ance compani es wor k i n conj unct i on wi t h medi cal st af ft o det er mi ne opt i malwor kl oads.I n addi t i on t ot hi s,ef f or t s mustbe ai med atpr i or i t i z i ng qual i t y medi cal car er at her t han f i nanci al savi ng model st o r emovet heaf or ement i onedbar r i er s.Butt hi si s much easi er sai d t han done, as many heal t hcar ewor ker sunder st andwhatt heywant , buthavel i t t l eexper i encewi t h pol i cyt oact ual l y f or mul at e an ef f ect i ve st r at egy t o get t hat .

Accor di ng t o Dr . Peck, “ physi ci an educat i on aboutpol i cyi sat t empt i ngt ot ackl et hi si ssueat a gr assr oot sl evel :f i r stby i ndi vi dualpat i ent s, t hen by l ocall evel s,t hen net wor kl evel ,and 4 He hopef ul l yt o st at e and nat i onal l evel s. ” bel i eves t hatt hi s hel ps make physi ci ans mor e l i t er at e such t hat t hei r act i ons can l ead t o l ar gescal e change. By f or mul at i ng sol ut i ons ai medatassi st i ngourphysi ci ans,wecant akea uni f i ed appr oach t owar d combat i ng bur nout , ensur i ng communi t y advocacy,and i mpr ovi ng t heheal t hcar esyst em asawhol e.

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THEEFFECTOFCLI MATECHANGE ONMALARI AANDLYMEDI SEASE ANJ ALIPATEL Thel oomi ngt hr eatofcl i mat echangebr i ngst oat t ent i on i t sdevast at i ngef f ect sont hepl anet .Theef f ect sofcl i mat e change ar e appar ent wor l dwi de,wi t ht he mel t i ng of 1 gl aci er s,r i si ngseal evel ,andchangi ngweat herpat t er ns. ,l ess st udi ed i si t si nf l uence on vect or bor ne However vi ngr i set o a pot ent i alpubl i cheal t h cr i si s. di seases,gi or bor ne di seases ar e bact er i al ,vi r al ,or par asi t i c Vect r ansmi t t ed t o humans f r om vect or s, l i ke i l l nesses t 2 mosqui t oes ort i cks.

As l i vi ng or gani sms,vect or s ar e 3 i nf l uenced byt hecl i mat e.

Speci f i cal l y,cl i mat echange af f ect st he di st r i but i on and i nci dence ofvect or bor ne i l l nesses,par t i cul ar l ymal ar i aandLymedi sease.

Mal ar i a,al eadi ngcauseofdeat hi n devel opi ngnat i ons, 4 i scausedbymosqui t oes,wi t h229mi l l i onannualcases. ort hr i vesatt emper at ur esabove68° Fandunder Thevect d cl i mat es wi t h heavy r ai nf al l ,l eadi ng t o hi gh humi ssi on r at es i nt r opi calr egi ons,l i ke Af r i ca and t r ansmi 5 h Asi a.

Sout As such, changes i n t emper at ur e, pr eci pi t at i on,andhumi di t yneedt obeconsi der edwhen det er mi ni ng t he ef f ect s ofcl i mat e change on mal ar i a t r ansmi ssi on.TheWor l dHeal t hOr gani z at i on( WHO)and t he Wor l d Met eor ol ogi calOr gani z at i on have i dent i f i ed mal ar i a as one oft he mostcl i mat esensi t i ve di seases, wi t ht emper at ur ei ncr eases ofj ust3.

5t o 5.

5° F bei ng associ at ed wi t h a 5% i ncr ease i n vul ner abi l i t y t o i nf ect i on.I nf act ,by2050,a 50% hi gherpr obabi l i t yof t r ansmi ssi oni sexpect edi npr evi ousl yunexposedr egi ons of Sout h Amer i ca, subSahar an Af r i ca, and Chi na, pr ovi ded t hat t emper at ur es r emai n opt i mal f or 6 t r ansmi ssi on. Thi st r end, however ,i s not concr et e.

Cl i mat e change i s a doubl eedged swor d, wher e si gni f i cant l yhi ghert emper at ur esmaydecr easemal ar i a t r ansmi ssi on.I nf act ,ast udyf oundt hati ncr easi ngt he t emper at ur eby5.

5° F beyond t heopt i mal81° Fr educed cer t ai n vect or s’capaci t y oft r ansmi ssi on by 5189%, 7 i mpl yi ng decr easi ng i nf ect i on r at es.

Ther ef or e, i f ogr essi ve cl i mat e change r esul t s i n nonopt i mal pr at ur es, mal ar i at r ansmi ssi on i s ant i ci pat ed t o t emper ease.Vect ordependencyoncl i mat ei snotl i mi t edt o decr ar i a,buti sal soseenwi t hLymedi sease,at i ckbor ne mal

18

8 i l l nesspr eval enti nt heUni t ed St at es.

Accor di ngt ot he U. S. Envi r onment al Pr ot ect i on Agency, r i si ng t emper at ur eshavecont r i but edt oi ncr easi ngt r ansmi ssi on r at esduet ot heexpandedr angeoft i cks,wi t h somenow 9 pr esent i n pr evi ousl y unsur vi vabl e ar eas ofCanada.

Si mi l ar t o mal ar i a, however , t hese t r ends var y consi der abl y.Thei nci denceofLymedi seasei spr edi ct ed t odecr easei nt hesout her n U. S. ,wher est udi esi ndi cat e r i si ngt emper at ur eswi l levent ual l ymakemaj orpor t i ons ofTexas,Mi ssi ssi ppi ,andFl or i dauni nhabi t abl ef orsome 10 t i ckvect or s. Bot h mal ar i aandLymedi seaseshow t hat t he ef f ect s ofcl i mat e change ar e compl ex,and mor e st udi es must be conduct ed t o est abl i sh a concr et e r el at i onshi p.

Thechangi ngdi st r i but i onsf ormal ar i aandLymedi sease havewi despr eadi mpl i cat i ons,especi al l yi npubl i cheal t h.

Accor di ng t o Dr .Mar k Robson,a pr of essor ofGl obal Envi r onment alHeal t h and Gl obalHeal t h Per spect i vesat t heSchoolofEnvi r onment alandBi ol ogi calSci ences,one i nf i vechi l dr en undert heageof5 di ef r om mal ar i ai n 11 devel opi ng count r i es.

Consequent l y, i ncr eases i n mal ar i a wi l li ncr ease i nf antand pedi at r i c mor t al i t y.A gr eat er bur den wi l lal so be puton al r eady st r uggl i ng heal t hcar esyst ems.Hest at es,“ t her ear ever yf ew dol l ar s, and st r essor s wi l l make scar ce r esour ces even l ess 11 avai l abl e. ” Unf or t unat el y, t he WHO pr edi ct s cl i mat e changemayl eadt oanaddi t i onal60, 000mal ar i acaused deat hs annual l y by 2030 t o 2050,and peopl ei n ar eas wi t h st r uggl i ng heal t h i nf r ast r uct ur e wi l l be 12 T di spr opor t i onat el y af f ect ed. he Rol l Back Mal ar i a i ni t i at i ve,agl obalpl at f or mf orcoor di nat edact i onagai nst mal ar i a, has st r essed t he i mpor t ance of i nt egr at i ng cl i mat er el at ed r i sks i nt o mal ar i a pr ogr ams, l i ke est abl i shi ng ear l y war ni ng syst emst hatl ook atcl i mat e whendet er mi ni ngr i sksofapot ent i almal ar i aepi demi c.

6 However ,i tal lboi l sdown t ot her ootpr obl em -cl i mat e change.Ascl i mat echangeget swor se,i tonl ybr i ngsbad newsandunf or eseeabl econsequences.Thei mpor t anceof asi gni f i cantgl obalef f or tt ost opcl i mat echangehasnever beengr eat er .

Cli mateChange:TheNew Communi ty Challenge Dur i ngt he19t hce nt ur y ,epi demi ol ogi s t sar oundt hewor l d s ubscr i bed t ot hei dea ofMi as ma Theor y—t heconceptof “ badai r ”asasour ceofepi demi cdi sease .Of t e nadv er t i sed as t he cause f or popul at i onwi de i l l ness ,t hi s i dea emphas i z ed t hei mpor t ante f f ectt hee nvi r onme nthad on heal t h.Whi l et hepr opos i t i onsoft heses peci al i s t st ur ned outt obeof f ,ce nt ur i esl at er ,adi f f er e ntt ypeof“ badai r ”i s per meat i ngourat mos pher eand caus i ngdi sease—cl i mat e change .Accor di ngt ot heUni t edNat i ons ,gl obalemi ss i ons of CO2 hav e i ncr eased by al mos t 50% wi t h gl obal 1 t emper at ur es i ncr eas i ng by 0.

85° C. Pol l ut i on poses an exi s t e nt i al pr obl em t o human heal t h, wi t h l ong t er m expos ur et ot oxi c ai rus her i ng i n a new age ofchr oni c r es pi r at or ydi seaseamongAmer i cans .Thi sr api dchangei n cl i mat e i s caus i ng es peci al l y sev er e e nvi r onme nt al i mpl i cat i ons t hat ar e di s pr opor t i onat el y af f ect i ng communi t i eswi t hl owersoci oeconomi cs t at uses .

The changi ng cl i mat ei si mpact i ng ur ban communi t i es wor s t of al l . Speci f i cal l y , ce nt ur i es of segr egat i on of nei ghbor hoods ar e exacer bat i ng t he e f f ect s ofcont agi ous di seases ,s uch asCovi d19.Pr evi oussys t emat i cde ni alof adequat eheal t hcar eser vi cesduet or edl i ni ngorsect i oni ng of fofnei ghbor hoodsbasedonr aceandweal t h,ar el eavi ng t hose i n wor seof far eas al r eady di sadvant aged whe ni t comes t ot hei r heal t h out comes .Weaker r egul at i ons on emi ss i onsandani ncr easei nal l owabl ei ndus t r i alpol l ut i on i n poor ernei ghbor hoodsar eexpos i ngt hesecommuni t i es , 2 mor et hanot her s ,t ot hehar mf ule f f ect sofcl i mat echange .

Wi t hov er al lhi gherl ev el sofnoxi ousl anduseandi ndus t r i al pol l ut i on,ai rqual i t yi sbei ngsev er el ydi mi ni s hedi nur ban ar eas .St udi es al so s how t hat whe nt hese l ow i ncome communi t i esofcol ordor eachoutf orheal t hcar e ,t heyof t e n exper i e ncehi gher“ pol l ut i on bur de n” ,caus i nghos pi t al si n cl i mat eaf f ect edar east oexposet hei rpat i e nt st omor eai r pol l ut ant s t han hos pi t al s of nei ghbor i ng whi t e 3 communi t i es .

Anot hers t udy doneatHar var d hi ghl i ght s t hat t hose l i vi ng i n communi t i es wi t h cl i mat ecaused decr eases i n ai r qual i t y ar e mor el i kel yt o di ef r om 4 Covi d19.

Emi l y Zhi vtovski

Thi se f f ect ext e nds beyond j us tt he Cor onavi r us , wi t h i ncr easesi nanyai rpol l ut ant shavi ngas t r ongcor r el at i ont o adv er se heal t h conseque nces per t ai ni ng t o r es pi r at or y 5 di seases .

A cl i mat ebr i e fdoneatRut ger sUni v er s i t yCl i mat eChange Resour ceCe nt erexpl or est hebr oad i mpactcl i mat echange has on publ i c heal t h out comes f or t hose i n vul ner abl e popul at i ons .Wi t ht hedegr adat i onofai rqual i t yduet oheat andpar t i cul at epol l ut i on,awi devar i e t yofr es pi r at or yheal t h condi t i onsi son t her i se .Oz onepr oduct i on andpar t i cul at e mat t eri s caus i ng a mi xt ur e ofunheal t hy s ubs t ances t o per meat et he ai r ,havi ng es peci al l yt oxi c conseque nces i n ur ban ar eas wher ei ndus t r i alpr oduct i on and emi ss i on i s wor s t .Resear chs howst hatvul ner abl epopul at i ons ,s uchas t hosewi t hl owersoci oeconomi cs t at us ,ar emos tatr i sk of exper i e nci ng t he negat i v ee f f ect s of t hi s cl i mat ecaused pol l ut i on.TheCl i mat eResour ceCe nt erhasf ound t hati n communi t i es t hat ar e soci oeconomi cal l y mar gi nal i z ed, 6 i nv es t me nt and l egal pr ot ect i on i s i nadequat e .

Thi s di scr epancyof t e nl eav est hesear easmos tcl i mat ebur de ned andwi t houtqual i t yheal t hcar eavai l abl et osof t e nt hehar s h i mpact sofcl i mat ecauseddi sease .

Thee f f ect sofcl i mat echangeposeser i ousconseque ncest o publ i c heal t h es peci al l yi n l ow i ncome nei ghbor hoods , havi ngi mpl i cat i onst hatar es ur et oi nt e ns i f yi nt hecomi ng year s .Ef f or t st odecr easeemi ss i onsi ncl udet heexpans i onof qual i t y publ i ct r ans por t and wal kabl e nei ghbor hoods t o decr easeuseofpr i vat ev e hi cl es .I nt hesesoci oeconomi cal l y di sadvant aged ci t i es , i mpr ovi ng t he cl i mat e means m r i mp ovi ng economi c and i nf r as t r uct ur e pol i ci es by cons t r uct i nghomesandbui l di ngst hatar eecof r i e ndl yand t hatr educegr ee nhouseemi ss i ons .Thi schange ,al ongwi t h e ner gy e f f i ci e nt i nf r as t r uct ur es t andar ds and s ubs i di es , woul dnotonl yi mpr ov et hecl i mat eandheal t hofr es i de nt s , butsav et hem moneyonl ongt er m bi l l i ngf orel ect r i ci t yand t r ans por tcos t s .By t aki ng t hesenecessar ys t eps ,wecan mov e cl oser t o secur i ng a heal t hy and e nvi r onme nt al l y consci ousf ut ur ef orge ner at i onst ocome .

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BLUELI GHTGLASSES:A THWHI LEI NVESTMENT? Khus hiKadaki a WOR Overt hepastyear ,t heCovi d19 pandemi chasi nduced an upsur geofdi gi t alt echnol ogyusageacr osst hegl obe.Soci al di st anci ng measur es have r esul t ed i n empl oyees and st udent s wor ki ng f r om home usi ng el ect r oni c devi ces l i ke 1 comput er s,l apt ops,t abl et s,andsmar t phones.

Manypeopl e whospendpr ol ongedhour sbehi ndascr een,however ,r epor t exper i enci ng“ di gi t aleyest r ai n, ”at er m encompassi ngt i r ed anddr yeyes,bl ur r yvi si on,andheadaches.Bl uel i ghtgl asses 2 wer ei nvent edt ohel pcombatt hesesympt oms.

Bl ue l i ghtgl asses ar e spect acl es f i t t ed wi t h speci all enses t hatf i l t eroutbl uel i ghtwaves.Bl uel i ghtwavesar eemi t t ed f r om t hesunand,al bei ti nl esseramount sf r om t hesun and,al bei ti nl esser amount s,f r om 2 di gi t aldevi ces. I nt he dayt i me,bl ue l i ghtpl aysavi t alr ol ei n boost i ngour wakef ul ness and mood. At ni ght , however ,exposur et o bl ue l i ghtcan di sr uptoursl eep qual i t ybyt hr owi ng 3 of f our body’ s ci r cadi an r hyt hm.

Compani es sel l i ng bl ue l i ghtgl asses cl ai m t hatf i l t er i ngoutt hebl uel i ght emi t t ed f r om di gi t aldevi ces r educes eye st r ai n,pr event sr et i naldamage and di sease, and i mpr oves sl eep 2 qual i t y.

Theseasser t i onshavecaused bl ue l i ght gl asses t o become i ncr easi ngl ypopul ar ,wi t h sal esmor e t han doubl i ng si nce t he st ar toft he 4 Covi d19 pandemi c.

The pr eval ence oft hesegl assesr ai sest hei mpor t ant quest i on:do bl uel i ghtgl assesr eal l y wor k?

Bl uel i ghtgl assesar ear el at i vel ynew devel opment ,andsever alongoi ng st udi es quest i on t hei ref f ect i veness i nr educi ng di gi t aleye st r ai n.Pr esent l y,t her ei snosci ent i f i cevi dencet hatsuggest s t hat bl ue l i ght f r om scr eens causes di gi t al eye st r ai n.

Resear cher sf r om Aust r al i aconduct edast udyof5, 000eyes i n whi ch abl uel i ghtf i l t erwasat t ached t oasynt het i cl ens pl acedi nt heeyeaf t ercat ar actsur ger y.Thi sst udyyi el dedno 2 concl usi ve evi dence t hatt he f i l t er s wer e hel pf ul .

Anot her st udyi nvest i gat ed t heef f ectofbl uel i ghtgl asseson vi sual per f or mance,eyest r ai n and f at i gue,macul ari nt egr i t y,and sl eep qual i t y.Ther esear cher sdi d notf i nd qual i t yevi dence 5 t hatbl uel i ghtgl assesposi t i vel yaf f ectt heseheal t hf act or s.

20

Exper t sst at et hatbl uel i ghtdoesnotcausedi gi t aleyest r ai n, butt hewayweuseourdevi cesl i kel ydoes.Oureyeshavet o wor khar dert of ocusonsomet hi ngcl osert ot hem,andt hi si s onl yexacer bat edoverl ongper i odsoft i me.Assuch,hol di ng scr eenst oocl oseandnott aki ngbr eakscanf at i guet heeyes gr eat l y.Thest udent sandf acul t yatRut ger sUni ver si t yar eno except i on t ot hi s.Wi t ht heuni ver si t yoper at i ngpr i mar i l yby r emot ei nst r uct i on si ncel astMar ch,Rut ger sst udent sand f acul t yar er equi r edt ousescr eensf orasi gni f i cantamountof t i meever yday.Manyhavebeent ur ni ngt obl uel i ghtgl asses t or educet her esul t i ngeyef at i gue.Ther ear e,however ,bet t er ways t o sol ve t he i ssue of di gi t al eye st r ai n, such as i ncr easi ngt hedi st ancebet ween oureyesandt hescr een.I f you use t he comput erf orpr ol onged per i ods of t i me, i t i s al so r ecommended t ot aker egul arbr eaks usi ng t he 202020 r ul e. Thi sr ul e advi ses t hat ever y 20 mi nut es of scr eent i me,youl ookatsomet hi ng20 4 f eetawayf r om youf or20seconds.

Wi t h many st udent s and empl oyees wor ki ngf r om homeovert hepastyear , t heCovi d19pandemi chasi ncr eased di gi t alt echnol ogy usage ar ound t he wor l d. I ncr eased scr een t i me, however ,of t en r esul t si n di gi t aleye st r ai n, consi st i ng of f at i gued eyes, bl ur r yvi si on,andheadaches.Tohel p combatt hi s,bl uel i ghtgl asses,whi ch cont ai nf i l t er st hatbl ockt hebl uel i ght emi t t ed f r om di gi t al scr eens, have become i ncr easi ngl y popul ar .Recent st udi es have shown, however ,t hat bl ue l i ghtpl ays l i t t l er ol ei n causi ng di gi t aleyest r ai n;t her ef or e,f i l t er i ngi t outwi l lnothel pr educesympt oms.Despi t et hevogueofbl ue l i ghtgl asses,i ti si nst ead r ecommended you i ncr ease t he di st ance you ar e hol di ng your scr een and t ake f r equent br eaksi fyouwi sht or educeyourdi gi t aleyest r ai n.

HOW THECOVI D19HEALTHCRI SI SHAS BROUGHTPREVENTATI VEMEDI CI NETO THE Shar i aAnj mal FOREFRONT I t ’ sbeenoverayear —at i met hathasbr oughtmor echanget hanwemayhave bar gai nedf ori nour2020New Year ’ sr esol ut i ons.TheCOVI D19heal t hcr i si s has cer t ai nl y gener at ed numer ous pr obl ems, whi l e si mul t aneousl y chal l engi ng cer t ai n nor ms.Wi t h such dr ast i c changes,many peopl e have beenshi f t i ngt hei rover al lmi ndset ,par t i cul ar l yt owar dwel l ness.

Dur i ng t he ear l i estst ages ofCOVI D19,t her e was l i t t l e known abouti t , exceptt hati thas mor e adver se ef f ect si nt hose wi t h pr eexi st i ng heal t h condi t i ons.Wi t ht hi si deai nmi nd,manypeopl ebeganmaki nganact i veef f or t t ot ur nt hei rheal t har ound.Peopl ebegant aki ngVi t ami nCandZi nc,knowi ng t hatt hesesuppl ement sboostover al lwel l ness.Wi t ht heext r at i met heyhad asar esul tofwor ki ngf r om home,f ami l i esbegant aki ngnat ur ewal kst oget her and cooki ng meal sathome,whi ch i sgener al l y heal t hi ert han consumi ng out si def ood.I nast at ementf r om Men’ sHeal t h,Dr .Ant honyFaucir ei t er at es t hi si dea“ I fyou don’ tsmoke,you onl ydr i nki n moder at i on,you getagood ni ght ’ ssl eep,havea heal t hy di et ,you exer ci se,and you do somet hi ng t o 1 r educest r ess,t hat ’ sgoi ngt okeepyouri mmunesyst em heal t hy. ” COVI D19 has al so l ed t oar i se i nt el eheal t h“ wel lvi si t s” ,orcheckups desi gned t o assess an i ndi vi dual ’ s over al lheal t h and pr ovi de addi t i onal r ecommendat i ons.Pr i ort ot hepandemi c,wel lvi si t swer eappoi nt ment st hat many peopl et ended t o avoi di ft hey wer en’ ti l lbecause oft hei r busy schedul es.However ,i n Mar ch 2020,t heCDC r epor t ed a154% i ncr easei n 2 t el eheal t hvi si t s,t hemaj or i t yofwhi chwer ewel lvi si t s.

Al t houghpeopl emaynothaver eal i z edi tatt het i me,al loft heabovepr act i ces ar e exampl es ofpr event i ve medi ci ne.Pr event i ve medi ci ne i s a br anch of medi ci ne t hat f ocuses on pr ecaut i onar y measur es r at her t han di r ect t r eat mentofan i l l ness.Accor di ngt onat ur opat h Par iAnsar yofPur eEar t h Heal i ng, a wel l ness cent er t hat ser ves t he t r i st at e ar ea, “ Peopl e ar e desper at e.Theyar el ooki ngf ornat ur alsol ut i onsbecausewi t h avi r usl i ke 3 Wi COVI D,wedon’ thaveal loft heanswer sweneedi nt hemedi calf i el d. ” t h herpat i ent s,Ansar yf ocusesonaspect sofpr event i vemedi ci neknownasThe Si x Li f est yl eFact or s:f ood and dr i nk,pr operbr eat hi ng,exer ci se,adequat e sl eep,el i mi nat i onandr et ent i on,andst r essmanagement .

Or gani z at i onssuch asRut ger sSt udentHeal t h Ser vi ceshaveseen t heneed f orpr event i vemedi ci neanddel i ver ed.St udent sever ywher ear eexper i enci ng ment alheal t hchal l engesf r om adapt i ngt ot hi snew wayofl i f e.Rut ger sHeal t h Ser vi ceshasconduct ed pr ogr amst ot ackl et hesechal l enges,wi t h webi nar s such as “ Nour i sh t o Fl our i sh”on heal t hy eat i ng and exer ci se and “ Got 4T St r ess?”whi chaddr essesment alheal t h. hesef acet sofpr event i vemedi ci ne col l ect i vel ycont r i but et ot heover al lment alandphysi calwel l nessofst udent s.

Theheal t hf or war dchangest hatsoci et yhasseenovert hecour seoft heyear appeart ocont i nuei nt ot hecomi ngyear s.Aspeopl ebegi nl i f est yl escent er ed ar oundwel l ness,pr event i vemedi ci nemaybet hewaveoft hef ut ur e.

21

TheFutureOfNeuralTi ssue Regenerati on SHrey Joshi Ani nj ur yoncebel i ev edt obei r r ev er s i bl enow hasahope f ul pr ognos i s .A s pi nalcor di nj ur yi s cl ass i f i ed as a s har p, t r aumat i ci mpactt ot he s pi ne t hatcauses f r act ur es or di sl ocat i ons t ot he v er t e br ae ,damagi ng br anched ner v es and f i ber s .Depe ndi ngon t hesev er i t yoft het r auma,t he i nj ur ycoul dbecl ass i f i edasani ncompl e t eorcompl e t el oss ofse nsor yandmot orf unct i on,known aspar al ys i s .Whe n t hes pi nalcor di sdamaged,t hener v esl ocat ed bel ow t he l ev elofi nj ur y at t ai ns i gnal s ,butar e notabl et o se nd se nsor yand mot ors i gnal sback t ot hebr ai n duet ogaps causedbyscar r edneur alt i ss ue ,whi ch hi nder st hebody' s abi l i t yt os i gnalt heneur onsbel ow t hedamageds i t e .Si nce neur onsl ackr ege ner at i v epr oper t i es ,t hescar r edt i ss uei s nev erabl et or egr ow damaged ner v ef i ber st obr i dget hat gap. Howev er , wi t h t he use of emer gi ng r ege ner at i v e t echnol ogi esand a vas tamountoft her apeut i cst ar ge t i ng t hese pr obl ems ,t her ei si mme nse pr ogr ess and hope f or neur al t i ss ue r ege ner at i on af t er t r auma and t i ss ue scar r i ng.

Whe n a pat i e nti s di agnosed wi t h as pi nalcor di nj ur y , t r adi t i onalt r eat me nt si ncl ude a combi nat i on ofs ur gi cal pr ocedur esandr e habi l i t at i ont her api est hats t i l ll eav est he pat i e ntt er mi nal l ydi sabl ed.Wi t ht heuseofcel l ul arder i v ed appr oaches ,neur alr ege ner at i on can becomer eal i t yi nt he near f ut ur e wi t h r esear cher s havi ng made s i gni f i cant pr ogr essi nt hel as tf ourdecades .Forexampl e ,t heyf ound t hatt r eat i ngner v et r aumawi t hs ubs t ancest hatpr omot ed ner v e cel l gr owt h, i nhi bi t ed gr owt hs uppr essor s , and s i gnal s r el at ed t o scar r ed t i ss ue coul d ass i s t i n r ege ner at i on,butt he l ack oft echnol ogy t o cl i ni cal l yt es t 4 hal t ed t he s t udy .

Si mi l ar l y ,r esear cher s expl or ed how i sol at i ng and t r ans pl ant i ng s t em cel l s wi t hi nt he s i t e of i nj ur y was anot her i ni t i at i v e at t empt i ng t or e bui l dt he damaged neur al ci r cui t r y so t he cel l s coul d mi gr at e e f f i ci e nt l yanddi f f er e nt i at ei nt oneur ons ,butt heycoul dnot 4 mani pul at e t he cel l s t o pr oper l y r ege ner at e .

Today , r esear cher sar eabl et ouset hesef undame nt als t udi est o cont i nue dev el opi ng t her apeut i cs us i ng moder n t echnol ogi calappr oaches .

22

Her eatRut ger s ,r esear cher sl edbyDr .Youngi nt heW.M. Keck Ce nt erf orCol l abor at i v e Neur osci e nce hav e achi ev ed pr omi s i ngout comesus i ngmul t i pl eappr oachesf orl ongt er m t her api es , car e , and f unct i onal r ecov er y af t er s pi nal 2 cont us i oni nj ur i es .

Al t hought hece nt erf ocusesonabr oad ar r ay of t echni ques ,t hi s ar t i cl e hi ghl i ght st he cel l ul ar der i v edappr oaches .Onecel l ul arappr oach t heyr esear ched i ncor por at ed t heL1 cel ladhes i on mol ecul et hats t i mul at es axonalgr owt h.Whe nexpr essed,L1causesaxonst ogr ow i n 2 s mal lgr oupsandl at chont oeachot her .

Thel abi sf ur t her expl or i nghow L1 expr ess i on can bege ne t i cal l ye nhanced.

The nextbi omol ecul et hey wor ked wi t h was t he ol f act or y e ns heat hi nggl i a( OEG) ,conduct ed byDr .Huang.Thel ab dev el oped sev er alme t hods t hat s howed how OEG cel l s myel i nat eaxons ,avi t alpr ocessi nneur algr owt hpr omot i on, 2 i nt hes pi nalcor d.

Las t l y ,t hemos ti mpor t antpr oj ectwas wi t hmese nchymals t em cel l s( MSCs ) ,whi chr es pondt oand t ar ge tt heabnor mali nf l ammat or yr es ponsescaused by a s pi nalcor di nj ur yt hatl eads t of ur t her t i ss ue scar r i ng.

MSCsr el easegr owt hf act or st hathel ppr omot er ege ner at i on ands i nceMSCsar ehi ghl ymi gr at or y ,t heycanbei nj ect edi n t hel umbars pi nebya much l essi nvas i v epr ocedur et han 2 s ur ger yand nat ur al l ymi gr at et ot hei nj ur ys i t e .

I ti ss t i l l bei ng expl or ed how t he MSCs can be mani pul at ed t o “ hi ber nat e”i nt hes pi nef orl ongerper i odsoft i met osecr e t e pr omot i ng f act or s ,t her e f or eampl i f yi ng t hebe ne f i t soft he s t em cel l songr owt hpr omot i on.

Ut i l i z i ngt heset her apeut i ct echni ques ,t hece nt erhasbee n abl et o conductmul t i pl ecl i ni calt r i al st hathav eai ded i n dev el opi nge f f ect i v et r eat me ntpr ot ocol s ,exper t i sei npat i e nt exami nat i ons ,and dat acol l ect i on.I nr ece ntcl i ni calt r i al s , 75% of t hei r pat i e nt sr egai ned mobi l i t y wi t h mi ni mal ass i s t ance and r ecov er ed excr e t or yf unct i onal i t y one year af t er t he t r eat me nt was admi ni s t er ed. Wi t h s uch r ev ol ut i onar yr esear ch t aki ngpl aceatRut ger sandar ound t hewor l d,t her ei sgr eatpr omi sei nt hepr ognos i sf orneur al t i ss ue r ege ner at i on f or pat i e nt s s uf f er i ng s pi nal cor d i nj ur i es .

I magi nea chi l d pl ayi ng wi t h at oy t r ai n movi ng al ong a woode nt r ackandoneoft het r acksl eadst oadeade nd.The chi l dr ear r angest het r ai nt r ack,sot het r ai nhasapat ht o t r av el agai n. Thi s r econs t r uct i on i s anal ogous t o neur opl as t i ci t y ,whi ch i st he br ai n’ s abi l i t yt or eor gani z e 1 i t sel fbyt hef or mi ngofnew connect i ons . s t andi nghow neur opl as t i ci t yf unct i onsi n ourbr ai n Under canhel pusunder s t andhow t oi mpr ov et hebr ai ni not her condi t i ons ,s uch asMul t i pl eScl er os i s ,adi seasei n whi ch 2 t hei mmunesys t em at t ackst hecov er i ngsofner v ef i ber s .

Pr evi ousl y ,i twascommonl yt houghtt hatt hei mpr ov eme nt of ot her se nses wi t h se nsor y i mpai r me nt s happe ned becausei ndi vi dual sl ear ned t or el ymor eheavi l yon t hese senses . Howev er ,r ece nt r esear ch s hows t hat s i mpl y l ear ni nghow t or el yon ot herse nsesi snotr es pons i bl ef or t hi si mpr ov eme nt .I nf act ,numer ous s t udi es s how t hat t her emaybeact ualchangesi nt hebr ai n whi ch r es ul ti n t hi si mpr ov eme nt of ot her se nses .A s t udy of bl i nd i ndi vi dual sdi scov er edt hatt hevi s ualcor t ex,whi ch i st he par toft hebr ai nt hatr ecei v esi nf or mat i on f r om t heeyes , wasbei ngact i vat edbyi nputf r om ot her( nonvi s ual )se nses 3, 4 i nt hese i ndi vi dual s .

Anot her s t udy exami ni ng bl i nd i ndi vi dual s ’e nhanced nonvi s ualabi l i t i esf ound t hatwhe n t heyhadt ode t er mi newher esoundwascomi ngf r om wi t h oneearpl ugged,t heywer emuchbe t t eratde t er mi ni ngt he or i gi n of t he sound compar ed t os i ght ed i ndi vi dual s .

Fur t herexami nat i ons howedt hatt hebl i ndi ndi vi dual swho per f or med be t t eri nt heset askswer er ecr ui t i ngr egi onsof t hebr ai nt hatnor mal l yr ecei v evi s uali nput ,and i ns t ead 5 us i ng i tt oi nt er pr e taudi t or yi nput . Thi sr es ul tpr ovi des f ur t herevi de nce t hatneur opl as t i ci t yi ni ndi vi dual s wi t h se nsor yi mpai r me nt s can cont r i but et oe nhanceme ntof ot herse nses .

Evi de nceofneur opl as t i ci t yhasmanycl i ni calappl i cat i ons .A s t udy compar i ng t he br ai n act i vat i on pat t er ns ofpat i e nt s wi t h Mul t i pl eScl er os i s( MS)and heal t hyi ndi vi dual sf ound t hat t her e was a change i n br ai n act i vat i on pat t er n depe ndi ng on t he sev er i t y oft he br ai ni nj ur y and hand 6 di sabi l i t yt hatr es ul t sf r om MS. Acommont r eat me ntopt i on f orpat i e nt swi t hMSi sneur or e habi l i t at i on,whi chi sat ypeof r e habi l i t at i on pr ogr am des i gned t oi mpr ov ef unct i on and 7 i mpr ov e t he ov er al l wel l bei ng of pat i e nt s .

I f neur or e habi l i t at i on does i mpr ov ef unct i onal i t yi n pat i e nt s wi t h MS,i tbegs t he ques t i on:does r e habi l i t at i on i nv ol v e neur opl as t i ci t y? Whi l et hi s ques t i on cannotbe ans wer ed de f i ni t i v el y based on cur r e ntavai l abl e evi de nce ,a s t udy exami ni ngbr ai nf unct i on i n MS pat i e nt saf t er5 weeksof cogni t i v et r ai ni ngf oundas i gni f i canti ncr easei nt heact i vi t y ofsev er alpar t s oft he br ai n whi ch al so cor r el at ed wi t h 8 i mpr ov eme nt i n neur opsychol ogi cal per f or mance .

The r es ul t soft hi sexper i me ntmakei tcl eart hatt hepr i nci pl esof neur opl as t i ci t y can be used t oi mpr ov et he condi t i on of i ndi vi dual s .I ti scl eart hatneur opl as t i ci t ycan hav egr eat cl i ni cali mpl i cat i onsi n hel pi ngi ndi vi dual s ,a conceptt hat Rut ger s Uni v er s i t y i s cer t ai nl y t aki ng i nt er es t i n.

Neur opl as t i ci t yl i es att he cor e ofRut ger s Pr of essor ,Dr .

Vi ct or i aAbr ai r a’ sr esear cht hatexami nest heneur opl as t i ci t y i nv ol v ed i ns pi nalcor di nj ur yr ecov er y by exami ni ng t he neur ons and ci r cui t s be hi nd f unct i onal r ecov er y af t er t ouchbased t her api es . As s hown by t hi s evi de nce , neur opl as t i ci t y ,al ong wi t hi t sappl i cat i ons ,i sa pr omi s i ng f i el di n Rut ger ’ sr esear ch and can br i ngaboutchangesi n t he l i v es ofpeopl es uf f er i ng f r om neur ol ogi caldi seases , di sabi l i t i esandi nj ur i es .

Neuroplasti ci ty:CanOurBrai ns Repai rThemsel ves?

SanyaRavoori

23

FLYI NGPI GS,THEBEAUTYSTANDARD, ANDOTHERI MPOSSI BLETHI NGS

Shi v ani Bhat t

Whent hedef i ni t i onofbeaut yi sconst ant l ybei ngedi t edandphot oshoppedt of i tmedi at r ends,i t ’ seasyt ogetl ost i nt hel i ght i ngandangl es.Thebeaut yst andar d,anunspokensoci et albar r i erbet weent hem—t hebeaut i f ul ,and us—t hedamned,di vi dest hegodsf r om t hemor t al s.Medi ai nf l uencer sser veast hebeaconofbeaut y,causi ngt he gener alpubl i ct osecondguesst hei rownat t r act i venessi ncompar i son.Canyoubl amet hem?Beaut yi snot hi ng mor et hanaf adt hatchangesever yf ew mont hs,r ei nf or cedbyt hatt i meper i od’ st r endi nghasht agsandbuz z .I n a wor l d wher eyou can bet he“ i dealbody t ype”oneday and “ undesi r abl e”t hever y next ,i t ’ sdi f f i cul tt o be compl et el ysecur ei nyour sel f .

Theconst antf l uct uat i onsi n beaut yst andar dsl ead i ndi vi dual st odevel op asenseoff eart hatt hei rbeaut yi s f l eet i ng.The1950’ swer eni cknamedt heGol den AgeofHol l ywoodbecauseofMar i l yn Monr oe—hercur vaseous f i gur e was est eemed t he embodi mentofbeaut y and sex.However ,j usta decade l at er ,t hi s st andar d was 1 over t ur nedandt he1960’ si nt r oducedt henew not i onofbeaut y:t hi nandat hl et i c.

Recentbeaut yst andar dsar e noti mmunet ot hesei nconsi st enci es.Thought heear l y2000’ swer echar act er i z edbyBr i t neySpear sandt hesi z e z er o,t hi swasshor t l i vedduet ot her i si ngpopul ar i t yoft heKi m Kar dashi anbodyt ype—vol upt uouscur vesanda smal lwai st —i nt r oducedi n2010.Thi scur r entbeaut yst andar di sdanger oust ot hemi ndsofyoungadul t si nt he Uni t edSt at esf ornumer ousr easons.Pr i mar i l y,i ti sonl yat t ai nabl et hr oughcosmet i csur ger yandhence,i nst i l l s af al sesenseofdr eadi ni ndi vi dual st r yi ngt oat t ai nt hi sbodyt ypet hr oughnat ur almet hods.Fur t her mor e,t hi s beaut yst andar d,l i ket heot her spr ecedi ngi t ,i sbound t ochange,whet hert hatchangecomest omor r ow ori n year s.

Thoughseemi ngl yhar ml ess,medi ar epr esent at i onsoft heunat t ai nabl ebeaut yst andar dcansi gni f i cant l yi mpact bot ht he ment aland physi calheal t h ofyoung adul t s.A st udy publ i shed i nt he I nt er nat i onalJour nalof Envi r onment alResear ch and Publ i c Heal t h conf i r ms a r el at i onshi p bet ween soci almedi a,body i mage and 2 di sor der ed eat i ng.

Eat i ng di sor der s ar e ment alheal t h condi t i ons t hatar e cat egor i z ed wi t h an unheal t hy obsessi on wi t hf ood and bodyshape.Though mostpr eval entamongyoungwomen,men ar ej ustasl i kel yt o devel op such t endenci es.The mostcommon eat i ng di sor der s ar e anor exi a ner vosa,bul i mi a ner vosa and bi ngeeat i ngdi sor der 4,al lofwhi chhavel ast i ngphysi calandemot i onali mpact s.

Al t hough t hesoci et aldef i ni t i on ofbeaut yi sever changi ngandt hest andar dofbeaut yi sseemi ngl yi mpossi bl e, t hi sdoesnotmeant hatyouar edest i nedt obedamned.Ther ear enumer ousappr oachesonecant akei nor dert o avoi df al l i ng pr ey t o such har mf uli deol ogi es ofsel f r ej ect i on,i ncl udi ng i ngest i ng heal t hy f oods and heal t hy cont enti nor dert okeepone’ sbodyandmi ndatpeace.Fur t her mor e,r egul arexer ci sei sef f ect i vei nmor et hanj ust 3 Wh keepi ngone’ sbodysl i m—exer ci si ngcan r el easeendor phi nst hatposi t i vel yi mpactment alheal t h. en asked how Rut ger sst udent si n par t i cul arcan r emai n posi t i vei nt hemi dstofunr eal i st i cexpect at i ons,Dr .Kr i st en Spr i nger ,Pr of essorofSoci ol ogyatRut ger ssays“ I ti si mpor t antt or emembert hati magespr esent edt ousbyt he medi aar eusual l yunr eal i st i c,unat t ai nabl e,andof t enphot oshoppedsomucht hatt heyar enotevenr ealbodi es.

I twoul dbebet t ert oshi f tourat t ent i onawayf r om t hesei magesandi nst eadf ocusonheal t hyeat i ngandexer ci se choi ces.Al so,pl easer emembert hatcounsel or sar eavai l abl eatRut ger st hr oughCAPS( 8489327884)f oranyone t hatwant st ot al kaboutt hesei ssues—oranyt hi ngel se! ” As a r esul toft he soci almedi a we consume,i ti s of t ent i mes di f f i cul tt or emai n secur ei n one’ s physi cal appear ance,f orwear emer emor t al scompar i ngour sel vest ogods.However ,whenf eel i ngi nsecur ei ti si mpor t ant t or emembert hatsuchgodsar econst r uct edvi al i ght i ng,angl esandedi t i ngpr ogr ams.Mor t al sont heot herhand ar er eal ,i mper f ectandt hr oughsuchi mper f ect i ons—aut hent i c.Themostbeaut i f ulper sondoesnotpossesst he per f ectf i gur eorf acebutr at hera r adi antsel f l ovet hati sat t ai ned t hr ough sel f admi r at i on and mostofal l , sel f accept ance.

24

THERI SKOFLONLI ENESS Sr us t i Chandr a

Al t hough t echnol ogyi subi qui t ousand pr ovi dest heoppor t uni t yt oi nst ant l yconnectwi t h anyone anywher ei nt he wor l d,many i ndi vi dual s ar e notconnect i ng on a deeperl evel .Rat hert han an obj ect i vemeasur e( e. g.numberofsoci alcont act s) ,l onel i nessi sasubj ect i vemeasur e,asani ndi vi dual canf eell onel ydespi t ehavi ngmanycont act s.Chr oni cl onel i nesscannegat i vel yi mpactani ndi vi dual ’ s heal t h and i ti si mpor t antt o under st and t hese ef f ect sf orl ongevi t y and pr event i on ofacqui r i ng har mf uldi seases.

Lonel i nesscanaf f ectvar i ousbr ai nst r uct ur esandconsequent l y,behavi or .A compar i sonofMRI sof sel f r epor t ed ‘ l onel y’and ‘ notl onel y’mi ddl eaged adul t sr eveal ed di f f er encesi nt hebr ai n’ sdef aul t 1 net wor k, whi chpl aysar ol ei nmemor y,pl anni ng,andi magi nat i on.I nl onel ypeopl e,l onel i nesswas posi t i vel yassoci at edwi t hast r ongl ywi r eddef aul tnet wor kt hatcont ai nedgr eat ergr eymat t er ,whi ch pr ocessesi nf or mat i oni nt hebr ai n.Thi si ncr easedf unct i oni sar esul tofmor ef r equenti magi nat i ons ofsoci alscenar i ost o escapel onel i ness.I n anot herst udy2,i ndi vi dual sper f or med t heSt r oop t est , whi chpr esent swor dsi ncol or edt extonebyoneonacomput erscr eenandt hepar t i ci pant si dent i f y t hecol or .Lonel ypeopl et ookl ongert oi dent i f yt hecol orwhent heywer epr esent edwi t hnegat i vesoci al wor dssuchas“ i sol at e”or“ r ej ect ”t hannegat i venonsoci alwor dssuchas“ vomi t . ”Thi ssuggest st hat l onel ypeopl ehaveahei ght ened f ocuson negat i vesoci alcuesbecauset heyar eon al er tf orsoci al t hr eat s.

Lonel i nessi sdet r i ment alt ot hebodyand mi nd,and under st andi ngt hegr avi t yoft heseef f ect sar e cr uci al .A l ongi t udi nalcohor tst udyofr oughl y800 el der l yper sonsshowed t hatl onel yi ndi vi dual s 3 wer et wi ceasl i kel yt odevel opdement i aandexhi bi tcogni t i vedecl i net hant hosewhower enotl onel y.

Thepar t i ci pant swer ef ol l owedupannual l yf orf ouryear sandl onel i nesswassel f r epor t ed( onascal e of15)wi t hvar i ousst at ement s( e. g.“ Iexper i enceagener alsenseofempt i ness, ”“ Imi sshavi ngpeopl e ar ound, ”et c…) .Quant i t yandqual i t yofsoci ali nt er act i onsandat t achment sdet er mi ner i skofl at el i f e dement i a.Lonel ypeopl eal sohaveashor t erl i f espanandi ncr easedr i skofi nf ect i ons,hear tdi sease 2 anddepr essi on.

Theypr esentwi t hphysi ol ogi calchangest hatar ei ndi cat i veofsympat het i cner vous syst em act i vat i on:hi gherbl oodpr essur eandel evat edmol ecul armar ker sofst r esssuch ascor t i sol andepi nephr i ne.

Lonel i nesscan i ncr easet her i skoff ut ur eheal t hi ssues,soi ti si mpor t antt oaddr esst hi spr obl em ear l i ert han l at er .Accor di ng t o Er i k Er i kson’ s ei ghtst ages ofpsychosoci aldevel opment ,col l ege st udent sar ei nt hesi xt h st ageofdevel opment :i nt i macy vs.i sol at i on.Thi sst agecent er sar ound f or mi ngst abl e,i nt i mat er el at i onshi ps;anunsuccessf ulcompl et i onoft hi sst agecanl eadt ol onel i ness andconsequent l y,l ow sel f est eem,anxi et yanddepr essi on.Col l egecounsel or scanf ocusoni mpr ovi ng sel f est eem asan ef f ect i vef or m ofi nt er vent i on.To i mpr ovesel f est eem4,pr ovi di ng st udent swi t h l eader shi p oppor t uni t i esand hel pi ngt hem i dent i f yvocat i onalgoal sear l yi n col l egecan hel pt hem net wor k and devel op connect i onsear l yon t o pr eventst r esscaused byunwant ed soci ali sol at i on.

Fur t her mor e,i ndi vi dual i z ed act i on pl ansar eof f er ed t hr ough Counsel i ng,Al coholand Ot herDr ug Assi st ance Pr ogr am & Psychi at r i c Ser vi ces ( CAPS) ,Rut ger s Uni ver si t y’ s ment alheal t h suppor t ser vi ce.I ti si mpor t antt of i nd an empat het i ccounsel orand est abl i sh a t r ust i ngr el at i onshi p wi t h t hem t opr ogr essi nst r uggl eswi t hl onel i ness.

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CANPSYCHEDELI CSI MPROVE MENTALHEALTH Es haPaghdal Psychedel i cdr ugshaveseepedi nt oWest er ncul t ur esi ncet hei rpopul ar i z at i oni nr esear chi nt he1950sand 60s.Att het i me,t heyof f er edpr omi set oadvancepsychol ogy,psychi at r y,andpsychot her apy.However ,as t hei ri r r esponsi bl er ecr eat i onaluse spr ead due t ot he si xt i es’“ count er cul t ur e”and ant i Vi et nam War 1 movement ,t her ewasbackl ash.

Asar esul t ,t hegover nmenti nt r oduced t heDr ugCont r olAmendment s t hatbannedt hemanuf act ur eandsal eoft hesedr ugs,hal t i ngal mostal lr esear chont hesubj ectandset t i ng 1 pr ogr essbackf ordecades.

I nr ecentyear s,r esear chhasr esumedi nt ot hebenef i t sofpsychedel i cdr ugs, par t i cul ar l yi npsychot her apy.

Bef or e di vi ng i nt ot hese benef i t s,we mustunder st and whatpsychedel i cs r eal l y ar e.Psychedel i cs ar e hal l uci nogeni cdr ugst hatal t ermood,per cept i on,andot hercogni t i vepr ocessest or educeact i vi t yi nt he br ai n’ sdef aul tmodenet wor k,whi chgener at esoursenseofsel fanddet er mi neswhatourbodyneedsvi a 2 i ncomi ng sensor yi nf or mat i on.

Thus,psychedel i cs can shi f t our awar eness f r om our sel ves t o our 2 sur r oundi ngs.

I n psychedel i cassi st ed psychot her apy,i ndi vi dual s of t en go t hr ough an i nt er changi ng 3 pr ocessofmi cr odosi ngand psychot her apysessi ons. Mi cr odosi ngai mst oi nducet heposi t i veef f ect sof 4 eachdr ugwi t houtdi sr upt i vehal l uci nat i ons.

Moder nr esear ch shows pr omi se f or dr ugs,l i ke ecst asy, psi l ocybi n,andLSD,t obeusedasat r eat mentf oral coholandni cot i nedependence,anxi et y,PTSD,OCD, 4 anddepr essi on.

Psi l ocybi nandLSD,someoft hemor eheavi l yst udi eddr ugs,ar ef oundt or educeamygdal aact i vi t y,wher e 5 we pr ocess emot i on and f ear .

They ar e of t en used t ot r eatanxi et y and depr essi on by i ncr easi ng an i ndi vi dual ’ sl ongt er m senseofhappi nessand meani ng,appr eci at i on f orl i f eand nat ur e,and f eel i ngsof 6 compassi on. Somebr ai nscanshaveshownt hatt hi si sduet ochangest hedr ugsmakei nar east hatar e 6 r esponsi bl ef orr epet i t i vet hi nki ng,acor eat t r i but eofdepr essi on.

Thesedr ugshavebeen pr oven t obe ef f ect i vet hr ough cl i ni calt est i ng.A 2016 st udyf ound t hatpsi l ocybi nt r eat mental l owed f orasi gni f i cant decr easei nl ongt er m depr essi onandanxi et yf orpat i ent sunder goi ngcancert r eat mentwi t har ound80% 7 oft hepar t i ci pant sshowi ngi mpr ovement s6mont hsl at er .

Wi t hupwar dof47.

3% ofadul t sbet ween1824, havi ngatl eastmoder at edepr essi vesympt omsasr epor t ed byRut ger sUni ver si t y,t hesedr ugscoul d be 8 ext r emel yvi t ali nai di ngi nt heef f ect i ve,l ongt er mt r eat mentoft hesement aldi sor der sandcondi t i ons.

Oneoft hemostpr omi si ngr esul t sf ort hef ut ur ecomesf r om MDMA,orecst asy,asi thasbeen shown t o t r eatpost t r aumat i c st r ess di sor der( PTSD) .Peopl e wi t h PTSD have a hyper act i ve amygdal a,r educed act i vi t yi nt hepr ef r ont alcor t ex,whi ch pr ocessesi nf or mat i on l ogi cal l y,and i nt hehi ppocampus,wher e 9 MDMA i memor i es ar e moved t ol ongt er m st or age. s shown t or ever se al loft hese ef f ect s,al l owi ng t r aumat i c memor i es t o move i nt ol ongt er m st or age once t hey’ ve been pr ocessed, whi ch r educes 9 MDMA h over sensi t i vi t yt of ear i nduci ng st i mul i . as al so been f ound t or el ease oxyt oci n,a dr ug t hat i nduces f eel i ngs ofl ove,empat hy,and nur t ur i ng and i ncr eases an i ndi vi dual ’ st endency t o bui l d 10 r el at i onshi psandf eelconnect edt oal ar gerent i t y.

Thi sal l owsi ndi vi dual st opr ocesst hei rt r aumar at her t hansuppr essi tandt oshi f tt hei rper spect i veont het r aumat hataf f ect st hem,gi vi ngt hem t hepossi bi l i t y t ol i veamor ef ul f i l l i ngl i f e.Fr om api l otst udypr esent edt ot heFDA,ar ound23% oft he107par t i ci pant s whor ecei vedt her apywi t houtt hedr ugt r eat mentnol ongerhadPTSD,butwi t ht heMDMAt r eat ment ,t he 11 A y r esul t s doubl ed wi t h ar ound 56% no l ongerhavi ng PTSD. earaf t ert he MDMA t r eat ment ,t hat 1 1 per cent age ofr ecover ed i ndi vi dual s was up t o 67%. Based on t hi s dat a,t he FDA has decl ar ed MDMAassi st edpsychot her apyt obeanew br eakt hr ought r eat mentf orPTSD.

26

Phase3st udi esf orMDMAwi l lbecompl et edbyt heendof2021,pr ovi ngt hi st obeonl yt hebegi nni ngf or psychedel i cassi st edpsychot her apy.I fappr oved,t her api st swi l lbeabl et ounder got r ai ni ngpr ogr amsf or admi ni st er i ng MDMA under di r ect super vi si on i n a cl i ni calset t i ng.Cur r ent l y,t her e ar e ver yf ew admi ni st r at i on cent er savai l abl eand t hey onl yt r eatwi t h dr ugsl i kepsi l ocybi n and ket ami nebecause MDMAandLSD ar est i l li l l egal ,butt hesePhase3st udi esar epr edi ct edt ochanget hat ,pr ovi di nghopet o t r eatmi l l i onsofpat i ent si nneedi nt hef ut ur e.

APROMI SI NGNEW TREATMENT FORALZHI EMER' S Gr ac eShi n Lat ei nl i f e,somepeopl ebegi nt of or gett hei rf ami l ymember s,si gni f i cantmemor i essuchast hei rweddi ng dayort hebi r t h oft hei rchi l d,andsomet i meseven whatt heywer edoi ngmoment sago.Thesear eal l sympt omsofAl z hei mer ’ sdi sease.Accor di ngt ot heAl z hei mer ' sAssoci at i on,Al z hei mer ' sDi sease( AD)i s def i nedasa" t ypeofdement i at hataf f ect smemor y,t hi nki ng,andbehavi or .Sympt omsevent ual l ygr ow 1 sever eenought oi nt er f er ewi t hdai l yt asks. " Pr eval enceofAl z hei mer ’ sDi seasei nt heUSi si ncr easi ng: 2 asof2021,ar ound6.

2mi l l i onAmer i canst hatar eage65orol derar el i vi ngwi t hAl z hei mer ' s.

So,i st her e r esear chbei ngdonet ohel pushandl et hi scondi t i onbet t er ?

Bef or eanswer i ngt hi squest i on,wemustunder st andhow Al z hei mer ’ swor ks.Wehaveapr ot ei n cal l ed amyl oi dbet ai n ourbr ai n;t heseamyl oi dbet aar emadeofpl aquest hatbui l dupovert i me,andt hese pl aquescausedamaget ohumancogni t i vef unct i on.Theaccumul at i onoft hesepl aquesi sal sot hought 3 t obeapossi bl ecauseofAD. Whydot hesehar mf ulamyl oi dbet apl aquesevent ual l yaccumul at eand causehar m?

I nourbr ai n,t hegl i alcel l st hatpr ot ectourneur onsshr i nkast hedaypr ogr esses;t hi sl eavesspacef or 4 ourcer ebr ospi nalf l ui dt oact i vel ywasht hepl aquesawaydur i ngsl eep.

Anef f ect i veanal ogywoul dbea di shwasherwashi ngawayt hegunk on ourdi shes.However ,asweage,t heseki ndsofr ecuper at i on t echni quesdet er i or at e,whi ch r esul t si n abui l dup ofamyl oi dbet apl aques.Cur r ent l y,manyt ypesof r esear char ebei ngdoneont hi st opi ct of i ndasaf et r eat mentt opr edi sposet hebui l dupwi t houtbl eedi ng.

On Febr uar y 19t h,2021,r esear cher sf r om Washi ngt on Uni ver si t y Medi calSchoolpubl i shed t hei r f i ndi ngsofan ant i bodyknown asHAE4t hatr emoveshar mf ulamyl oi dpl aquesf r om t hebr ai nt i ssue andt hebl oodvessel sofmi ce.Resear cher sbel i evet hatt hi sant i bodycoul dbeapossi bl esaf et r eat ment 5 f orAD becausei tr emovest hepl aqueswi t houti ncr easi ngt hebr ai n' sr i sk ofbl eedi ng.

Theant i body HAE4t ar get saspeci f i cf or m ofhumanAPOE ( apol i popr ot ei nE—acomponentofamyl oi dbet apl aques) and t r i gger st her emovalofpl aques.Ther esear cher sused mi cet hatwer egenet i cal l y modi f i ed wi t h human genest ot estwhet hert heant i bodyHAE4 get sr i d ofamyl oi d pl aquesf r om t hebr ai n bl ood vessel s.Wi t h ei ghtweeksoft r eat i ngmi cewi t ht heant i bodyHAE4,r esul t sshowed r educed amyl oi d 6T pl aquesi nbr ai nt i ssueandbr ai nbl oodvessel s. her ef or e,t hi sexper i menti l l ust r at est hatt her emaybe apossi bl esaf et r eat mentt oel i mi nat et heamyl oi dbet apl aquest hatcancauseAD. AtRut ger sUni ver si t y,r esear cher shavebeenappr oachi ngast epcl osert of i ndi ngat r eat mentf orAD.Dr .

Sest i ,apr of essori nt heDepar t mentofCel lBi ol ogyandNeur osci enceatRut ger sRober tWoodJohnson Medi calSchool ,di scover ed an i mpor t antpar tofAl z hei mer ’ st hatcoul d br i ngdi scover yofan ef f ect i ve t r eat ment .I nhi sst udy,Dr .Sest il ooksi nt oanew mechani sm t hati nvol vesanonamyl oi dbet apr ot ei n r ef er r ed t oasKCNB1.Hedi scover st hatwhen KCNB1 bui l dsup,i tbecomest oxi ct oneur ons.I tal so st i mul at est hepr oduct i onofamyl oi dbet apr ot ei ns,al soknownasapossi bl ecauseofAl z hei mer ’ s.The st udyal sodi scover edt hatt hebui l dupofKCNB1wasmuchhi gheri nbr ai nsaf f ect edbyAl z hei mer ’ st han nor malbr ai ns.I n casesofAl z hei mer ’ sandt r aumat i cbr ai ni nj ur i es,sever edamageofment alf unct i on wascor r el at edwi t ht hebui l dupofKCNB1.Wi t ht hi sdi scover y,Dr .Sest iwasabl et ot estadr ugcal l ed Spr ycelonmi ce.Thi sdr ugi sal sousedt ot r eatpat i ent swi t hl eukemi a.Hi sst udyshowst hatSpr yceland 7 ot hersi mi l ardr ugsar epot ent i alt r eat ment sf orAl z hei mer ’ s.

Al z hei mer ' scannotonl yt r agi cal l yi mpactaper son,buti tcanal sobeemot i onal l yover whel mi ngf ort hei r ent i r ef ami l y.Ther ef or e,i ti sessent i alt ocont i nuer esear chi ngAD t of i ndsaf eandef f i ci entt r eat mentf or t hi sdevast at i ngdi sease.

27

THEUPSANDDOWNSOFWHEREYOU CHOOSETO STUDY Sr i yaSadangi

28

I t ’ sThur sdayni ght ,and t omor r ow mor ni ngyou havean i ncr edi bl yi mpor t antassi gnmentduet hat you’ vebar el yst ar t ed.However ,i t ’ sal sot heni ghtt hel at estepi sodeofyourf avor i t eTVshow ai r s,and you’ vebeenl ooki ngf or war dt oi tal lweek.Wi t hbot hoft hesei nmi nd,i tcanbehar dt or esi stt heur ge t owat ch t heepi sodei n or dert of ocuson t heessent i alwor ki nf r ontofyou,whet heri tbeapr oj ect , homewor k assi gnment ,orr esear ch paper .Asmuch aswet r y,i tseemst hatsomepeopl ehavea nat ur alabi l i t yt oi gnor e di st r act i ons and f i ni sh up t hei rassi gnment s.Thi s cont i nues t o per pl ex sci ent i st sast heyper f or m r esear ch i n or dert odet er mi net her ol et empt at i on pl aysi nt hel evelof concent r at i on an i ndi vi dualhaswi t h at ask.St udi eshaveshown t hatt heabi l i t yt osel ect i vel yf i l t er i nf or mat i on i si nf l uencedbyvar i ousenvi r onment alchar act er i st i csandt hei ri mpacton ourwor ki ng memor ycapaci t y.

Concent r at i onr ef er st ot hedegr eeofengagementwi t hat askandi st her esul tofvar i ousi nt er naland ext er nalf act or st hatvar yf r om oneper son t ot henext .I n 2012,Sör qvi st ,St enf el t ,and Ronnber g pr oposedt hatpeopl ei gnor emor easpect soft hei renvi r onmentwhent heyconcent r at emor e.Toshed mor el i ghton t hi si dea,t heyconduct ed ast udyusi ngacr ossmodalappr oach wher et wot ypesof di st r act or swer epr esent ed i nt hesamemanner :t hoset hatr esear cher sexpect ed subj ect st oi gnor e and t hose t hat t hey expect ed subj ect st of ocus on.Resul t s showed t hat i n compar i son wi t h si mul t aneousaudi t or yandvi sualt askpr esent at i on,r esponsi venesswashi ghestwhenonl yaudi t or y t askswer epr esent ed,andanal ysi sf oundt hat“ hi ghert askdi f f i cul t y[ . . . ]makespeopl econcent r at e har der t o mai nt ai n t hei r desi r ed l evel of per f or mance, ”r esul t i ng i n l ower envi r onment al 1 compr ehensi on.

Asar esul toft hi sf i ndi ng,f ur t herr esear ch hasbeen conduct ed on obser vi ngt he vi sualf i el di nr esponset omani pul at i onsoft hebackgr oundenvi r onment .

When engagi ng wi t h at ask,we unknowi ngl y di st or tt he vi suali nf or mat i on we absor bf r om our backgr oundenvi r onmenti nor dert oef f ect i vel ymaxi mi z epr oduct i vi t yandf ocus.I nt heDepar t mentof Psychol ogyatRut ger sUni ver si t y,Dr .ShanaCol ehasbeen conduct i ngr esear ch on t her el at i onshi p bet ween an i ndi vi dual ’ svi sualat t ent i on andt hei renvi r onmentusi ngeyet r acki ngsof t war e.Herl ab has f ound t hati ndi vi dual s have mor e sel f cont r olwhen pr esent ed wi t h goal r el evantr at hert han 2S t empt at i onr el evanti nf or mat i on. ur r oundi ngyour sel fwi t hi t emsandr emi nder soft het askathand aswel lasmi ni mi z i ngaudi t or ydi st r act i onscan hel pi ncr easeyourconcent r at i on on adi f f i cul tt ask 2 andhel pyouef f ect i vel yi gnor eyourbackgr oundenvi r onment .

Bei ng i nt he i dealenvi r onmentcan suppor tf ocusandhel psomei ndi vi dual schannelt hei rener gyi nt obei ngmor epr oduct i ve.However , evenwi t ht her i ghtenvi r onment ,i tseemsast houghsomei ndi vi dual sar emor eef f ect i veatr emai ni ng pr oduct i vet hanot her s.

St udi eshavef oundt hati ndi vi dualdi f f er encesi nwor ki ngmemor ycapaci t y( WMC)l eadt ovar i at i oni n one’ spr oduct i vi t yandabi l i t yt or espondt ot hei renvi r onment .Al t houghmanybel i eveWMC i ssol el y aboutmemor y,i ti sact ual l yaboutf i l t er i ngone’ sknowl edgeofi nf or mat i on i n or dert omai nt ai n or 3T suppr essi nf or mat i on. hus,i tappear sast hought hosewhohaveahi gherWMC wi l lhaveagr eat er abi l i t yt o sel ect i vel yf ocus t hei rat t ent i on and avoi d di st r act i on because t hey have t he abi l i t yt o “ over r ul eanundesi r edswi t choft hel ocusofat t ent i on, ”al l owi ngt hem t oi gnor epot ent i aldi st r act i ons 4 andconcent r at eont het askathand.

However ,subsequentr esear chhasf oundt hatpeopl ewi t hal ow WMC ar easdi st r act edbyaudi t or yst i mul iast hosewi t hahi ghWMC,maki ngt hecor r el at i onbet ween 5 A WMC and mai nt ai ni ngf ocusi n spi t eoft empt at i onsuncl ear . l t hough t heunder st andi ngofwhat t r ansl at est ohi ghwor ki ngmemor ycapaci t yi sl ar gel yunknownandr equi r esf ur t herst udy,i ti scl ear t hatThur sday ni ght ’ s assi gnmentwi l lgar ner mor ef ocus i fyou setup t he r i ghtenvi r onment , mi ni mi z i ng bot h audi t or y and vi sualdi st r act i ons by sur r oundi ng your sel fwi t h onl y goal r el evant i nf or mat i on.

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Vi ruses,butGoodOnes The connect i on be t wee n cancer dev el opme nt and t he human i mmunesys t em i squi t ef asci nat i ng.On onee nd, t umorcel l si nt hebodycan s pr eadt ot hebonemar r ow,a vi t alor ganoft hei mmunesys t em,andunder mi nei t sabi l i t y t o ge ner at e bl ood cel l st o war d of fi nf ect i on. Cancer t r eat me nt sl i kechemot her apy ,r adi at i on t her apy ,andhi gh doses ofs t er oi ds can di s r uptone ’ si mmune sys t em ev e n af t er r ecov er y , hamper i ng i t s abi l i t y t o f i ght ot her 1 i nf ect i ons .

Howev er ,on t he ot here nd,ov ert he l as tf ew decades ,oncol ogi s t sand cancerr esear cher shav eut i l i z ed t hei mmunesys t em t ot hei radvant aget ocr eat eanew f or m oft her apyt ot r eatcancer :i mmunot her apy .I mmunot her apy i st hepr ev e nt i on ort r eat me ntofcancerwi t hs ubs t ances t hati nducet henat ur alde f e nseswi t hi none ’ sowni mmune 2 r es ponset of i ghtcancercel l smor ee f f ect i v el y .

Anov elf or m ofi mmunot her apyt hati sgi vi ngnew pr omi set ot hef i el dof cancer r esear ch i s oncol yt i c vi r us t her apy ,whi ch uses 3 vi r usest ot ar ge tandat t ackt umorcel l s .

Thi sf or m ofcancer t her apy i s par t i cul ar l y uni que and advant ageousbecausei ti nt egr at esbot ht hebody’ snat ur al de f e nses as wel l as appr oaches r equi r i ng human i nt er v e nt i on. Speci f i cal l y ,t he nat ur al vi r uses used i n oncol yt i c vi r us t her apy can be ge ne t i cal l y modi f i ed t o di mi ni s ht hei r abi l i t yt o des t r oy uni nf ect ed cel l s whi l e 4 boos t i ngt hei rr es ponset ot umorcel l s .

Anot herwayt hi s t her apyi nt egr at esanat ur alappr oach i st hatcancercel l s ar ei nher e nt l y bui l tt o hav e weaker ant i vi r alde f e nses , 4 maki ngt hem mor evul ner abl et oi nf ect i ons .

Uponi nf ect i ng t he cancer cel l s ,t hese cel l s bur s t and r el ease cancer ant i ge n par t i cl es ,whi ch can hel ps t i mul at e an i mmune 4 r es ponset odes t r oynear byt umorcel l s .Numer ouscl i ni cal t r i al shav eal sodel i neat edt hei mpl eme nt at i on ofoncol yt i c vi r us t her apy syner gi s t i cal l y wi t h ot her f or ms of i mmunot her apy .Thi s can boos tt he body’ s abi l i t yt or i d i t sel f of t umor cel l s and pr ev e nt f ur t her me t as t as i s , demons t r at i ngt hel ar gescal ei mpactt hatt hi st her apycan 5 hav eont r eat i ngcancer .

Whi l et hi snov elf or m oft r eat me nthasr ai sed hopesand gr eat pr omi se ar ound t he wor l d, t her e ar e al so some dr awbacks .Upon del i v er i ng t he vi r us i nt ot he body ,t he body’ si nnat ei mmuner es ponsewi l lt r yt odes t r oyt hevi r us

30

Kri ti ka si ngh

be f or ei tev e nr eachest hecancercel l s ;t ocombatt hi s ,t hese vi r usesneedt obei nj ect edi nt oahumancel li nvi t r opr i or 6 t odel i v er i ngi ti ns i det hebody .

Mor eov er ,whi l eoncol yt i c vi r usesar ee ngi neer edt ot ar ge tcancercel l s ,t heymayal so des t r oy heal t hy cel l si nt he pr ocess .Thi s may l ead t o chr oni ci nf ect i on,whi chcanbepar t i cul ar l yde t r i me nt alt o el der l y pat i e nt s who ar e of t e n al r eady 6 m i mmu nocompr omi sed.

Addi t i onal l y ,i nge ner al ,t hi sf or m of t her apy may al so l ead t o pot e nt i als i de e f f ect ss uch as 4 f l ul i kesympt oms ,chi l l s ,f at i gue ,nausea,andf ev er .

The Cancer I ns t i t ut e ofNew Jer sey ( CI NJ)at Rut ger s Uni v er s i t y has gr eat l y cont r i but ed t ot he r esear ch and dev el opme ntofoncol yt i cvi r ust her apy .Labor at or i esi nt hi s i ns t i t ut el ed by r esear cher sl i ke Dr . Edmund Lat t i me conducts t udi es t oi nv es t i gat et he pot e nt i alofus i ng t he t umor mi cr oe nvi r onme nt f or s uccess f ul oncol yt i c vi r us t her apy . Dr . Lat t i me ’ sl ab has al so ge ner at ed a nov el oncol yt i cvacci ni a vi r uscont ai ni nggl ycopr ot ei nst hatar e secr e t edbyi mmunecel l s ,whi chi snow under goi ngcl i ni cal 7 , 8 t r i al s .

I n addi t i on, Dr . ShangJui Wang, a medi cal r es i de ntatRWJMedi calSchool ,andDr .Br uceHaf t y ,al ead r esear cher att he CI NJ,hav ei nv es t i gat es t he e nhanced r es ponsedr i v e n bycombi ni ngoncol yt i cvi r ust her apyand r adi at i on t r eat me nt t o be t t er s t i mul at e a sys t emi c 9 ant i t umorr es ponse .

Ov er al l ,t he f i ndi ngs obt ai ned f r om s t udi es atCI NJ pl ay an i nf l ue nt i alr ol ei nt he f ace of oncol yt i cvi r ust her apyi ncombat i ngcancer .

Thei nci de nceandmor t al i t yr at esofcancerar ei ncr eas i ng annual l y ,and conv e nt i onalt r eat me nt sl i kechemot her apy and s ur ger yar es t i mul at i ngl i mi t ed r es ponsef orpat i e nt s 10 deal i ngwi t h advanced cancer .

Thepr of ound connect i on be t wee n cancerdev el opme ntandt hei mmunesys t em can cr eat e f ar be t t er out comes f or pat i e nt s t hr ough i mmunot her api esl i keoncol yt i cvi r ust her apy ,whi ch has bee ns hownt oel i ci tane f f ect i v ei mmuner es ponseagai ns t 10 cancer cel l s .

Hope f ul l y ,t he r api d advanceme nt s i n t echnol ogyandr esear chf orcancert r eat me ntwi l lpav et he way f ornew f i ndi ngs and mor e evi de nce t os uppor tt he e f f i cacyofus i ngoncol yt i cvi r ust her apy .

Al t hough t r adi t i onale f f or t st ounder s t and human di sease hav ef ocused on t he ge nome ,j us tas compel l i ng ar et he e f f ect soft heepi ge nome :t hese tofchemi calmodi f i cat i ons t hat r egul at e how our ge nes ar e expr essed. These modi f i cat i ons actas an on/ of fs wi t ch t o de t er mi ne t he f unct i on ofcel l s ,s i l e nceunnecessar ycopi esofge nes ,and 1 can be i nf l ue nced by our e nvi r onme nt and habi t s .

Epi ge ne t i c modi f i cat i ons , or “ epi mut at i ons ” , can hav e mass i v ei mpact sonhumanheal t handdi sease ,andcancer i s no except i on—due t o epi ge ne t i cs ’ce nt r alr ol ei n ge ne expr ess i on, epi ge ne t i c mut at i ons can af f ect cancer dev el opme ntatnear l yev er yl ev el .Epi dr ugs ,anew cl assof cancert r eat me nt st hatt ar ge tt hesemut at i ons ,hav emany be ne f i t swhe n used al ongs i det r adi t i onalcancert her api es and r epr ese ntan i mpor t antadvancei n cancert r eat me nt ands ur vi vabi l i t y .

Whi l e epi mut at i ons ar er ev er s i bl e ,t hey can be j us tas cat as t r ophi c as i r r ev er s i bl e ge ne t i c mut at i ons ,af f ect i ng t umorf or mat i onanddev el opme ntatev er ys t epoft heway .

Begi nni ng wi t h cancer cel l dev el opme nt i t sel f , cer t ai n epi ge ne t i cchangescandi r ect l yl eadt ocancerf or mat i onor ar e associ at ed wi t h t he f ut ur e dev el opme nt of 2 cancer caus i ng ge ne t i c mut at i ons ( and vi ce v er sa) .

Once t umorcel l shav ef or med,epi mut at i onscans uppr esschecks l i ke t he cancer i mmuni t y cycl e t hat woul d nor mal l y 3 el i mi nat et hem.

Changes i n ge ne expr ess i on can ev e n cont r i but et owar dt het umor ’ ss ubseque ntabi l i t yt os pr ead t hr oughoutt hebodyandr epl i cat econt i nuousl y ,di sas t r ous t ot hebodybuthel pf ult ot hecancert hathasov er t ake ni t .

Theubi qui t yandi mpactofepi ge ne t i csoncancermayhel p t o expl ai ni ndi vi dualvar i at i on i nt r eat me ntr es ponse ,as 4 ev er yone ’ sepi ge nomei sdi f f er e nt .

The epi ge nome ’ s pot e nt i al t o cont r i but et owar d cancer f or mat i on and pr ogr ess i on may seem me naci ng,butt hi s knowl edger epr ese nt sa hugeadvancei n cancerdi agnos i s and t r eat me nt .Si nce epi ge ne t i c mut at i ons can eas i l y be t ar ge t ed and al t er ed unl i kege ne t i cmut at i ons ,f i ndi ngson t he epi ge ne t i cscancer r el at i ons hi p has l ed t o t he dev el opme ntofepi dr ugs :a new cl ass ofcancert her api es t hat f ocuses on t r eat i ng epi ge ne t i c cont r i but or s . As epi mut at i ons can dr i v e cancerdev el opme ntand s uppr ess i mmune r egul at or s ,epi dr ugs may be abl et or ev er se t he epi mut at i onsbe hi ndt hesepr ocessesandr es t or et henor mal epi ge nome . Ear l yr es ul t s of epi dr ugs , whi ch hav e bee n pai r ed wi t h exi s t i ngcancert her api es ,hav ebee n ext r emel y pr omi s i ng.Notonl ydoepi dr ugswor ki nconcer twi t ht hese t her api es ,butt heycanal sor educecommonadv er see f f ect s , dr ug r es i s t ance , cont r i but i ng t owar d i ncr eased t umor 5 r emi ss i on and l i f eexpect ancy .

Duet ot her ece ncy oft he f i el d,howev er ,t her ear er el at i v el yf ew epi dr ugst ohel pt r eat cancer ;i twasonl yi n Januar y2020t hatt az eme t os t at ,t he f i r s tepi dr ug t ot r eatsol i dt umor s( s peci f i cal l y ,epi t hel i oi d sar coma) ,wasappr ov ed.St i l l ,t heseear l yf i ndi ngss ugges t t hatwhe nepi dr ugsar emor ewi del yavai l abl e ,t heyar el i kel y t os i gni f i cant l yi mpr ov ecancerde t ect i onandel i mi nat i on.

TheCaoLabor at or yatt heRut ger sCancerI ns t i t ut es t udi es epi ge ne t i cr egul at i on oft hei mmuner es ponset ocanceri n 6 cel landani malmodel s .

Theyseekt ouset hi sappr oach t o dev el op epi ge ne t i csbased t her api es t hat can ai d t he i mmune r es ponse agai ns tt umor s ,as expl ai ned i nt hei r r ece nt publ i cat i on “ Cancer epi ge ne t i cs ,t umor i mmuni t y , andi mmunot her apy . ”Hope f ul l y ,t hewor kofr esear cher sl i ke Dr . Cao t o i nv es t i gat e t he i mpact of epi ge ne t i cs on cancer —and t he pr omi s i ng f ut ur e dev el opme nt of epi dr ugs—canonedaymakecancer sdi seasesoft hepas t .

Dreami ng i nto conci ousness

MayeeshaMali ha

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THESUBJ ECTI VI TYOFPAI N

AmyLi

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Many i ndi vi dual s optt o wat ch t el evi si on shows orshor tvi deo segment s dur i ng t hei r r egul arr un on t he t r eadmi l l ,j oggi ng as t hey bl i ssf ul l yf ol l ow al ong wi t ht hei rf avor i t e char act er s.However ,ast hescr eengoesbl ackandcr edi t sst ar tr ol l i ngacr osst hescr een, somemaybecomeawar eofashar ppai nst abbi ngatt hei rsi deoradul lachet hr obbi ngi n t hei rt hi ghs.I ft hebodywascont i nui ngi nt hesamemot i onasi thadmoment sear l i er ,why wasi tonl ybecomi ngappar ent l ypai nf ulnow?How doest hebodyr ecei vet hesamesensor y i nputandyetpr ocessi tdi f f er ent l y?

The sensat i on ofpai ni s hi ghl y subj ect i ve;a sensat i on per cei ved as pai nf ulby one 1 i ndi vi dual may si mpl yf eel uncomf or t abl e or even pl easant t o anot her i ndi vi dual .

I nt er est i ngl y, descendi ng si gnal sf r om t he br ai n t ot he spi nal cor d modul at et he t r ansmi ssi onofascendi ngpai ni nf or mat i on.Ther ef or e,cogni t i onandemot i onsgener at ed i nt hebr ai ncandi r ect l yi mpactt hesever i t yandqual i t yofpai nexper i enced.Somecor t i cal r egi onsr el easeneur ot r ansmi t t er ssuchasendor phi nst hatt r i ggerdescendi ngsi gnal sand 2 r egul at et hesensi t i vebal anceofpai nper cept i on.

Pr oposedi n1965byRonal dMel z ackandPat r i ckWal l ,t hegat et heor yofpai npost ul at es 3 t hatpai n si gnal sar esel ect i vel yper mi t t edt oascendt ot hebr ai nf orf ur t herpr ocessi ng.

The t r ansmi ssi on ofpai n si gnal si st her eby “ gat ed”by a var i et y ofcont ext dependent f act or s such as at t ent i on,emot i on,and expect at i on.Thi s pai n modul at i on i sl ar gel y accompl i shed byt heact i vi t yofi nt er neur ons,whi ch ar ener vecel l swi t hr el at i vel yshor t axonst hatenabl el ocalcommuni cat i onbet weensensor yormot orneur onsandt hecent r al 4 ner vous syst em.

These neur ons can al so communi cat e wi t h each ot herand al l ow f or neur alci r cui t sofvar yi ngcompl exi t i es.

Gener al l y,l ar gef i beract i vi t y“ cl oses”t he gat e by exci t i ng i nhi bi t or yi nt er neur ons t hat dampen t he t r ansmi ssi on ofpai ni nf or mat i on.On t he ot herhand,smal l f i beract i vi t y “ opens' 't hegat ebyi nact i vat i ngi nhi bi t or yi nt er neur onsandt husenabl i ngpai nsi gnal st o 5 r eacht hebr ai nandcausepai nper cept i on.

Thought hi smodeli sanover si mpl i f i cat i on,i t i sasui t abl ei nt r oduct i ont oel uci dat et hecompl exneur alcommuni cat i ont hatt akespl ace when t he body exper i ences pai nf ulst i mul i .Rut ger s Pr of essorVi ct or i a Abr ai r af ur t her el abor at est hatl ongt er m pot ent i at i on( LTP)st r engt henst heconnect i onbet weenneur ons 6 “ sot hati nf or mat i oni scar r i edt ot hebr ai nal otmor ef ai t hf ul l y. ” LTPheavi l ycont r i but es t ot hephenomenonofsynapt i cpl ast i ci t yandusual l yi nvol vest hepr oduct i onofmor e 4A neur ot r ansmi t t err ecept or st or ecei veani ncomi ngsi gnal . ssuch,LTPi npai npat hways of t en causes i ncr eased sensi t i vi t yt o pai n. Addi t i onal l y, Dr . Abr ai r ar emar ks t hat “ nonneur onalcel l sl i kemacr ophagesandmi cr ogl i ast ar tt oki cki nt hatr ear r angesomeof 6T t hesynapsesi nt hespi nalcor d. . . and r ewi r et hespi nalcor d per manent l y. ” hus,many di f f er entcel l ul armechani smsmodul at et heopeni ngandcl osi ngoft hesepai n“ gat eways. ” Resear ch wi t hi nr ecentdecades has r eveal ed t hatt he br ai ni s notsi mpl y a passi ve r eci pi entofsensor yi nput ,butal soan act i vecont r i but orofsensor yper cept i on.Hi gher or derpr ocessesgener at edi nt hecor t excanhavesi gni f i canti mpl i cat i onsf orhow aphysi cal st i mul us( orevenl ackofst i mul us)i si nt er pr et edbyt hebody.Forexampl e,at t ent i onand emot i on:asDr .Abr ai r aexpl ai ns,achi l dget t i ngashotmayseem t of eelt hesameamount ofpai nasasol di erst umbl i ngt hr oughabat t l ef i el dwi t habr okenl eg.

I ti si mpor t antt or ecogni z et hatpai nhasbi ol ogi calsi gni f i canceasani ndi cat orofmal ady ordef or mi t y and pr event si ndi vi dual sf r om causi ng f ur t heri nj ur yt ot hemsel ves.The qual i t yandl ocal i z at i onofpai ni ncer t ai nar easoft hebodyevenpl aysal ar ger ol ei nmany medi caldi agnoses.Thus,pai n can bebenef i ci alandonl yout l i vesi t susef ul nesswhen i t 7 becomes chr oni c. As moder n sci ent i st s cont i nue t o unt angl et he i nt r i caci es ofpai n per cept i on and modul at i on, new r esear ch pr omi ses t o el i mi nat et hese “ usel essl y” uncomf or t abl e aspect s ofpai n whi l e pr eser vi ng i t s di agnost i c and even “ pr ot ect i ve” f unct i on.

ANEW ERAOFCOCHLEAR I MPLANTSAnushkaPande I n 2017,al mostseven t housand Amer i can babi eswer ebor n wi t h per manenthear i ngl oss.Whi l et hi sr epr esent sa mer e0.

2% of 1 newbor nsannual l yi nt heUS,consi derf oramomentt hesever i t yofhear i ngl oss.

Notonl yi sani ndi vi dual ’ sacoust i cl enst ot hewor l d r ender edusel ess,butcommuni cat i onandsoci alski l l sar eal soadver sel yaf f ect ed.AFebr uar y2021st udyconduct edbyJohnsHopki ns Uni ver si t y and t he Uni ver si t y ofMar yl and has di scover ed a val uabl e connect i on bet ween hear i ng l oss and neur onalpat t er ns.

Advancement si nt hi sar eacoul dher al danew er aofcochl eari mpl ant st hatt akeadvant ageoft hi sconnect i vi t yt or est or eal i nkt ot he wor l d.

A goodpl acet obegi nwhent al ki ngabouthear i ngl ossi st heear .But ,whathappensaf t ert hesoundcomesi ncont actwi t ht heear ?

2 Sound wavesent ert hr ough t heout erear ,t r avel i ngt ot heear dr um,wher et heypr oduceavi br at i on.

Thi sact i vat eshai rcel l st hat t r ansl at et hesoundwavesi nt oel ect r i calsi gnal st hatt hen getpr ocessedi nt heaudi t or yner vewi t hi nt hebr ai n.I n hear i ngi mpai r ed i ndi vi dual s,t hi spr ocessi si nt er r upt edwhent hesoundr eachest hehai rcel l s,whi char eof t endamagedandunabl et oconver tsi gnal s i nt oel ect r i calst i mul i .

Cochl eari mpl ant s,sur gi cal l yi mpl ant abl ehear i ngdevi cest hatst i mul at et he8t hcr ani alner ve,mor ecommonl yknownast hecochl ear 3 ner ve,ar ehel pf uli nt r eat i ngcongeni t alhear i ngl ossi nbabi es.

I deal l y,t heear l i erani mpl anti spl aced( cur r entgui del i nessuggestby oneyearofage) ,t hebet t erout comeper f or mance.Thi sway,t hei mpl antcant akeadvant ageofbr ai npl ast i ci t yandi mi t at et hef unct i on ofmi ssi nghai rcel l s.

Thest udyment i onedear l i erof f er sgr eat eri nsi ghti nt ot heneur ali mpl i cat i onsofdeaf ness,par t i cul ar l yi nnewbor ns.Resear cher sf r om JHU and UMD f ound t hat subpl at e neur ons ( SpN’ s) ,a subcat egor y ofneur ons r esponsi bl ef or devel opi ng hear i ng,exhi bi t 4 hyper connect i vi t yi ni ndi vi dual swi t h pr of ound hear i ngl oss.

Uni mpai r ed f et almi cer ai sed i nt hepr esenceofambi entsoundshad SpN’ s wi t h mor e spont aneous act i vi t y, si gni f yi ng st i mul at i on by sound. Compar at i vel y, i n deaf mi ce, t he SpN’ s exhi bi t ed hyper connect i vi t y.I not herwor ds,ani mal swi t houtt heabi l i t yt ohearmadeupf ort hel ackofsoundst i mul at i onbycr eat i ng‘ ar t i f i ci al connect i ons’bet ween t hei rSpN’ s.Whi l et heseconnect i onshavenotyetbeen pr oven t ocor r el at et oi mpr ovedaudi t or yf unct i on,t hi s st udysuggest st hatdet ect i onofmor phol ogi cal l ydi f f er entconnect i onsbet weenSpN' smaybeusedt odi agnosedeaf nessi nnewbor ns.

Dr .YuLanMar yYi ng,Ot ol ogi standNeur ot ol ogi st ,Associ at ePr of essori nt heDepar t mentofOt ol ar yngol ogy– HeadandNeckSur ger y atRut ger sNew Jer seyMedi calSchool ,andasur geon af f i l i at edwi t h RWJBar nabas,hasext ensi veexper i encewi t h cochl eari mpl ant sur ger yi nnewbor nswi t hcongeni t alhear i ngl oss.Dr .Yi ngexpl ai ns,“ cur r entcochl eari mpl ant sst i mul at et he8t hNer ve,whet hert he 5 cent r alci r cui t r yi sf or medornot . ” Shebel i evest hatt hesenew sci ent i f i cf i ndi ngsr ai set hei deaofdevel opi ngasecondt ypeofcochl ear i mpl anti n addi t i on t ot heexi st i ng‘ onesi z ef i t sal l ’i mpl ant ;“ onef ort hosewhohaveal r eadyest abl i shed t heci r cui t r yduet ol at er hear i ngl oss,andonet hatt akesadvant ageofhyper connect i vi t yi nSpN’ si ni ndi vi dual sbor nwi t hcongeni t alhear i ngl oss. ” 5Dr .Yi ng al soconsi der st heusef ul nessoft hesef i ndi ngsi naddr essi ngbar r i er st oheal t haccess,expl ai ni ng,“ f ort hosewhowecoul dnoti dent i f y ear l yenough,t aki ngt heseal t er edSpN ci r cui t si nt oaccountmi ghtbeasol ut i ont opar t i al l yr egai ni nghear i ngandi mpr ovi ngqual i t yof 5 l i f e. ” Over al l ,t hesef i ndi ngsr ef l ectt hatnewbor nswhoar ebor ndeafexhi bi thyper connect i vi t ybet weent hei rsubpl at eneur ons( SpN’ s) .Thi s devel opmentshowspr omi sef ort hef ut ur eofcochl eari mpl ant s,asDr .Yi ngsuggest s,possi bl yhel pi ngdevel op anew i mpl antt hat sendsel ect r i calsi gnal st osubpl at eneur onst ot akeadvant ageoft hi shyper connect i vi t y.Aboveal l ,t hesef i ndi ngscan i mpr ovet he qual i t yofl i f ef orbabi esbor nwi t hcongeni t alhear i ngl ossandenr i cht hei rper cept i onoft hewor l dbyi l l umi nat i ngt hei rsenseofhear i ng.

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Pri nti ng to SaveLi ves Neur odege ner at i v edi seasesar epar al yz i ngcondi t i onst hat r es ul ti nt hepr ogr ess i v edege ner at i onandev e nt ualdeat hof ner v e cel l s . Speci f i cal l y , a gr aduall oss of f unct i on i n neur onswi t hi nt hebr ai n orper i pher alner v oussys t em i s i mpl i cat ed i nt hedev el opme ntoft hesedi seaseswi t ht he mos tcommon exampl es bei ng Par ki nson’ s orAl z hei mer ’ , howev er ,r ege ner at i v emedi ci neof f er sapr omi s i ngsol ut i on t ot he t her apeut i c needs ofneur odege ner at i v e di seases .

Rege ner at i v e medi ci ne f ocuses on t he dev el opme nt of me t hodst or epai rdamagedordeadcel l s ,andsci e nt i s t sar e now l ooki ngt or ecr eat eneur onsi nt hehopest or es t or el os t f unct i on i nt he ner v ous sys t em.I nf act ,r esear cher si n Nor t hwes t er n Uni v er s i t y hav e dev el oped a new pr i nt abl e bi omat er i alt hatcan mi mi cpr oper t i esoft hebr ai nt i ss ue 1 and t hus hel pt r eatneur aldi seases .

These bi omat er i al s upers t r uct ur es ar e esse nt i al l ya f or mat i on ofbundl ed nanor i bbonst hatge ner at eahydr ogelwhi ch can eas i l ybe 3D pr i nt ed.Thekeyf eat ur eoft heses uper s t r uct ur esi st he abi l i t yt o sel f assembl e and mov e ar ound wi t hi n t he assembl i es ,al l owi ng neur onalcel ls i gnal i ng t o be mor e e f f i ci e nt . Al t hough t her e ar e no act i v es t udi es bei ng conduct edj us tye t ,t heor e t i cal l y ,t heses upers t r uct ur escan e nhanceneur ongr owt handse nds peci f i cchemi cals i gnal s t oawi der angeoft i ss ueswhi chcanmakeadi f f er e ncei na 1 pat i e ntt hathasAl z hei mer ’ s .

I n Al z hei mer ’ s , pr ogr ess i v e neur onal degr adat i on and ev e nt ualdeat hi nt he br ai nr es ul ti nt he di s r upt i on of esse nt i alneur onalne t wor ks .Conseque nt l y ,manyr egi ons oft he br ai n begi nt os hr i nk.Speci f i cal l y ,br ai n at r ophy pr i mar i l yoccur si nt hef r ont alandt empor all obe ,whi chi s 2 accompani edbyt hel ossofmi l l i onsofneur ons .

Whi l et he f or mat i on of new neur ons s t i l l cont i nues t o occur i n pat i e nt s wi t h Al z hei mer ’ s ,t he r at e ofneur oge nes i s ,t he f or mat i onofnew br ai ncel l s ,i smuchl owert hant her at eof 3 neur on de t er i or at i on.

Resear cher s now may be abl et o e nhanceneur ongr owt hbycont r ol l i ngt hesel f assembl y

34

ApArvanavi n

pr ocessofmol ecul eswi t hi nt hebi omat er i alt or es t or esome oft heneur onst hatdi ed.Whi l et hi si ss t i l la hypot he t i cal model , as cl i ni cal s t udi es hav e not begun ye t ,t hese t echnol ogi caladvanceme nt s gi v e hope t ot he r ege ner at i v e medi ci necommuni t y .

I n f act ,r api d advanceme nt s i n r ege ner at i v e medi ci ne cont i nuet ogar neri ncr eas i ngf undi ngands uppor t ,f os t er i ng t he gr owt h oft he f i el d.Ther ei s a gr owi ng demand f or r ege ner at i v e medi ci nes ,l i ke bei ng abl et o cr eat e pr i nt abl e neur ons , whi ch i sr es ul t i ng i n i ncr eas i ng f undi ng and s uppor tt o cr eat ephys i calmodel soft hesei deaswi t ht he goalofconduct i ngcl i ni calt r i al sandi mpl eme nt i ngt hem i n 4 pat i e nt s t hat s uf f er f r om neur odege ner at i v e di seases .

Addi t i onal l y ,t heuseofr ege ner at i v emedi ci nehasal r eady bee ni mpl i cat edi nt het r eat me ntofmul t i pl escl er os i s ,s pi nal cor di nj ur i es and os t eoar t hr i t i s ,wher ei t has s hown t o r educe chr oni c or acut e pai n and i ncr ease f ocus and cogni t i v ef unct i on,pr i mar i l yt hr ough t heuseofs t em cel l t her apy .Thi sdemons t r at est hecr edi bi l i t yand pot e nt i alof r ege ner at i v emedi ci neandpr ovi desopt i mi s mf ort hosewho s uf f erf r om neur odege ner at i v edi seasess uchasAl z hei mer ’ s .

Rege ner at i v emedi ci nehast heabi l i t yt o di v er s i f y how we t r eat i ndi vi dual s wi t h neur odege ner at i v e di seases as t echnol ogi caladvanceme nt si n pr i nt abl e bi omat er i al s can al l ow ust or es t or ebr ai nf unct i on and v ol umei n pat i e nt s wi t ht hesedi sor der s .Wi t haddi t i onalr esear ch,accompani ed by cl i ni cal s t udi es ,t he i mpl eme nt at i on of t hese s uper s t r uct ur eswi l lmakeadi f f er e ncei napat i e nt ' squal i t yofl i f e .

STUCKI NTRAFFI C?THEDANGERSOF LONGERCOMMUTETI MES Shaf aqShahz ad AtRut ger sUni ver si t y,t ot alst udentenr ol l mentsur passes60, 000att heNew Br unswi ckcampus al one.Over 56% ofRut ger s st udent s commut et o or l i ve of f campus f r om one oft he t hr ee 1 campuses:New Br unswi ck,Newar k,andCamden.

I nr esponse,t heuni ver si t yof f er sconveni ent t r anspor t at i on met hodssuch asbusesand t r ai n passest ogett oand t r avelar ound campus.I n addi t i on,manyst udent soptt ouseaper sonalvehi cl et omaket hecommut et oschool .However , al t hought hesecommut i ngmet hodsar ebenef i ci alandsust ai nabl e,t heyhavecausedar i sei nt he numberofcar ci nogensbei ngi nhal edt hr oughai rpol l ut i onwi t hi nvehi cl es.

Car ci nogensvar yf r om anysubst ancessuchasi nt heai rt ochemi cal si nf oodst hatcausecancer .

However ,i ti sessent i alt onot et hatevent houghani ndi vi duali sexposedt oorcomesi nt ocont act 2 wi t hcar ci nogens,t hatdoesnotmeant heywi l lgetcancer .

I mpor t antf act or ssuchasone' sgenes andt heamountofcar ci nogenst heyhavebeenexposedt oar evi t ali ndet er mi ni ngi fcont actwi t ha car ci nogen i shar mf ult ot hei rheal t h.Thesecar ci nogensi ncl udebenz eneandf or mal dehyde,t wo 3 chemi cal susedi naut omobi l emanuf act ur i ngandr el easedi nt ot heai r .

I n vehi cl e manuf act ur i ng,t he chemi calbenz ene i s used t o pr oduce synt het i cf i ber s.I thas i ncr eased t her i sk ofdevel opi ngl eukemi a,cancert hataf f ect st hebl ood and bonemar r ow.I ti s cl assi f i edasaGr oupA car ci nogen byt heEnvi r onment alPr ot ect i on Agency( EPA) .I n addi t i on t o i ncr easi ng t he r i sk ofcancer ,benz ene al so can i ncr ease t he chance of“ r epr oduct i ve and 3 devel opment alt oxi ci t y”i ncommut er s.

Mor eover ,adver seef f ect sf oraf et usi ncl udel ow bi r t h wei ght ,del ayedbonef or mat i on,andbone 4 mar r ow damage.

Secondl y,f or mal dehydei sachemi calused t obi nd pl ast i cs.I ti ncr easesone' s r i skofdevel opi ngl ungand/ornasophar yngealcancer .I ti scl assi f i edasaGr oupB1car ci nogenby 5 t heEPA. Bot hoft hesechemi cal shavebeendet ect edi nt heai randt hedustofvehi cl es,maki ng pr ol ongedexposur et oi t( especi al l yf ordai l ycommut er s)aheal t hhaz ar d.

A st udyconduct ed byt heUni ver si t yofCal i f or ni a,publ i shed i nt heEnvi r onmentI nt er nat i onal , cal cul at edt hedai l ydoseoft hechemi cal sbenz eneandf or mal dehydet hatwer ebei ngi nhal edby commut er sacr ossdi f f er entcommut et i mes.However ,commut er swhohavecommut et i mesof20 mi nut esorl ongerhaveaper centr ef er encedose( %Rf D)gr eat ert han100.I nt hi sr epor t ,t heper cent r ef er encedosei sgr eat ert han100.Thi smeanst hatt her ei smaxi mum exposur eoft hechemi cal s 6 basedont he“ maxi mum al l owabl edai l yl evel ” .

Thought heset wochemi cal sshoul dbet t erbesubst i t ut edi nt heaut omobi l es’pr oduct i ont opr ot ect t heheal t h oft hosewhor i dei nt hem,bot h commut er sand publ i ct r anspor t at i on wor ker sal i ke, cur r ent l y,t her ei sno ot hersust ai nabl eopt i on."

I n or derf orst udent s,st af f ,and wor ker swho commut et o combatt he har mf ulef f ect s oft hese car ci nogens,openi ng t he wi ndow dur i ng t he commut ei saneasywayt okeept heai rf l owi ngr at hert hanaccumul at i ng—maki ngi tt heonl yt hi ng t hat ’ si nhal ed.Ther ei s a gr eat er r i sk ofbei ng exposed t o car ci nogeni c chemi cal si nl ar ger met r opol i t an ar eassuch aswher eRut ger sUni ver si t yi sl ocat ed.Wi t h Rut ger sUni ver si t ybei ng l ocat ed wi t hi n an ur ban ar ea,wi t h many st udent s commut i ng,and bei ng wi t hi nt he l ar ger met r opol i t an ar ea,t her ei s a gr eat er r i sk ofbei ng exposed t ot hese car ci nogeni c chemi cal s.

Pr esent l y,Rut ger sUni ver si t y,i ncombi nat i onwi t ht heUni ver si t yofMedi ci neandDent i st r yofNew Jer sey and Rober t Wood Johnson Medi calSchool , ar e sponsor i ng t he Envi r onment aland Occupat i onalHeal t hSci encesI nst i t ut e( EOHSI )i nt hei rmi ssi ont oaddr essenvi r onment ali ssues ofsi gni f i cancei n New Jer sey.Thi si ncl udest heToxi col ogyDi vi si on ofEOHSImaki ngsi gni f i cant cont r i but i ons t o under st andi ng t he basi c mechani sms under l yi ng t oxi c r esponses t o 7A envi r onment alchemi cal s,i ncl udi ngcar ci nogens. l li nal l ,bei ngabl et or ai seawar enesst owar ds t hi si ssuei sver yi mpor t antasi tnotonl ybenef i t sst udentl i f ei ndi vi dual l y,buti tal sohel pst o i mpr ovet heRut ger scommuni t yasawhol e.

35

THEDUALI TYOFAUTI SM SPECTRUM DI SORDERS MI TALISHROFF

36

Aut i sm Spect r um Di sor der s( ASD) ar e a set of l i f el ong het er ogenous neur odevel opment aldi sor der s cl assi f i ed by di f f i cul t i es under st andi ng soci alcues,r est r i ct i ve r epet i t i ve behavi or s,andbehavi or alchal l enges.St udi eshaveshowna var i et y ofcauses f or aut i sm due t oi tbei ng a pol ygeni c di sor der .Thus,t heext entt owhi ch aut i st i cphenot ypesar e pr esent ed can var y f r om one i ndi vi dual t o t he next .

Resear cher s ar e now r evi si ng pr evi ous model s t hat cor r el at ed speci f i c genes wi t h aut i sm and now under st andi ng how cer t ai n genes l ead t o phenot ypes commonl y expr essed i n var i ous neur odevel opment al di sor der s, asi de f r om aut i sm al one. Aut i sm Spect r um Di sor der shavel ongbeen char act er i z ed wi t hl ow cogni t i on accor di ngt o st andar di z ed t est i ng.However ,r ecentst udi es haveshown t hatal l el escommonl yexpr essedi ni ndi vi dual s wi t h hi gh I Q’ sand speci al i z ed t al ent sover l ap si gni f i cant l y wi t hal l el esexpr essedi naut i st i ci ndi vi dual s. ¹ Thi sl eadst ot hequest i on:how i si tpossi bl ef oraut i sm t o si mul t aneousl y be l i nked wi t h bot h hi gh i nt el l ect and cogni t i vechal l enges?Theanswert ot hi si sexpl ai nedbyt he “ hi ghi nt el l i gencei mbal ancehypot hesi s” ,st at i ngt hat“ some genet i cal l ybased component sofi nt el l i gencear eenhanced, but i mbal ances acr oss component s i ncr ease r i sk and pat t er ns of expr essi on f or aut i st i c phenot ypes, and f or di agnoses. ”Someoft hephysi ol ogi calal t er at i onssuppor t i ng t hi s hypot hesi si ncl ude dat a set s di spl ayi ng t hataut i st i c i ndi vi dual shavel ar gerbr ai n si z eand head ci r cumf er ence.

Thi scor r el at eswi t h agr eat erabundanceofneur onsi nt he br ai n, a t hi cker neur onal cor t ex, as wel l as a l ar ger hi ppocampus vol ume;al lcauses f orhi gherI Q.Mor eover , di f f er ences i n neur al connect i ons f ur t her suppor tt hi s hypot hesi s.The aver age neur alconnect i ons consi stofa mi xt ur eofshor tandl ongl engt hconnect i onst ocr eat ef r ont al and par i et ali nt egr at i on oft he br ai nl eadi ng t o gener al i nt el l i gence.However ,shor t r angeconnect i vi t y( seenmor ei n t han t he l ong r ange al t er nat i ve i n aut i st i c peopl e) ar e associ at ed wi t h enhanced audi t or y pi t ch, per cept i on, at t ent i on, and memor y whi ch can di sr upt soci al i nt er act i ons. ² Thedual i t y oft hi shi gh i nt el l i gencel ow cogni t i vef unct i on nat ur eofaut i sm can havemanyi nt er f er i ngi mpl i cat i onson t hedayt odayl i f eofaut i st i cpeopl e.Cur r entt ool susedby

cl i ni ci anst oi dent i f yaut i sm ar et ai l or edt ot heext r emecases ofaut i sm,nott heki ndst hatpr esentwi t hhi ghI Q andpoor under st andi ng of soci al scenar i os, such as Asper ger ' s syndr ome. ³ Asper ger ’ ssyndr omei sa ki nd ofASD t hatl acksl anguage del ayori nt el l ect ualdi sabi l i t i es.Al t houghaut i sm i sgener al l y di agnosedi nyoungchi l dr en,peopl ewi t hAsper ger ’ sof t engo i nt ot hei rl at et eensundi agnosedordi agnosedwi t h ADHD, onl yt ol ear nl at er i nl i f et hat t hei r ADHD had been a comor bi di t yofanASD,andt hatt heywer eunabl et or ecei ve suppor tt hatmayhavebeenbenef i ci alf ort hem whenyoung.

These i ndi vi dual s of t en ar el ef tt of i nd ways t o navi gat e t hr ough school ,uni ver si t i es,and wor kpl aceson t hei rown ei t herbei ngmi sunder st ood orbei ngunabl et o pi ck up on ver balt ones and soci alcues ofot her s.A st udy f r om t he Uni t edKi ngdom pr ovi desl ookedatdepr essi on andsui ci dal i deat i onr at esofadul t swi t hAsper ger ’ sandf oundt hat“ 66% of367r espondent ssel f r epor t edsui ci dali deat i on,127( 35%) of 365 r espondent s sel f r epor t ed pl ans or at t empt s at sui ci de,and 116 ( 31%)of368 r espondent s sel f r epor t ed depr essi on” .Thedat ahi ghl i ghtt heneed f orbet t ersuppor t f ori ndi vi dual sundert hi scl assofAut i sm t opr eventsoci al i sol at i on,depr essi on,andsui ci der at es. ⁴ Or gani z at i ons atRut ger s Uni ver si t y ai m t o do j ustt hi s.

Rut ger s unbi asedl y suppor t s st udent sr angi ng acr oss t he aut i st i cspect r um.TheDougl assDevel opment alDi sabi l i t i es Cent erser vest heneedsofi ndi vi dual sages321 and 21+ wi t h ASD.Thepr ogr am ut i l i sesAppl i ed Behavi orAnal ysi s Ther apy( ABA)whi chi mpr ovescommuni cat i onandl ear ni ng ski l l st hr ough posi t i ve r ei nf or cementi n or der t o suppor t aut i st i ci ndi vi dual st hr ough t hei rper sonalandpr of essi onal endeavor s.Such Rut ger si ni t i at i vesar ea st ep i nt her i ght di r ect i on t oensur eaut i st i ci ndi vi dual sr ecei vet hecar eand suppor tt hey deser ve, r at her t han mi ssi ng out on l i f e changi ngr esour cesoverdi f f i cul t i esi ndi agnosi s.Wehopet o see such r esour ces expand acr oss t he nat i on, t or ai se under st andi ng on how t o suppor tpeopl e wi t h spect r um di sor der s,whosesympt omsvar yf r om per sont oper son. ⁵

" TheI mpor t ant Thi ngi st o Ne v e rSt op Que s t i oni ng" -Al be r tEi ns t e i n

37

WORKSCI TED

3 .Na t i o n a lI n s t i t u t eo fHe a l t h .( 2 0 1 6 ,J u l y1 9 ) .

Th e“ Ba t t l e ”o fma n a g i n gl a ngua geba r r i e r si n h e a l t hc a r e .Pu b Me dCe n t r a l( PMC) .h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC4990509/ 4 .U. S.Ce n s u sBu r e a uQu i c k Fa c t s :Ne wBr u n s wi c kc i t y ,Ne wJ e r s e y .( n . d. ) .

Ce ns usBur e a u Qu i c k Fa c t s .h t t p s : / / www. c e n s u s . g o v / q u i c k f a c t s / n e wb r u n s wi c k c i t y n e wj e r s e y Cove rPhot o: Akr a mHus e y n 5 .Pa r t i d a , Y.( 2 0 0 7 , Au g u s t ) .La n g u a g eb a r r i e r sa n dt h ep a t i e n te n c o u n t e r .

J our na lofEt hi c s| Le t t e rf r omt heEdi t or :ht t ps : / / www. r u t g e r s . e d u / a c a d e mi c s / s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s / e n g i n e e r i n g Ame r i c a nMe d i c a l As s o c i a t i o n .h t t p s : / / j o u r n a l o f e t h i c s . a ma a s s n . o r g / a r t i c l e / l a ngua ge ba r r i e r s a nds c hool p a t i e n t e n c o u n t e r / 2 0 0 7 0 8 Ta bl eofc ont e n t s :Ca n vaCr e a t i veSt u d i o 6 .Er i cB.Ch a n d l e rh e a l t hc e n t e r .( n . d . ) .Ro b e r tWo o dJ o h n s o nMe d i c a lSc hool .

COVI D19Te s tRe s ul t sJus taSwi peAwa y ? h t t p s : / / r wj ms . u md n j . e d u / p a t i e n t _ c a r e / c h a n d l e r / s e r v i c e s . h t ml 1.

USDa i l yTe s t s .( 2021,Ma r c h7) .Re t r i e v e dMa r c h2 9 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m Ph ot o :J o s h u aHo e h n e ht t ps : / / c ovi dt r a c ki n g. c o m/ da t a / c h a r t s / u s d a i l y t e s t s Ex pl o r i ngt heEf f e c t so fEpi g e ne t i c sAc r o s sGe ne r a t i o ns 2.FDAa ppr ov e sFI RSTAt h omeSa l i v aCo l l e c t i o nt e s tf o rCo r o n a v i r u s . ( 2 0 2 0 , Ma y8 ) .

1 .

Ce n t e r sf o rDi s e a s eCo n t r o la n dPr e v e n t i o n .( 2 0 2 0 , Au g u s t3 ) .

Wh a ti sEpi ge ne t i c s ?Ce nt e r sf or Re t r i e ve dAug us t28,2021,f r omh t t p s : / / www. r u t g e r s . e d u / n e ws / f d a a p p r o v e s f i r s t h ome s a l i v a Di s e a s eCo n t r o la n dPr e v e n t i o n .h t t p s : / / www. c d c . g o v / g e n o mi c s / d i s e a s e / e pi ge ne t i c s . ht m. c ol l e c t i ont e s t c or o na vi r u s 2 .Gr o t h , A.( 2 0 1 2 ,J u l y2 4 ) .

Yo u ' r et h ea v e r a g eo ft h ef i v ep e o p l ey o us p e ndt hemos tt i mewi t h.

3.Ma nda vi l l i , A.( 2 020, Ap r i l2 9) .J u s tSp i ta n dWa i t :Ne wCo r o n a v i r u sTe s tOf f e r s Bu s i n e s sI n s i d e r .h t t p s : / / www. b u s i n e s s i n s i d e r . c o m/ j i mr o h n y o u r e t h e a v e r a ge of t he f i ve Adva nt a ge s .Re t r i e ve dMa r c h29,20 2 1 , f r o m p e o p l e y o u s p e n d t h e -mo s t t i me wi t h 2 0 1 2 7 . ht t ps : / / www. ny t i me s . c om/ 2020/ 04/ 2 9 / h e a l t h / c o r o n a v i r u s s a l i v a s p i t t e s t s . h t ml 3 .He n r i q u e s ,M.( 2 0 1 9 ,Ma r c h2 6 ) .Ca nt h el e g a c yo ft r a u mab ep a s s e ddownt hege ne r a t i ons ?

4.

Wa t t s ,E.( 20 21,Ma r c h20) .Sk i ns wa b sc o u l db et h en e x tCOVI D1 9t e s t .

Re t r i e v e dMa r c h BBCFu t u r e .h t t p s : / / www. b b c . c o m/ f u t u r e / a r t i c l e / 2 0 1 9 0 3 2 6 wh a t i s e p i g e ne t i c s .

29,2021,f r omht t p s : / / www. me di c a l n e ws t o d a y . c o m/ a r t i c l e s / s k i n s wa b s c o u l d b e t h e n e x t 4 .Ro d r i g u e z , T.( 2 0 1 5 ,Ma r c h1 ) .De s c e n d a n t so fHo l o c a u s tSu r v i v o r sHa veAl t e r e dSt r e s s c ovi d19t e s t # Se b umt e s t i ng Ho r mo n e s .Sc i e n t i f i cAme r i c a n .h t t p s : / / www. s c i e n t i f i c a me r i c a n . c o m/ a r t i c l e / de s c e nda nt s of 5.Spi c k,M. ,Longma n ,K. ,Fr a mpa s , C. , Le wi s , H. , Co s t a , C. , &Wa t e r s , D. D. ( 2 0 2 1 ) .

Ch a n g e s h o l o c a u s t s u r v i v o r s h a v e a l t e r e d s t r e s s h o r mon e s / . t ot hes e buml i p i domeu ponCOVI D1 9i n f e c t i o no b s e r v e dv i ar a p i ds a mp l i n gf r o mt h es k i n .

5 .Bi e r e r ,L.M. ,Ba d e r ,H.N. ,Da s k a l a k i s ,N.P . ,Le h r n e r , A.L. ,Ma k o t k i ne , I . , Se c kl , J .

R. , TheLa nc e t ,33 .doi : h t t ps : / / d oi . or g/ 1 0 .

1 0 1 6 / j . e c l i n m.

2 0 2 1 .

1 0 0 7 8 6 &a mp ; Ye h u d a ,R.( 2 0 1 4 ) .El e v a t i o no f1 1 βh y d r o x y s t e r o i dd e h y d r o g e n a s et ype2a c t i vi t yi n Ph ot o:Cl a yBa nks Ho l o c a u s ts u r v i v o ro f f s p r i n g :Ev i d e n c ef o ra ni n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a le f f e c to fma t e r na lt r a uma Cave me nandCOVI D19 e x p o s u r e .Ps y c h o n e u r o e n d o c r i n o l o g y ,4 8 ,1 – 1 0 .

1.

Ge ne t i cAl l i a n c e .

AGui det oGe ne t i c sa n dHe a l t h .

Wa s h i n g t o n( DC) :Ge n e t i cAl l i a n c e ;2 0 0 6 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 1 6 / j . p s y n e u e n .

2 0 1 4 .

0 6 .

0 0 1 6 0 1 : 6 9 4 : 4 13CHROMATI NAND Whyi sge ne t i c si mpor t a n tt omyf a mi l ya n dme ?Av a i l a b l ef r o m: EPI GENETI CS.( n . d . ) .0 1 : 6 9 4 : 4 1 3CHROMATI NAND ht t ps : / / www. nc bi . n l m. n i h . gov/ books / NBK1 1 5 6 0 4 / EPI GENETI CS.Re t r i e v e dAu g u s t2 6 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o mh t t p s : / / b i o l o g y . r u t g e r s . e du/ 32f a l l 2.Ze be r g,H. ,Pä ä b o,S. Thema j o rg e n e t i cr i s kf a c t o rf o rs e v e r eCOVI D1 9i si n h e r i t e df r o m c o u r s e s / mo l e c u l a r b i o l o g y a n d b i o c h e mi s t r y c o u r s e s 3 / 1 6 2 6 9 4 4 1 3 c h r oma t i na nde pi g e nomi c s Ne a nde r t ha l s .Na t ur e5 87,610–612( 2 0 2 0 ) . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 3 8 / s 4 1 5 8 6 0 2 0 2 8 1 8 3 2 3.Ze be r gH,Pä ä b oS. Age n omi cr e g i o na s s o c i a t e dwi t hp r o t e c t i o na g a i n s ts e v e r e Ph ot o :mi c r o g e n COVI D19i si n he r i t e df r omNe a n de r t a l s .

Pr o cNa t l Ac a dSc iUSA. 2 0 2 1Ma r Epi dr ug s :ABr e a kt hr o ug hi nt heSe a r c hf o raCur e 2; 1 18( 9) : e 2026 3091 18.doi :1 0.

1073 / p n a s .

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I mmu n o t h e r a p y .

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1 0 1 6 / j . t r e c a n .

2 0 20.

02.

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5 Fl a v a h a n , W. A. ,Ga s k e l l ,E. ,&Be r n s t e i n ,B.E.( 2 0 1 7 ) .Ep i g e n e t i cp l a s t i c i t ya ndt he 2.Kwon,I .K. ,Le e , S.C. ,Ha n ,B. , &Pa r k , K. ( 2 0 1 2 , De c e mb e r1 0 ) .

An a l y s i sont h ec u r r e n t h a l l ma r k so fc a n c e r .Sc i e n c e ,3 5 7 ( 6 3 4 8 ) .d o i : 1 0 .

1 1 2 6 / s c i e n c e . a a l 2 3 8 0 s t a t usoft a r ge t e ddr u gde l i ve r yt ot u mo r s .

J o u r n a lo fc o n t r o l l e dr e l e a s e:o f f i c i a lj o u r n a l 6 Ca oLa b o r a t o r y .( n . d . ) .Re t r i e v e dMa r c h ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o mh t t p s : / / www. c i n j . o r g/ c a ol a b oft heCont r ol l e dRe l e a s eSoc i e t y .h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC3 8 3 3 6 7 9 / .

Ph ot o :u n s p l a s h . c o m 3.Popr a c ,P . ,J omova ,K. ,Si mu nkov a , M. , Ko l l a r , V. , Rh o d e s , C. J . , &Va l k o , M. ( 2 0 1 7 ,Ma y COVI D1 9a ndt heSur g eo fDo me s t i cVi o l e nc eCa s e s 24) .

Ta r ge t i ngFr e eRa di c a l si nOx i d a t i v eSt r e s s Re l a t e dHu ma nDi s e a s e s .

Tr e n d si n 1 .( 2 0 2 0 ,Oc t o b e r9 ) .

Vi o l e n c ePr e v e n t i o n :Fa s tFa c t s .Ce n t e r sf o rDi s e a s eCont r o la nd Ph a r ma c ol ogi c a lSc i e n c e s .

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As t h maa n da i rp o l l u t i o ni nt h eBr o nx:Me t hodol ogi c a la nd d a t ac o n s i d e r a t i o n si nu s i n gGI Sf o re n v i r o nme n t a lj u s t i c ea n dh e a l t hr e s e a r c h.

He a l t h&Pl a c e . h t t p s : / / www. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m/ s c i e n c e / a r t i c l e / a b s / p i i / S1 3 5 3 8 2 9 2 0 5 0 0 0 6 75? vi a =i h ub.

3 .Ki n g , A.( 2 0 2 0 , Ap r i l1 3 ) .Li n k i n gAi rPo l l u t i o nToHi g h e rCo r o n a v i r u sDe a t h Ra t e s .De p a r t me n to fBi o s t a t i s t i c s .h t t p s : / / www. h s p h . h a r v a r d . e d u / b i o s t a t i s t i c s / 2020/ 04/ l i nki nga i r p o l l u t i o n t o h i g h e r c oo n a v i r u s d e a t h r a t e s / .

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Expos ur e t oa i rp o l l u t i o na n dCOVI D1 9mo r t a l i t yi nt h eUn i t e dSt a t e s : An a t i o n wi dec r o s s s e c t i ona ls t udy . me d Rx i v .

5 .Do mi n g o ,J .L. ,&Ro v i r a ,J .( 2 0 2 0 ,Ma y1 1 ) .Ef f e c t so fa i rp o l l u t a n t sont het r a ns mi s s i ona nd s e v e r i t yo fr e s p i r a t o r yv i r a li n f e c t i o n s .NCBI . h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC72 1 1 6 3 9 6 .Ru t g e r sUn i v e r s i t y .( 2 0 2 0 ,Ma y ) .Cl i ma t eCh a n g e ,He a l t h ,a n dEq u i t yi nNe wJ e r s e y .

Rut ge r s NJCl i ma t eCh a n g eRe s o u r c eCe n t e r . h t t p s : / / n j c l i ma t e r e s o u r c e c e n t e r . r u t g e r s . e d u / c l i ma t e _ c h a n g e _ 1 0 1 / c l i ma t e c ha nge he a ltha nde q u i t y i nn e wj e r s e y / 7 .Be r n s t e i n , A.( 2 0 2 0 ,J u l y6 ) .Co r o n a v i r u sa n dCl i ma t eCh a n g e .CCHANGE| Ha r va r dT. H. Ch a nSc h o o lo fPu b l i cHe a l t h .h t t p s : / / www. h s p h . h a r v a r d . e d u / c c h a n g e / s ubt opi c s / c or ona vi r us a n d c l i ma t e c h a n g e / .

8 .J o r d a n ,R.( 2 0 1 9 ,Ma r c h1 5 ) .Ho wd o e sc l i ma t ec h a n g ea f f e c td i s e a s e ?St a nf o r d Ea r t h .h t t p s : / / e a r t h . s t a n f o r d . e d u / n e ws / h o wd o e s c l i ma t e c h a n g e a f f e c t d i s e a s e .

9 .Ma c k e n z i e ,J .S. ,&Smi t h ,D. W.( 2 0 2 0 ,Ma r c h1 7 ) .COVI D1 9 :an o v e lz oonot i cdi s e a s e c a u s e db yac o r o n a v i r u sf r o mCh i n a :wh a twek n o wa n dwh a twed o n ' t .

Mi c r obi ol ogyAus t r a l i a . h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC70 8 6 4 8 2 / .

Ph ot o :u n s p l a s h . c o m Bl ue l i g htGl a s s e s :AWo r t hwhi l eI nv e s t me nt ?

1 .De ' ,R. ,Pa n d e y ,N. ,&Pa l , A.( 2 0 2 0 ,De c e mb e r ) .I mp a c to fd i g i t a ls u r gedur i ngc ovi d 19 p a n d e mi c : Av i e wp o i n to nr e s e a r c ha n dp r a c t i c e .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l0 9 ,2 0 2 1, f r om h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC72 8 0 1 2 3 / 2 .Sa f r o n o v a , V.( 2 0 2 1 ,Fe b r u a r y1 8 ) .

Wh e nd i de v e r y o n eg e tb l u e l i g h tg l a s s e s ?Re t r i e ve dApr i l 0 9 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o mh t t p s : / / www. n y t i me s . c o m/ 2 0 2 1 / 0 2 / 1 8 / s t y l e / b l u e l i g h t g l a s s e s . ht ml 3 .Bl u el i g h th a sad a r ks i d e .( 2 0 2 0 ,J u l y7 ) .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l0 9 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o mHa r va r dHe a l t h Pu bl i s h i n g .( n . d . ) .Bl u el i g h th a sad a r ks i d e .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l0 9 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r om h t t p s : / / www. h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u / s t a y i n g h e a l t h y / b l u e l i g h t h a s a d a r k s i d e 4 .Dob l u el i g h tb l o c k i n gg l a s s e sr e a l l ywo r k ?( 2 0 2 1 ,Fe b r u a r y2 1 ) .Re t r i e ve dApr i l09, 2021, f r o mh t t p s : / / www. n p r . o r g / 2 0 2 1 / 0 2 / 2 1 / 9 6 9 8 8 6 1 2 4 / d o b l u e l i g h t b l o c k i n g gl a s s e s r e a l l ywor k 5 .La wr e n s o n ,J .G. ,Hu l l ,C.C. ,&Do wn i e ,L.E.( n . d . ) .

Th ee f f e c to fb l u e l i ghtbl oc ki ng s p e c t a c l el e n s e so nv i s u a lp e r f o r ma n c e ,ma c u l a rh e a l t ha n dt h es l e e p wa kec yc l e : As ys t e ma t i c r e v i e wo ft h el i t e r a t u r e .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l0 9 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o m h t t p s : / / p u b me d . n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / 2 9 0 4 4 6 7 0 / Pho t o :Vi ni c i usAma no Ho wt heCOVI D1 9He a l t hCr i s i sHa sBr o ug htPr e v e nt a t i v eMe di c i net ot heFor e f r ont 1 .

Mu n s o n ,M.( 2 0 2 1 ,J a n u a r y1 3 ) .He r e ' sh o wDr .Fa u c ii sp r o t e c t i n gh i si mmunes ys t e mdur i ng t h ep a n d e mi c .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l1 1 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o m h t t p s : / / www. me n s h e a l t h . c o m/ h e a l t h / a 3 4 7 5 8 6 5 5 / a n t h o n y f a u c i h e a l t h y i mmune s ys t e mc ovi dc o r o n a v i r u s / 2 .

Tr e n d si nt h eu s eo ft e l e h e a l t hd u r i n gt h ee me r g e n c eo ft h eCo v i d 1 9Pa nde mi c-Uni t e dSt a t e s , J a n u a r y – Ma r c h2 0 2 0 .( 2 0 2 0 ,Oc t o b e r3 0 ) .

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E.:Nu t r i t i o nWo r k s h o p :No u r i s ht oFl o u r i s h h t t p s : / / r u t g e r s . c a mp u s l a b s . c o m/ e n g a g e / e v e n t / 7 0 5 9 0 7 1 Ph ot o :Ty l e rNi x TheFut ur eo fNe ur a lTi s s ueRe g e ne r a t i o n 1 .

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1 1 8 6 / s 1 3 2 8 7 0 1 9 1 1 5 6 6 2 .Fe n d l e r , A.( 2 0 2 1 ) .Re s e a r c h .

W.M.Ke c kCe n t e rf o rCol l a b o r a t i v eNe ur o s c i e nc e .

Re t r i e ve d Ap r i l3 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o mh t t p s : / / k e c k . r u t g e r s . e d u / r e s e a r c h c l i n i c a l t r i a l s / r e s e a r c hc l i ni c a l t r i a l s 3 .Spi n a lc o r di n j u r y-Sy mp t o msa n dc a u s e s .( 2 0 1 9 ,Se p t e mb e r1 7 ) .Ma y oCl i ni c . h t t p s : / / www. ma y o c l i n i c . o r g / d i s e a s e s c o n d i t i o n s / s p i n a l c o r d i n j u r y / s y mp t oms c a us e s / s y c 2 0 3 7 7 8 9 0 # : %7 E: t e x t =Th e %2 0 mo s t %2 0 c o mmo n %2 0 c a u s e s %2 0 o f , s p i n a l %20c or d %20i nj ur i e s %2 0 e a c h %2 0 y e a r .

4 .C. D. R. F .( 2 0 2 1 ) .Hi s t o r yo fSCIr e s e a r c h .Re e v eFo u n d a t i o n . h t t p s : / / www. c h r i s t o p h e r r e e v e . o r g / r e s e a r c h / h i s t o r y o f s p i n a l c o r d r e s e a r c h Ph ot o :u n s p l a s h . c o m

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9 .Mi t h o e f e r ,M. C. ,Fe d u c c i a , A. A. ,J e r o me ,L.e ta l .( 2 0 1 9 )MDMAa s s i s t e dps yc hot he r a py f o rt r e a t me n to fPTSD:s t u d yd e s i g na n dr a t i o n a l ef o rp h a s e3t r i a l sb a s e donpool e d a n a l y s i so fs i xp h a s e2r a n d o mi z e dc o n t r o l l e d t r i a l s .Ps y c h o p h a r ma c o l o g y ,2 3 6 ,2 7 3 5 – 2 7 4 5 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 0 7 / s 0 0 2 1 3 0 1 9 0 5 2 4 9 5 1 0 .Na r d o u ,R. ,Le wi s ,E. M. ,Ro t h h a a s ,R.e ta l .( 2 0 1 9 )Ox y t o c i n d e p e n d e ntr e ope ni ngofa s o c i a lr e wa r dl e a r n i n gc r i t i c a lp e r i o dwi t hMDMA.Na t u r e ,5 6 9 ,1 1 6 – 1 2 0 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 3 8 / s 4 1 5 8 6 0 1 9 1 0 7 5 9 1 1 .Do b l i n ,R.( 2 0 1 9 ) .

TEDTa l k :Th eFu t u r eo fPs y c h e d e l i c As s i s t e dPs yc hot he r a py .

MAPS. h t t p s : / / ma p s . o r g / n e ws / b u l l e t i n / a r t i c l e s / 4 3 7 ma p s b u l l e t i n s u mme r 2 0 1 9 vol 29, n o2r e s e a r c h e d i t i o n / 7 8 5 2 t e d t a l k t h e f u t u r e o f p s y c h e d e l i c a s s i s t e d p s y c h o t h e r a py Ph ot o :Fo r e s tSi mo n APr o mi s i ngNe wTr e a t me ntf o rAl z he i me r ' sDi s e a s e 1 .

Al z h e i me r ’ sAs s oc i a t i o n .( 2 0 2 1 )Al z h e i me r ’ sa n dDe me n t i a .

Al z h e i me r ’ sAs s oc i a t i on. h t t p s : / / www. a l z . o r g / a l z h e i me r s d e me n t i a / wh a t i s a l z h e i me r s 2 .

Al z h e i me r ’ sAs s oc i a t i o n .( 2 0 2 1 )Fa c t sa n dFi g u r e s .

Al z h e i me r ’ sAs s o c i a t i on. h t t p s : / / www. a l z . o r g / a l z h e i me r s d e me n t i a / f a c t s f i g u r e s 3 .Ma r r ,R. A. ,&Ha f e z ,D.M.( 2 0 1 4 ) .

Amy l o i d b e t aa n dAl z h e i me r ’ sd i s e a s e :Ther ol eof n e p r i l y s i n 2i na my l o i d b e t ac l e a r a n c e .Fr o n t i e r si nAg i n gNe u r o s c i e n c e . d o i : h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g . p r o x y . l i b r a r i e s . r u t g e r s . e d u / 1 0 .

3 3 8 9 / f n a g i .

2 0 1 4 .

0 0 1 8 7 4 .Ma n i c h ,B.&Co mp t o nR.( 2 0 1 8 ) .Co g n i t i v eNe u r o s c i e n c e .Fo u r t hEdi t i on.Ca mbr i dge Un i v e r s i t yPr e s s 5 .

Wa s h i n g t o nUn i v e r s i t yo fMe d i c i n e( 2 0 2 1 ,Fe b r u a r y1 9 ) .Pr o t e i nl i n k e dt oAl z he i me r ’ s , s t r oke s c l e a r e df r o mb r a i nb l o o dv e s s e l s .Sc i e n c e Da i l y . h t t p s : / / www. s c i e n c e d a i l y . c o m/ r e l e a s e s / 2 0 2 1 / 0 2 / 2 1 0 2 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 8 . h t m 6 .Bh a n d a r i , T( 2 0 2 1 ,Fe b r u a r y1 7 ) .Pr o t e i nl i n k e dt oAl z h e i me r ’ s,s t r o k e sc l e a r e df r ombr a i n b l o o dv e s s e l s .

Wa s h i n g t o nUn i v e r s i t yo fMe d i c i n e .h t t p s : / / me d i c i n e . wu s t l . e du/ ne ws / pr ot e i nl i n k e d t oa l z h e i me r s s t r o k e s c l e a r e d f r o mb r a i n b l o o d v e s s e l s / 7 ,Co y l e ,Ca i t l i n( 2 0 1 8 ,Se p t e mb e r2 6 ) .Ru t g e r sr e s e a r c h e r sd i s c o v e rp o s s i bl ec a us ef or Al z h e i me r ’ sa n dTr a u ma t i cBr a i nI n j u r y .Ru t g e r sDa i l y . h t t p s : / / www. r u t g e r s . e d u / n e ws / r u t g e r s r e s e a r c h e r s d i s c o v e r p o s s i b l e c a u s e a l z he i me r s a ndt r a um a t i c b r a i n i n j u r y Ph ot o :J o e lFi l i p e ALo o ki nt ot heBe s tEnv i r o nme ntf o rCo nc e nt r a t i o n 1 .Sör q v i s t ,P . ,&Ma r s h ,J .E.( 2 0 1 5 ) .Ho wCo n c e n t r a t i o nSh i e l d sAg a i n s tDi s t r a c t i on.

Cur r e nt d i r e c t i o n si np s y c h o l o g i c a ls c i e n c e ,2 4 ( 4 ) ,2 6 7 – 2 7 2 .h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 1 77/ 0963721415577356 2 .Co l e ,S. ,Ba l c e t i s ,E. ,&Zh a n g ,S.( 2 0 1 3 ) .

Vi s u a lp e r c e p t i o na n dr e g u l a t or yc onf l i c t :mot i va t i on a n dp h y s i o l o g yi n f l u e n c ed i s t a n c ep e r c e p t i o n .J o u r n a lo fe x p e r i me n t a lp s yc hol ogy .Ge ne r a l , 1 4 2 ( 1 ) ,1 8 – 2 2 .h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 3 7 / a 0 0 2 7 8 8 2 3 .Ka n e ,M.J . ,Po o l e ,B.J . , Tu h o l s k i ,S. W. ,&En g l e ,R. W.( 2 0 0 6 ) .

Wo r ki ngme mor yc a pa c i t y a n dt h et o p d o wnc o n t r o lo fv i s u a ls e a r c h :Ex p l o r i n gt h eb o u n d a r i e so f" e xe c ut i vea t t e nt i o n" .

J o u r n a lo fe x p e r i me n t a lp s y c h o l o g y .Le a r n i n g ,me mo r y ,a n dc o g n i t i o n ,3 2( 4) , 749–777. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 3 7 / 0 2 7 8 7 3 9 3 .

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Au d i t o r yd i s t r a c t i ona nds e r i a l me mo r y :t h ea v o i d a b l ea n dt h ei n e l u c t a b l e .No i s e&h e a l t h ,1 2 ( 4 9 ) ,2 0 1 – 209. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

4 1 0 3 / 1 4 6 3 1 7 4 1 .

7 0 4 9 7 5 .Be a ma nC.P .( 2 0 0 4 ) .

Th ei r r e l e v a n ts o u n dp h e n o me n o nr e v i s i t e d :wh a tr ol ef orwor ki ng me mo r yc a p a c i t y ? .J o u r n a lo fe x p e r i me n t a lp s y c h o l o g y .Le a r n i n g ,me mo r y , a ndc og ni t i o n,3 0( 5) , 1 1 0 6 – 1 1 1 8 .h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

1 0 3 7 / 0 2 7 8 7 3 9 3 .

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Th eI mmu n eSy s t e ma n dCa n c e r .( 2 0 2 0 ,J u l y7 ) .Ca n c e rRe s e a r c hUK. h t t p s : / / www. c a n c e r r e s e a r c h u k . o r g / a b o u t c a n c e r / wh a t i s c a n c e r / b o d y s y s t e ms a ndc a nc e r / t h e i mmu n e s y s t e ma n d c a n c e r # : ~: t e x t =Ca n c e r %2 0 c a n %2 0 we a k e n %2 0 t he %20i mmune %2 0 s y s t e m%2 0 b y %2 0 s p r e a d i n g %2 0 i n t o %2 0 t h e , h a p p e n %2 0 wi t h %2 0 o t he r %20c a nc e r s % 2 0 t o o 2 .I mmu n o t h e r a p yt oTr e a tCa n c e r .( 2 0 1 9 ,Se p t e mb e r2 4 ) .Na t i o n a lCa n c e rI ns t i t ut e . h t t p s : / / www. c a n c e r . g o v / a b o u t c a n c e r / t r e a t me n t / t y p e s / i mmu n o t h e r a p y # : ~: t e xt =I mmunot h e r a p y %2 0 i s %2 0 a %2 0 t y p e %2 0 o f , a %2 0 t y p e %2 0 o f %2 0 b i o l o g i c a l %2 0 t h e r a py .

3 .Fuk u h u r a ,H. ,I n o , Y. , To d o , T.( 2 0 1 6 ) .On c o l y t i cVi r u sTh e r a p y : ANe wEr aofCa nc e r Tr e a t me n ta tDa wn .Na t i o n a lLi b r a r yo fMe d i c i n e . h t t p s : / / p u b me d . n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / 2 7 4 8 6 8 5 3 / 4 .Be l l ,J .( n . d . ) .Ho wOn c o l y t i cVi r u sTh e r a p yi sCh a n g i n gCa n c e rTr e a t me nt .

Ca nc e r Re s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e .h t t p s : / / www. c a n c e r r e s e a r c h . o r g / i mmu n o t h e r a p y / t r e a t me nt t ype s / onc ol yt i c v i r u s t h e r a p y # : ~: t e x t =Th e r e %2 0 i s %2 0 c u r r e n t l y %2 0 o n e %2 0 o n c o l y t i c , s u b s e t s %2 0 o f %2 0pa t i e nt s %20wi t h %2 0 me l a n o ma 5 .La n ,Q. ,Xu i a ,S. , Wa n g ,Q. ,Xu , W. ,Hu a n g ,H. ,J i a n g, S,Lu ,L.( 2 0 2 0 , Ma r c h7) .

De v e l o p me n to fOn c o l y t i cVi r u sTh e r a p y :Fr o mGe n e t i cMo d i f i c a t i o nt oCombi na t i on Th e r a p y .Na t i o n a lPu b l i cHe a l t hEme r g e n c yCo l l e c t i o n . h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC71 0 1 5 9 3 / 6 .Ma r e l l i ,G. ,Ho we l l s , A. ,Le mo i n e ,N. , Wa n g , Y.( 2 0 1 8 , Ap r i l2 6 ) .On c ol yt i cVi r a l Th e r a p ya n dt h eI mmu n eSy s t e m: ADo u b l eEdg e dSwo r dAg a i n s tCa n c e r .

Fr ont i e r si n I mmu n o l o g y .h t t p s : / / www. n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / p mc / a r t i c l e s / PMC5 9 3 2 1 5 9 / 7 .

Vr i e s ,C. ,Ka u f ma n ,H. ,La t t i me ,E.( 2 0 1 5 ,Ma r c h2 2 ) .On c o l y t i cVi r u sThe r a py: Fo c u s i n go nt h eTu mo rMi c r o e n v i r o n me n t .Na t i o n a lLi b r a r yo fMe d i c i n e . h t t p s : / / p u b me d . n c b i . n l m. n i h . g o v / 2 5 7 2 1 2 0 4 /

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St uc ki nTr a f f i c ?TheDa ng e r so fLo ng e rCo mmut eTi me s 1 .

A.( 2 0 1 9 ,J u l y1 6 ) .Co l l e g eCo mmu t i n gMa d eEa s y .Re t r i e v e df r o m h t t p s : / / s o e . r u t g e r s . e d u / c o l l e g e c o mmu t i n g ma d e e a s y 2 .Shi t a l ,K.( 2 0 2 0 ,J u l y1 7 ) .1 0c o mmo nCARCI NOGENSy o us h o u l dk nowa bout .

Re t r i e v e dMa r c h1 9 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o m h t t p s : / / www. we b md . c o m/ c a n c e r / k n o wc o mmo n c a r c i n o g e n s 3 .Be r n s t e i n ,J .( 2 0 2 1 ,Fe b r u a r y1 5 ) .Co mmu t e r sa r ei n h a l i n gu n a c c e p t a b l yhi ghl e ve l s o fc a r c i n o g e n s .Re t r i e v e dAp r i l0 3 ,2 0 2 1 ,f r o m h t t p s : / / www. s c i e n c e d a i l y . c o m/ r e l e a s e s / 2 0 2 1 / 0 2 / 2 1 0 2 1 5 0 9 2 4 0 2 . h t m 4 .EP A.( 2 0 1 2 ) .“ Be n z e n e . ”PDFFi l e h t t p s : / / www. e p a . g o v / s i t e s / p r o d u c t i o n / f i l e s / 2 0 1 6 0 9 / d o c u me n t s / b e n z e n e . pdf 5 .EP A.( 2 0 0 0 ) .“ Fo r ma l d e h y d e . ”PDFFi l e . h t t p s : / / www. e p a . g o v / s i t e s / p r o d u c t i o n / f i l e s / 2 0 1 6 0 9 / d o c u me n t s / f o r ma l d e hyde . pd f 6 .Re d d a m, A. ,&Vo l z ,D.( 2 0 2 1 ,J a n u a r y2 9 ) .I n h a l a t i o no ft woPr o p6 5 l i s t e dChe mi c a l s WI THI Nv e h i c l e sma yb ea s s o c i a t e dwi t hi n c r e a s e dc a n c e rr i s k .Re t r i e v e dApr i l03, 2 0 2 1 ,f r o m h t t p s : / / www. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m/ s c i e n c e / a r t i c l e / p i i / S0 1 6 0 4 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 6 X? vi a %3Di hub 7 .EOHSI .“ Th eSt a t eo ft h eI n s t i t u t ePo s i t i o n e df o rt h eNe wMi l l e n n i u m” .

PDFFi l e . h t t p : / / o i r a p . r u t g e r s . e d u / ms a / d o c u me n t s / s t a t e _ i n s t i t u t e . p d f Ph ot o :Cl a yBa n k s Aut i s m Spe c t r um Di s o r de r s 1 .Le n r o o t ,R.K. ,&Ye u n g ,P .K.( 2 0 1 3 ) .He t e r o g e n e i t ywi t h i nAu t i s mSpe c t r umDi s or de r s :Wha t h a v eWeLe a r n e df r o mNe u r o i ma g i n gSt u d i e s ? .Fr o n t i e r si nh u ma nn e u r os c i e nc e , 7, 733. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

3 3 8 9 / f n h u m.

2 0 1 3 .

0 0 7 3 3 2 .

Th a b t a h ,F . ,&Pe e b l e s ,D.( 2 0 1 9 ) .Ea r l yAu t i s mSc r e e n i n g : ACo mp r e he ns i veRe vi e w.

I n t e r n a t i o n a lj o u r n a lo fe n v i r o n me n t a lr e s e a r c ha n dp u b l i ch e a l t h ,1 6 ( 1 8 ) , 3502. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 .

3 3 9 0 / i j e r p h 1 6 1 8 3 5 0 2 3 .

Ap p l i e dBe h a v i o r a l An a l y s i s .( 2 0 2 1 , Au g u s t1 9 ) .I sAu t i s mAs s o c i a t e dwi t hHi ghe r I n t e l l i g e n c e ?Ap p l i e dBe h a v i o r a l An a l y s i s| Ho wt oBe c o mea nAp p l i e dBe ha vi orAna l ys t . h t t p s : / / www. a p p l i e d b e h a v i o r a n a l y s i s e d u . o r g/ i s a u t i s ma s s o c i a t e d wi t h h i ghe r i nt e l l i ge nc e / 4 .Br o wn , T.E. ,Ph D.( 2 0 2 1 ,Ma r c h2 4 ) .

Wh yHi g h I QPa t i e n t swi t hAu t i s morADHDFa c e El e v a t e dRi s k .

ADDi t u d e .h t t p s : / / www. a d d i t u d e ma g . c o m/ h i g h i q a u t i s ma dhdp a t i e nt s / 5 .Ru t g e r sUn i v e r s i t y .( 2 0 2 1 , Ap r i l7 ) .Rut g e r sOp e n sAd u l t Au t i s mSe r v i c e sCommuni t yCe nt e r . h t t p s : / / www. r u t g e r s . e d u / n e ws / r u t g e r s o p e n s a d u l t a u t i s ms e r v i c e s c o mmuni t yc e nt e r 0 Ph ot o :J e s s eOr r i c o Qu o t e : Al b e r tEi n s t e i n ,Ph o t o : Ad r i e nCo n v e r s e St a f f :Na t u s hAb o o t a l e b i Ba c kc o v e r :De r e kFi n c h

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