Connecting_the_Dots_by_Anton_250505PDF_250505_182909

Table of contents

Introduction

I

1

Chapter 1 - Native elemems and imermetallic alloys

I

5

Chapter 2 - Sulfides, tellurides. selenides. arsenides, and antimonides

I I

I1

Chapter 3 - Halides Chapter 4 - Oxides Chapter 5 - Carbonates Chapter 6 - Sulfates Chapter 7 - Phosphates i

I

I I I

20 21 50 55 56 1

I Chapter 8 - Arsenates Chapter 9 - Silicates Chapter 10 - Organic compounds Chapter 11 - Unclassified References Index of mineral names

I I I I

79 91

92 93

I 110

Introduction O f the m any m inerais first described frorn Brazil. severa I ar e rare, problema tic or not fully described.

According to Smith ( 1995). th ere are on ly three com pi lations of Brazilian minerais (Ferraz 1928. Fróes Abreu 1965. and Franco et ai. 1972 ). and one abou t m inera is frorn Sã o Paul o Sta te (Knecht 1950). non e of th ese have been updared. Som e papers on lhe rnatter coul d be add ed: O liveira (1930 ), Leo na rdos (1 955). and Fran co ( 1981).

Befor e lhe esta blishrnen t of lhe Co m mission on New Minerais and Mi nera l Names (CNM MN) of the lnternarional M inera logical Association ( IMA ) in 1959. m or e th an eighty new m inera l names were giv en to spec im ens frorn Brazil. Only twe nry of these can be rea lly co nsi dered as va lid Braz ilian rype m inerais today: arrojadite. ar senopa llad in ite, barbasal ite. brazi lian ite, ch rysoberyl, de rbylite. euclas e. fa heyite . floren cite-( Ce), trondelite. go rcei xite, goyazite. j oséi te. mo raesite. pa llad ium. scorzal ite. sena ite. souza lite. tavorite, and rripuhyite.

After the CN M MN - IMA was established. lhe descriptions of stari ng ite. tan talaeschynite-(Y), atheneite. isomert ieite . bahi an ite, pall adseite, w h iteite-(Ca FeMg). whi teite-( M nFeMg). lan th an ite-fbld ), m in asgeraisite-(Y), parabariornicrolite, zanazziite, arupite, ya norna mi te, qu intinite-2H. dukeite, se rra brancaite, and fluornatromicr olite were ap proved by CNMMN - IMA. Th e redefinition of arsenop al ladin ite was published in 197 4 with CNMMN lMA approval. The m inera l staring ite was officially diseredited in 199 2 .

The name lipsco rnbite was first used for a syn thet ic materi al. "Mangan oan lipscornbite'', descri bed by Lindberg ( 1962) frorn the Sa pucaia Pegmatit e, Gali léia. Mi nas Gera is. Brazil. and regar ded as lhe type spec irnen, seems to be a J 2 d ifferen t species with Mn or Fe - predo m inan t over Fe - in th e A-site. X-ray powd er di ffraction data are vinually identical. but the chemical resul ts are very poor an d a good form u la could not be derived. The type lipscom bite should be regarded as lhe material frorn lhe pegrnatites at Otov. near Domazlice. Bohemia. Czech Republic described by Cecheral. (1961).

Th e nam e pse udo ru tile (1966) was introduced without CI MMN - IMA approval for a minera l from several occurrences including Braz il. bUI non e of lhe investiga ted speci mens \ \135 des ignated as a type specim en. This name was rej ected (1968). but subsequen tly was offici all y reval idated ( 1994 ) and a neorype specimen was designated frorn South Austra lia.

The name zirkelite ( 1895), introd uced for a Brazilian m iner a l. was redefined ( 1989) . Following this redefinition . th e Brazilian mi neral would be reall y z irke lite (as red efined ) if cubic. or zirco no lite if m etarn iet. It shou ld not be included in lh e va lid Braz il rype species list du e to lhe fact that il is no t certain as lO whi ch of the two the origi na l m ateria l corresponds .

The mineraIs chaves ite ( 1958) an d ferrazite (1919) we re d iscr ed ited (1 994 an d 1996. respectively) with CNM MN - lMA approval. Th e nam es osm irid ium ( 1824) and iridos mi ne ( 182 7) were officia lly d iscarded ( 199 1) in favour ofiridium an d osm ium. resp ective ly.

The pyroch lore-grou p m inerai s rijkeboerite ( 1963. introd uced without CNM1vIN - (MA ap proval) an d dja lma ite ( 1939) had their nam es oflicia lly changed ( 1977) to bari om icr olite and uranm icrolite. respectivel y, and the type spec im en s remain from Braz il. The nam es tan ta laeschyn ite-(Ce) (1968). ferrohalotrich ite ( 1969) , tra uirite (197 1). ibitiarite (1975). co utinite (198 1). co utinhite ( 1981 ). neodyrn ite ( 198 1). heitorite ( 199 1). and calcio-rhabophane ( 1992) wer e introd uced without adeq ua re j usti fication and also without CNMMN - lMA a pprova l. Coutini te, co utinh ite. an d neodym ite were officially dis car ded (1999).

Severa1 mi ne ra is first des cribed as new spec ies. wer e later di scred ited as rnisiden ti ficat ion s (chalrnersite, cha vesi te. harrt ite. sta r ing ite, etc.) or as varieties of'existi ng min erais (eschwegeite, paredr ite. porpezite. ribe irite, etc.).

So me m inera is changed th eir nam es d ue to new nom encl ature systerns of mineral groups (rij keboerite. dj al rna ite. ir idos m ine. an d osmiridium ). So me m ineral names. for examp le, gui marãesite and reitin gerite, were given to doubtful m inerais with out adequate j ust ificat ion. and the refore do no! have a reputab le standing in mineralogy. Th e nam e lan talaeschynite-(C e) \ Va5 erro neous ly given to tan ta laesch yn ite-f'r') .

There are a lso severaI m iner a is with incorn p lete descriptions that need further study to establish them as independe m species (jos éite-B, ka lkowsk ite, oliveiraite. orvi l1ite. pennaite. etc.) , So me problematic Brazil ian minerais are present ly under stu dy (pa lladini te, lewisite, etc.). Type- localíty problern s a lso exist: The type occurrence of lan thani te-I l,a) is Basmâs. Swed en. but a li the che m ically ana lyzed lan than ite sam ples frorn this occ urrence are lanthan ite-(C e). Lan thanite-(La ) was reco rded onl y frorn Brazil (C ur itiba, Paraná an d Santa Isabel. Sã o Paul o).

Severa l unn amed mi nerais were also descr ibed. for exarnp le: Mineral X from Perus. Sã o Paulo (=phur ca lite): T i3(U02 h S iO s frorn Poços de Caldas. Mi nas Gerais; (Au.Ag)3Hg frorn Sum ido uro. Mariana. Mi nas G erais: OsAss,

OsRhAsS, RuTeAs, 0sRuAs, ReS2, and a cornplex Os-Re-As-Te-Fe-Y-Rh mineral from Fortaleza de Minas. Minas Gerais; AgPd from Serra de Carajás, Pará: and two phosphates from the Sapuc:aia pegmatite , Galiléia.. Minas Gerais .

The unnamed mineral ReS2 was also noted to in other world occurrences. Unfortunately most of the relevant papers were published in rather inacx:essible sources (for example, camposite, coutinhite, gonzagaite, lavrite, neodymite, and paulistanite). In addition most of the type specimens were not preserved (bariomicrolite, chrysoberyl, giannettite, pennaite, goyazite, palladium. etc.). Table I gives the mineral names in chronological order; Table 2 gives the chemic:al classific:ation ofvalid Brazilian type specimens; and Table 3 gives the species arranged by locality.

Table 1. Valid type minerais from Brazil, 1789 Chrysoberyl D.L.G .Karsten, A.G.Werner 1792 Euclase RJ.Haüy Palladium W.H.Wollaston 1809 Joséite A.Kengott 1853 A.Damour Goyazite 1884 Derbylite E.Hussak and G.T .Prior 1895 E.Hussak and G.T.Prior Tripuhyite 1897 Senaite E.Hussak and G.T.Prior 1898 E.Hussak and G.T.Prior Florencite-(Ce) 1899 E.Hussak Gorceixite 1906 D.Guimarães Arrojadite 1925 F.H.Pough and E.P.Henderson Brazilianite 1945 W.T.Pecorn and JJ .Fahey Souzalite 1947 W.T.Pecora and JJ.Fahey Scorzalite 1947 M.L.Lindberg Frondelite 1949 M.I.Lindberg and KJ.Murata Faheyite 1953 M.L.Lindberg, W.T.Pecora, and A.L.M.Barbosa Moraesite 1953 M.L.Lindberg and W.T.Pecora Barbosalite 1954 M.L.Lindberg and W.T.Pecora Tavorite 1954 M.H.Hey Arsenopalladinite 1955 H.Srrunz Uranmicrolite 1957 M.S.Adusumilli, C.Kieft, and E.A .J.Burke Tantalaeschynite-(Y) 1974 A.M.Clark, AJ .Criddle, and E.E.Fejer Atheneite 1974 A.M.Clark, A.J.Criddle, and E.E.Fejer Isomertieite 1974 P.B.Moore and T.Araki 1976 Bahianite RJ.Davis . A.M.Clark, and AJ.Criddle Palladseite 1977 D.D.Hogarth Bariomicrolite 1977 P.B.Moore and J.Ito Whiteite-(CaFeMg) 1978 P.B.Moore and J.lto Whiteite-(MnFeMg) 1978 A.C.Roberts, G.Y.Chao, and F.Cesbron Lanthanite-(Nd) 1980 E.E.Foord, R.V.Gaines, J.G.Crock, W.B.Simmons, Jr. , and Minasgeraisite-(Y) 1986 C.P.Barbosa T.S.Ereit, F.C.Hawthorne, and P.Cerny Parabariomicrolite 1986 V.F.Buchwald 1990 Arupite P.B.Leavens, J.S.White, and J.A .Nelen 1990 Zanazziite N.F.Botelho, G.Roger, F.d'Yvoire, Y.Moelo, and M.Volfinger Yanomamite 1994 G.Y.Chao and R.A.Gault 1997 Quintinite-2H J.A.R.Stirling, A.C.Roberts, P.C.Burns, AJ .Criddle, and 2000 Dukeite M.N.Feinglos Th .Witzke, R.Wegner , Th.Doering. H.Põllmann. and Serrabrancaite 2000 W.Schuckmann Th. Witzke, M.Stein, Th .Doering, W.Schuckmann, R.Wegner. and in press Fluornatromicrolite H.Põllmann 2

Table 2. Chemical c1assification of the valid Brazilian typc minerais.

N ative elements Palladium

Pd

Sulfides. tclurides, sclcnidcs. arsenides. antimonides l oséi te Bi. TeS: Arscnopalladiniic P<L!(As.Sbh Athcne itc (Pd.HglJ As Isomcrticite Pd llSb :As: Palladseitc Pdl'SC I5 Oxides Chrysoberyl Scnallc Fluornatromicrolite Uranmicrolitc Bariornicrolitc Parabariomicrolite Dukeitc Derbyl ite Tripuhyite Tantalacschyrutc-t Y) Bahianite

BcAhO. PbMnTi :003R (Na .Ca.Bi )Ta:06F (Ca. U)(Ta.Ti):06(OH) Ba(Ta. Nb):( O. OH) ' BaTa.Ol o(OH) : .2H :O Bil- :.•Cr6-S0 57(OH)6.3H: O Fel- . Ti ·~ 3Sbl- O I3(OH) Fe:-Sb:'-:0 6('?)

(Ca.Y)(Ta.Ti .Nb):06 Al,Sb301. (OH ):

Carbonates Lanthanitc-tbld ) Quintinite-Zff

(Nd.La):( C0 3h .8H:O Mg.Al: (OH)I:(COJ).3H:O

Phosphates Serrabrancaitc Arupite Go yaz itc Florencne-tCc ) Gorceixite Arrojadite Brazilianitc Souzalitc Scorzalite Frondelitc Faheyitc Moracsitc Tavorite Barbosalitc Whi teite-t CaF eMg) Whi teite-tMnFeMg)

Zanazzute

Mn (PO. ).H:O Ni 3(PO. h8H:O SrAl3[p030",(OH}.,]:(OH)6 CCAl3(PO.):(OH)6 BaAl3( PO. )(P030H)(OH)6 KNa.Ca(Fe.Mn)I.Al(PO.)I:( OH ): Na Ah( PO. ):(OH).

(Mg.Feh(AI.Fc). (PO.M O Hk2 H:O (Fc .Mg)Al:(PO. ):( OH): (Mn .Fc)Fc. (PO.h(O Hh Be:(Mn.Mg.Na)Fe:(PO.) a , 6H: O Be:PO.,(OH).4H:O LiFePO.(OH) FC3(PO. h (OH): Ca (Fdv1n )Mg: Al: (PO. ).( O H):. 8H:O MnFcMg:Al:(PO. ).(OH): .8H :O Ca:Be.(Mg.Fe );(PO. MOH)•.6 H: O

Arsenates Yanomamitc

lnAsOa, 2H:O

3

Silicates Euclase Minasgeraisite-(Y)

BeAlSi040H CaBe~ y ~ S hO J o

Table 3. Geographical distribution of the valid Brazilian type minerais.

Rio Grande do Norte State : Alto do Giz Pegmatilc, Equador : parabariomicrolite Paraíba State: Serra Branca Pegmatite. Pedra Lavrada : arrojadlte, serrabrancaite Raposa Pegmatite, São José do Sabuci : tantalaeschynite-fv) Mina Quixabá. Frei Maninho: fluornatromicrolite Goiás State: Monte Alegrc dc Goias: yanomamitc Bahia State: Paramirim : bahianitc Minas Gerais Stat e: Datas: senaite Abaeté rivcr: gorceixite Diamantina: goyazite, florcncite-(Ce) Itabira: arsenopaJladinitc, atheneite, palladseite, isomertieite Ouro Preto: derbylite. tripuhyite. florencite-(Ce). cuclase Iringa: whiteite-(CaFeMg). whiteite-(MnFeMg), zanazziite Serro: palladium Conceicão do Mato Dentro: uranmicrolite, dukeitc São João dei Re\': bariomicrolite Timóteo: minasgeraisite-(Y) Mariana : joséite Di\ino das Laranjeiras: brazilianite, souzalite, scorzalite Galiléia: frondelite. faheyite, moraesitc. barbosalite, tavorite Aracuaí(?) : chrysoberyl São Paulo State : Cajati: quintinite-2H Paraná State: Curitiba: laothanite-(Nd) Santa Catarina State : Santa Catarina meteorite, Morro do Rodo. São Francisco do Sul: arupite

In lhe following chapters valid spccies are in bold type. ali others in pIain type,

Chapter 1 Native elements and intermetallic alloys .

Ouro preto Antonil (1711 ) ( = oxygen-bea ring Pt-Pd-Au-Cu- Fe-Mn compounds) O ther names: black gold. oiro prelo. ouro negro.

The firs t reliable appearance of the name ouro preto is found in a repon by Antonil ( 1711). The ex pression ouro preto was applied lO gold with a dark surface or to lhe com pounds that form this surfa ce. Dark brown to black compounds associated with native gold were discovered in M inas Gerais. th ree hundred years ago, and have been kn own since then as ouro preto (Jedwab & Cassedanne 1998) . During the first decades of the period called "g old cyc le", this gold was found in such abundance tha t lhe town ofVi lla Rica was later renamed Ouro Pret o.

Recen t stud ies (Jedwab 1995, Jedwab & Cassedanne 1998) of sam ples frorn lta bira. Minas Gerais, demonstrated that ouro preto corresponds to a group of oxygen-bearing Pt-Pd-Au -Cu-Fe-Mn cornpoun ds , visually indisting uis hable frorn lhe coex isting Fe andlor Mn ox ides and oxyhydrox ides ,

Porpezite Fr õbel (1843 ) (= palladian go ld) O ther names: porpezita. Porpezit, porpecita, ouro paladiado. ouro- pa ládi o, palladium gold, palladiumgold. pal1adian gold. palladiated gold . ouro palladiado. palladiferous gold. ouro com paládio. ouro branco. oro branco. ouro podre. ouro cin zento. "si lver", The nam e porpezite (Porpezit) was introduced by Fr õbel ( 1843) to designare a var iery of palladian gold analyzed by Berzelius ( 1835). "Labelled our o podre (= rotten gold), E. Pohl sem me a type 01 native gold that is found in the Capitania de Porpez, in South America. 711is gold fo rms polyhedral grains 01 an impure gold colar.. . this gold is composed. according 10 ali analysis 1 did 011 a unique grain among the largest ones weighing O.623g: ..lu 85.98% Pd 9.85 % Ag -1.17% "(Berzelius 1835 ).

Controversy exists about the origin of thi s mater ial. According to Hussak ( 1906a) , porpezite carne from lhe State of Goiás (formerly lhe states were designated capitanias). The geologist Poh l traveled through Goiás an d Berzelius migh t have m isread his handwri ting as " Porpez" instead of "Goyaz' (lh e old nam e of the State of Goiás ).

Accordi ng to Esc hwege ( 1833), lhe rorten gol d was foun d a bundantly in 1740 in alluvia l de posits of the ar ea kn O\\11 as "Arrayas, Goyaz" (today the mun icipal distri ct of Arrai as is in lhe State of Tocantins), O n lhe other han d, O .A. Derby (persona l comm un ica tion. in Dana 1892) be lieved that Porpez was an error in lhe spe lling of Pompéu mine (Pompeo or Pompeio). near Sabará. Minas Ge ra is. Today there is a 100\TI in Sabará called Porn p éu and a nearby mun icipal distri ct with the same nam e [th e Faze nda do Pompeu. descr ibed by Eschwege (p. 173. v. 2 and N. ofT. 434, p. 294 and 295. v. 2) became this city].

A letter frorn Pedro Taques de Almeida to D. Joã o de Lencastro, in 1700. in Sào Pau lo. and pub lished by Der by ( 1900 ) g ives news of lhe first discoveries of gold by Borba Ga to in lhe d istriet of Sabará. Minas Gerais. and makes references lO a metal found together with gold in lhe al luvi urn ca lled "s ilver' due to its appearance. These data. according to Hussak ( 1906a), reler. very probabl y, to the palladian gold. then unknown, that is found in lhe area rich in ita birites.

Hussak (19 06a ) also believed that the a lloy mentioned by Lampadius & Pla ttner ( 1833) with lhe composition Au 52 .95. Pt 30.60, Ag 9.52 and Ir 1.42 % was, in factoporpez ite. with some confusion arisin g berween Pt and Pd. The nam e "porpecita" was used by Gagarin & Cuomo ( 1949 ).

"Ouro branco" (= white gold) was used in lhe literatu re for palladian gold and also for native pla tinurn. The first citation seems to be by Antonil ( 17 11) who described material frorn a m ine in lhe Itat iaia rnountain. near Ouro Preto. Palladian go ld can a lso be ye llow, copper-red, and brO\\11 (Hussak 1906a) (see ouro preto).

O livo et ai. ( 1994 an d 1995) identified palladian gold in "jacutin ga' (a hydrotherrnally-altered Lake Superiortype carbonate-bearing oxide facies iron- form ation) from th e Cau é m ine. Itabira. Minas Gerais. and obtained severa]

5

point analyses by electron microprobe. This mineral occurs as inclusions in tourmaline W1d quartz; its chemical composition is: Au 78.5 to 99, Pd I to 19. Cu up to 4.6. Ag up lo 0.6. Fe up to 3.2. Zn up lo 3 wt. % (Olivo & Gammons 1996).

As it is JUS! a variety of gold, the use of lhe name porpezite (and its variants) is unacceptable and one should refer lo lhe mineral as "palladian gold" or "palladiurn-bearing gold",

Palladium Wollaston (1809) Pd. cubic Other names: pal ádio, palladio.

The citations regarding lhe discovery of the chemical element palladium and ofthe native mineral palladium are confusing. The original papers by Wollaston and some other review articles, however, suggest lhe following sequence of'facts, The chemical element palladium was named by Wollaston in an anonymous footnote in an article

by Chenevix (1803). According to Frondel (1972). Wollaston had already attributed this name lo lhe element in 1802 in his laboratory notes. Also according to Frondel (1972). a circular, privately printed in 1803 by Jacob Forster, announccd lhe discovery of a new metal named palladium. The platinum samples used by Wollaston to isolate palladium and rhodium were acquired frorn 1. Forster, collector and merchant ofminerals in London. England. Later, Wollaston (1804 and J805) published new data on the elements palladium and rhodium and how they were extracted, that is to sal' chemically separated. from platinum. They were not, evidentJy, lhe minerais palladium and rhodium .

The provenance ofthe platinum samples was not mentioned. but, according lo Frondel (1972), they were from South América, Wollaston (1809) dcscribed new samples, from gold mines in Brazil. received from the ambassador of the court of Portugal, Souza Coutinho. In this article. he compares lhe new samples with the ones from lhe localities of Chocá and Santa Fé. "Peru", suggesting Ihat lhe previously studied samples carne from "Peru" . At that time, lhe "Viee-kingdom of Peru" occupied almost the whole of Spanish America; today Chocá is in Colombia . Wollaston (1809) describcs lhe occurrence of the mineral native palladium for lhe first time. and identified some of the grains as palladium, found together with native platinum. Among lhe platinum grains, Wollaston found two grains with lhe same color, luster, and habit (divergent fibrous strueture) as platinum, that were, however, more easily attacked by aqua regia; bcsides Pd, some Pt and Ir were also identified. Based on Wollaston's descriptions. Hussak (1906a). among others. thought that lhe samples most probably carne from Lages creek, ncar Conceição do Serro (= Conceição do Mato Dentro). Minas Gerais, because it is lhe only place where native platinum occurs with this habit. According to Leonardos (1969 and 1970). lhe samples are from Fazenda Limeira (= Limeira farm), Lajes creek [Largos (Lajes) or Ouro Branco river]. a rributary of the Santo Antônio river, 6.5 km frorn Conceição (= Conceição do Mato Dentro). in lhe district ofMorro do Pilar. Minas Gerais. where platinum is found together with gold and black iron oxide. and also from Goiás. In Morro do Pilar. Barbosa (1962) also identified the mineral potarite. The habit, according to Cassedanne & Alves (1992) and Cassedarme et ai. (1996) is typical ofsamples frorn Bom Sucesso creek and other creeks in lhe Serro arca. Minas Gerais.

According to Hussak (I906a). lhe massive native palladium occurs in the residual concentrates frorn the gold washings of auriferous "jacutinga" (a hydrothermally-altered Lake Superior-type carbonate-bearing oxide facies ironforrnation) from ltabira, Minas Gerais.

Olivo & Gauthier (1995) and Olivo et ai. (1995) identified native palladium in jacutinga from the Cauê mine, ltabira, Minas Gerais. and presented the results of electron microprobe point analyses of palladium. The grains occur in quartz- and kaolinite-rich bands and are coated with pure gold. They generally have corroded interiors, partially replaccd by gold (Olivo & Gammons 1996).

Palladium is considered a valid mineral species by CNMMN - [MA but it still lacks a complete dcscription in lhe literature. Most oflhe data presented in the following description ofpalladium are for synthetic material. Chemical data are for lhe mineral from lhe Cauê iron mine, ltabira. Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Occurrence. (I) In alluvium, with platinum, potarite, anatase, cassitcrite. crichtonite, hernatite, ilmenite, kyanite. magnetite, muscovite, rutile, xenotime, zircon, gold, and diamond at Morro do Pilar - Serro region, Minas Gerais. Brazil (type locality). (2) In gold-rich jacutinga. with gold and palladseite at Cauê iron mine. Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil. (3) Ural Mountains., Russia. (4) Merensky Reef Transvaal, South Africa. (5) Chocá, Colombia. (6) Potaro River, Guyana.

6

Appearance and physical properties . Co rnrnon ly in grains. somctim es with a radia l fibrous texture, Rarely as octahedra { I I I }. Twinning: Na ne memioned. Metalli c: opaque: megascop ic cola r and streak unknown. Hardness 4 '1: lo 5: ma lleable and duet ile. Cleavage nane observed: fra cture not g iven . Density 11.9 g/cm ' (meas .), 11.87 g/crrr' (ca lc.).

Optical properties. In refleeted light : white lo pale steel-gray, isotropic, no bireflectance. pleochroisrn absent.

R: (67 .8) 540 nm .

Chemical data. Eleetron microprobe data : Pd 9 1.99. Au 1.98, Cu 1.3 I. Fe 1.31. Hg and Se not detected. total 96.65 wt, % . Empirical formula: (PdJ94 F~oJ CUo o2A Uo o l h: Loo. Palladium is more readi ly artacked by aqua regia than platinurn.

Cry stallography . Cub ic. spacc group Fm3m. Unit ce ll data: a 3.8898 A. V 58.85 N. Z 4. X-ray powder diffraction da ta [d in A (I) (hkl)j: 1.146 ( 100) (1 11),1.945 (42) (200),1.376 (15) (220). 1.1 73 (14) (3 11), 1.1232 (8) (221), 0.9723 (3) (400). 0.8924 ( 13) (33 1). 0.8697 ( 11) (420). fC OO: 5-6 81.

No me. For th e asteroid Palias. discovered in 1802 by Dr. Ol bers (Wollaston 1805 ). Neverth eless. according to Ferraz ( 1928), th is name derives from palladion, dirn inut ive of Palias. re ferring lO an image of lhe goddess Palias Athena , g iven to lhe city of Troy, According lO Greek rnythol ogy, lhe city could no! be caprured while lhe image rema ined there.

Type ma terial. Not preserved.

Relationship l a other species. A member of'the plat inum group.

Crys tal structure. Not solved.

Synt hetic. Origina lly obtained by Wollaston (in Chenevi x 1803).

Pallad iumplatin Hussa k ( 1906b) (probably a mixture ) Other names: palladian plat inum . palladic platinurn. plat ina palladiada.

A name given lO a variety of pa lladian platinum frorn Fazenda do Condado (= Condado farm ), Serro. Minas Gerais. The current João Caboclo creek [near Bom Sucesso creekj corresponds la lhe Ignez creek of the earl y authors, who mentioned lhe arca as Fazenda do Co ndado (Moraes et ai. 1937). Cassedanne & Cassedane (1974) and Cassedanne & Al ves ( 1992) presented the results of'wet chern ical analyses for samples frorn Bom Sucesso creek, They are compared to lhe analyses of vplatina palladiada" ar " Pa llad ium plarin" , frorn Fazenda do Condado, Serro, Minas Gerais. by Hussak ( 1906b), in Ta ble 1.1. Ana lyses 3. 4. and 5 were dane on polym inera lic sam ples. It is a lso poss ible that analyses I and 2 may refer to a rnixture ofphases.

Table 1.1 - Wet chem ical analyses (wt. %) for "paltadian platinurn" frorn Serr o. Minas Gerai s

Pd Ir Os Fe Cu In501.

To ta l

I

-I

3

2

I

Pt

78.

18.d

Ir

n.d

lT

1.(

lTl

n.d n.d n.d 98.

72 .9~ 1 1.8' 0.81 3.9:

O. J(

lT

n.d 0.9: 100.OC

n.d 004100.OC

n.d n.d 99.

n.dl o.d 98.S

I and 2: Hussak ( 1906b) 3 to 5: Cassedanne & Cassedanne ( 1974)

7

5

85 .~ 11..

1.

73.9( 2 1.T 0.01 3. 1"

.,

68.c 19 .: 1...

AgPd Zang et ai. (1992) Other names: silver-palladium alloy.

A silver-palladium alloy with a chemical formula dose to AgPd (Table 1.2) was found in laterite from the Bahia gold deposito Carajás, Pará. in a void in an iron oxide nodule. associated with zoethite and hematite. The angular shape and protuberances of the alloy grains suggested to Zang et aI. (1992) ~I growth in a lateritic environrnent, indicating that the alloy is a secondarymineral.

Table 1.2 - E1ectron microprobe analyses of AgPd from Bahia mine. Serra de Carajás, Pará. Pt, Au and Hg not detected. (Zang et aI. 1992).

I

wt. % Pd AI! Cu total nurnber of'atorns Pd AI! Cu total

2

49.7C 49.1c 0.1" 99.0:

49.21 49.4: O.oc 98.81

I.OJC 0.98t 0.00'1 2.00C

1.0Q.<1 0.99 0.00' 2.00<

AU3Hg Baptista & Baptista (1986) Other names: gold amalgam, amálgama de ouro Baptista & Baptista (1986) studied sample 6210M in the mineralogica! collection of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. from Sumidouro (now Padre Viegas). distriet of Mariana, Minas Gerais. This sample consists of grains, among which are some microcrystalline aggregates and rosettes ofpale yellow, metallic, hexagonal prismatic crystals, identified by X-ray diffractomerry as Au.l-lg. Three X-ray powder diffraction patterns were compared to that of synthetic material. The study of a single crystal by X-ray diffraction using a precession carnera indicated hexagonal symmetry, with a 2.951 and c 4.810 A. Spectrochemical analyses showed AlI. Hg. and Fe as principal elements. Mn, Pb, and Ag as secondary elements. and W. Zn. and Cu as trace elements. No quantitative chemical data were presented. Associated minerais are stolzite. raspite, galena. mimetite or vanadinite. a pyrochlore-group mineral, mercury and pyromorphite.

Regardingthe origin ofthe amalgamo some evidence points to its natural formation , whereas other data suggest that it could be the consequence of previouswork of miners in the area (Baptista & Baptista 1986).

Jambor (1989) pointed out that the same mineral had already been described in China and has been named weishanite. The weishanite formula is (Au,AgnH~ and its X-ray powder diffraction pattem is similar to that obtained for the Sumidouromaterial.

Osmiridiwn Steffens (1824) (= osmian iridium)

lridosmine Breithaupt (1827) (= iridian osmium)

Other names: osmiridio. iridosmina. Osm-lridium, Ore oflridium. lrid-Osmin, The use of the names osmiridium and iridosmine and its countless variants (mentioned in Hey 1963) is quite 8

confusing, Ali these names were officially abandoned ( Harr is & Cabri 199 1): osm iridium is now iridium (a cubic alloy with Ir predominam) and iridosmine is osm ium (an hexagonal a lloy with Os predominam). The name ruthen iridosmine was reta ined for hexagonal a lloys in wh ich Ir is lhe dominant elernent.

Natural a lloys of Os and Ir have been known since lhe article by Wollaston (1805). who called the mineral "Ore of lridium", although he knew osm ium was an importam constituent. and a number of later authors called it irid ium ( Hey 1963 ) . The narne Osm- Irid ium was attributed origin all y by StetTcns ( 1824) to a hexagonal a lloy frorn Brazil. ofthen unknown quantitative composition. the sarne a lloy that Ha üy ( 1822) had terrned " Irid iurn osmié", This alloy, supplied by Wollaston [but lhe sample that Wollaston ( 1805) named "Ore of Iridiurn' was frorn CoIombia], was later analyzed by Thomson ( 1826), who found Ir 72 .9. Os 24 .5. Fe 2.6 W1. % . but his method greatly underestirnated lhe osm ium content (Hey 1963). The narne Irid-Osmin was applied by Breithaupt ( 1817) for a material without chernical anal yses from Nizhne-Tagilsk.

Osmiridium and iridosmine occur associated with platinum and palladium. in Minas Gerais (Ferraz 1928).

Levy & Picot (1961 ) published the occurrencc of nati ve osmium [90 .8% Os . 3.7% Ir] in platinum concentrates from Brazi1.

Add itiona l studies on native osm ium and iridium frorn BraziI are necessary. The original material being hexagonal. would be osmium if Os is dominant OI' rutheniridosmine if Ir is dom inant. The type localities, after the redefinitions by Hey ( 1963). are: iridosm ine. "Brazil": osmi ridium. lhe Ural Mountains. Russia: osmium. Borneo; and ruthen irido smine. Hokkaido, Japan.

Tetrataenite C lar k & Scort ( 1980) (rype speci men is not frorn Brazi l) Othe r narn es: tetrat aen ita, c1ear taeni te.

Tetrataeni te, FeNi letragonal. was described sirnultaneous ly in seve ra I meteorites. including the Brazilian Santa Catarina. Avanh andava, São José do Rio Preto. and lpir an ga, but C lark & Scort ( 1980) defined tetrataenite from the Esth erville rneteorite. Emmet Co .. lowa. USA . as the type specimen. It corresponds to the "clear taenite" ofTaylor & Heymann (1971). See catarinite and arupite.

Catarinite Meunier ( 1884) (= mixture )

Othe r names: catarinita, Catarinit. catharinita, The name was given to the Santa Ca tari na (San ta Catharina)'s "fer meteorique". found in 1875. in the Morro do Rocio. São Francisco do Sul. Sant a Ca tarina. Based on chern ica l analyses by Damour (1877 ) [Fe 63 .69. N i 33.97.

Co 1,48. P 0.05. S 0.16. C 0.20. Si 0.01. tota l 99 .56 W1. % ]. Meunier ( 1884) ass umed lhe form ula FC2Ni and gave it the name "catarinite" , The density is between 7.75 and 7.84 g/crn" ( Dam our 1877). The name "catharinita" was used

by Ferraz ( 1928). TI1e material analyzed probably corresponds to a rnixrure of the m inerais taenite, tetrataenite, troilite, and schr e ibersite, identified in the Santa Ca tarina meteorite. See tetraraenir e and arup ite.

Carbonado Tennan t ( 1852 ) (variety of diamond ) Other names: diamante negro . diamante amorpho. carbão. car bonita, carbono. car bonato. lavrita, Black OI' gra yish diamond. massive. and fine grained, it was first found in the District of Lavras Diamantina.

Bahi a. in 1843. and 1ater recorded in the diamond ar ea ofM inas Gera is. berween Diam antina and Grão Mongol, Serra do Espinhaço: in Goiás, Maio Grosso and Paraná (O liveira 1930) . According lO Ferraz ( 1928). it is called "lavrita" in the State of Bahia. "The designation Il'e proposed in 1904 [Souza Carneiro 1904] . and ai once admitted by us in lhe Escola Politécnica da Bahia, Il'(lS lavrita " (Souza Carneiro 1908).

9

(Ce,La)Siand (ALFe)Si Kachalovskaia et a/. (1999) The OCCWTence of these phases, associated with ferdisilicite (FeSh, tetragonal, an incompletely described mineral) and nativesilicon. was described in the Fazenda Brasileiro gold mine. 20 km SW of Araci Co. and 12 km W ofTeofilândia Co.. northeast ofthe State ofBahia. Quartz. feldspar. carbonates, chlorite, muscovite, f1uorite, apatite, zircon, titanite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, ilrnenite, anatase, rutile, gold, scheelite, wolframite, sphalerite, and galena were identified in the ore. Silicides and native si1icon were observed in crushed samples and in heavy mineral concentrates.

The mean chemical composition of(Ce.La)Si is: La 24.26. Ce 36.92, Pr 4.73, Nd 8.92, Gd 3.25. Si 16.75. Ca 3.61. AI 1.12, Fe 0.44. total 98.88 wt, %. lt occurs as drops, lenticular. dendritic and irregular grains, intimately associated with ferdisilicite. (AI.Fe)Si and nativesilicon. It is light cream-white in coloro and displays moderately high reflectivity, The mean chemical composition of (AI,Fe)Si is: Si 32.63. Fe 32.34. AI 17.29. La 3.68, Ce 7.90, Pr \.03, Nd 2.65. Gd 0.50, Ca 1.85. total 100.00 wt , %. It occurs as irregular grains, up to 0.02 mm, intimatelyassociated with the other silicides and native silicon. 115 color is white. isotropic and, like (Ce,La)Si, it does not show internai reflections.

10

Chapter 2 Sulfides, tellurides, selenides, arsenides, a nd antimonides JOSEITE, JOSEITE-A and JOSEITE-B The first mention ofjoseite. according to Leonardos ( 1973). seern s to be that of Eschwege ( 1832), who noted the occurrence of six-faced tabular plates, in the auriferous veins of Furquim h ill. berween Mariana and São José .

Minas Gera is. However. although Eschwege knew that the m ineral was a telluride he did not say 50. or stat e who ana lysed it. The materi al would seern to be the bismuth tell uride of Brazi l found in a granular limestone in São José, near Ma riana and first taken to France by the natural ist Claussen. who trave led through Minas Gerais in th e first hal f of the 19l1\ century. Palach e et ai. ( 1944) also re fers to Beudant ( 1832). According to Leonardos ( 1973), Damour described it in 1844 an d redescri bed it in the followi ng year using the name joseite (Dam our I845 a. b). However, th is can not be correct, beca use the nam e joseite was introduced by Ken gort in 1853 . Originally, thi s mi neral was mistaken for "bornine" (= tetradym ite) and tellurobism uth ite. Later on . several researchers studíed or sim p ly mentioned the m in era l: Glocker ( 1847) [Bismuthotellurites Brasiliensi s], Hausmann ( 1852) [Bomit], Ken gort ( 1853) [joseite] , Dufrénoy ( 1856) [tellure bism uth ifere du Brésil], Rammelsberg ( 1875) [Schwefelselen-tellurwisrnuth] and Genth (1886). amon g othe rs. According to Ferraz ( 1928), it occ urs in the sands of the m ines of São José an d São João do Morro. at the edg e ofth e sma ll village of Furquim . with m ica. garnet, rut ile an d gold (8g/t). Its name derives from the São José m ine. near Mariana. Mi nas Ge rais.

Peacock ( 194 1) restudied the rype specimen. collected by Damour. sto red in the U.S. Nati onal Muse urn of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington. D.C. . USA. nurnber R 400. and the sample an alysed by Genth ( 1886) sto red in the Harvard Mineralogical Museum. Harvard Un iversiry, Cambridge. Massachusens. USA. number 94935 . He concluded that they were rwo diffe rent spec ies. wi th unit cell parameters slightly different, Damour's spec imen with formula BL.,Te",S2 and Genth's specirnen with formula BL-,(Te.Seh .,S. A third type of Brazilian jose ite. with a distinetly different X-ray powder diffraction partem. was described by Garrido & Feo ( 1938) and Peacock ( 194 1) obtained a similar partem from a sample from Vemon. British Columbia, Canada.

Thom pson (1949) named Dam our's species joseite-A, corresponding to the original joseite. and Genth's species

joseite-B, Based on a systematic study of 24 joseite sam ples from 13 world depos its, Zav'lyalov & Begizov (1983) concluded that the formula of'joseite-A is BL"Te\.,.yS2ry. with x = 0 .08 to 0.33. and y = -0.11 to 0.09 . Substiturions of Pb for Bi and Se for S. are small, According to them . the formula of'joseite-B is BL ., T c:! .,.~S. with x = 0.04 to 0.11.

From X-ray diffract ion partern s Bayliss (199 1) observed the absence of orderi ng of Te an d S in joseite-A and joseite- B, and a lso in the series BLSJ - BLTCJ (ikunolite - pilsenite). Following this interpretation the form uJae would be. then. B i~( S.Te») for joseite-A an d Bi~(Te.s)J for joseite- B, According to hi m . this d isorder is difli cult to explain.

Mos t of the re latively few stud ied specimens have approxirnately inte ge r rat íos of S:Te. which would favor an ordered stru eture. Josei te- A would have a form u la sim ilar to that of tellur ian ikunoli te. and joseite-B, simil ar to su lfurian

pilsenite, Acco rd ing to the MIN ERAL database . by N ickel & Nic ho ls. joseiteí-A) is a " grand fat hered" m ineral. ikunolite is a quest ionable m ineral (per haps se leni an joseit e) and sirnilarly joseite-B is probably sulfurian pilsen ite.

Other names (joseite-C. joseite- D an d protojoseite) were in trod uced for sam ples fro rn othe r countries but are not recognised by the \MA. Because a com p lete description does not exist for the Brazilian samples. the followi ng descriptions of'joseite-A and joseite-B rely on data obtai ned from severa l localities.

II

Joséite Kenngott (1853 ) B~ TeS2, trigonal Other names: joseíta, joseite, josêite, tellure de bismuth, bomine. Bomít. tellure bisrnuthífêre du Brésil, tellurure de bismuth du Brésil. Schwefelselen-tellurwismuth. Bismuthotellurites Brasiliensis. Tellurbismuth, Tellurwismuth. joséite-A, josêite-A,joseite-A,joseita-A. telureto de bismuto do Brasil.

Occurrence. ( I) In veins in lirnestone, associated with gold and "j ose ite-B", at São José mine, near Mariana.

Minas Gerais. (2) Intergrown with bismuth and "j oseite-B", ai Glacicr Gulch. Hudson Bay Mountain, near Smithers, British Colwnbia. Canada. (3) In dolostone. with bismuth, bismuthinite, arsenopyrite, and scheelite. at Serran ía de Ronda. Malaga, Spain. (4) In a grossular-diopside-quanz-calcile-tremolite skarn developed berween dolom itic Iimestone and a granitic intrusive. with bismuth, bismuthinite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and gold, ai Nagakki. Hanawa-cho, Fukushirna Prefecrure, Japan (Kato et ai. 1994).

Appearancc and physical properties. Sheets and plates with occasional straight edges. The rnorphology could not be detcrm ined. Metallic; opaque; galena-white, inclining to silver-white. üld surfaces are lead-gray OI' tamished iridescent . steel-blue lO iron-black. Streak no! detcrmined. Cleavage {OOI } perfect: fracrure not g iven.

Flexible, inelastic. sectile. Twinning: none me nti oned. Density 8.26 g/cnr' (rneas. ), 8.2 18 g/cnr' (ca lc.), VHN z5 (5 indenta tions) 29 to 43 kg/mrrr' , Mohs hardness 2.

Optical properti es. In reflected slightly whiter than galena. modcrate anisotropism frorn light to dar k greenish gray, R.. Ra; DnR\ . DnRz [sam ple from Serran ia de Rond a. Malaga, Spain) : (53 .7,51.7; 40. 8. 38.0) 400 nm (53.9.5 1.6: 40 .9. 37.8) 420 nm (54.0. 5 1.6: 41.0. 37 .6 ) 440 nm (54.4,5 1.6; 41 .1. 37.4) 460 nm (54.5, 5 1.6; 41.2. 37.2) 470 nm (54 .7. 51.6; 41.2. 37. 2) 480 nm (54.95, 51.6; 41.3. 37.05) 500 nm (55 .2 , 51 .6: 41.4. 36 .8) 520 nm (55.4, 5 1.5: 41.45 . 36 .6) 540 nm (55.4 .51.4 ; 41.45. 36 .5) 546 nm (55.4,51.3: 41 .5.36.3 ) 560 nm (55.5, 51 .1; 41.35. 36 .0) 580 nm (55 .5,51.0; 41.3 . 35 .9 ) 589 nm (55.45, 50.9 ; 41 .3. 35. 75 ) 600 nm (55 .3.50.6; 41 .1 . 35 .4 5) 620 nm (55. 1, 50.3; 40 .8. 35. 0) 64 0 nm (54 .9.50.1: 40 .6 . 34.8) 650 nm (54. 8, 50.0; 40.5 . 34.6) 660 nm (54.6,49.7: 40.1. 34.2) 680 nm (54.3. 49.3 ; 39 .8. 33 .9) 70 0 nm Chemical data . Electron microprobe data : Bi 80.5. Pb 2.0. Te 12 .2, S 6.2. tota l 100.9 \ \1. %. Empirical formula : (B b.9-lPbo IOb().l T~98SI9 S [sam p1e from G lacicr Gulch, Hudson Bay Mountain, near Smithcrs. British Coíurnbia, Canada). The ideal formula BitTeS2 requ ires Bi 81.34 , Te 12.42, S 6.24. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crys tallograp hy. Trigonal. R-3m. a 4.25 c 39 .8 1 A. V 622.94 N. Z 3. c:a = 9.3655. X-ray powdcr diffracrion data [d in A (I) (hkl)): 4.4 1 (30) (009), 3.10 ( 100) ( 107). 2.25 (80) (0.0. 14), 2.13 (30) (110), 2.06 (30) ( 1.0. 16). 1.973 (30) (0.1.17). 1.894 (30) (0.0.2 1). 1.752 (30) (027 ).1.658 (30 ) (1.1.15),1.415 (40) (1.1.2 1). [sample frorn Glacicr Gu leh. Hudson Bay Mountain. near Smithcrs. British Co1umbia. Canada). ICDD: 2-580. 12-73 5.22-364 and 42-609 (none of these cards is or a Brazilian specimen).

Name. For the São José mine.

Type mat erial. U.S. National Musewn of Natural History (Smithson ian Institution). Washin gton. D.C.. USA . nwnbcr R 400 (Darnour's sample).

Relationship lO other sp ecies. See lhe previoustext and josei te-B. Crystal structure. NOl solved.

12

Synthe uc. Not obtaincd,

Jos éite-B Thompson ( 19-19) BiJTc:S . trigonal (proba blv sulfurian prlscnitc) Othcr namcs: josenc-B, joseite-B, joseíta-B. Acco rding 10 Th ompson (19-l9). josei tc-B is idcntica l with joscitc-A in most physical propcnies. and disunguishcd only by accuratc specrfic gravt ty mcasurcmcnts.

Occ urrence. ( I ) In vcms in hmestone. associ ated wit h go ld an d josc uc-A at São José m ine. near Mariana.

Mi nas Ge rais. (2) Intergrown with bisrnuth and joseuc- A at Glac icr Gul eh. Hudson Bay Moun tain, near Smithers, Briti sh Columbia, Canada , (3) As inclusions in lhe galena of a thin galena -ric h diopsidc-trcmolite skarn layer iruercal atcd in a mcdium-grained quartzitic rock, associatcd with native bismuth. bís m uthian tsurnoite. pyrrhoti te. chal copyri tc. cadrruan sphaJerite. rnanganoan greenockitc , bre ithaupnte, ullmannitc, native antimony. hessite. gustav ite, Bi-bcaring members of lhe andoritc homoIogous series. bisrnuthian meneghinlte. boulangerite. and tetrahedrite. at Tunaberg. BergsLagen. Central Sweden (Dobbe 199 3). (-l) At Nagyborzsôny (Deutsch-Pilsen),

Hungary. .-tppearance and physica l properties. Shee ts and plates with occasional strarght edgcs. Ai T unaberg, it

occurs as anhedral inclusions in galena up to 20 um, but usually berween 5 and 10 J.U11. Thc morphoIogy could not be deterrruned, M etalli e: opaque: galena-white, inelirti ng to silver-white. O ld surfaces are lead-gray or tamished iridescent. steel-blue 10 iron-black, Streak not de terrnined, Cleava gc {oo I} perfect: fracture not given, FIexible. mel astic. sectil c. Twinning: none men tioncd Densitv 8.30 g/cnr' (rneas .). 8.-l39 g/cru' (cal c.). VHN~ (5 indentations) -l6 . I (35.8 lo 55.8) kg/mm. Mohs hardness 2. .

Op tical properrres. In reflectcd light. grayr sh, distinctly darkcr than lhe more yellowish native bismuth. with drstinct to strong bireílectance and anisotropisrn. RI. R: : ""RI. ""R: [sample Eram Nagyborzso ny. Deutseh-Pilsen.

Hun gary] : (55A . 5-l.5: -lI A. -l0.5) -lOO nrn (5 5.7. 5-l.5: -l2.0. -l0.55) -l20 nm (56 .0. 5-l.6: -l2.8. -l0.6) ~O nm (56.5. 5-l.8: U Ü -l0.7) -l60 nm (56 .8. 5-l.9: U8. -lO8) ~70 nm (57. 1. 55 . I : H I . -l1.0) -l80 nm (57.8. 55 A: ~ .7. -l l .Z) 500 nm (58.6. 55 .8: ü-l. -l1.5) 520 nm (59.3. 56 .2: -l6. 1. -l1.9) 5-l0 nm (59A. 56.25: -l6 .3. -l1.95) ~6 nm (59.75. 56.5: -l6.7. ~ 2 . 2 ) 560 nm (60 .2.56.7: -l7. 1. -l2.3) 580 nm (60A. 56 .7: -l7.2. -lH) 589 nm (60 .5.56.75: -l7.-l. -l2A ) 600 nm (60 .6.56.7: -l7.5. -lH) 620 nm (60 .5. 56 .6: -l7.35. -l2.2) 6-l0 nm (60.5. 56.·k -l7.2. ~ 2 .!) 650 nm (60 A. 56 .3: ~7 . 0 . -l1.9) 660 nrn (60 .1. 56 .0: -l6 .7. -lI .6) 680 nm (59 .8.55.7: -l6 .3. ·H .3) 700 nm .

Chemical data. Elcetron mie roprobe data: Bi 75. 1. Pb 0 6. Te 21.5 . S 2.7. total 99.9 \\1. % . Empirical formula : (Bi.,09Pbl 03b I:TeI 9:S0% [sample from Nagybôrz sony. Deutsch-Pilsen, Hungary]. Thc ideal formula Bi.,T c:S requircs Bi 7-l A 3. Te 22.72. S 2.85. total 100.00 \\1 . % J Crystallography. Trigonal. spacc group R-3m. Unit ccU da ta : a -l.34 c 40 .83 A I' 666 .0 2 A • Z 3. c:a = 9A078. Xvray powder diffraenon data [d in A (I) (hkl) I: -l.53 (20) (009). 3. 16 ( 100) (107). 2.30 (-lO) (0. 1.14). 2. 17 (50) (1 10). 1.9~9 (20) (0.0.2 1). 1. 78~ (30) (027). 1.570 (20 ) (1.I.I8). 1.379 (20) (2 17). [sample from São José mine. near

13

Mariana. Minas Gerais. Brazil]. ICDD: 9-435 (São José spccirnen) and 42-609.

Name. For lhe São José mine.

Type material. Harvard Mineralogical Museum. Harvard Unrversitv. Carnbridge. MassachusetlS. USA . number 94935 (Genth'sspccirnen) Relationship to oth er species. See lhe previous text and joseite-A,

Crystal structure . Not solved, Synthetic. Not obtained.

Chalmersite Hussak (1902) (= cubanite)

Other narnes: chalmersita, Chalrnersite. originally confused with millerite (Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha 1890). was named by Hussak (1902.

1903. 1906c). in honoroflhe engineerJorge Cha1rners. supcnntendcnt ofthe Morro Velho mine. lt occurs as necdles. generally coaied by chalcopyrite crystals, also associated with quartz. doi omite. pyrrhotite. and sidcrite. at the Morro Velho mine. Nova Lima. Minas Gerais. Palache (1907) studied lhe crystallography of chalmersite. The identity berween cha1rnersite and cubanite. CuFe2S3orthorhombic. was proved by Kalb & Bendig (1923). Merwin et ai. (1923) and Zenzén (1925).

OsRhAsS, Ru'TeAs, OsAss, OsRuAs and a complex Os-Re-As-Te-fe-Y-Rh mineral Marchetto (1986. 1990) The occurrencc of these phascs was described at lhe O'Toole deposit. Fortaleza de Minas Co.. Minas Gerais.

The depos:it is a Cu-Ni-Co sulfide lens. hosted by ultrabasic rodes. The main sulfides are pyrrhotite. pentlandite. and chalcopyriie. Cobaltite-gersdorffite series mineralsand sphaleriteare lhe most frequent accessory mineraIs. Kotulskitemelonite. irarsite. sperrylite, orneiite, osarsite, OsRhAsS. RuTeAs. OsAss. 0sRuAs . and a complex Os-Re-As-Te-FeY-Rh occur as inclusions in cobaltite-gersdorffite. The second world occurrence of unnarned ReS2 was found in this deposit. No additional data were given for lhe unnamed minerais from Fortaleza de Minas.

Palladium-bismuth selenide Marcheno & Figueiredo (1991) An unnamed palladium-bismuth selenide. comaining minor Pt and Sb. was identified by electron microprobc in samples from lhe "Buraco do Ouro" mineralization. situated in lhe Cavalcante district, Central-East of Goiás. The region was first prospected and mined by lhe Porruguese during lhe colonial period (circa 1760). The most common platinum-group mineral is stibiopalladinite. followed by arsenopalladinite (q.v.). sperrylne. and palladobismutharsenidc. These minerals occur eithcr mcluded in guanajuatite ar intergrown with guanajuatiie and gold, Smaller amounts of chalcopyrite, c1austhalite. and rutile are also present. Two unnamed palladium-bismuth selenides. PdBiSe and PcL;(Bi.Cu.P\» g(Se.S)9 were idcntified at lhe Padma river, Karelia, Russia. The first mineral receíved the name padmaite (Polekhovskiy et ai. 1991 ). with CNMMN-IMA approval, As Marchetto & Figueiredo (1991) did not present quantitative chemical. or other data. it is not possible to know if lhe mineral from Cavalcante corresponds to one of theseRussian mineraIs.

I~

ARSEN OPALLAD INITE, ATHE NEITE, ISOMERTIEITE and PALLA DSE ITE A sample of residual concentrares from lhe gold washings of thc Cauê rrune. Itabira. Minas Gerais was collectcd by Sanders an d mcorporatcd to the The Natural History Muscum.. London. England (num ber BM 1934.72) .

From this sample. Hey ( 1955) dcfincd lhe ncw mine ral a rsc nopall adí nitc. Later studics by Clark et alo ( 1974) rcdefincd arscnopalladinite and dcscnbed athenene an d isorncrncite. In addítion they notcd lhe presence of a palladium sclerudc. latcr dcscribcd and narned palladseuc (Davis et alo 197 7). They also identificd natrve gold, a Pd and Hg OXIde (pal ladinitc), a Pd-H g-Au alloy. hemaute. quartz, and superficial oxidatíon products. Davis et alo (1977) idc ntificd two isotropic Cu-bcaring Pd oxides as inc1usions in palladscuc. Cabri ( 198 1) addcd porpczite (= palladian gold) . rnertieite-Il. ternagamite, subiopalladinite, and paJladoarscnide lO lhe list of rninerals found on this sample.

Based on studics of lhe same sarnple Cabn et alo ( 1977) and Clark & Criddle (1982) attributed new fonnu1ae to arsenopalladiníte and isornerneite, rcspecrively. Jedwab ( 1995) and Jcdwab & Casscdanne ( 1998) idc núfi ed a gro up of 0-bearing Pt-Pd-Au-Cu-Fe-Mn compounds. cocxisting with Fe andlor Mn OXIdes and hydroxides. corresponding to " ouro preto" .

Arsenopalladinite Hey (1955) Pd~(As.Sbh . triclinic

Other narnes: arsenopaladinita.

The narne arsenopalladinite appearcd in Hey ( 1955) as a personal comrnunication from Bannister and menuoncd in an unpublished work by Banruster. C1aringbu11 & Hey, 1955 . According 10 Hey ( 1955). an unpublished analysis. obtained by lurn, suggested a rruneral with the cornposition Pd .As , On lune 7. 1956 , a study of arsenopalladinite was prcsented by Claringbu11 & Hey 10 a rneeung of the Mineralogica.l Sociery and a summary was published in Mineralogica.l Abstracts (Claringbull & Hey 1957) . Acco rdi n g lO thern, small se lected crystals of residual concentrares from lhe gold washings of lhe Cau ê ITÚnC. Itabira. Minas Gerais. have Pd 79.8 and As 19.2 wt, %. A single crystal X-ray diffraction srudy indicated an hexagonal unit ce ll with a 6 .80. c 3.48 A. Z 2. space group P6/mmm. assuming holohcdral symmetry, overlain by an unusual type of superstructure. Clark et aI. ( 1974) conc1uded that the spccimen studied by C1aringbu1l & Hey ( 1957) consisted of several minerals, They redefined arscnopalladinite. lhe predominam mineral of lhe sample. as triclinic Pd,(As.Sb)~ with CN?vll\'rvf-UvIA approval and gave name atheneite (Pd HghAs (q .v.) 10 lhe hexagonal mineral, Cabri et alo (1977) revised the formula of arscnopalladinite as Pds(As.S b)3.

Occurrenc e. ( I) In gold-nch jacutinga (a hydrothermally-altercd Lakc Superior-type carbonate-bearing oxide facies iron-formauon). originally recovered frorn residual concentrares from lhe gold washings, from Cauê iro n ITÚne.

Itabira. Minas Gerais. associatcd wit h atheneite, isomcrtieite. pall adscite. and other minerais. A superficial coating on the arsenopalladinite grains, which it replaced and penetrated in the fonn of oriented, parallel. wedge-like plates was dcscnbed by Clark et al. (197 4) as a palladium-mcrcurv oxide (approx. 90% PdO and 10% HgO). This mineral is probably a mercurian varicty of palladinite, (2) In heavy-mineral concentratcs from norites. gaboros, and anorthosites from Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA (3) Frorn the Merensky Reef. Transvaal , South Africa.

Appe arance and physica/ properties. Grains from O .~ to 1.8 mm.. rarely intergrown with atheneite or iso mcrtieite. TI1C morphology could not bc deterrnined, Twinning: Cornplex polysynthetic. Metallic: opaque: megascopic color and strcak unknown. Cleavage nonc observed; fracturc not given, Dcnsity 10.4 g/crrr' (rneas.). 11.02 g/crrr' (cal c.). VHN100 (10 grains) 407 (379 to 44 9) kg/mm. Mohs hardness 4: tenacity not give n.

Optical properttes. In reflectcd light: whil e \\ith a ycllO\\1sh crcam hue. stro ng anisotropism. wcak bireflectance. pleochroism absent. Under polarized lighL lhe mineral does nOl e:-.:tinguish in any position. " 1th colol"5 frum red and golden b1'O\\TI lO blue-gray in air. khaki-b1'O\\TI 10 blu c-gray and bright steel-gray 111 oi!. R I . R~: ""RI. ~: (·n .9. 44 .5 : 30.3. 30 .8 ) 400 nm (44 .7. 45 .75 : 3 U . 32. 1) 420 nm (45 .7. 46 .5: 32 .6 . 33 .3) 440 nm (46 .8 . 4 7 .8 : 33 .9 . 34 .7) 460 nm 15

(47 .4.48.5: 34.4. 35.5 ) 470 nm (48 . I. 49A : 35.1. 36.2 ) 480 nrn (49A. 50.85: 36A . 37.9) 500 nm (50.75.52.4 : 37.9. 39.5) 520 nrn (52.1. 53.9: 39.3. 4I.l ) 540 nrn (52.5.54. 3: 39.7. 4 1.5) 546 nm (53.2. 55.1: 40.6. 42.35) 560 nm (54.4. 56A ; 41.8. 43.6) 580 nrn (54 .9.56.8: 42A . 44.2) 589 nm (55A . 57.3 : 42.8 . 44.7) 600 nm (56A . 58.1: 43.9. 45.6) 620 nm (57.0. 58.8: 44.6. 46.3) 640 nm (57A. 59.0: 44.9. 46.5) 650 nm (57.7.59.2: 45.25. 46.7) 660 nrn (58.2. 59.8: 45.8. 47.2) 680 nrn (58.85.60.0: 46.35. 47.6) 700 nrn Chemt cal data. Electron microprobc data (from 13 grains): Pd 77.56. As 17.08. Sb 5.15. lotai 99.79 \\1. % Empirical formula : PdsdAs:!. 5ISb:J ~ 7 h:z n . 11Je ideal formula with As:Sb 2.5:0.5 requires Pd 77.43. As 17.03. Sb 5.54. total 100.00 \\1. %.

Crystallography . Triclinic. P i or P- 1. a 7A 3. b 13.95. c 7.35 Á a. 92.88°. ~ 119.50°. Y 87.85°. I ' 662 .14 N. Z 4. a.b:c> 0.5326: I :0.5269. X-ray powder diffraction data Id in Á (1) (hkl»): 2.34 (60) (-2 13). 2.28 (20) ( 122 ). 2.19 (20) (-251). 2.13 (100) (003). 1.4 1 (40) (-291).1.39 (20) (-1-15). 1.24 (30) (- 1.11.0). U I (30) (-623). ICDD : 29-959.

Nome. For lhe chemical composition.

Type material. 11Je Natural History Musewn. London. Englancl BM 1934.72 Relati onship to oth er sp eci es. Stillwa terite is hexagonal PdsAs3.

Crystal structure . Not solved.

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Atbeneite Clark et aI. (1974) (pclHghAs. hexagonal Approved CNMNM-IMA 73-50 Other names: atheneue. atheneíta, atenasita.

Occurrence. In gold-rich jacutinga (a hydrothermally-altered Lake Superior-type carbonato..bearing oxide facies iron-formation). originally recovercdfrom residual concentrares from lhe gold washings, from Cau ê iron mine.

Itabira. Minas Gerais. associated with arsenopalladinite. isornertieite, palladseite, and olher minerais. Intcrgrowths with arsenopalladinite are presenl. Roundcd grains of hematite occur as inclusíons. The grain used for lhe crystal structure determination of arsenopaIladinite was in fact of atheneite, Appearance and physical properties. Grains up lo 0.5 mm. The morphology could not be determined .

Twinning: None mentioned . Metall íc: opaque: megascopic color and streak unknown. VHNJoo (2 grain s) 431 (419 to 442) kg/mrrr'. Mohs hardness 5: tenacity not given, Cleavage nane observed: fracture not given. Dcns ity 10.2 g/cm" (rneas.). 10.09 g/crrr' (cale.).

Optical properties. In reflected light: white with a yelíowish cream hue. faintly bluish. strong anisotropism. no bireflectance. pleochroísrn absent in air. very weak in oil, with tints from pale yellow-white lo bluish-gray white.

RI. R:: "'RI. "'Rz: (46. I. 48.3: 32.9. 35.05 ) 400 nm (47.4.49.75: 34.3. 36.6) 420 nm (48.5. 50.9: 35.6. 38.0) 440 nm (49.7.52.35: 36.6. 39.2) 460 nm (50.3. 53.0: 37.0. 39.9) 470 nrn (50.8.53.6: 37.7. 40.5) 480 nm 16

(5 1.9. 5..U~ : 38 .7. 41 6) 500 nm (53 .0.55.85: 39.9. 42.7) 520 nm (54.0.56.7 : 40 .9. 4 3.6l 540 nm (54 .3.56.9 : 4 1.2. 43 l!) 546 11m (54 .l!. 573 : 4 1.8. 44 .25) 560 nm (55 .7. 57 .l!5: 4 2.7 5. 44 .l!) 580 11111 (56 .0. 5l!.0 : 43.1. 45.0 ) 589 nm (56 .45. 58 .3 : 43.5. 45 2) 600 nm (5 7.0. 58 .5 : 44 . 1. 45.5) 620 nm (5 7 4.58.6 : 44 .5. 45 .6 ) 640 nm (5 7.5.58.7: 44 .7. 45.7 ) 650 nm (57.6.58.7 : 44 .7 5. 45.7) 660 11m (57.9 .59.0: 44 .9. 45.7) 680 nm (58 .2. 59 . 1: 45.2. 45.8) 700 nm Che mical data. Electron microprobe data (Irorn 2 grains): Pd 65 ,8. Cu 0 .1. Hg 15.5. Au OA. As 19.0. Sb 0.2. total 101.0 ' ''1. % . Ernpirical fonnuJa: ( Pd2S9H~:JJ2CUoOlb91( Asl 06S~ ol b .07 . The ideal fonnuJa Pd3As requires Pd 80.99. .A.s 19.01. total IOO.OOwt. %.

3 Crystallography . Hexagonal. P6/mmm. a 6.798. c 3A 83 A I' 139.36 A . Z 2. c:a = 0.5 123. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl»): 2.423 (100) (1 11). 2.246 (90) (20 1). 2.22 1 (60) (2 10). 1.87 1 (70) (2 11), 1.37 1 (80) (2 12).1.302 (80) (302). 1.286 (60) (410). 1.259 (80) (32 1).1.205 (60) (411 ). 1.034 (70) (4 12). ICDD: 26-889.

Name. In rcfcrcnce \O its palJadium contem, from lhe Greek goddcss PaIlas Aihena. Branco ( 1979) translated this name as "atenasita", T yp e material. The Natural History Museum, London. England, BM 1934.72.

Relationship to other species. None apparcnt.

Cr ystal structure. Not solvcd.

S ynthetic. Not obta ined,

Isomertieite Clark et aI. (1974) Pdi:Sb-As-, cubic.

Approved CNMNM-IMA 73-57.

Othcr names: isomertieita, Occurrence. (1) In gold-rich jacutinga (a hvdrothermally-altered Lake Supen or-typc carbonate-bearing oxide facics iron-forrnation). originally recovered from residual concentrares fTOm lhe gold washings, frorn Cau ê iron mine. ltabira. Minas Gerais. associated with arsenopalladinite, atheneue. palladseite. and other rninerals. In one grain. intergrown with arsenopalladinite, isornerticitc contains hematitc mclusions. (2) In gold-beanng calcite veins, with palladian gold, mertieite-ll and other minerais at Hope's Nose. Torquay, Devon, U.K. (3) Also at Lac des Ilcs. Ontario, Canadá. and Kontuj ãrvi. Finland, Appeara nce and physical properti es. Grains from OA to 0.8 mm. Thc morphology couJd not be determined TWÍJ1Ill!1g: None mentioned, Mctallic: opaque: pale yellow-whíte. streak not determined VHNlco 592 (585-598) kg/mm. Mohs hardness 5Yz: tenacity not given. Cleavage none observcd; fracture not given, Density couJd not be mcasurcd. 11.09 g/crrr' (calc.). aplicai properties. In reflected light: pale yellow-white. isotropic or sligh tly anisotropic. no bireflectance, pleochroism absent R: 1ll'R: (42.8: 29A) 400 nm (43.2 : 30.0) 420 nm (44 .05 : 31.0) 440 nm (44.05: 3 1.0) +W nm (45 .5: 32.4) 460 nm (46.4 : 33.3) .-70 nm (47.3 : 3·U) 480 nm 17

(49 .·J; 36 .4) 500 nm (51.5: 38 .5) 520 nm (53.5: 40 .5) 54U nm (54.0: 40 .9 ) 546 nm (54 .95: 42 . \) 560 nm (56 .2: 43.3) 580 1lI11 (56 .8: 43.95) 589 nm (57 .35 : 44 .55) 600 nm (58 .4: 45 .65 ) 62U nm (59 .2: 46.4) 640 nm (59.45 : 46.65\ 650 nm (59.7: 47 .0) 660 nm (60.2: 47.4 5) 680 IlIIl (60 .7: 47 .9) 700 nm Chenucal data . Electron microprobe data (Irem 14 grains): Pd 71.53. Ali 0.37. Cu 1.08. As 10.42. Sb 14.6 1. total 99.0 I \\1 . %. Empirical formula: (Pd J 0 6,C Uo ~;AUo 03)~1 0 9s(As~ I7Sbl BB )~~ os' Thesc data are from Clark & Criddle (198 2). wherc the formula Pdi JSb-As- is givcn. slíghtly different from that of lhe original work, (pd Cu)s(Sb.Asb Th e ideal formula Pd,JSb-As-requires Pd 74.85 . As 9.58. Sb 15.57 . total 100 .00 \\1. %.

Crystallography. Cubic. Fd31/1. a 12.283 A 1'1853.16 Á'. Z 8. Xvrav powder diffraction data [d in Á (I) (hkl)J: 2.356 (90 ) (5 11). 2.167 (IOU ) (440). 1.533 (70) (800). 1.446 (6U) (660) . 1.28 7 (60) (93 n 1.253 (70) (8 44 ).

1.234 (60) (933). 1.188 (70) (95 n 1.182 (60) ( 10.2.2 \. 1.086 (60) (880). ICDD: 26-833 (17-221 and 29 -9 58 canis

probably rcfer 10 diífercnt nunerals).

Name. For 115 crystallographic differencc from mcrtieite-l which has lhe same composition. The minerais guangliniteand fengluanite have becn considered identical to isomertieite, bUI additional studies are needed.

Type mat erial. The Na tural History Museum. London, E ngl and, BM 1934.72 .

Relati onship l o other species. Thc cubic dimorph of merueite-I Crystal stru cture. NO! 501\"00.

Syn thetic. Obtained by Cabri (1980 ).

Palladseite Dav15 et al. ( 1977) Pdl-SeJs. cubie Approved CNMNM-IM.A. 75.{)27 Othernames: palIadscite. paladseita.

Oc currence. In gold-rich j acuti nga (a hvdrotherrnally-altered Lak c Su pe ríor-type ca rbonate-bea ri ng oxide facies uon- íormauom, originally recovered fTOm residual concentrates from the gold washings, from Cau ê iron nun e.

Itabira. Minas Gerais. associated with arscnopalladinitc. atheneite. isornertiei te, and other minerals . It co ntams inclusions of isotropic coppcr-bearing oxides of palladium. not identified (prooably it is no! palladinite. which is tetragonal) (q.v.).

Appearance and physical properti es. Grains up to 0 .5 nun . The morphology could not be determined .

Twinning: None mentioned, Metallic; opaque: megascopic color and streak unknown , VHN1 00 414 (390-437) kg/mm'. Mohs hardness 4Y: to 5: tenacity not given, Cleavage none observed; fraeture not given. Density could not be measurcd.. 8.14 g/cm' (calc.).

Optical properties. In reflccted Iigh t: wlute. isotropic, no bireflcctance, plcochroism absent. R: IJlR : (42 .35: 28 .6\ 400 nm (42 .8: 29 .0) 420 nm (43 .3: 29 .·n 440 nm (·B .8: 29 .8 \ 460 nm (44 .0 : 30.m 470 nm (44 .3: 30.2) 480 nm (44 .8: 3U.6) 500 nm 18

(45A : 31.1) 520 nm (45.7: 31.35) 540 nm (45 .75: 3 1A) 546 nm (45.8: 31.·n 560 nm (45.7: 31.3) 580 nrn (45.7. 3 1.3) 589 nm (45 65: 3 1.2) 600 nm (45.65: 3 1.2) 620 nm (45.65: 3 1.3) 640 nm (45.65 : 3 1.3) 650 nm (45.7: 31.4) 660 nm (45.85: 3 1.5) 680 nm (46.2: 3 1.8) 700 nm Chemical data . Electron microprobe data (frorn 3 grains) : Pd 55A6. Pt 0. 14. Cu 4.07. Hg 1.53. Se 38.98. total 100.18 wt, %. Empincal formula: (Pd., 3.\CUI 89Hgo :.::P1tHr.h l7 ~ ~ Se l~ 53. The ideal formula Pd,"SeiSrcquircs Pd 60.43.

Se 39.57. lotai 100.00 \\1 . %.

Cr ystallography. Cubic. Pm3m. a 10.635 A / ' 1202.85 N. Z 2. X-ray powder díffraction data [d in Á (I) (hk1») : 2.827 (95) (321). 2.563 (85) (410). 1.426 (85) (33 1).2.037 (85) (333). 1.870 (100) (440).1. 7 15 (85) (6 11).

1.295 (75) (733 ). 1.284 (75) (820). 1.248 (75) (660). 1.232 (75) (750). ICDD: 11-508 (synthetic): 29- 1437 (synthetic, calculated): 30-883 (syntheiic).

Xame. For the chemical composuion: P..\ LLADium SElenide.

Typ e material tvpe . The Natural HistoryMuscurn. London. EngJand. BM 1934.72.

Relationship 10 other species. Nane apparem.

Crystal structure. Not solved, Syn thetic. Several rcfercnccs in Davis et ai. ( 1977) and ICDD cards.

19

...

Chapter 3

Halides Pd:zFeI Milliotti & Stumpfl(1996) This phasc occurs as an inclusion in chromite at lhe rim of a subhcdral Pt-Fe alloy grain in goethite from Niquelândia. Goiás. 11 displays an irregular shapc and is approximately 10 I.J.m long and 2 to 3 um across. Th e mineral appears anisouopic. with lowcr rcflectance than goethite. Scmi-quantitative nucroprobe anaíyses showed a large variation in Pd (50 to 67 \\1. %l and Fe (7 to 13 wt. %). and lhe best composition obtained was (Pd, ~ ().l )~ oo(Feo 88C Uo I ~N io ~l b ().lIo9: . which approximates lO Pd]FeI. The wide range 111 composition ooserved in a single grain may be attributed to the mincralizing processes Iinked to laterizarion. The coexistence of the Pt-Fe alloy and this phase suggests. according to Milliotti & Srumpíl (1996l. not only lhe mobility of plannum group elements as an iodine cornplex in lhe alteration Iluids, but also supports lhe supcrgene origin of lhe Pt-Fe alloys (see RuO~ and Ru and Ir oxidesand hydroxídes).

20

Chaprer 4

Oxides Palladinite Shepard ( 1857) (proba bly a valid spec ícs: Othcr narnes: palladitc, Palladiumoxydul . Palladiurnockcr . palladium-ochrc. paladmita, palladinita. palladiurn-copper oxide.

This name was introduced for a PdO compound, from Gon go Soco. Barão de Cocais, Minas Gerais. However, lhe original material analyzcd by Johnson & Lampadius (18 37 ) was said 10 be "an tron-n ch pa lladium oxi dare [pallodoxydat ] (probably 011 oxide)", This paper was rcferrcd lo by Rarnrnelsberg (1847) under Palladiumoxydul.

According lO Johnson & Lampadius, "this compound seems 10 accompan y palladian gold. anel. being mixed with iron oxide. fo rms a brown ochreous crust that is soluble in hydrochloric acid', Jedwab & Cassedanne (1998) note that here are two statements neither of which are supportcd by lhe originalliterarurc: a) lhe existencc of a distinct palladiurn O.X1de (""o:",ydul" was then used for protoxide) is presenteei as a maner of

fact.

bi the palladiurn oxide is claimcd to be a nuxrrure wuh a mineralogically distinet iron OXIde. Shepard's (1852 ) dcscri ption of "palladium-ochrc" reads: "Occurs in very sm all sphencal masses. with a radtated. fib ro us structure. Colour yellowish. OI' greyish Ir/me. B.B. acts like tellun c aeid. Found very rarelv ar Fauberg mui Zalathna. in Siebenburg [Fala Bai i (Facebéj or Facebánya ), near Zlatna, T ransyl vania, Romaru a ]", without rcferen ce lO Johnson & Lampadius ( 1837). Jedwab & Cassedanne (1998) considcr all this inforrnation lO be incorrect and is actual ly a descnption of telluritc. Shepard ( 1857) gav e the narnc palladirute 10 lhe "pall adium -oc hre".

Adam ( 1869 ) supplieel the COITCet reference. but added a chemicaI form ula PdO. disregarding lh e major iron.

Dana ( 1857) 1IlUS\ be commended. according to Jedwa b & Cassedanne ( 1998 ). for his rernarkable care in his first eutry: "Palladium Ochre - lhe palladium ocher, which lias still a doubtful existence , is ealled Palladinite by Shepard, but his stand becom es Icss criticai in 1858 : ".-1 bro wn ochreous substance associated with lhe Palladium Gold 01 Brasil has been considered a Palladium Ochre ar oxyd. lt is soluble in muriatic acid. Detected by Johnson and Lampadi us", Vernadsky ( 1914) used lhe narne "palladite" for tlus nuneral.

The compound of Johnson & Lampadius ( 1837) seems to have been verified again in Gon go Soco by Cabral et ai. (1998): ". 111 intriguing dark palladium- and iron-rich coating around gold grains suggests some late stage palladnun enrichment", (see ouro preto and O-beanng Pt-Pd-Au-Cu-Fe-Mn compounds ).

According to Jedwab & Cassedanne ( 1998), it is knO\\11 that PdO exists in lhe Itabira iron mines. Minas Gerais (Clark et ai. 1974. Jedwab et ai. 1993 . Olivo & Gauthier 1995). and has a tetragonal Xvray diffraetion partem and a stoichiomeuic composnion. but this compound is not lhe min eral studieel by Johnson & Larnpadius ( 1837) .

Palladinite (PdO tetragonah was identified in a samplc of residual concentrates fro m lhe gold washings of lhe Cauê mine. Itabira. Minas Gerais [The Natural History Museurn, London. England, sample BM 1934.72. colleeted by Sandcrs] . From this samplc, the new nunerals arsenopalladinite. athen eite, isornerueite. and palladseite were described (q.v.), Clark et ai. (1974) observed PdO pcaks in lhe X-ray d.ifIr:lcuon pancrn of atheneite. In addition. Ihey described a coaung of a grcy. low-refleeung ntineral (si..Inilar to hematilel. \\hich in crossed polars is strongly artisotropic and frcquenúy assoclaleel \\ilh hematile. This phase al50 occurs as a superficial coating on arsenopalladinite grains. which 11 replaccd and penetraleel in lhe fonn of oriented. parallcl. weelge-likc plates as a ntinor consti tuent. Clark, er ai.

(1974) reported approXImately 90 \\t. % PdO aJld 10 \\t. % HgO. and concluded lhat this nuneral is probably a mercurian varie~' of palladinite.

Jeelwab el ai. ( 1993) inforrnal1y proposed lhat. in lhe absencc of lhe original Gongo Soco paIladinite. lhe ltabira material should be delineei as lhe new ~-pc locaIi~' for paIladinite. Acco rding to Ihem unpolisheel grains display a deep black color. whereas polished ones are dark grey. \\ilhout inlernaI reflecti ons. The formation of pall adinite results fro m úle oxidation of arsenides and antimonides (arse nopalladini te an d i50mertieite l and selenides (pa lladseite). which are still obseryed as relics in the palladinite. Palladiunl selenides altcr more rcadily Ú1:Jl1 arsenides an d antimonides. and paIladian gold (q.\'.) is less pronc to alteration. An occurrence of paIladinite from Ruw e. Shaba. Zaire was

21

rnentioned by lhe same authors.

Additional data were obtaincd for palladinite C'palladium-copper oxide") from "jacutinga' rock samples from lhe Cauê mine by Olivo et ai. (l99~ and 1995). Olivo & Gauthier (1995). and Olivo & Gammons (1996). According to Olivo & Gautltier (1995) lhe grains are medium to dark grey. darker than hernatite, slightly anisotropic and without internai rcflcctions in plane polarizcd light in air 01' oil immersion. The grains are euhcdral. fínelv-zoned, coatcd with films of gold, and commonly 00 not cxceed 100 um. Zoning IS charaeterizcd by lhe alternation of dark colorcd zones (high PdlCu ratios) with light arcas (low Pd/Cu ratios). The Hg content is high in lhe cores (up to 1.~ 2 wt, %) and duninishes toward the edges of thc grains (Hg < 0.1 wt. %) . Se and Sb coruents are low « 0.1 wt, %) and VlU'" indcpendently of thc zonc color and position in lhe grain (core OI' rim ). Several wavelenght-dispersive analvses ~. elcetron microprobc were obtaincd by Olivo & Gauthier (1995). and Olivo et ai. (1995) presentcd averages for dark and light bands (Table ~ .I ) .

Table ~ .l - Wavelenght-dispersivc analyses by elcetron-microprobc for palladimte from lhe Cauê mine. Itabira. Minas Gerais. The values are averages of two analyses (Olivo et ai. 1995) (wt, %).

PdO CuO HE!.O AuO Fe~OJ

S~

se-o, total Dark zone - (Pd:J ~9CUo (l'"FCo (Cb 9S0 Light zone - (Pdo ~ ~CUo IOFeo OlHgo Ol ):;Q99Ü

Darkzone 93.06 4.99 0.26 0.44 1.1 9 0.08

Light zone

O . O~

O . O~

100.06

98.36

89.13 6.90 1.13 0.31 0.82 0.03

A complete mineralogical dcscription of palladirute is stilllackíng in lhe literature, but Jedwab & Casscdann e (1998) note that this mineral "is in process of revalidation",

Copper-bearing palladium oxides, isotropic Da\Í5 et ai. (1977) Davis et ai. (1977) obscrvcd inclusions in palladseite of rwo low reflecnng rmnerals. both isotropic, with square outlines in residual concentrares from lhe gold workings at lhe Cauê mine. ltabira, Minas Gerais [The Natural History Museum. London, England; sample BM 1934. 72. collected by Sanders]. The lower reflecung grey phase encloses rectangular cores of a higher reflecting phase: both are coppcr-bearing palladiurn oxides. As they are rsotropic they are

unlikely to be palladinite (tctragonal). Cu-Pd oxides (Cu2Pdü.J and Cu:J>d:(}) werc describcd from Brokcn Hill.

Australia (Dennis et ai. 199~) . but their oplical properties were not given, The occurrence of Pds(Cu.As)OJ (q.v.) was noted from Mariana. Minas Gerais.

Pds(Cu,As)03 Varajão (1994) This oxide (Varajão 1994. Varajão et ai. 1998) was dcscribcd in itabirite from lhe Maquiné gold mine. near Mariana. Minas Gerais. associated with JXIl1adian gold (q.v.), stibiopalladimte. isomertieite (q.v.) and sperrylite. It occurs as anhcdral grains up lO 70 um, Chemical analyses were obtaincd by electron microprobc (wt , %): Pd 77.00.

Cu 10.17. As 1.1 3. 07.60. total 95.90 corresponding to the empirical formula PcL ; 4CU l ~ 1CI0.l 1l . with lhe ideal formula. Pds(Cu.As)ü.J.

22

Oxy gen-bearing compounds of Pt-Pd- Au-Cu -Fe-Mn Jedwab ( 1995) Dark brown lO black compounds assoc iated wi th nati vc gold wc rc díscovered three hundred years ago in Minas Gerais. and have been known since thcn as "ouro prelo" (q.v.) . Reccnt studies (Jedwab 1995. Jedwab & Cassedannc 1998) of concentrares from lhe Ca uê mine. Itabira. Mi nas Gerais. proved that ouro prelo is composcd of a group of oxygen-bearing compounds of Pt-Pd-Au-Cu-Fc-Mn, cocxisung wuh nunor Fc-Mn oxides and hydroxides and visually indisunguishable from them .

These compounds wcrc correctly determincd as oxygcn-bcaring compounds of Pt-Pd-Fe by Lampadius & Plattner (1833). and Johnson & Lampadius (1837) . Lampadius & Plartner ( 1833) studied material from lhe area of "Sabará or Villa Rica". Mi nas Gerais and they concludcd tha t platinurn could formo in combinari on with other clements: they state: "a brittle pulverizable material of a colour that resembles that of hemattte, and can thus oniy with difficult be discemecl by ~ve fro m the Iatter", Johnson & Lampadius (1837) describcd material from Gongo Soco min c. Barão de Cocais, Mi nas Gerais. as "an tron-rich palladium oxidate f Palladoxydat] (probably an OXIde). We

have here. as a matter of interest, lhe fi rst occurrence of a metal connected with pla ttnu m in lhe oxidized state", Unfortunately. these papers were misquoted in lhe literarure and Icd lO the erroneous definnion ofpalladinite (q.v.) .

Carvalho da Silva et ai. (198 5). Roeser et 01. ( 1989. 1991 and 1992 ) and Roeser & Schürntann ( 1990 ) detectcd only Fc oxides associated with traces of Cr-AI oxides. According to Roeser et ai. ( 1992). "in fact, ouro preto is palladian gold but lhe palladium IS encloscd by lhe gold and not in thc coating". (see porpezite) .

According 10 Jedwab ( 1995). lhe oxygen-bearing compounds of Pt-Pd-Au-Cu-Fe-Mn are encrustations depos ited on . or tncludcd in. lhe gold grains observcd in lhe heavy mineral conce mrates. Th c gold grains rnay be associated wi th palladoarscnide. palla dse ite (q .v.). isornertieite (q.v.) . palIa dinite (q .v.), etc, The chenucal compositions of these compounds are extrc mc ly vari ed, eve n wuhi n lhe same grain (T abl e ~ . 2 ) .

Although the presence of oxy gen was shown qualitatively in lhe analytical spectra. only lhe val ues for lhe metaIs are give n in lhe analyscs. Thc non-metal lic charactcr of thc describcd co mpoun ds was establis hcd eithcr through obse rva tion oflheir color and weak RPM reflecuvity, or through their lower apparent atomic num ber under lhe SEM comparcd to the native PGE gc nerally prcscnt in lhe samplcs. Thc possiblc oxyge n species . indica ted by lhe prcsence of O:'. OI-[ and/or H:O. could of coursc 110t to be establishcd with lhe rncthods used Table ·U - Electron microprobe analyscs of oxygen-bearing compounds of Pt-Pd-Au-Cu-Fe-Mn from Cauê mine. ltabira. Minas Gerais (oxygen cxcluded), (Jedwab 1995).

I

2

3

4

5

I

\ \1 . %

Pt Pd Au Cu Mn Fe

I

~0 . 9 3

80 .66

3.98 0 .35 0 .76 6 .26

2 .8 ~

3 . ~2

~7 . 6 6

33 .72

10.17

~ 29 81.02 n.d.

11.5 2 1.03 2.1 2

17.0 5

5 8 .0 ~

2.15

I~ . O~

3 .0 ~

6 .23 1.29 5. 1 I 8.35 25 .15 3

7~ . 3 0

10.96 n.d .

1.60 1.30

I

1 ~ .38

n.d. ~.29

685 -10 . 7~

I

atoms % Pt Pd Au Cu Mn Fe Number of analvses

0.26 9.97 6 .03 I n.d.

I 0 . 13 I 83.61

0 . 15 0 .98 9.28 69 .39 3

n.d .

23

1 7 .7~

5A9

1.8~

IO .l ~

3 .72 1

59 .30 1

0 .08 5.90 1.95 I l1.d 0 . 15 91.87 3

The compounds show very diversified textures and are amorphous to X -rays. Their reflectancc is generally weak 00t variable, (13 to 15 % at 588 nrn). The color, the weak reflect.ance. absence of crystalline strueture. and high Fe andlor Mn eontent would probably lead the uninitiated to classify these compounds as iron or manganese oxihydroxides (Jedwab 1995).

Ru and Ir oxides and hydroxides Milliotti & Stumpíl (1993) A complex associ ation of Ru - and Ir-bearing phascs was identified by Milliotti & Stumpíl (1993) in the chromitites ofNiquelândia. Goiás. Th ey sho w very low reflectanoe (- 15 %. similar to spinel) wh en compared to the associated platinurn-group minerais. The phascs are : a) Irregular brownish-gray masses. sornetirnes with scattered small inclusions of Ir-rich laurite with the composition Ru-Ir-Fe-C r-Al-Ni and similar grains in native osmium with th e composition Ru-Fe-Cr-Ti-Al, b) Small pseudomorphic. euhedral light-brown crystals (up to 15 J..l11l) in direct contaet with chrornite: Ru-IrFe-er-Al-Ni. Ru-Ir-Fe-er-Al. and Ir-Fe-er-Al. c) Ligh t-brown alteration rirns on laurit e grains. prescrvíng their original euhedral shape: Ru-Ir-Fe-Cr, Ru- FeCr-AI. and Ru-Fe-Cr. These phascs werc interpreted as oxides or hydroxides of platinum-group elements. formed at a late stage. probably during laterization. Latcr 00. Milliotti & Stumpfl (1996) also described RuO~ (q.v.) and Pd -Fel (q.v.) in these chromitites.

RU04 Milliotti & Stumpfl (1996 ) Supergene ruth enium oxide occurs in the chromitite of Niquelãn dia. Goiás. as alterarion rirns in Os-rich lauri te crystals enclosed by cither chromite or goethite . The thickness of these rirns vari es fro m I to 5 J..l11l depending on the dcgree oflaurite alteration, Completion ofthe altera tion process is indicated by euhedral RuO. pseudomorphs after Osrich laurite in chromite. In refleeted light, it is brownish-gray and can be distinguished by its low reflectance, similar to spinel. and isotropic character, The chemical composition approaches RuO•. with variable content of Ru, Fc and Ir (Table 4.3).

Table 4.3 - Elcctron microprobe for ruth eniurn oxide (Milli otti & Stumpfl 1996) (wt, %).

Grain #

I

Os

n.d .

4 1.7 5 6 .94 n .d .

0.74 0.53 9.60 n.d.

39 .3 1 98.87

Ru Fe Pt

Rh Cu Ir Pd

O total

2 0 .03 4 1.6 5 7.24 0.66 0.56 0.54 8.94 n.d.

38 .26 97 .88

3 1.07 47 .43 5.83 0 . 10 1.39 0.27 1.9 8 n .d .

39 .9 7 98 .04

I . (RUo 68Feo colrc osRho OI CUo OI h o n O. O~

2. (RUo 69Feo zzlro 08Rh" 0IC Uo OIPt~0 0l hl OIÜJ 99 3. (RUo - ~eo I, Iro o~Rho 02Pt<o OIOs-oOI CU<O OIJso 9. 04 .0~ 4. (R Uo 6.-Feoz3Ir(.o'Rho OICUo od ::o n O. OI) 5. (RUo '.Feo I9lr oo-Rho OIÜSo OIPt<o OICu <oOI h l 0~03 9-

24

4 n.d .

39.92 8.39 0 .01 0.65 0.57 8.88 n .d .

43 .16 l O1.58

5 1.8 3 44 .26 6 .17 0.0 4 0 .98 0 .16 7.48 n .d .

37.54 98 .46

The Niquelândia Complex is a large layered mafic-u ltrarnafic cum u late seq uence. A large vari ety of PG M inclusions with in the chrom itites. displayin g distinct textures has been documented. Three PGM generations have been suggested by Milliotti & Stumptl ( 1996): I) earl y ma gm at ic crys ta llization of Os-rich laurite, erlichmanite. and irido smine (q.v.), trapped as discrete. crystallin e euhedra l phases during chrom ite nucleation: 2) late magm atic crystallization of irarsi te and Ir-Pt sulfid es. formed in lhe silicate matrix after chrom ite crystalliza tion had almost terrnin ated: and 3) supergene formation 01' RuOJ and Pd ~FeI (q , v.), as we ll as prccipitat ion of Pt- Fe an d Os-Fe-Ir a lloys from the a ltera tion fluids, durin g chromi te laterization. PGE -bearing goeth ite. hosti ng PGM phases. was also docum ented by Milli otti & Stumptl ( 1993).

Chrysoberyl Wemer ( 1789 ). Karsten ( 1789) BeAI 20 J • orthorhom bic Other names: Kr isoberil. chrysoberyll, cymophane. Alaunerde + Kieselerde. a lumi na -t- silica, cirnofana, chrysoberyllo, cym ophan a. chrysolite, crisólita, crisó lita do Bras il. crisólita-do-brasil, crisoberilo.

According to Leonardos ( 1970), it is probable that the chrysoberyl ana lyzed by Klaproth ( [ 795) [a lumina 7[ , silica 18. lime 6, oxide ofiron 1.5, loss 3. total 99 .5 wt. % ] \\135 frorn Brazil. In fact, ch rysoberyl is BeAlzOJ, but at that time bery llium had not been isolated. Th e gem known in Brazil as chrysolite. and c1ass ified by Werner ( 1789) as th chrysoberyl (Kr isoberi l), had been known since the m iddle of the 18 • Cenrury frorn alluvium in northern Minas Gerais [especially in the ar ea of Araçuai. old Calhau. Minas Gera is ( Leo nar dos 194 5)], assoc iated with colorless and blue topaz. aquamar ine. tourm a line. and ga rne t. The nam e chrysolite was used by Rom é de I'Isle ( 1772) for th e gem variety of olivine. but, app arently, both de l'Isle and Wern er confused the ge rn nam es of antiquity, Ch rysoli te or "gold stone' of Pliny probably was topaz. and chrysoberyl of an tiquity, as the name ind icates. \ \135 golden beryl. Klaproth ( 1795) simply designated chrysoberyl as Alaunerde + Kiese lerde (a lumi na + silica). Ha üy ( 1798) gave it the name cym opha ne. Nevertheless the name chrysoberyl prevailed and in 1824 Seybert obtained a correct an alysis showing it to be a beryllium m ineral.

Accord ing to Ferraz ( 192 8). "c hrysobery llo or cym opha na" occurs in quarries in Minas Gerais (Lufa stream and Gr avatá river, in the NE part of the sta te: in the vicin iry of Ara çua í; in the Uru bu creek: Piauí river , Minas Novas; Ca lhau., Neves and Serro), in São Paulo (Can oas river), and in Espírito Santo (Colatin a. Doce river).

Gem varieties include gem chrysoberyI in shades of light yellow, green and brown : alexandrite wh ich shows co lor change frorn daylight to artificial light ; ca r's eye, a chatoyant ye llow or gr een variety with oriented ac icu lar inclusions: and cat 's eye alexandrite.

Occurrence. lt is widespread and found in gran itic pegrn at ites and aplites. mica sch ists. rarel y in dolomitic mar ble and fluorine-rich veins. Associated m inera is include garn et, spin el, bery l, phenakite. corun dum, tourm a line, co lurnbite, gahn ite, and apatite. Often found as a detrital m ineral with d iam ond. corundum. garn et, and cass iterite.

The type locality is unknown, but probably is Araçua í, Minas Gera is (Leonar dos 1970). The rnost notable occurrences incl ude Brazil: Tancredo. Itaguaçu an d Colatina in Espírito Sa nto: Carnai ba, Itarnaraj u, m un icipio de Prado. Jaqueto.

Medeiros Net o, Cam po Formoso, Ca choeira an d Te ixeira de Fre itas in Bah ia: M inas Novas. Faria Lemos. Santa Luz ia de Caran gola, Padre Paraíso, Teófilo Oton i, Hematita (A ntôn io Dias ). and Esme ra lda de Ferros (Ferros) in Minas Ge rais . USA : To psham. Sagadahoc county, and rnan y other local ities in Mai ne: Haddam . Connect icut: Go lde n Ga te Can yon, Jefferson county, Colorado. Russia: lzumrudnye mines. Takovaya River. near Yetakter inburg; Ma lys heva mine, Mursinka. Ural Mountains. lndi a : Hyderabad region : Trivan drum. Kerala. Sri Lanka: Ratn apura district. Czech Republic: Marsikov. Mada gascar: Miakanjova to, near Lake A laotra. Z im babwe: near Masvi ngo, Fort Vietoria.

Norway: Sae tersda len. Northem Ireland: Mourne Mounta ins. Switzerlan d: Carn po lungo, near St. Gothard. ltal y: Sondalo. Veltlin and Olgiasca, Lake Como.

Appearance and phy sical properties. Mo rp ho logy: { IOO}, {Oio }, {OI I}, { l i O}, { 120 }. {130 }, { l Ol}. { I I I}, {I2 1}; less common {00 1}, {02 1}. {230}, {2 11}, { 122}; tabular on { IOO}, als o short prism at ic [OO \] or (100 ]: striated on { lOO} parallel to [001]. Usually occ urs as tabular crys ta ls on { IOO} or sho rt prismatic a lon g [OO\].

Vitreous: transparent or translucent, ma y be opaque and cha toyant with or iented inc lus ions : vari ous shades of green , ye llow, green ish-brown, green ish-black with a wh ite str eak : sometimes gr een or blue in day ligh t and red or brownish pink in incandescent light (variety, alexandrite). Nontluorescent. except for the a lexan dri te variety whi ch t1uoresces red . Mohs hardness 8Y2 : brittl e. C leavage: {Ol l } distinct. [ Of O} im perfect. { tOO} poo r: fracrure un even to conchoidal.

25

Twinning: Comrnon, with twin plane {03 I} and flattened perpendicular to lhe composition plane; contaet and penetrarion rwins, sometimes fonning pseudohexagonal crystals, Density 3.75 g/cm' (meas.). 3.78 g/cm'' (cale.).

Optical properties. Biaxial (+), a 1.746, P 1.748, Y 1.756, 2V(meas.) 70°, 2 V(calc.) 53°. dispersion r > v; pleochroism generally absent or weak, but strong in alexa ndrite, with X = reddish purple, Y = orange, Z =

green: orientation X = a. Y = b. Z = c.

Chemical data. BeO 19.15. FeO 3.60. AhOJ 76.34. TiOJ 0.55. total 99.64 wt, %. Empirical formula: BeI.oo(Ah,95Feo,07Tio,OlftlOJ041lO. The ideal formula requires BeO 19.70, Al2Ü3 80.30, total 100.00 wt. %.

Crystallography. Orthorhombic, Pbnm, a 4.429. b 9.4 I3, c 5.480 Á. V 228.46 k, Z 4, a:b:c = 0.4705: I:0.5822. X-ray powder diffraetion data [d in Á (I) (hkl») : 3.2345 (37) (I 11 ), 2.5609 (65) (130), 2.3 I99 (37) (131),2.2622 (41) (112).2.0884 (83) (122). 2,0779 (34) ( 140), 1.6175 (100) (222). 1.6129 (95) (240), 1.4645 (41) (152), 1.3614(58) (062). [sample frorn Minas Gerais]. ICDD: 45-1445.

Nam e. From Greek chrysos (gold) and beryllos (beryl).

Type material. No precise information on lhe type occurrence of chrysoberyl or lhe whereabouts and description of'the type material is available.

Relationship to other species . Structurally related to olivine.

Crystal struc ture. Edge- and comer-sharing AI06 octahedra are connected into a framework by isolated BeOJ tetrahedra: olivine strueture type (Farrell et ai. J963).

Martite Breithaupt (J 828) (hematite pseudomorphous after magnetite) Other names: Martit. martita. Eisenoxyd.

Name applied by Breithaupt (1828 and 1832) (Martit) to octahedral and dodecahedral crystals, before they were recognized by Haidinger (1827) and others as FC:!OJ (Eisenoxyd), dimorphous with hernatite. They were demonstrated to be hernatite after X-ray diffraction studies by Arninoff (19 I9) and pseudomorphous after magnetite. and perhaps, in part, after pyrite (Gorceix 1880). According to Leonardos (1973) Breithaupt exarnined the iron mineraIs colleeted by von Martius in Araçoiaba [Araçoiaba da Serra, São Paulo), Gaspar Soares hill [Morro do Pilar. near lhe Lajes creek. Conceição do Mato Dentro. Minas Gerais] and Pedra Branca, stored in lhe Brazilian Museum of Munich. Germany, and gave lhe name martite to an iron oxide charaeterized by lhe octahedral form and c1eavageand the "semi-metallic lustre of iron". The cornpilation of types organized by the Commission on Museums of the IMA gave "Araosaiava Itapicuru. Minas Gerais" as the type occurrence of martite. and the type specimen as being stored in lhe Technische Universitãt's museum, Bergakademie Freiberg, Gerrnany. According to Ferreira ( 1885). Inficcionado (now Santa Rita Durão, Mariana) is lhe place that supplied lhe first martite samples. described by Spix & von Martius.

Gorceix (1880) found a large amount of martite in lhe vicinity of Ouro Preto in the State of Minas Gerais. SeveraI crystals appear to have been formed frorn lhe alteration of pyrite lo limonite. hernatite. and rnagnetite, Martite derives from "mars, rnartis", lhe name given by lhe alchemists to iron.

For a long time. martitization was interpreted as a retro-rnetarnorphic transformation, but is now understood to be a supergene processo Varajão et aI. ( 1996) showed that, when magnetite is submitted to intense weatheri ng conditions, it can be cornpletely "martitized"; or partially transformed into maghernite cr "keno-magnetite", which are more soluble than martite leaving skeletal martite crystals. usually found in the top of the weathering profiles.

Senaitc Hussak & Prior (J 898) PbMnTi20OJs. trigonal.

Other names: senaita. Senaü. fer titané tantalifere.

Senaite was originally described by Hussak & Prior (1898) in lhe neighbourhood of Diamantina. Minas Gera is (Datas. Cipó river. etc.). Additiona1 information was obtained by Hussak & Reitinger (1903), who reponed occurrences in Curralinho [now Extração). Varas strearn. and near Diamantina. A translation. into Portuguese. of lhe part of this paper regarding to senaite, has countless typographic errors that harm its content (Hussak 1920).

Senaite was recognized in Precarnbrian diamondiferous conglomerares near Diamantina. Minas Gerais. which

26

were considered to be the source rocks of lhe diamondiferous gravei of Serra do Espinh aço (Freise 1930). Metelo ( 1968) srudied sarn ples storcd in lhe Divisão de Geo logia e M ineralogia museum . Departamento Nacional da Produção M inera l. Rio de Janeiro. frorn Datas ( DG MlD N PM 1651); Várgeas, Diamantina (DGMlDNPM 1653); Ci pó river. Diamantina (DGMlDN PM 1654) and lmbiruçu, San ta Q uitéria ( DGMlDN PM 1655).

Senaite frorn SI. Peters Dome. EI Paso Counry, Colorado. USA. and Zn- and Na-ric h sen a ite frorn Datas .

Minas Gerais (sam ple DGMlDN PM 1651) were studied by Foord et ai. ( 1984). 1I rnay bc noticed that this last sarn ple had been studicd by Metelo ( 1968). An occurrence of metarnict U-ric h senai te was erroneously reco rded david ite frorn Nezilovo. Macedonia. Yugoslavia (Bennan ec et ai. 1992).

The discovery of senaite in all uvial gravei containing gold and platinurn, near Serro. Minas Gerais (Cassedan ne & Cassedanne 1974) initia ted research hop ing to determine the loca tion of the source rock of this mineral. The first in situ senaite occurrence in Brazil was described by Cassedanne ( 1986) and Cassedanne & Chaves ( 1990), at Guariba farm , on lhe right bank of the creek with the sarne name, south-southeast of Presidente Kubitschek.

40 km sou th of Diam antina.

Senaite was probably kno wn by Damour ( 1856) and described as "fer titan é tantalifere" . Due to disso lution by sulfuric acid and potass ium sulfate, the lead precipitated as sulfa te and was possibly ana lysed as tanta Ium acid (Hussak & Reit inger 1903).

Occurrence . In diam ondiferous a lluvium of Diamantina. Datas . and its surr oundings , Minas Gera is: in gold an d plat inum a lluvium near Serro. Minas Gerais: in Precarn brian diamondiferous conglo merates frorn Diam ant ina.

Minas Ger ais ; and in quartz veins (with an atase, kaolinite, magnetite. pyrite, an d rut ile) at Guariba farrn, Pres iden te Kubitsc hek. Minas Gerais. At SI. Peters Dome. Colorado, USA. in a sma ll pegmatite. with astrophyllite, murataite. xenotirne, an d other m inerais.

Appearance and physical propert ies. At least four habits were described for senaite frorn quartz veins: (a) mm -sizcd pseudocubic rhombohcdra l crystals, with flat faces and m inor modifications : (b) complex rwinned crystals: (c) platy crystals to I em. common ly coated by acicular rut ile crystals: and (4) spongy, corroded crystals with perforated faces (possi bly the most abundant type), The crystals occur isolated or in groups showing the forms {OOOI }, { lO-l i }, {20-2 1}, {40-4 1}. 11 occurs as black or dark green sca les. opa que to translucent with a dulI. su b-metallic luster and a brownish-black streak. A layer ofbrown alteration is presen t on some crystals, Mohs hardness 6. C leavage a bsent with a conchoidal fracture, Density 4.2 to 5.3 g/crrr' (meas.) (depe nding on th e amount o f a lteration), 4.59 g/crrr' (ca le.).

Optical properties. Uniax ial (-); n - 2.50 (Li). Lower to mod erate retlectance. Non pleochroic. Rio Ra: ""RI, anR 2 nm : (22 .7,23 .5; 8.80 , 9.30) 400 nrn, (2 1.7. 22.7; 8.16 , 8.83) 420 nm .

(20.9. 22.0: 7.68. 8.35) 440 nm .

(20.35, 2 1.4; 7.29, 7.97) 460 nm.

(20. 1. 2 1.1; 7.10.7.79) 470 nm . ( 19.8.20.9; 6.93, 7.6 1) 480 nm. ( 19.45, 20.5; 6.6 8. 7.35) 500 nrn, ( 19. 1. 20. 1: 6.47, 7. 14) 520 nrn, ( 18.75. 19.8 : 6.27. 6.95) 540 nm. ( 18.7, 19.7 ; 6.23, 6.90) 546 nm . ( 18.5.19.5; 6.1 1, 6.78) 560 nrn, (18 .3, 19.3; 5.99, 6.65) 580 nm , ( 18.2, 19.2; 5.92, 6.59) 589 nrn, ( 18. 1, 19.1; 5.89, 6.55) 600 nrn , ( 17.9. 19.0: 5.80.6.47) 620 nrn, ( 17.9, 18.9; 5.76,6.41) 640 nrn, ( 17.8, 18.8; 5.73, 6.40) 650 nm . ( 17.7, 18.7; 5.7 0, 6.36) 660 n rn, ( 17.6, 18.7; 5.65, 6.33) 680 nrn, ( 17.55, 18.6; 5.62 , 6.32) 700 nm .

27

Chemical data. The most complete chcmical analyses for senaite from Datas, Minas Gerais, are presentcd in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Microprobe chemical data for senaite from Datas. Minas Gerais (wt . %).

Grain # PbO FeO*

Zno CC20J LazOJ YzOJ CaO BaO MnO Zr02 Th0 2 NazO Ti02 FezOJ** Nb:20s SrO MgO CrzOJ VZ05 total* total· *

I

8.7 (22.8) 0.6 0.6 0.8 3.3 n.d.

0.3 3.0 n.d.

0.3 n.d.

54.2 ') .

~

_ :l .....

0.2 LI

0.15 0.12 n.d.

96.17 98.67

2 9.8 (22.8) 0.5 0.5 0.4 3.6 n.d.

0.3 3.4 n.d.

0.3 n.d.

55.2 25.3 0.3 1.1 0.15 0.09 n.d.

98.44 100.94

3 8.9 (23.2) 0.5 0.6 0.7 3.6 n.d .

0.3 3.5 n.d .

0.3 n.d.

55.2 25.7 0.2 1.1 0.15 0.09 n.d.

98.34 100.84

4 8.9 (23.0 ) 0.5 0.7 0.7 3.7 n.d.

0.3 3.4 n.d.

0.3 n.d.

54.9 25.6 0.2 1.1 0.15 0.09 n.d.

97.94 100.54

5 9.08

6 10.7

-

(11.1 )

0.53 0.60 0.65 3.5 5 n.d .

0.3 3.33 n.d .

0.3 n.d.

54.88 25.48 0.22 1.1 0.15 0.10 n.d.

7.7 0.2 0.0 1.7 n.d.

1.2 1.9 n.d.

0.5 1.05 62.tl 12.3 1.0 0.1 0.08 0.09 n.d.

98.87 100.07

100.27

7 9.21 8.53 n.d.

0.07 0.06 0.86 n.d. n.d.

4.08 0.09 0.12 n.d.

58.68 16.20 n.d .

0.20 0.02 0.16 0.70

98.98

1. to 6. Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia museum, Departamento Nacion al da Produção Mineral. Rio de Janeiro, DGMIDNPM 165 1specimen. Foord et aI. (1984). 5. Average of anal yses I to 4. 6. Zn- and Na -rich senaite.

7. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Sm ithsonian Institution). Washin gton. D.C.. USA. Mineralogy Division. #R724 I specimen . Includes AbOJ 0.05. HlD2 0.13 wt. % . Grey et ai. (1976). *Fe total calculated as FeO in I to 6. "'Fe total calculated as FezOJ in 1 to 6.

The formula derivcd frorn analvsis 5 ofTable 4.4 is: (Pbo 76SrO 2oLao.08Ceo o7Bao.o4)~ 1.I 5(T i IZ89Fel - 5.99Mno88YOS9Zno I2Mgoo7NboOJCro.ozTh o.oz)r20610 38 And for analvsis 6: (Pbo8QBao ISCeoozSroozh l.o8(Ti1457FeJ-Z 8f2n I 76Nao6J MnosoYo.z8Nbo.14Mgo04CrO OZh.208J038.

Crysrallography . Trigonal, R-3. Rhombohedral unit cell: a 9.172 A.. a 69.020°. V 648.89 N , Z I. Hexagonal 3 unit cell: a 10.393. c 20.811 A. c:a = 2.0024. v = 1946.73 A • Z 3 (data derived from lhe crystal strucrure srudy by Grey & Lloyd 1976). X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 3.43 (90) (024), 2.894 (100) (116). 2.468 (50) (131),2.265 (50) (208), 2.146 (50) (315).1.98 1 (75) (045),1.603 (70) (I 3 10) and 1.447 (70) (2 2 12). ICDD: 201048[ICDD 45-1388: Heatcd metamict U-rich senaite].

Name. HonorsJoaquim Cãndido da Costa Sena (1852-1919). director of lhe Escola de Minas of Ouro Preto.

Type material. The type specimen was collected. according to Cassedanne & Chaves ( 1990). in alluviurn deposits near the cíty of Datas. Minas Gerais. According to lhe Commission on Museurns of IMA. lhe rype specimen ofsen aite is preserved in lhe US. National Museum (Smithsonian Institution), Washington. D.C.. USA. and Muséurn

28

National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. France.

Relat ionship with other species. Origina lly senaite was inclu ded in lhe ilmenite group ( Hussak & Prior 1898.

Hussak & Re itinger 1903). However. it was later found to be rela ted to minera is of the crichtonite gr ou p (Strunz & Tennyson 1966. Rouse & Peacor 1968. Grey & Lloyd 1976. G rey et aI. 1976).

Crystal structure. Determ ined by Grey & Lloyd ( 1976) usin g a sample frorn Datas. Minas Gerais U.S. Na tiona l Museum ofN atur a l History (S rnithsonian lnst itution ), Wa sh in gton. O.c.. USA. M ineralogy Oivision. sam ple #R724 I).

Syn thetic, Not obtained.

Fluornatromicrolitc Witzke et ai. (in press) (Na.Ca.Bi)zTa Z06F. cubic Approved CN MMN-IMA 98-0 18.

Othe r names: tluomarromicr olita .

Occ urre nce. Alto Quixab á pegm atite. 3 km north-west of Quixabá, Frei Martinho counry, Paraíba. The associated min erais are : a lbite, quartz, elbaite, rnuscovite, am b1ygonit e. an d manganotan talit e.

Appearance and p hysical properties. lsometric and flartened crystals up to 6 mm . Fonns: { I l I }, { I IO}.

Grecn with a white srreak. Luster: adam an tine. T ransparent. Mohs har dn ess 5. Brittle with a conchoida l fraeture.

Den siry 6.49 g/cm ' (rneas.), 6.568 g/cm ' (ca lc.).

Op rica l properries. Isotropic. Il > 2.0: ca lculated: 2.03.

Chem ical data . Electron microprobe data (frorn 17 points): Na-O 6.39. CaO 6.96 . BhOJ 6.71. Ta- O, 76. 81. F 3.63. less O = F - 1.53. tota l 98.97 wt. % . Empirical form ula: (N a, 17C3Il7oBioI6)t20JTa I.970s.nF I.08. The ideal formulalva,Ta Z0 6F requires Na zO 12.04. TazOs 85.83. F 3.69. less O = F -1.55. tota l 100.00 wt , % .

Crystallography. Cubic. Fel3m. a 10.44 5 1 Á. V 11 39.56 AJ. Z 8. X-ray powder diffraet ion data [d in A (1) (h kl)]: 6.023 (3 1) ( 111). 3. 148 (33) (3 11). 3.015 ( 100) (222). 2.6 10 (27) (400) , 2.0 10 (17) (333. 5 11), 1.846 (59) (44 0), 1.574 (47)(622). 1.198 (23)(662). 1.168 (18 )(840). 0.8828 (2 1)( 10 6 2).

Na me. According to its composition and its relatio nship to microlite. In lhe pub lication on lhe nomencl atur e of the pyrochlore group (Hogart h. 1977) lhe CNMNM-IMA subcornrnittee d id not include lhe concept ofnames based on d ifferent anions in the struetures.

Type marer ial. The mineralogical collcetion ofthe Technische Universitãt, Bergakadem ie. Freiberg, Germany (No . 77975) and the Mineralogica l Collcetion of the Martin-Luther Univers itãt Halle. Institut für Gcologisch e W issenschaften. Halle. Germany (No. OI0356).

Relationship to other specie s. Microlite group. Na and F analogue of m icrolite. Ta and F analogue of pyroc h lore.

Crystal structure. Fluomatromicrolite belongs to the pyroc h lore srructure rype with the 8a position fully occupied by F. The 16c position (coord ination nu mber 8) is occupied by Na . Ca. and Bi. Two com ers of this polyhedron are F-atoms. Ta occupies the 16d position and is coordinated by 6 eq uiva lem O-atoms .

Uranrnicrolitc Strunz (1957) (Ca.U)(Ta.TiHO,OH) 7. cubic Other names: uran-microlite. Uran-Mikrolit. djalmaite. uranrnicrolita, uranomicrolita. djalmaita.

Th e original description of dja lmaite. collceted by Octavio Barbosa. appears in four publications (Guimarães 1939a. 1939b. 1941, 1948b). Based on prc!iminary X-ray diffraction data from the type specimen of djalmaite. Tavora (1948) concluded that it is cubic but he did not include lhe cell parameter, space group, or observed partem in his note.

In 1949 Tavora presented X-ray diffraet ion data for samples described as djalmaite from other occurrences. One of these patterns appears on lhe lCOO card for the mineral (43 -693). The name djalmaite was officially discarded in favour of uranrnicrolite, a name inrroduced by Strunz ( 1957). to confonn to lhe new nornenclarure systern for pyroch lore group minerais. approved by CNMMN - HvIA (Hogarth 1977). The new definition requires th at uranmicrolite must contain U exceed ing 20 % of the total A-atoms. however, lhe samples stud ied by Tavora ( 1949) are

29

uranian microlite because U does not exceed 20% ofthe total A-atoms. Only the original djalmaite specimen studied

by Guimarães (1939a. I939b, 1941, 1948b) conforms to the uranmicrolite definition but unfortunately no X-ray diffraetion data are available for this specimen except that Tavora (1948) notes that it is cubic. Pires (1995) published a review paper on the mineral.

Occurrence. In alIuvium near lhe altered granitic pegmatite at Posse farm (São José mine). I km distam of Brejaúba town, Conceição do Mato Dentro county, Minas Gerais. The minerais of lhe pegmatite are: kaolinized rnicrocline, quartz, "bismuth ore". muscovite, beryl (green, bluish, and brown), garnet, columbite, magnetite, monazite, samarskite, and tourmaline (see dukeite). In addition to the pegmatitic mineraIs lhe alluvium contains a mineral similar to eschwegeite (q.v.). which is lhe djalmaite of Guimarães (1939a and I948b). According to Guimarães (1939b and 1941) [English version). lhe alluvium contains a mineral similar to eschwegeite, emerald (rare). and djalmaite. Djalmaite (actually uranian microlite) was later found in lhe Volta Grande and GerminaI pegrnatites, in the arca ofSão João dei Rei. Minas Gerais (Guimarães 1950).

Appearance and physical properties. Octahedra {III} modified by lhe trapezohedron {113}. Browni shyellow, greenish-brown or brownish-brilliant black. Streak: pale yellow. Cleavage absent, irregular fraeture. Density 5.75 to 5.88 g/cnr' (mcas.), Mohs hardness 5Y2.

Oplical properties. In thin section. translucent, yellowish-brown. with a greasy luster. n 1.97.

Chemical data. Chemical analyses (methods no! specified): Ta205 72.27, ~05 1.41, TiÜ2 2.54, SnOJ traces.

ZrOJ 0.80. UOJ 2.17. UOJ 9.38. W03 0.18, Bb03 0.98. PbO 1.10, FeO 0.56. CaO 3.40, MgO 0.24. H20 4.62. total 99.65 wt, %. Empirical formula: 2 (Cao J1 u''' o.17u'·O[).1Fe ' o [).1Mgo o3P~ o3Bi3 ' OOÜl:O 6-l(Ta1.66Tio.1 6~ o0003h:1.90044o(OHh 60.

Crystallography. Cubic. The data on the ICDD 43-693 card (uranmicrolite) are aetually for uranian microlite and lhe locality is also incorrect, because the sample is not frorn Posse farol. but frorn Germinai (Volta Redonda.

Mortes river). Nazareno district. São João dei Rei counry, Minas Gerais. studied by Tavora (1949) and Guimarães (1950).

Name. Originally djalmaite, in honor of Djalma Guimarães (1895-1973), Brazilian mineralogist and petrologisl. Renamed uranmicrolite, according to lhe CNMMN • IMA new rules for pyrochlore group ofminerals.

Type material. Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia museum , Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral. Rio de Janeiro (Tavora 1949).

Relationship to otherspecies. Pyrochlore group.

Crystal structure. Not solved.

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Ba riom icrolite Hogarth (1977) Ba(Ta.Nbh(o.OH), Other names: bariomicrolita. rijkeboerite. rijkeboerita.

Bariomicrolite was described by van der Veen (1963). lt occurs as an alteration product in a pegmatite near Chi-chico. São João dei Rei county, Minas Gerais. Originally named rijkeboerite, lhe mineral was renarned by Hogarth (1977) to conform to the nomenclature ofthe pyrochloregroup approved by lMA. The status ofbariomicrolite was discussed by Ercit et aI. (1986). Type bariomicrolite has a parabariornicrolite2like formula (based on 4 B cations): Ao.78 B4Ü9.56(OHh 4ol.2.92H20 . where A = 0.35 Ba + 0.14 Sn + 0.13 Fe> + 0.06 U + 0.04 Pb « 0.03 Ce v 0.01 Mn .;. 0.01 Sr. and B = 3.38 Ta .;. 0.46 Nb + 0.16 Ti. However, it deviates from parabariomicrolite in its low A-site sum and high H2Q-content. much ofwhich ma)' be due to cation exchange during heavy-liquid (Clerici solution) separation done prior to lhe chemical analysis.

The X-ray diffraction partem for lhe type bariomicrolite (van der Veen 1963) indicates that it is isostructural with pyrochlore. not parabariomicrolite: however, van der Veen (1963) reported three additional diffraetion máxima and ascribed thern to contarninant phases. In light of lhe parabariomicrolite-like formula and lhe presence of additional diffraction maxima Ercit et ai. (1986) hoped to re-examine lhe type bariomicrolite to determine whether it is truly isostrucrural with pyrochlore. but lhe whereabouts of'the type specimen ofbariomicrolite is unknown .

Occurrence. In a cassiterite concentrates from a pegmatite near Chi-Chico, São João dei Rei, Minas Gerais.

Appearance and physical propenies. Pink, reddish, yellowish-brown, colorless ar white. Density 5.68 to 5.80

30

(average 5.71 ) g/crrr' (meas .), 5.60 g/cm ' (ca lc.). VHN 100 491 (485 to 498). Mohs hardn ess 4 '1~ lo 5.

Optical properti es. Mean rellectivity 13.2. Uniaxia l. Both refracti ve ind ices above 2.0 (wh ite light). GladstoneDale calculations indicare n mean 1.96.

Chemical data. X-ray tluorescence and wet anal yses. corrected for impur ities : Ca O 0.0 I. 8aO 5.15. srO 0.10.

FeO 0.91. MnO 0.10 . PbO 0.92. Ce20) 0,48. S~O) 0.0 I. Bi20J 0.03. ThOz 0.20. UJOs 1.72. ThO 1.66. rto, 1.24.

Sn02 2.05. Nb:!0~ 6.02. Ta lO, 72.81. I-hO 7.27 (ign ition loss). total 100.68 \\1 . % . Empirica l formula : (8ao 16Fe> o06UoOJPbo o2Mn2-oOlCe)·oolh:o..29(Tal , 6Nbo2ITioo7Sno06h:I.90ÜJ I7(OH)J 8J. TI was considered to have been adsorbed frorn lhe Clerici solut ion durin g lhe separation processo Cry stallography. Cubic, Fd3m. a 10.570 A. V 1180.93 AJ. Z 8. X-ray powder d iffraction data [d in A ( I) (hkl )]: 6 .04 (80) ( 111), 3. 18 (65) (3 11), 3.034 ( 100) (222). 2.63 1 (60) (40 0).1.865 (60) (44 0) .1.784 (35) (53 1), 1.59 1 (45)(622) ,1.2 11 (35 )(662), 1.079 (40) (844), 1.0 17 (35)( 10 2 2). ICOO: 16-6 16.

Name. Originally rijkeboerite. in honor to A. Rijkeboer. ch ief of lhe analytical departrnent, N. V. Hollandse Metallurgische Industrie Billiton , Arnhem, Holland. where the analysis was don e. Renarned bar iorn icrol ite, accord in g lO lhe CNMMN - [MA new rules for pyrochlore group minerais.

Type material, Not preserved.

Relationship to other species. Pyrochlore group.

Crystal structure. Not solved.

Syruhetic. Not obtained.

Parabariom icrolite Ercit et ai. (1986) 8aTa.0 1O(0H)2.2H 20 . trigonal Approved CNMMN - IMA 84-3.

Other narnes: parabariorn icrolita. "a ltered rnicrolite" , During a general investigation of the paragen esis of sirnpsoni te, a detailed examination of lhe Alto do Giz occurrence. Rio Grande do Norte. revealed a translucent white m ineral associated with abundant microlite (Ercit et ai.

1986). Pough (1945) was lhe first to comment on this mineral referring lO it as "altered rnicrolite": however. he did not carry out X-ray, chemical or optical investigations.

Occurrence. As topotaxic replacements (up to 60 % by volume) of green microlite oetahedra up to \ em in diarneter a long lhe edges and c1eavage planes. It more rarel y occurs as open-space filling s in oxide mineral assemblages of lhe Alto do Giz pegrnatite, located 2 km S of the ma in road connectin g lhe towns of Equador and Parelhas. Rio Grande do Norte. Associated minerais are simpsonite [orig ina lly described as calogerasite (q.v.j], tanta lite. manganotantalite. tapiolite. natrotan tite, al umotan tite. stibiotantalite, beryi , spod um ene. and petal ite. A second probable occurrence of parabariomicrolite was recorded at near Lake Kivu, Zaire (Ercit et aI. 1986).

Appearance and phy sical properties. Individual crystals ran ge frorn 0.0 \ to 0.\ mm in open-space fillings. .Aggregates 01' crystals are up to 2 mm across. Wh ite to pa le pink. with a white strea k. Vitreous to pearly luster.

Translucent. Well developed {00 1} and {lO I} c1eavages. Very brittle. Non f1uorescent. Density 5.97 g/cm " (ca lc.).

Mohs hardness 4.

Optical properries. Uniaxial. Both refractive indices above 2.0 (wh ite light). G ladstone- Da le calculations ind ica te mean n 1.96.

Chem ical data. Microprobe data : Na 20 004 . K20 0.3. s-o 0.8 . 8 aO 10.5. PbO 0.4. l'..fb.!O, 1.5, Ta 20, 80.6.

5.2 (by crystal rructure determ inat ion ), tota l 99.7 wt , %.

Empírica l form ula: H20 (8 ao 7J Nao 14Caoo8Sroo8Ko o7Pboo2b .dTa) 88Nbo 1 2)l:~ OOO IOOO(0H)2 00.2.05H20.

The idea l formu la 8aTa.01O(0H)z.2H 20 requires 8aO 14.06, Ta20S 80.99. H20 4.9 5 total 100.00 wt, %.

Crystallograp hy. Trigona l. R-3m. a 7.4290. c 18.505 A. V 884 .46. c:a = 2.4909. Z 3. X-ray powder diffraetion da ta [d in A (I) (h kl)]: 6.18 (50) (00.3),6.08 (35) ( 10. 1), 3. 172 (65) (02. 1). 3.085 (4 1) (00.6). 3.04 0 (100) (20.2), 2.641 (50) (0204), 1.878 (38) (20 .8), 1.857 (39) (22.0). 1.603 (24 ) (02. 10) . 1.591 (42) (22 .6). ICOO: 39-0401 .

Nome. For its chemical and structural similarity with bariornicrolite.

Type material. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Ontario. Canada (M22607) and U.S. I ationa l Museum of Natural History (Srnithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C .. USA (104739).

Relationship to other species. Natrotantite group. See bariomicrolite.

31

Crystal structure. A layered strueture derived from that of pyrochiore (Ercit et ai. 1986).

Syruhetic. Not obtained,

Lewisite Hussak & Prior (1895 ) 4 4 CaSb3 • 2/3(Sbs·.Ti ) 206(OH). with Sb5' :Ti ' = I : I, cubic (perhaps a valid species ) Other names: lewisita .

Romeite and lewisite are listed as separate species in most reference manuais (e.g. Fleischer & Mandarino 1995). but lewisite is considered by some authors as a titanian variety ofromeite (e.g. Palache et ai. 1951. Tavora 1955). Romeite. originally dcscribed by Damour (1841 ) in the Praboma mine. Piernont, ltaly. is isostrucrural with th e pyrochlore group minerais. The general formula of romeite is Ca2-mSb5·20r,.,,(O,OH,F)lofl.pH20, with m = O to 2, W usually O. n = O lo I. and p < 2 (Brugger et al., 1997). Lewisite was originalJy described by Hussak & Prior (1895 ) [translated into Portuguese: Hussak (1905)] frorn the Tripui (formerly Tripuhy) cinnabar mine, Ouro Prelo. Min as Gerais. The ideal formula 5Ca0.3S~Os.2Ti02 (= Ca sS1J6Tb024) was determined from two wet chemical analyscs.

Hussak & Prior (1895 ) noted that lhe mineral was related to romeite and the pyrochlore group and this was confirmed

by X-ray diffraction data reported by Machatschki & Zedlitz (1932), Tavora (1955). and Baptista (1981). Machatschki & Zedlitz ( 1932) observed. howevcr. that the chemical cornposition obtained by Hussak & Prior (1895) did not agree with the formula ofminerals with lhe pyrochlore strucrure, because there was an excess ofSb in the B site.

Brugger et ai. (1997). on lhe basis of the chemical composition , X-ray diffraction data and optical propertics of lewisite from Tripui. suggcsted thal it should be considered a rnixrure of romeite and an hexagonal (trigonal ?) phase strueturally related lO pyrochlore. This sccond phase grows at lhe expense of romeite, but is characterized by th e ordering of the vacancics in lhe A-silcs. similar lO what occurs in parabariom icrolite (q.v.), These data. however, were not obtained frorn lhe type specimen. The cationic distribution suggested by Brugger et ai. (1997). with lhe total Sb as Sbs- and concenrraied in the B-sile generated formulae with a high vacancy in the A-site. Densities calculated for these 5 formulae are lower than those observed, Thus, it would secrn more logical to distribute Sb as Sb ' and Sb' - in the Band A-sites respectively, Rouse et ai. (1998 ) srudied lhe type specimen stored in the U.S. National Museum of arura l HistOTY (Smithsonian Institution). Washington. D.C., USA (USNM R5741) , and, based on their crystal strueture 2 determination, found that the A-site is spl it to accommodate the differenl coordination requirements of ss" and Ca , .

2 The A-sile is split into S-coordinated Ca ' on A(l6d) and Sb)' on an asyrnmetricalJy 5-coordinated site A '(96g ).

However, the crystal strueture determ ination by Zubkova et ai. (2000 ) on the type specimen of lewis ite stored in The Natural History Museum. London. England (BM 80141 ) did not confirm the splining of'the A-site .

Occurrence. In gravei of the Três Cruzes farm cinnabar mine, Tripuí (formeriy Tripuhy), Ouro Pre to. Minas Gerais. Associated minerais are xenotime. rnonazite, zircon. kyanite, tourmaline, rutile. hematite, pyrite, rnagnetite. gold, cinnabar. rripuhyite (q.v.). derbylite (q.v.), florencile-(Ce) (q.v.), muscovite, quartz.. and other minerais. Lewisit e may contain inclusions of quartz, hematite, and rutile.

Appearance and physical properties. Perfect octahedra. rarely greater than 1 mm . Twinning on {l I I } rar e.

Cleavage {111 } perfect . Honey yellow to brown, with a yellowish -brown streak. Luster vitreous or resinous. lt is not brinle. Densiry 4.950 g/crrr'(rneas.). 4.966 g/crrr'(calc.). Mohs hardncss 5Y2. lnsoluble in acids .

Optical propenies. lsotropic, n 2.20 .

Chemical data . Table 4-5 gives the chemical data for lewisite.

Table 4.5. Chem ical data for lewisite frorn Tripuí, Ouro Preto. Min as Gerais. (wt. %) .

S~05

1 67.52

2 65 .52

3 66. 11

4 70 .25

11.35

11.70

13.06 0.16 0.53 3.65

7.20 0.07 I.I-l 5.66

0.J8 <0.0 1 0.22 15.95 0.60

0.34 <0.0 1 0.12 15.35 0.25

<0.05

<0.05

0.0 2.0

100.46

100.38

100A

S~O)

TiOz Nb20s AI2ÜJ

FC2ÜJ FcO As 20 1

4.55

Cao

MnO SO)

0.99 15.93 0.38

1.06 15.47

F H 20 (-O H,F) Total

100.72

6 64.66 (62.23-ó6.20)

0.7 3.8

I. 70 (1.11-2.66) -lA3-[-l.09-4.83)

0.1 I-lA 1.2

0.90 (0.44-1.94) 12.80 ( I 1.96-13.24) UH ( \.50- 1.86) 0.65 (0.22- 1. 17)

14.47 (13.72- 14.93)

6.79

ce,o,

Na 20

5 39.7 23.5 15.0

100.54

10 1.25

1. and 2. Hussak & Prior (1895 ).

3. and 4 . Brugger et ai. (1997).

5. Rouse et ai. ( 1998) .

6. Atencio et ai. ( 1998). Type speci me n [Natural History Mu seum. Lond on. Eng land (BM 80141 )] ; average of 6 a na lyses by EDS: ran ge in parenth eses. Probe standards : meta llic Sb. titan ite. m etalli c AI, metallic Fe, syn thetic Na C I. ca lcite, meta llic Mn, and chalcocite, The data of colurnn 5 of Ta ble 4.5 correspo nd lO lhe chem ical formula J' (Cal(}lMn2·007NaoOl h I.l2Sb3·0.6S(Sbs,09'lT i 076Fe 3-0 19A1o 06h ' oo06(O H)o.91. Th e data 01' column 6, for ideal O and (O H) contents, correspond to lhe chemi ca l form ula J s, 3 3 (Cao91Nao 12Mn2'009b .12Sb ' O66(Sb 0.93T i • on Fe ' O22AJO13b .OO0 6(O H).

Crystallography. Cubic. FcI3m or F-43m (pseudo FcI3m), (J I0.277( I) Á. V 1085.4 N (Rouse et al. 1998), a 10.311 (7) A. V 1096.23 AJ (Zubkova et ai. 2000), Z 8. Table 4.6 g ives Xvray diffraction data for lewisite,

33

Table 4.6. X-ray diffraction data for lewisite from Tripuí, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais.

1 dob, (Á) 5.84 3.08 2.94 2.55

lob, (%) 20 30 100 30

1.966 1.8 13 1.734

30 100 30

1.548 1.483 1.438 1.337 1.284

100 30 30 30 30

2 dob,(Á) 5.794 3.069 2.9394 2.54 15 2.3656 1.9710 1.8097 1.7328 1.5655 1.5434 1.47 82 1.4389 1.3364 1.2832

hkl lob,(%) 7 9 97 22 ~

-'

6 32 13 4 100

6 10 12 19

dcalc (Á) 5.953 3.109 2.9765 2.5777 2.3655 1.9844 1.8227 1.7429 1.5724 1.5544 1.4883 1.4438 1.3424 1.288 9

Icalc( % ) 34 27 100 ") -

-)

I

2 3 50 9 5 42 9 5 7 7

III 311 2")2 400 331 511 440 53 1 53 3 62 2 444 551 731 800

I. ICDD 7-66. a = 10.29 A. 2. Zubkova et 01. (2000) .

Name. Honors Prof. W.l. Lewis ofCambridge University, England.

Type material. The Natural History Museum. London, England (BM 80141 ); U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian lnstirurion), Washington , D.e., USA (USN M R5741 ).

Relationship 10 other species. Romeite group.

Crystal structure. Rouse et 01. ( 1998) and Zubkova et 01. (2000) .

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Na-rich romeite Atencio et 01. ( 1998) During lhe srudy of lhe type specimen of lewisite [The Natural History Museurn. London , Eng land (BM 80141)]. Atencio et 01. (1998 ) observed lhe predorninance of a mineral with lewisite composition. and a secon d mineral (2 octahedra among about 20), visually indistinguishable frorn 1ewisite but Na-rich and Ti-free, Th e composition frorn an average of 15 analyses (range in parenlheses) is: Sb:!Os 74.02 (68.3 1-77.75); T i02 0.00(0.000.00): AhO> 0.89 (0.06-2 .64): F~O> 2.66 (0.20-7.63); Na20 5.95 (1.15-9.06); CaO 13.63 (13 .18- 14.11): MnO 0.33 (0.00-1.04): SO> 0.00 (0.00 -0.00); total 97.48 wt, %. Electron microprobe standards were: metallic Sb. titan ite. rnetallic AI. metallic Fe, synthetic NaCl. calcite, metallic Mn, and chalcocite. Rorneite normally has Ca > Na (atorn contents). In some of lhe points ana lyzed. this proportion is inverted, Na- and Mn-rich romeite was described at Miguel Burnier, Minas Gerais. under lhe name "atopite" (Schaller 19 16). Romeite with Na > Ca and F > OH was described by Matsubara et 01. (1996). at Gozaicho mine. lwaki, Japan. Na > Ca and F > OH were sufficient to define lhe new species fluomatromicrolite (q.v.), Additional studies ofthe romeite crystals from Tripui are needed.

34

Dukeite Stirling et ai. (2000) BiJ '2~Cr6-80s~OH)dH20, tr igona l Approved CNMNM-I MA 99-021 .

Other names : dukeíta.

Occ urrence. Foun d on a muse um speci men São José mi ne. Posse farrn , Brejaúba. Co nceição do Mato Dentro, Minas Gera is [the type locality of dja lrnaite (q.v.)]. Th e associat ed minerais ar e: pucherite, schumacherite , bismutite, and hechtsbergite.

Appearance and physical properties . As tight grou ps of I x 0.3 mm-sized sh eaves . In dividua l acicu lar crysta ls, e longated a long [00 J], do not exceed 100 x 1-2 um . Yellow 10 dirty yellow-brown. with a bright ye llow str eak. Luster: resinous. Transparent, Brirtle. Non-fluorescent. Mohs hardness 3 to 4 . Brittle with an uneven to splintery fracture, Dens ity 7.171 g/cm: (calc.). Slowly soluble in concen trated HCI. Oplical properties. In retlected plane-polarized light in air, gray lO purplish-gray with strong yellow interna I retlections. Very weak biretlectance.

Chem ical data. Electron microprobe data (from 8 points): Bi2ÜJ 85.06, CrO.J 11.65, V20S 0.59 , H20 (from the j ideal form ula) 1.66, tota l 98.96 wt, %. Empirical formula : Bi ' 2J.9s(CrÓ""76.N s·o43h;g070S68-l(0/-D6.16.3.0IH20. The idea l formula BiJ ·2~Cr6-80s7(OH)6.3H20 requires Bi2ÜJ 86.03. CrO, 12.31 . H20 1.66. total 100.00 \VI . % .

Crystallography. Trigonal. P31 c. a 15.067(3), c 15.293 (4) A, 1'3006(2) N. Z 2. c:a 1.0150. X-ray powder diffract ion data [d in A (I) (hkl )]: 7.650 (50) (002), 3.812 (40) (004). 3.3 82 ( 100) (222). 2.6 8 1 (70) (224), 2.1 75 (40) (600). 2. 106 (40)(226 ), 1.701 (50)(228).

Name. The name honours Duke Un iversity, Durham. North Carolina. USA . in whose co llection the minera l was foun d and also recognizes lhe contribution of the Duke farnily lOlhe advan cernent ofscience.

Type material. Th e Natural History Museum. London. England: Na tional Mineral Coll ecti on of Canada.

Geo log ica l Survey of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: U.S. Na tional Museu of Natura l History (Sm ith son ian lnstirution ), Wash ington . D.C.. USA. Relationship lO other species. None obvious.

Crystal struct ure. Irregular layers of Bi(O,OH,H20)n polyhedra parallel to (00 I). separated an d connected by a layer o fCrO~ tetrahedra.

Derbylite Hussak & Prior (I 897 a) FeJ-JTiJ-JSbJ-OI3(OH), monoclínic Ot her names: derbylita, derbilite.

Occurrence. In the grave i of the Três Cruzes furrn cinna bar mine. Tri pui ( form er ly T ripuh y), Ouro Preto.

Minas Gera is. Associated min erais are xenotime. monazit e. zircon. kyan ite, tourrnaline. rutile, hematite. pyrite, magnetite, go ld, cinnabar, tripuhyite (q.v.), lewisite (q.v.), tlorencite-(Ce) (q.v.), muscovite, quartz. and other mi nerais. Also within microcrystalline barite and in cavities within do lomit e in a metasomatic mineralization at the Buca della Vena m ine. Apuan Alps, ltaly, associated with pyrite, spha ler ite. bournonite. schafarzikite, versi liaite. and apuanite (Mellini et ai. (983).

Appearance anti physical properties. Prismatic crystals ofup to 2 length mm. The observed form s are { IOO}, { t IO}, { 120}, {- IOI}, {0 10}. {-102}, (-20 1}, {-2 I l} . {-23 1}. The {hkO} forms are lhe most h ighly-developed, Twinning : Cruciform, consisting of two and three individua is with the composition plane (- 153). Resinous to rnetallic; transparent to opaque; dark brown to black with a brown streak. VHN 100 1033 lO 112 1 kg/mm, Mohs 5; very brinle.

C lea vage none observed: fracture conchoida l. Dens ity 4.62 g/crrr' (m eas .), 4.67 g/crrr' (calc.).

Oplical properties. Biaxial(+), ex 2.4 5. p 2.45, Y 2.51. 2 1' nearly 0°. In re flected light: gray with bluish green retlections , an isotropism not stated. biretlectance not stated. pleochroism absent . RI. R1 ; unR 1• ""R 2: (2 2. 1, 2 3. 6 ; 8.44 , 9.55) 400 nm (2 1.3 ,22.8 : 7.80. 8.91 ) 420 nm (2 0.5. 22 .0; 7.30, 8.31 ) 44 0 nm ( 19.8,2 1. 15; 6.91 , 7.79 ) 460 nm

35

(19.5.20.8 : 6 .66. 7.52) 470 nm (19.2.20.4: 6.48. 7.31) 480 nm (18.8,19.9; 6.25, 7.01) 500 nrn (18.4. 19.6: 6.06. 6.78) 520 n m (18.1. 19.3: 5.90. 6.5 9) 540 nm (18.0, 19.2 : 5.85. 6.53) 546 nrn (17.85. 19.0: 5.70. 6.39) 560 nrn (17.6.18.7: 5 .59. 6.24) 580 nm (17.5,18.6; 5.52. 6.18 ) 589 nm (17.4.18 .5: 5.47. 6 .11 ) 600 nm (17.3.18.4; 5.41. 6.04) 620 nm (17.1. 18.15: 5.28 . 5.89) 640 nrn (17.0. 18.1; 5.26. 5.87) 650 nm (16.9.18.0: 5.22. 5.83) 660 nm (16 .8.17.8; 5.16. 5.72) 68 0 nm (16.7. 17.7; 5.11. 5.70) 700 nm Chemical data. Electron microprobe data, H~ O calculated to give one OH : Ti O~ 36. 6. Fe~ O:, 36 .0. Sb;>O:, 21 .5.

AhO:, 3.8. Cr~OJ 0.3. H~O 1.3. lotai 99.5 \\1 . %. Empirical formula : (FeJI ~Alo 5 ~ CrO.oJ h.J70 T i320Sb, oJO I300(OH) \ 00 .

The ideal formula requires F~ ÜJ 44 .74. TiO~ 33.58. Sb;>OJ 20.42, H~O 1.26. toraI 100.00 wt. "to.

Crystallograplty. Monoclinic. P2 lim. a 7.160(1 ). b 14.347(3 ). c 4.970 (1) A. P 104.61(2)°. V 494.07 A;. Z 2. a:b:c = 0.499J :I :0.3464. X-ra y powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl j] : 3.997 ( 18) (02 1). 3.830 (16) (- 12 1). 3. 186 (45)( 140. 121). 3. 118 (35) (220 \.2.853 ( 100) ( 131). 2.64 7 (75)(-231). 2.47 9 (25)(- 102 ). 2.393 (25 ) (060 ). 2.145 (17) (-251, 061). 1.721 (14 ) (- 162) . ICDD: 30-90 (sarnple frorn Tripu í, U.S. National Museu of Narura l History (Smilhsonian lnstirution). Washington. D.C.. USA. C4430: lhe lCDD card erroneousl y gives the proven ance as Diamantina. Minas Gerais. and Ihis information was reproduced in lhe paper on lhe crystal srructure), Name. For Orville A. Derby ( 185 1- 1915). director of lhe Geographical and Geolog ica ! Survey of lhe Stat e of São Paulo.

Type material. Th e Natural History Museum . London. England (80 143, I sarnple); Muséum National d"Histoire Narurelle. Paris . France (cotype. 97.31).

Relationship 10 other species. Isostrucrura I with tomichite, (Y; -.FeJ) 4Ti JAs J· OI3(OH).

Crystal structure. A close packed oxide structure with sequence ...chh .... lhe close packed layer s are parallel to {IOO } and located at x - 0.1/3.2/3: oeterrnined on a crystal from lhe rype locality (Moore & Arak i I976b).

Symhetic. Not obtained,

Tripuhyite Hussak & Prior (1897b) Fe">' Sb'. -~06( ?) . terragonal, Other names: rripuhyíta. tripuhyt e, tripuita.

Tripuhyite from Ouro Preto. Minas Gerais. was originally described by Hussak & Prior ( 1897b) [tran slation into Porruguese: Hussak & Prior 1917). Additional data were obtained by Tavora (19 55) and Bapti sta ( 19 8 1). This is a 5 problernatic species. Hussak & Prior (1897b) suggested the formula Fe~' 2Sb ' ~Ü7. bul the valence of Fe and Sb was no! tested. The only additional chernical analysis (Tavora 1955) showed lhe Fe lo be ma inly bivalent, Th e formul a 2'Sb5 ' ~06 appears in rnost reference manuais, by analogy to lhe tapiolite group of minerais, with which rripuhyite Fe seems to be isostruetural. In spite ofthis. the chemical data ofTavora (1955 ) do not agree perfeetl y with thi s formul a.

A new tripuhyite occurrence was described in lhe Paio Verde and Argentina mines. EI Amimon io. Sonora. Mexico 3 5 (Mason & Yitaliano 1953) but ali lhe Fe is trivalent in this mineral hence the formula Fe "Sb ' 0 4 was suggested . Later 3 5 2 3 on, lhe minerais schafarzikite. Fe ·Sb •20 4. and squawcreekite, Fe 'Sb -0 4 were described. X-ray powd er diffraction panems for Brazilian (T ávora 1955: ICDD 7-65) and Mexican (Mason & Yitaliano 1953: ICDD 7-349) tripuh yite are similar. but not identical. Th e panem for the Brazilian sample cont ains severaI lines that could not be ind exed according to the space group and suggested unit cell parameters. Consequently. it is not clear that the sa mp les frorn Brazil and Mexico refer to lhe same species. The X-ray powder diffraction panems for squawcreekite and tripuhyire of

36

Mexico are different, in spite of lhe same chcmical formula . TI1C nuncral schafarzikitc. where Sb is trrvalent, díffcrs from tripuhyite and squawcreekite in its X-my powder diflraction paliem. The need for lhe verification of lhe valence state of Sb in tripuhyite must bc noted, il might not 5+ as suggested, but could occur as both 3+ and 5+ as ooserved in lewisite (q .v.).

Occurrence. In lhe gravei of lhe Três Cruzes farm cinnabar mine. Tripuí (formerly Tripuhy), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Associated rninerals are xenotime, monazitc. zirco n. kyanite. tourmalinc. rutile. hematite. (J!TÍle. magnetne, gold, cinnabar, derbylite (q.v.), lewisitc (q.v.), florencitc-(Cc) (q .v.), rnuscovitc, quartz. and other minerals.

Also described in several other occurrences. but it IS not c1ear if ali refer lO lhe same species: with opal, as small veins in dacite. near Donccllas. Jujuy, Argentina [originally named "juj uyi te' by Ahlfcld (1948)J: with calcite. celestine. and nadorite in Hamman N'bail. near Constantine, Algcria [originally named "flajolotite' by Lacroix (1910)] ; in lhe PaIo Verde and Argentina mines. EI Anumonio. Sonora, Mexico (Mason & Vitaliano 1953): near Taxco, Guerrero.

Mexico: Losacio. Spain: at Mopung HilIs. Churchill Co.. Nevada USA at Clara mine. Black Forest, Germany; at Faletta, Graunbunden. Switzerland; at Cetine, near Siena Italy. The following clcscription is for lhe tripuhyite from Ouro Preto.

Appearance and physical properlies. In rnicrocrystalline aggregates. Dull greenish-yellow with a canary yellow streak, Translucent. Density 5.82 g/cm'(meas.), Oplical properties. Anomalously biaxial (+) . ex 2.19( I). P 2.20( I). Y2.33( I). 2I" small. Absorption: r < v. very strong. Non-pleochroic.

Chemical data. Wet (1) anaIyses : S\>zOs 71.18. FeO 23.68. Fe:OJ 4.82 . AI:OJ 0.19. SiÜ2 0.16. CaO 0.01. SnÜ2 0.01. MgO 0.002. MnO. CuO. no, S. K:O. Na:O traces . lotai 100 .05 \\1 . % . Empirica.l formula: (Fe:?uoFe""o.:.lb.S1 Sb>-I.-.10 6. TIle ideal formula Fe:·Sb5-:0 6 requires Sb:!O, 8 1.83. FeO 18.17 . lotai 100.00 \\1 . %.

Crystallography. Tetragonal. Ps -Imnm a 4.62. c 9. 13 A. V 194.87 N. Z 2. c:a = 1.9762. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (f) (hk1)]: 3.23 (90) ( 110). 2.53 (70) (103) . 2.29 (70) (11 3). 1.702 (100 ) (213 ). 1.629 (70 ) (220). 1.522 (50) (006 ). 1.459 (70) (3 10). 1.38 1 (50) (116. 303) . 1.373 (70 ) (2 15). 1.271 (50) (206) . ICDD: 7-ó5. ." ame. For Tripuí (formerly Tripuhy).

Type material. Muséum Nationale d 'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. France.

Relalionship TO other species. Tapiolite group.

Crystal structure. Not solved, Synthetic. Not obtaincd.

m.

Zirkelite Hussak & Prior (1895 ) (zirkelite or zirconolite?)

Other names: zirkelita.

Zirkelite was originally describcd bv Hussak & Prior ( 1895) with additional chemicaJ data published by Prior (1896) [both translated into Porruguese: Hussak (1905)] from Cajati (formerly Cajati was pan of Jacupiranga). São Paulo. This mineral received Iittle attention until Pudovkina et 01. ( 1974) obtaincd new chernical and X-ray diffraction data for lhe type specirnen. They observed that , in lhe natural stat e, lhe crystals were metamict, although one specirnen showed a faint. di.tfuse reflection on a Laue photograph, When heated to 800° C. lhe samples produced cubie defect Iluorite-type patterns. with a 5.08 A. Ai 1200°C lhe X-ray diffraction pattem of lhe heated crystals was identified as lhe monoclinie z irco nolite. Differing results were obtained by Sinclair & Ringood (1981): lhe natural (unheated) samples gave a cubic defect fluorite-type diffraction partem and continucd to display this diffraction partem up to lIOO°e. At 1200°C. lhe mineral was cornpletely transformed into monoclinic z irco nolite.

Bayliss et ai. (1989) published a nomenclature revision paper for zirkelite and zirconolite, with approval of CNMMN - IMA According lo it. zirconolite is lhe non-crystalline (rnetamict) mineral or mineral with undetermined polytype; z irco nolile-30 is lhe orthorhombic polytype: zirconolite-3T is lhe trigonal polytype: zirconolite-2 \ ! is lhe monoclinie polytype; and zirkelite is lhe cubie mineral. The formula CaZrTi:cn refers to ali lhe zirconolite polytypes and (Ti.Ca.Zr'Oi., refers to zirkelite. Thus. "z irkelite' from Jacupiranga is zirconolite, if metamict, or zirkelite. if cubie. Bellatreecia et ai. (1999) studied "zirkelite crystals.. from Cajati. São Paulo. collected and described by Menezes & Martins (1984) and found that they were completely metamict (= zirco nolite).

The following data are only for "zirkelite" from Cajati. São Paulo. since this name was applied the different

37

minerals.

Occurrence, In disaggregated jacupirangite (magnetite pyroxenite) from Cajatí, São Paulo. associated with baddeleyite, perovskite, and other mineraIs. Menezes & Martins (1984) found zirkelite crystals in a small pocket in lhe jacupirangite from Cajati. attached to phlogopite, Appearance and physical propertics. Octahedra, always flattened parallel to an octahedraI face. and deeply striated paraIlel to lhe sarne face due to polysynthetic rwinning. Luster: resinous. Black. with a dark brownish-black streak Opaque. exccpt in very thin splinters. which are translucent with a dark brown color. Twinning according to {III} very common, lhe forms being simple spinel-like types or complicated fourlings. Zirkelite describcd bv Menezes & Martins (198~) occurs as sharp prismatic crystals measuring I to 5 mm. with typical striations due to polysyntheuc twinning, CIC3\'age absent, fraeture distinctly conchoidal. Brittle. Non-magnetic. DeIlSJl)' ~ . 741 g/cnr' (meas .). MolIS hardness 5Y,.

Optical properties. lsotropic, 11 2. I9(I).

Chemtcal data. Table ~ .7 shows the chemical analyses results for zirke1Jte from Cajati. São Paulo. The empirical formulae approach caZrTi~o-. which corrcsponds to CaO 16 .5~. ZrO.: 36 .3~. Ti~ ~7.12. total 100.00 \\1 %.

38

Table 4 .7. Cherrucal analyses for zirkclitc from Cajati. São Paulo ( \ \1 . %).

1 CaO ThQ

11.61

Y:0 3

-

La ~ÜJ Ce ~03

Pr203 Nd203 Sm:03 Eu 2O.1 Gd203 0\':03 U02 PbO

z-o,

-

-

-18.90

8.0

-I 11.5 6 .6

-

-

-

2.52

1.5

2.6 *

-

-

-

05

-

-

2 10.79 7.31 0 .2 1

3 1-1,4

-

-

-

-

-

0 ,4

-

-

52 .89

32.8

35.2

1.-10

-

Hf2ÜJ

-

-

-

-

TiO~

30 .89 6 .6-1

1-1.95 772

25.3

2-1.3 7.2

NlnO;

-

.

-

M~O

0,49

0 .22

MnO Ta20,

-

-

1.0 2 99.5 5

1.02 99.03

FeO Fe:O ~

AhÜJ 1znít íon 1055 Total

7.9 10 .5

-

-

5 9 .8 0 1-1 .00

-

-

0 .06 0 .74 0 .20 1.03 0 .30 0 .0 8 0 .32 0 . 17 0 .86 0 .16 3 1.-10 0 .70 2 1.00 7.1 6

0 .0 4 1.1 7 0 .25 1.19 0 .36 0 . 12 0 ,4 3

11.3

-

-

0 .4 0 .2 0 .2

-

-

100 .9

99.9

6 11.10 8 .6 5

0 .06 0 .36 0 .09 33.20 0 .66 22 .30 7.3 7

9.9 8 0 .71 0 .28 2.75 0 . 12

11.20 0 .37 0 .26 1.76 0 .22

-

-

102 .01

10 1.-10

1. Hussak & Prior (1895 ).

2 . Prior ( 18 96 ) .

3 3. Pudovkina et ai. ( 1974) : (Cao 9ST ho 12Ceo o. NdoOl b IsZ rl OI (T iI. 2oFe · 03sNbo 30)!:18sÜ7 -I. Sinclair & Ringood (198 1): (Ca, 80Tho IORE Eo 06UoOd !:097Z r l d T il 19Fe 2"o 39Nbo 33M go o-u'vlno OIT as OI b .9' Ü7 5 . e 6 . Williarns & G ieré (1996 ): 5 .:( C ao 72T ho 22RE E oosUOOl b 03( Zrl osHfo Ol b 06(T i l osFe:· 0. 1Nbo 3d'vlgo o. Tao osMnn 02Alo olb .9SÜ7 6 . :(Cao 19 TI to 13REEo09UOOIlEI o~(Zrl .07HfOOl b .os(T il IIFe>o . Il'.'bo 3-u'vlgo o.T ao mMIln02Aloo: b .9' cr.

Crystallography. Metanuct? Cubic with a 5.08 À?

Nome . In honor to Prof. Ferdinand Zi rkel of Leipzig. Germany.

Type material. The Na tural Histo ry Museum. London. E ngland and M usé um National e d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. France.

Relationship to other species. Zirconolite group.

Crystal structure. Not solved, Syn thetic. Not obtained..

39

Paredrite Farrington (1916) (variety of rutile) Other namcs: paredrita.

A black compact titanium dioxide. differing from rutile because it contains 0 .6 \\1. % H2o. insufIicient to form a hydrate. and no doubt present as an im puri ty, Its name derives of the Greek meaning "an associare". on account of its association with "favas" (bcan-shaped pcbbles) found with diarnond in Brazil. It is prooably a variety of rutile. The exact provenance was not given, and there is no mention of lhe whereabouts of lhe type specirnen. Sec also titanfavas .

Titan-favas English (1939 ) (variety of rutile or anatase) Other names: favas de titânio.

Terrn applied for "favas" (bcan-shaped pcbbles) madc up of rutil e or anatase. From lhe diarnond sands of Brazil. Sec also paredrite,

Pseudorutile Teufer & Temple (1966) (type specimen is not from Brazil) Other names: pseudo-rutilo.

The namc pseudorutile was introduced without CNMMN-IMA approval for an hexagonal mineral with the formula Fe3-2Ti3OJ.. Severa! occurrcnces were noted. including one in Brazil (without specifying lh e exact locality) .

None of lhe investigated specimens was designated as lhe specimen-type. The name was rejected (CNM?vIN 1968). but subsequently it was officially validated (Grey et ai. 1994 ) and a neotype from South Neptune lsland. South Australia was proposed. Pseudorutile occurs in lhe monazite and ilmenite sands of Espírito Santo. Sec also ka1kowski.te.

KaJkowskite Rimann (1925 ) (probably pseudoruúle or a mixture) Other names: kalkowskyn, kalkowskita, kolkowoskynita, calcovskita, calcovsquita, Occurrence. In a heavy concentrare from a fine-grained mUSCO\;te schist. at ltacolunu ridge. Ouro Preto.

Minas Gerais. Associated with zi.rcon. monazite. and al.mandine.

Appearance and physical properties. Platy grains measuri.ng 0 .02 to 0.1 mm. formed by irregularly linkcd sheets. with fibrous strueture (verified in transmitted light). Pale brown, dark brown, black with a reddish-brown streak. Luster: bright. submetallic to greasy or resinous. Transparent in thin splinters. Cleavage absent. Fracture : conchoidal. Density 4.01(3 ) g/crn '. Mohs hardness 3Y,. Partially decomposed by HeI. Opticalpropenies. In transmitted light, reddish-brown. Elongation offibers: positive. Bi.refringence weak Non pleochroic. n > 1.769.

Chemical data . w« chemical analyses: K20 0 .67 .

1.64. MgO 0.48, (Ce ,LahOJ 2 .66. SiÜ2 5.63 . AbO.\ 2.21. Fe20J 28 .66. TiÜ2 54 .62. 0'0'b.Ta)20s 1.67. P20S 0 .28. H20 3.27 . total 101.79 wt, %. Rimann (1925 ) presented lhe formula (Fe.Ce)~OJ.4(Ti.Si)Ü2. Foshag (1925) observed that i.f SiÜ:! is excluded. lhe formula is similar to that of arizonite [= pseudorutile (q.v.j] . Fe3- ~TÍ:lÜl. Rimann (1932) did not agree.

Crystallography. The onl y extant data refer to an X-ray difIraction pattern obtained with a Cr-tube (Rirnann 1932) without any scale or nurneric value and thereforc impossible to interpret. Rimann (193 2) presented Xsravs diffraction pattems for fresh kalkowskite. altered kalkowskitc. and anzonite. They differ one from the others, Name. In honor to Prof. Louis Ernst Kalkowsky, ofDresden. Germany, who was Rimann's teacher.

Type material. NOl prcserved

cso

40

Y- and REE- vanadoniobate Rimann (1931) Other narncs: Vanadinniobat. Y-vanadiunmiobat.

Anatase, zircon. and an Y- and REE- vanadoniobate occur as inclusions in opa! from Piracuruca. Piauí. in lhe Parnaíba river basin. The vanadoniobate occurs as reddish-brown, partially irregular grains 0.009 to 0.015 mm. with elongated prism faces and pyramidal tenninations. Tabular c1cavages (?). lt has very high birefringcnce. straight extinction, absorption dark brown. parallcl to c. and light to dark yellow, perpendicular to c. It is biaxial, probably orthorhombic. It contains major Nb. V. Y, La. Ce, Ta minor U and Pb. and also Fe and Zs as impurities due to admixture with zircon. Ti was not dctectcd. According to Rimann (1931). if it is not a new nuneral. it should be regarded as a variety of samarskite. (Y.Ce.U.Fe.Nb)(Nb.Ta Ti)O~. with V OOt no Ti. and poor in U and Fe .

Fcrgusonite is different because is tetragonal and uniaxial (-). Other similar mineral is "robellazíte", vanadate. tungstate. níobate and tantalate ofFe. AI . and Mn. described in Colorado. USA Opal mineralization along fraetures . ncar or III thc diabasc-sandstone contact, are knO\\TI III lhe arca of lhe Parnaíba river basin (pedro li. Piripiri, Campo Maior and Capitão de Campos munícipalitics).

Alvarolite Florencio (1952a) (= manganotantalite) Other names: alvarolita.

The mineral occurs in a pcgmatitc vcin at Salinas. north of Minas Gerais. as twinned transparent crystals, The sample is 2 x 1.7 em. Chernical analyses (average of 3): Ta 20S 85 .15. Nb20s 0.23. MnO 14.85. FeO 0.01. Al2Ü3 traces. TiÜ2 not detected. total 100.24 \\1. % . corresponding to MnO:Ta 20S = 1.07: I. Reddish-brown with a pa!e yellow (crearn) streak Luster vitreous to adamantine. Density 7.27 g/cm' (meas.). Mohs hardncss 6.5. Prismatic cleavage, conchoidal fraeture. Biaxial (+), a. 2.250 . p 2.255. '( 2.3. 21' (obs.) 38 to 40 °. pleochroism X and very pale yellow. Z strong brown. extínction 45°. Non-Iluorescent. The name is for Admirai Álvaro Alberto da Motta e Silva (1889-1976), first president of the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq).

Fleischer (1954) evaluated lhe status of lhe mineral. Hc pointed out that there is no discu.ssion whatever Florencio (1952a) as to the differences bctween alvarolite and manganotantalite (MnTa 20 6. orthorhombic). Possibly lhe distinction was based on lhe optical properties and lhe extinction anglc which indieate that alvarolite a monoclinic.

Fleischer (1954) states that alvarolite cannot bc accepted as a species until it is proven to be different from manganotantalite.

A1varolite was discredited and shO\\TI to be identical to manganotantalite by Távora (1955), who studied a fragment supplied by Florencio. The X-ray diffraction partem was recordcd in lhe ICDD card for manganotantalite (758) . Even 50. Francesconi et ai. (1976) dcscribed a monocliníc mineral as "alvaro íitefrom an occurrence in lhe pegmatinc district of São João dei Rei. Minas Gerais.

r

Eschwegeite Guimarães ( I926a) [= polycrase-sY)1 Other names: eschwegeíta. eschwegite. echwegeite.

During a trip to lhe Piracicaba river (a tributary of lhe Doce river) rcgion. near Antonio Dias. Minas Gerais.

Eusébio de Oliveira collected samples of a mineral similar to rutile in a gravel (Oliveira 1930). These samplcs were studied by Guimarães (1926a).

According to Guimarães (1926a) . the two samples were very rounded. Eschwegeite is brownish-red, and is dark red in thin splinters. Conchoidal fraeture . Density 5.87 g/crrr' (meas.). Mohs hardncss - 5!1,. Isotropic, n 2.15 to 2.20 . Chernica.l data : Ta2Üs 21.58. Nb20s 25.17. TiÜ2 18.75. Y~ÜJ + Er~ÜJ 27.28. CC2Ü3 not detected. ThÜ2 0.57.

UÜ2 1.96. Fe2Ü3 2.05. CaO and MgO not detected. H~O 3.09. total 100,45 \\1 %. Empirica.l formula : (Y o 82lf"0 0::ThoOI ho8s(fi-hO79Nb1 &1Tao nFeJ..0 (J9b .8S [O~ 8-l(OH) I 16h oo.

The formula given by Guimarães (1926a) is 2Ta20s,4~Os.lOTiÜ2 .5Y~ÜJ .7H::O. Strunz (1941) classified cschwegeite in lhe pyrochlore group and gave lhe formula Y(Nb.TaTi hÜ6(OfLH:O); Palache et ai. (1944) placed

41

eschwegeíte as a probable member oflhe euxenite-(Y) series. in lhe section on Nb. Ta and Ti multiple oxides with lhe r

formula AB~o';' where A = Y. Er. U. Th. and B = Nb . Ta. Ti . Fe .

Tavora (l95Ia) studied the eschwegeite sample nwnbcr 3512 of lhe Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia museum. Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral. Rio de Janeiro. from Presidente Vargas. alto rio Doce. Minas Gerais. which he believed to be lhe type specirnen. collected by Oliveira.

As eschwegeite is rnetarnict, Tavora (195 la) obtained X-ray powder diffraction data for a sample heated to lOOO°C for 2 hours. Thc results indicatcd thai eschwegeite is a membcr of lhe series euxenite-(Y) - polycrase-Y). more specifically, according to him, euxenite-Y). However, as Ti > Ta. it should be polycrase-(Y). Y(fLNbh(O.OH k The name eschwegeite honors Baron w.L. von Eschwege (1777-1855). The narne eschwegite. used for eschwegeíte by Palache et 01. (l9~) . was applicd to several other minerais (q.v.). See Chapters 6 and 9.

A mineral of lhe "eschwegeite-djaimaitc' group was describcd by Rolff (1948) from São João dei Rei . Minas Gerais. According to Távora (1949) this mineral is djalmaite (q .v.) but it is actually uranian microlite,

Guimarãesite Gagarin & Cuomo (1949) Other narnes: guimarãesita. unnamed mineral of Guimarães (1926b).

This mineral was originally describcd as an unnamed nuneral by Guimarães (I 926b) in a pegmatite ar Divino de Ubá. Minas Gerais Thc name guimarâesnc was later given to it in honor of Djalma Guimarães (1895-1973) (sec dialmaite). by Gagarin & Cuomo (1949) but it was a doubtful species and therefore cannot be considercd a valid species today.

Guimarâesite occurs in parallcl and divergem groups. associated with samarskite..{Y). columbite. and monazuc in rnasscs of 2 or more kilograms, Dark brown with a pale brown streak, Luster resinous. Fracture subconchoidal .

Density 4,49 g/crn '(meas.). Mohs hardness - 5Y:. Orthorhombic. Similar in habit to samarslate-(Y). but th e crystals are flanencd following (010) and not (100 ). In one sample. consisting of half a crystal. Guimarães (l926b) identificd lhe faces (100). (010). and (101). The angle between (101 ) and (-101) in samarskíte-Y) is 87° and in guirnarãesite it is approximately 75° . lt is incompletely dissolved by warrn H 2SO. and quickly dissolved by HF. Chernical data : Ta:O, 12.61. Nb:O, 31.53. Ti~ 19.14. Z~ not detected. ruo, 2.09, (Ce .LahÜJ 1.45. (Y.Er)~ÜJ 2.18 , Fe:ÜJ 6,43. uo, 6.72. UÜ2 not detectcd. SnO~ 0.56. PbO 1.54.

0.36. MgO 0.27. H:O 5.91. total 90.79 wt, %. Guimarães gives 100.80 as total. Palache et 01. (l9~) gives 6.72 for U~. instead ofUÜJ. and 15.91 for H:O. total 100.79 wt . % . The first page nwnbcr of Guimarães' papcr is incorrectly given as 56 by Palache et ai. (l9~) and Clark (1993 ) but it should be page 46 . This suggests that thc original papcr was not consulted. and lhe data were taken from Mineralogica! Abstraets [3. 113]. whcre lhe pages 56..57 are cited. instead of 46-48. and where it is said that thc correct value for H:O is 15.91 and not 5.91 as stated in lhe original paper. The empirica! formula (bascd on 15.91 wt % H:O) is (lf-oc"Yoo., Cc}-OOIMgoOICaoOl Pb:- OOl b u l(Tio~..nFer O\.TaoloS1100l Tho Ol b c,,[(OH): g-:O \ 03b (() Guimarães (192 6b ) also obtained a sarnple of this mineral associatcd with samarskite-fY) and colwnbitc. from São Miguel de Piracicaba, Minas Gerais.

oo

Staringite Burke et 01. (1969) (= cassiterite + tapiolite) Approved CNMMN-IMA 69-010.

Other names: staringita.

Staringite was describcd in lhe Seridozinho pcgmatite. at Pedra Lavrada. Paraíba. by Burke et 01. ( 1969) as inclusions in tapiolite. The name was given in honor 10 W.C.H. Staring. The original formula given as (Fe.Mn)c)5(Sll.Ti). ~ (Ta.Nb) 1 001:. Groat et 01. (1992 and 1994) discredited lhe mmeraJ with CNMMN-IMA approval showing that staringite is a subnúcroscopic rnixrure of cassiterite Sn~ and tapiolite, (Fe.Mn)(fa.Nb) :Oó. both tetragonal,

42

Tantalaeschyn ite-(Y) Adusumil lí et ai. (1974) (Ca.Y)(Ta.Ti,Nbh06.amorphous Approved CNMMN-IMA 69-043.

Other names: tantalaeschynita-t Y), tantal-aeschynire-tY). tantal-aeschynite, tantal-aeschynira-tCe), tan tal-aeschynite(Ce). tânta lo-esquinita-(Y).

Tantalaesehynite-(Y) was described by Adusurn illi et ai. ( 1974) in the Raposa pegmatite. São José do Sabugi, Paraíba. as a metamiet mineral. When heated it gave an X-ray diffraction partem similar to that of aeschynite, The formula (Cao4 7(Y.Ln)o4 ~ (Th. l.1)o II I(Ta~l7STio d~brJ59s Feo os)06 was derived frorn clectron microprobe analyses, In Adusumilli et ai. ( 1974)'5 abstraet lhe value for Ca was erroneously printed as Cao~8 and lhe same errar w as repeated in lhe American Mineralogist (Amer. Mineral. 59 ( 1974), 1331- 1332] and on the ICOO card 26-1 . The correct value, Cao47. appears in the body of the paper. The formula. recalculated frorn the original data. resulted in: (CaososYOI86Tho 112CeoIOJNdooSlLao oJ6Ybo OI6PrOOI6SmOOISGdo olsDyOOIOEr00Q9UOOO7b 081 (Tao81~ Nbo7JIT i0669 FeooSI) l:2 16J06 with lhe simplified formula (Cu.Y)(Ta.Nb.Tin06. The surn Y ~ REE = 0.457. and Ca = 0.505 , 50, following lhe CNMMN - IMA rules of nomenclature (Niekel & Grice 1998), it should not be considered as a REE-mineral. A REE-mineral has REE + Y + Se > Ca (in atomic nurnbers), thus, lhe suffix -(Y) is incorrcct. Also, lhe mineral is not lhe Ta analogue of aesehynite-(Y) and consequently, the name tantalaeschyn ite-fY) should be reconsidered.

Rynersonite was described by Foord & Mrose ( 1978) as Ca(Ta,Nbh06 and tantalaeschynite-(Y) could be considered as a metamiet variety of yrtrian rynersonite but a new study of lhe rype tanta laeschynite-(Y) specimen is needed to eheck its ehemical composi tion.

Occurrence. Raposa pegmatite. São José do Sabugi. Borborerna rcgion. Paraíba. Associated minerais: quanz. red microcline. biotite, small crystals oftitan ian (?) magnetite. eolurnbitc. and beryl. Polished sections show veinlets of an unidentified mineral.

Appearance and physical properties. Euhedral crystals with thc forms {OIO}. {OOI }, {I IO}, and { 130 } (a crystal of 56 x 3 I x 20 mm was used for these srudies). Brownish-black to blaek with pale yellowish- brown streak.

Luster sub-metallic to resinous. Fracture eonehoidal. Density 5.75 to 6.13 g/crn' (rneas .). 6.39 g/crn' (calc.). VHN 100 657 to 673 kg/mm' , Mohs hardness 5'h to 6.

Optical properties. In thin section; rransparent, isotropie, yellowish-orange. In polished seetion; dark gray in oil immcrsion. with abundant white, yellowish-orange, and dark red internaI reIlections. ReIlectance 47 0 nrn, 14.5 ; 546 nm, 14.2; 589 and 650 nm, 14.0.

Chemical data. Table 4.8 shows the ehemical data for tantalaeschynite and rynersonite.

43

Table 4.8. Chemical data for "tantalaeschynite-{Ce)". tantalaeschynite-(Y) and rynersonite (wt. %) .

CaO FeO MoO PbO Fe20 J La 203 Ce20J Pr203 Nd 203 Sm203 Gd203 Dv20 J Er203 Yb:!03 Y203

1 6.80

0.20 1.00 0.6 3.60· 2.40 0.60 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.50 3.50

2 6.2

ThO ~

UOl Nb:?Os Ta 20s S002 Bi20J total

4 13.8

3.0

2.7

5 13.0 0.1 0. 1

0.9

1.3 3.7 0.6 1.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 4.6

SiO~

Ti0 1

3 13.0 0.4 0. 1

1.1

I

10.00 6.30 0.40 17.00 32.00 0.10

11.7 6.5 0.4 18.7 39.3

14.2 66.6

19.6 58.4

22.7 58.9

86.00

98.5

0.1 97.9

2.4 97 .5

0.3 96.9

I. Taotalaeschynite-(Ce) (Adusumilli 1968) ·ce02.

2. Tantalaeschynite-(Y) (Adusumilli et ai. 1974 ).

3 to 5. Rynersonite (Foord & Mrose 1978)

Crystallography. Amorphous to X-rays. Material heated in air or nitrogen at 700. 1000. or 1300~C gave lhe same X-ray diffraction pattern, similar to aeschynite. Orthorhombic. X-ray diffraction data (Table 4.9) and unit cell parameters (Table4. JO) for tantalaeschynite-(Y) and rynersonite are compared below,

44

Ta ble 4 .9 . X-ray powder diffracti on data for ta nta laeschyni te-t Y) and ryne rsoni te.

I

2

d,b'

lob'

d'bs

lob,

5.45 -1 .75 -1.40 4.0 1 3.82 3.7 1 3.09 3.00 2.94 2.80 2.75 2.65 2.5 7 2.44 2.33 2.26 2.21 2. 15

< 10 20 20 10 < 10 30 20 100 100 20 10 50 20 10 20 10 30 10

5.53 -1 .835

2 90

3.856 3.754

8 70

3.03 8 2.964

100 90

2.767 2.683 2.6 00 2.45 8 2.359 2.26 8 2.225 2. 178 2. 138 < 10 I 2.0 85 2.045 20 2.029 20 30 1.925 40 1.877 10 1.840 < 10 1.794 < 10 1.746 1.7 11 50 10 70 I 1.596 1.552 30 I 1.535

35 50 6 6 50 2 25 18 6 6 9 9

2.06 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.64 1.58 I 1.52

18 25 6 -I 9 35 35 30 6

1. Tantalaeschyn ite-(Y) (Adusumi lli et ai. 1974. ICDD 26- 1).

2. Ryn er son ite (Foord & Mrose 1978 , ICDD 29-356)

45

hkI 020 OI I 1 20 I I I 02 1 2 00 22 0 03 1 2 I I 13 I 0 40 002 140 0 41 23 1 3OI 2-10 202 212 I .) -.., ~

O5 I 222 I5 1 0 42 4 00 060 25 1 06 1 242 260 -I 3 I -1 4 0 -1 0 2

Table 4.10. Cell parameters for tantalaeschynite-(Y) and rynersonite (space group Pmnb) .

a(Á) b(Á) c(Á) V(Á"')

I 7.38(2) 10.97(2) 5.34(2) 432.32

2 7.505(1 ) 11.063(2) 5.370(1) 445 .86

1. Tantalaeschynite-(Y) (Adusumilli et ai. 1974 , ICDD 26-1) (a and c interchanged).

2. Rynersonite (Foord & Mrose 1978 , ICDD 29-356)

Name. The name tantalaeschynite was originally used by Kometova et ai. ( 1963) for a mineral from a Siberian pegmatite. metamict, but showing after heating an X-ray diffraction partem similar to aeschynite-(Y). with Ti:Ta:Nb = 0.89:0.57:0.5::!. that is. tantalian aeschynite-(Y). From semi-quantitative chemical data for the mineral from São José do Sabugi. Adusumilli (1968 ) named lhe mineral tantalaeschynite-(Ce) but frorn quantitative chemical data for lh e same specimen. Adusumilli et ai. (1974 ) revised it to tantalaeschynite-(Y). supposing it to be the Ta-analogue of aeschynite-(Y ).

Type material. Instituto de Geociências. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília. and Institute of Earth Sciences.

Free Universiry, Amsterdam. Holland. The type specimens in both institutes are labelled NT-52 .

Relationship 10 other species. Aeschynite group.

Crvstal structure . Not solved .

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Bahianite Moore & Araki ( 1976a) AI~Sb.JOJ~(OH)2 to AI~Sb.J(AI.Be,Sik2016, monoclinic Other names: bahianita. bahiaita. bahiaite.

Approved CNMMN-IMA 74-27.

The crystal strucrure of bahianite (Moore & Araki 1976a) was published rwo years before its complete description (Moore et 01. 1978): additional data were obtained by Cassedanne & Cassedanne (1980).

Occurrence. In stream gravei concentrares in lhe Paramirim region , near the village of Paramirim das Crioulas, Água Quente county Bahia in a region , roughly within a 25-km radius of lhe Pico das Almas in the Serra das Almas. usually in cassiterite concentrates. The main occurrence, Morro do Chapéu prospect, is near the 1280 m elevation in the Pico das Almas river valley. Other localities are Serra do Porco Gordo (or Fumas). Brejo de Sant a Teresa (or Brejinho) . Lageado Preto. Aguada. Mata do Fumo. Riacho do Bosque. Riacho de Canabravinha. ali in th e Paramirim region . Bahianite has been recorded also in lhe counties of Rio das Contas. Livramento do Brumado. and Paramirim. 11 is associated with cassiterite, quartz, andalusite, kyanite. diaspore. zincian staurolite, gold. and eskolaite.

Appearance andphysical properries. Water-wom pebbles ("favas") up to 5 em, often with vugs, which contain curved and striated bahianite crystals , Commonly contains quartz inclusions. Morphology: not determined. Luster : adamantine: transparent: colorless . tan , pale violei, orange-brown to brown. Mohs hardness 9: . Cleavage {I Oü } perfect. Highly resistant to attack by acids or bases. Density 4.89 to 5.46 g/crn' (meas.), 5.07 g/crrr' (calc.). Streak, luminescence. fracture, and tenacity not given .

Opricalpropenies. Biaxial (-). a 1.81(I), P 1.87(1). 'Y 1.92( 1),2 V large, 2 V(calc.) 82°: dispersion r > v.

Chemical dara. Mean of four sets of wet and electron microprobe analyses, H20 by Penfield method: S~05 57.28, Al 20; 35.37. F~O; 1.04, WO; 1.20. BeO 0.75. SiÜ2 1.03. H20 2.77, total 99.44 wt. % . Empirical formula: (AL96WO().l)p oo(S~ 6(\F~JOk.70(B~2 2Sio nAlon)!:o~ 80J 3 7~(OH)2 26. The ideal formula AhSb.JOI ~(OH)2 requires S~O~ 64.00. AbO; 33.62. H20 2.38. total 100.00 \\1. % . Moore et ai. (1978) give a compositional range of AI~Sb.JOI~(OH)2 to Al~Sb.J(Al.Be.Sik!OI 6.

Crystallography. Monoclinic. C2Jm. a 9.406. b 11.541. c 4.410 Á, P 90.94°. V 478 .66 N. Z 2. a:b:c = 0.8150: 1:0.382 1. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)) : 4.712 (70) (200). 3.241 (100 ) (-20 I). 3.194 (100) (201). 2.457 (70) (240). 2.411 (70) (041). 2.156 (80) (-241). 1.648 (70) (-242) . 1.635 (70) (242). 1.624 (70) (170 ).

46

1.373 (70) (08 1). (COO: 29-3. 29-2 (calculated). 30-76.

No me . For lhe State 01' Bahia. Cassedanne & Casscdanne ( 1980) note rhat the name "bahiaite'' would be more correct than bahianite but the name "bahiaite" had already been used by Washington ( 19 14) for a pyroxenite found near Maracas. Bahia.

Type ma terial. U.S. National Museum 01' Natural History, Smithsonian lnstirution. Washington. O.c.. USA. Relationship 10 other species. Structurally similar to sirnpsonite.

Crystal structure. Based on hexagonal c1ose-packed oxygen atoms wi th anion layers paralle l to {OOI } and a new kind ofoctahedral ordering: [Sb::O I ~J I 3. edgc-sharing trimers at z = O which comer link to [Als01S(OH)] If>. edgesharing sheets at z = \/, (Moere & Araki ( 1976a).

Synrhetic. Not obtained.

Calogerasite Guimarães ( 1944a and b) (= simpsonite) Other narnes: calogerasita.

After two preliminary descriptions (Guimarães 1942a and 1943). this mineral received the name calogerasite (Guimarães 1944a and b. 1948a). in honor to João Pandiá Calógeras ( 1870- 1935). According to the preliminary descriptions, this mineral. frorn a pegrnatite explored for tantalite. berween Picui and Currais Novos, near the boundary between the States 01' Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. occurs as honey-yellow tetragonal crystals, with distinct basal c1eavage and conchoidal fracrure; densíty 7.10 to 7.30 g/crrr ' (rneas.). Under the microscope it is colorless and transparent. uniaxial (-). with 11 > 2 and birefringence similar to quartzo An approxirnate chem ical analysis resulted in TalOS 92. Nb:!Os 1 to 2. AhO; 3. MgO :2 to J. CaO 3 wt . %. suggesting the formula 12(Ta 206h .(Ca.Mg)Ta20 6.

Analyses on new samples and reported in the complete paper Guimarães ( 1944a and b. I948a). gave Ta 205 73.56 and AhO] 26. 16 WI. % (average 01' two analyses). corresponding to lhe formula A I~T~OI 9. The occurrence is given as Alto do Giz. municipal district 01' Ecuador. Rio Grande do Norte. Some additional properries were recorded: Faces genera lly striated, distorted by srrain, "colorless' streak. Mohs hardness 6'/., to 7. fracrure irregular. prismatic habit. observed forms: {OOOl }, { 101 0}. and {1120}. It displays srraight extinction. birefringence 0.042. The mineral f1uoresces under short-wave ultraviolel radiation with a gold-yellow luster especially on the faces and less 50 on recent fracture surfaces. Another paper on the mineral was published by Rolff ( 1944). Kerr & Holmes ( 1945) and Pough ( 1945) established that calogerasíte is identical with simpsonite, A~ Ta JO I3(OH) hexagonal. origina lly described by Bowley ( 1939) from Tabba Tabba Australia. Both the original specimen 01' simpsonite and the calogerasite first described by Guimarães ( 1942a and 1943) were impure, thus obscuring their true properties so that the two minerais appeared to be different, The definitive formula of sirnpsonite was established frorn crys tal strueture studies by Ercit et ai. ( 1992a). Alto do Giz is also the rype locality 01' parabariomicrolite (q.v.). The alumotantite occurrence in this pegmat ite and its strucrural relationship with sirnpsonite was described by Ercit et ai. ( 1992b).

Brazilite Hussak ( 1892) (= baddeleyite) Other names: brazilita brasilita.

Brazilite was described by Hussak ( 1892). frorn samples frorn Cajati (formerly Cajati was part of Jacupiranga), São Paulo. as a Ta and Nb mineral. Hussak ( 1893) published the first correct chernical ana lysis for the mineral (zirconium oxide). Fletcher ( 1893) verified lhe identity berween brazilite and baddeleyite, ZrÜ2 monoclinic, described frorn Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) by Fletcher ( 1892). Hussak ( 1895a and b) agreed and used the narne baddeleyite for lhe mineral frorn Cajati.

According to Fletcher ( 1893). lhe name "brazilite" had been used since about 1884 for an oil-bearing rock from Bahia (rnarauite). Another use of the name "brazilite" refers to a fi brous botryoidal form ofzirconium oxide wh ich is perhaps distinct frorn baddeleyite(Meyer 19 17. Schaller 1918. Rodd 1918), and has been narned reitingerite (q.v.).

47

Reitingerite Gagarin & Cuomo ( 1949) (= baddeleyite) Other narnes : Zirconoxyd, zirconium oxide . reitingerita. brazilite, zirk.ite. zircite, caldasite, brasilita, brazilita. zirkita,

zircita, caldasita, Hussak & Reitinger ( 1903) described zirconium oxide from Serra de Caldas Min as Gerais. with radiallv fibrous botryoidal habit, presurning it to be a new zirconia modífication, distinet frorn baddeleyite. 'Th ey obtained

density 5.538 g/cm ' (meas. ) and ~ 97.19 wt, % . Yardley (1926) obtained an X-ray powder diffraction partem for a similar fragment stored in the Natural History Museum (London, England) and showed it to be identica l with baddeleyite. monoclinic ZrÜ2. Gagarin & Cuomo ( 1949) attributed the narne reitingerite to the material, in honor of J. Reitinger. ofMunich. Thc narnes brazili te (q.v.) and zirkite (q.v.) were also used for this material. The name zircite was used by Ferraz (1928 ). According to Lee (1917 and 19 19). the narne caldasite had been introduced by Derby for a rock from the area of Caldas consist ing almost ent irely of baddeleyite. This name, however, was sometimes spelled "caldasita" (e.g, Oliveira 1930. Frayha 1948). as ifit represented a mineral narne.

Zirkite Anonymous (1916). Meyer (1917) (= baddeleyite -t- zircon -t- orvillite ") Other names: zirkita, brazilite. brasilita. brazilite.

A trade namc for a zirconia ore frorn Brazil containing 73 to 97 \\1 . % zr0 2. It is stated to be a mechanical rnixrure ofbaddeleyite. zircon and "orvillite" (q.v.), See also reitingerite and brazilite.

Oliveiraite Lee(1917) (= tazheranite?)

Other narnes: oliveiraita, oliveirita, This narne was introduced by Lec (1917 and 1919) for greenish-yellow, rad ially fibrous masses associated with euxenite from Santa Clara. Pomba. Minas Gerais. Wet chemical analyses resulted in ~ 63 .36 , Ti02 29 .92 , H20 6.48. total 99.76 \\1. % , corresponding to the formula Zr 2 R9Ti 2 . I0Ü9.98.2.02H 20 or Zr J ThOIO.2H 20. and which can be expressed as (Zr ,Ti)sO IO.2H20 or (Zr.T i)02 .0.4H20. Th is materi al perhaps is tazheran ite, (Zr .T i.Ca) 0 2 cub ic. Th e narne honors the Brazilian geologist Dr. Francisco de Paula Oliveira (1857-1925). Ferraz ( 1928) spelled the narne as

"oliveirita".

Brazilianite Mawe (1818 ) (= gibbsite) Other narnes : brazilianita. c1aussenita. claussenite.

Mawe collected a radially fibrous marnillary mineral in the Carmo stream, berween Ouro Preto and Mariana. near Mariana. Minas Gerais. In 1813. Wollaston analyzed it and concluded that it was not barite, as Mawe thought. but "hydrargillite" [= gibbsite, AI(OH);]. Mawe (1818 ) narned it brazilianite (for Brazil ). while Dufrénoy (1845) narned it c1aussenite (in honor of P. Claussen). A new analysis was done by Eustis (1883 ) and th e occurrence was described by Costa Sena (1884). Unfortunatelly, according to Leonardos (1970), dozen s of tons of spectacular stalaetitic masses were used as ore in the Sararnenha plant, property of Aluminio de Minas Gerais cornpany, and the small ore deposit was worked out. Chester (1896). Embrey & Fuller (1980 ). and Clark (199 3) gave brazilian ite (of Mawe) as a synonym for wavellite, but acruall y it is the wavellite of Dewey ( 1820). that corresponds to the "hydrargiilite" ofCleaveland (1822 ) = gibbsite (of Torrey 1822 The narne now accepted for thi s material is gibbsite; and "hydrargillite" has been discarded. The narne braz ilianite (q.v.) was used again by Pough & And erson ( 1945 a. b. c and 1946) for NaAh(P04HOHk

48

Minasite Farrington ( 1912) (a mixture. bauxite") Othcr names: minasita.

Chcnucal analysis of a pcbblc (" fa\'a" ) frorn thc diamond wasrungs of Minas Gerais suggestcd a new aluminum hydroxide . of composition 2AJ,0J.3H,O. but Farrington ( 191 6) found it lO be a rni:xaurc and discardcd lhe namc. Ford ( 1916) incorrcctly descnbcd 1l as a hydrous aluminurn phosphate.

49

,

Chapter 5 Carbonates

LANTHANITE-(Nd) and LANTHANITE-(La) Lanthanite was first described from Basmãs, Sweden (Berzelius 1825). The fonnula (La.Ceh(CO J h .8H10 was attributcd following a mo re complete chemical analysis of lhe mineral from Bastnàs by Lindstrom (1910) (\\1. %).

(La. Di)~O~

28 .34 25 .52 0 .79 2 1.95 25.52 23.40 100.13

Ce~O.,

Y~O.\

CO: CC20.

H ~O

total

Di rcpresents 'didynuum', a name applied to several rare earth clerncnts (REE). including Nd. Pr. etc.. which could not be chemícally differenuated at that ume: accordingly lhe value of 28.34 \\1 . % represents not only La2ÜJ. but also Di~O.' . Th e true percentagc of La~OJ could therefore be lower than that of Ce:OJ in lhe analysis, and. if 50. lhe predominant REE would be Cc (or Nd) and not La . Current rules of nomenclarure for rare earth nunerals (Baylíss & Levinson 1988) statc that lhe mineral name be suffíxed wi th lhe predo minam me mber of the REE gro up. Atcncio et ai. (1989) confirmed lhe spec ies to be lanthanite-(Ce). Therefore. lhe type locality for lanthanite-Il.a) currently accepted as Basmas. Sweden, is noi appropriate, Here rcasons are given to establish a neotype for lantharúte-(La) frorn Curitiba.Paraná. Brazil.

Three occurrcnces of Ce-poor lanthanite-group mineral s are knO\\11 from soulhern Braz il. The first is located in lhe city of Curiuba (Paraná State) and lhe neighbonng region where severaí outcrops have been foun d in lhe sediments of lhe Guabirotuba Forrnation of lhe Curi tiba Bas in (Coutinh o 1955. Ansell et a!. 1976. Cesbron et ai.

1979. Robcrts et ai. 1980. Svisero & Mascarenhas 1981. Fujun ori 198 1. T rescases et ai. 1986. Trescases & Fo rtin 1988. Fortin 198 9. Forn105O et ai. 1989). The name lan thanitc-(Nd) was applied for lhe first time by Roberts et ai. ( 1980) with CNMMN - ll\1A approval . S,isero & Mascare/lhas ( 198 1) and Fujimori ( 1981) having never heard about lhe paper by Roberts et ai. ( 1980) also described lhe mineral from Curitiba, Without ll\1A approval SVISCro & Mascarenhas (1981 ) applied lhe names "counnhite" (in honor of Prof Dr. José Moacyr VIanna Coutinho) and "neodymi te" (In analogy to lanthanite) for a nuneral which corrcsponds to lan thanite-tl.a) (Table 5.1. analysis 2). while Fujimori (1981) applied lhe names "coutini te" (also in honor of Prof Dr. José Moacyr VIanna Coutinho ) and "neodyrnite" for a mineral which corresponds to lanthanite-(Nd) (Table 5. 1. analyses 3 and 4). The names "coutinite". "coutinhite". and "neodymite" do not follow lhe rules of nomenclarure for rare earth minerals and were forrnally discardcd (Nornenclarure Proposal98-B). with CNMMN - ll\1A approval (Aiencio 1999) .

The second occurrcnce. in a single outcrop. was found in lhe scdiments of lhe Caçapava Formation (Taubaté Basin) ar Santa Isabel. São Paulo Statc (Coimbra et ai. 1989). A third occurren ce (Wabcr 1990 ) was discovered in lhe Morro do Ferro (Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais).

Following lhe nornenclature system for rare earth mineraIs by Bayliss & Levinson ( 1988). lhe Curitiba mineral is classified as lanthanite-(Nd) or lanthanite-d.a). while lhe Santa Isabel min eral is lanthanite-(La ). Nevenheless, all lhe eight chernical analysis for lhe Curitiba mineral and lhe on e for lhe Santa Isabe l sample have a Nd.La ratio of approximately 1:1. In reali ty. in each crystal there are parts that correspond to lanthanite-(La ) and to lantharrite-(Nd).

No quantitative chernical data are available for lhe Poços de Caldas lantharute: however, energy dispersivc spectra obtained by Wabcr (1990) suggesi a ratio Nd:La similar to tha t for Curitiba an d San ta Isabel rninerals. Two olher laruhanite-íNdj and fivc laruhanite-tf'c) occurrences werc reported in lhe literature. No oth er lanthanite-Il.a) occurrence 15 knO\\11 up to now,

50

Th e first publishcd analvses for lanthanitc-tl.a) wcrc givcn on thc fCDD card 3U..(J78 (Ta ble 5. 1. analysis 1) for a mineral from Curitiba. Paraná H.G. Ansell (personal commumcation. (<)%l. noted that analyses yielding lhe Lanch material werc made on the thrcc samples (Ansell et ai. 1<)76). NMC 12213. NMC 122 14 and t-.'MC 122 15. stored in lhe Geological Survey of Canadá. Ottawa. Ontario, Canadá. which are also lhe type specimens for lan thanite-íbld).

Tabela 5. 1. Cherrucal data for laruhanite-group nuncrals calculatcd to REE = 100 % (in atorruc pcrccntages) (Svi sero & Atcncio 1<)93)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 1I 12 13 14 15 16

La Cc Pr 41. 8 I 8.3 41. 8 o. I 9 I 39 . 1 6. 1 39.9 5.8 37 4 6.5 37 .4 0. 1 9.8 31. 6 0.2 10.7 35A 0. 1 9.7 40A 0.5 7.0 30 .9 2.2 10.0 33A 14.6 27 .3 55 . 1 5.0 33.3 50 O 6.0 5.6 22 .2 I 5 1.0 27 .3 I 38.7 20 . 1 46 .2 6. 1

Nd

Sm

Eu

Gd

40 . 1 38.3 42.3 4 1.3 40.7 40.6 44 .1 42 .8 40.0 44 .5 42 .2 10.8 9.8 18.1 27.0 2 1.3

5.9 I 6.6 12.5 13.0 8.8 74 7.6 6.9 6.0 6.8 5.7 U.9 0.9 1.3 4A 3.0

1.0

2.9 1.8

1.2

1.3 l.l

5.3 2.9 3.6 28 3.6 3. 1 2.5

1.2 1.4 0.6 1.5 l.l U.9

D\'

Ho

Er

Yb

I U.2

0 .7

0 .3 0 .3 0 .2 0 .2

0 .7 0.7 0.6 0 .9 0 .7 0 .5

U. I

0. 1

I

ref. a b c c d e f g

0 .5

h

0 .3 0.1

i

i k I

I 0. 1

Tb

0.8 2.6 2A

n.s

0 .2 0 .6 I

I 0. 1 0.3 I

m n i

1. 2 and 9. Lanthanite -d,a).

3 to 8. 10 and 1 I. Lanthanite-(Nd).

12 to 16. Lanthanite-Ce).

I to 8. Curitiba. Paraná. Brazil.

9. Santa Isabel. São Paulo. Brazil.

10. Kirigo, Japan, I I. Bethlehem. Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. USA 12 and 13. Vuoriyarvi. Kola Peninsule. Russia, 14. Bayan Oba. China.

15. Wales . UK. 16. Bastnas, Swede n.

a) ICDD 30-678: b) Svi sero & Mascare nhas (1981): c) Fujimori (198 1): d) Ansell et ai. ( 1976): e) Cesbron et ai. ( 1979): 1) Trescases et ai. (1986): g) Trescases & Fortin ( 1988): h) Coimbra et ai. ( 1989) : i) Nagashirna et aI. ( 1986) : j) Atencio et ai. ( 1989): k) Kapustin ( 1966): 1) Kapustin (1971): m) Zhang & Tao ( 1986): 11) Bevins et ai. ( 1985).

The following description of lanthanite-t bld) is that of Roberts et ai. ( 1980) for lhe mineral frorn Curitiba. which, include poruons that are lanthanite-tl.a). The descripuon prcsented for lanthanite-d.a) is lhe one of Coimbra et ai. ( 1989) for lhe Santa Isabel's mineral.

51

Lanthanite-(Nd) Roberts et 0/. (1980) (Nd,Lah(CÜ3h.8H20. orthorhombic

Approved CNMNM - !MA 79-074 Other names: lantanita-(Nd). coutinite. neodymite, coutinita, neodimita, lanthanite. lantanita, Occurrence. On white caliche lha! fills irregular cm-wide fraetures in green arenaceous mudstone. associated with c:aleite and dcndritic crusts of Mn and Fe oxides. ai Curitiba. Paraná (type locality), In fissures in alkali ol ivinc basalt, associated with kimuraite-(Y). at Kirigo. Hizen-cho. Higashi Matsuura-gun. Saga Prefecture. Japan. In oxidized zinc ores. ai BcthJehcrn. Lchigh County, Pennsylvania, USA Appearance and physica/ properties. Well formed crystals are rare and do not exceed 2 mm in length.

Morphology: {001} . {ü l ü} , {lOO}. {10 1}. { 122}. and {12 1}: flattened on {Gl O}, Twinning 011 [101 ). Vitreous lo pearíy; transparent: bright pink with a white streak Non-fluorescenl. Mohs hardness 2 \ií to 3: tenacity not given .

Cleavage {Olü} pefCCt. { 10 1} very good: fracture not given, Effervesces vigorously in dilute HCI. Density 2.8 1 g/cnr' (meas.), 2.82 g/cm (calc .).

Optica/ properties. Biaxial (-). a 1.532(1) . p 1.590(1 ). Y 1.6 1 ~( 1) . 2V(meas. ). 2V(cal c.) 64 °: X = b, Y = c . Z =

a.

Chemical data. WCI chernical anaívsis, with H20 by Penfield method gave: Nd:03 21.84. La:Ü3 19.44. PrM 5.18. Sm2Ü3 ·U O. Gd2Ü3 1.69. EU:03 0.60. ~':Ü3 0 .44. v-o, 0 .22. CC2Ü3 0 .03. ThÜ2 0 .03 . CÜ2 22 .15. H:O 22 .75 . total 98 .·n \\ t . %. Empirical formula : (Nd, soLao14PrO19SITIo I ~ Gda 06EUo 0:~'0 0l YoOI )~1 98(CÜ3h I I .7.8H :O. Thc ideal formula (with Nd:La 1:1) rcquires Nd20J 27.70. La2Ü3 26.82. CÜ2 21.7~. H20 23 .7~. total 100.00 wt . % . TIle pure Nd-member requires: Nd:OJ 54 .92. CÜ2 21.55. H:O 23.5 3. lotai 100.00 wt . %.

Crystallography. Orthorhombic, Pbnb. a 9.476(4). b 16.940(8). c 8 .9~2(4) Á. J' 1435 .40 N . Z ~ . a:b:c = 0 .5594:1 :0.5279. X-ra)' powdcr diffraction data Id in  (l) (hkl») : 8.50 (100) (020). 4.741 (52 ) (200). 4.473 (56) (002 ).

4.233 (28 ) (040). 4.139 (34) (220). 3.95 3 (32 ) (022 ). 3.252 (63) (202). 3.038 (58 ) (222 ). 2.57 9 (30 ) (242 ). 2.03 2 (29 ) (422). ICDD: 30-678.

Nome. For the chernical composition.

Type material. NMC 12213 . NMC 12214 and NMC 12215 , stored in thc Geological Survey of Canada.

Ottawa, Ontario. Canada.

Relationship lo other species. The Nd-dominant analogue oflanthanile-(Ce) and lanthanite-d.a).

Crystalstructure. The same as lanthanite-Ce).

Syntheti c. Not obtained

Lanthanite-(La) Nickel & Mandanno ( 1988) (La..Ndh(CÜ3h.8H:O. onhorhombic (type specimen should be from Brazil) Other names: lantanita-(La). coutinhite. neodymite. coutinhita, neodimita. lanthanite, lantanita.

Occurrence. On white caliche that fills irregular cm-wide fraetures in green arenaceous mudstone. associated with ealcite and dendritic crusts of Mn and Fe oxides. both ai Curitiba. Paraná. and Santa Isabel. São Paulo. The originallanthanite. from Bastnas, is lanthanite-(Ce). not lanthanite-La) (Ateneio et aI. 1989). 50 the type locality for Janthanite-(La) is given here as Curitiba Paraná.

Appearance and physical properties. Piai)" crystals about 2 to 3 mm across. Morphology: {OO I }. {OlO}. { IOO }. {101}. and {121} : flanened on {01O}. Twinning on [101]. Pearly to vitreous: transparent: violei with a white streak.

Non-fluorescent. Mohs hardness 2Y% to 3: not brittle. Cleavage {Of O} perfect, {101} good: fracture uneven .

Etfervesces in dilute cold HCI. Density 2.82 g/cm'' (rneas .), 2.95 g/cm' (calc .).

Opticalproperties. Biaxial (-). o:. 1.529( 3). P 1.595(3). y 1.617(3) 2V(meas.) 58°. 2 V(cal c.) 58°; X = b, r = c. Z =a.

Chemical data. Wet chemical analysis, with H:O and CO: by CHN analyser gave : Nd~Ü3 22.77. La :Ü3 22 .28.

Pr2Ü3 3.89. Sm:Ü3 3.57. Gd:Ü3 2.20. Y:Ü3 O.9~ . ~':Ü3 0.5 8. EU:Ü3 0 .37. Ha:Ü3 0 .33. Ce:Ü3 0 .29. Er:Ü3 0.20. Tb:ÜJ 0.13 .

Yb:OJ <0.02. CO: 21.43. H:O 2 1.00. total 100.00 wt . % . Em pirical formul a ' (Lao81Ndo stJ'r015Srno D Gdo ellYo O~DY0 02ElI.'J OIHCXl (l1 CCo OI EroOI >::2.:o(CÜ3h 11Q, ::·7.45H20 . Thc ideal formul a with

52

La:Nd 1:1 requi res La:Ü:J 26.82. Nd10 , 27.70. C~ 21.74. H:O 23.74. total 100.00 \\1 . % . The pure La-member req uires: LazO:; 54.12. COz 21.93 . HzO 23.95. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crystoltography. Orthorhombic. Pbnb. a 9.490(7), h 16.94(1). c 8.94 1(7) A. V 1437.1 N. Z 4. a:b:c = 0.5602 : 1:0.5278. X-ray powder d iffraction data [d in A ( I) (hkI)J: 8.530 ( 100) (020 ), 4 .765 (50) (200 ). 4.490 (45 ) (002). 4.246 (60) (040), 4.158 (35) (220). 3.258 (70) (202). 3.036 (80) (222). 2.825 (45) (060 ). 2.709 (45) ( 160). 2.580 (55) C~42). IC DD: 30-678 .

Name. For the chemical compos ition.

Type mat erial. NMC 12213. NMC 12214 and NMC 12215. stored in lhe Geological Survey of Canada.

Otta wa. Ontario. Canada.

Retationship 10 other species. The La-dominam analogue ofl anthan ite-(Ce) and lanthanite-(Nd).

Crystal stru cture. The same as lanthanite-Ke).

Synthetic. NO! obtained.

Quintinite-2H Chao & Gault ( 199 7) M ~h(0H) dC03 ). 3HzO , hexagonal A pproved CNMNM - [MA 92-02 8 Ot her names : quim inita-2H. This m ineral was orig ina lly identified by Menezes & Marti ns (19 84). in the carbona tite of Cajatí (Cajati was form erly part of Jacup iran ga counry), São Paulo State. as "rnanasseite" , M~h(0H)1 6(CO:;).4H10 hexagonal. The predom inam hexagonal trapezohedral form observed. howeve r. is incornpatible with lhe space group of manasseite.

P63/mmc. Chao & Gault ( 1997) verified that it is a new mineral. with formu la Mg..A h(0H) dC03).3H 10 and space group P6,22. to wh ich they gave lhe name quinti nite-2H. Occ urrence. In vugs in do lomitic carbonatite of Cajati. São Pau lo. Other carbonatite minerais ar e an cylite, aragon ite (secondary), baddele yite, barite. brucite, calcite (primary and secondary), calcopirite. titanian c1inohumite. do lornite, fluorapat ite. forsterite. ga lena. geikieli te. magnesian ilrnenite, rnagnetite, phlogopite. pyrite, pyrrhotite, quartz (secondary), serpentine. stront ianite, uran pyrochlore. and valler iite (M enezes & Martins 1984). Chao & Gault ( 1997) observed tha t a hexagonal mineral with a compos ition identical lO tha t of quiminite-2H was found in lhe evaporite deposits of lhe pre-Caspian depress ion and in those of central Asia (Dr its et ai. 1986 and 1987) , an d lhe name manasseite was give n lO it.

Appearance and physical properties. Commonlyas equant crystals up to 5 mm across and prismatic crystals up to 3 mm long. Forms {OOO [} and an {hkil} trapezohedron with or wit hout {lO- lO} . Twinning no t observed.

Trans par en t, dee p orange-red to orange lO pale brown, with white streak. Vitreous luste r. Non -fluorescent. Mohs hardness abou t 2: brirtle. C leavage {0001} perfect: uneven fracture . Artack ed s ligh tly by I: 1 HCI. mo re str ongly by I: 1 HNO,. and very strongly by I: I HzSO•. a li with effervescence . Densiry 2.14( 1) g/crrr' (rneas .), 2.15 g/crrr' (ca lc.).

Op tical properties. Uniaxial (+) , (i) 1.533( I), f.: 1.533( I). Pleochroic. with (i) -= yellow and s = light er yello w.

Che mical data. Microprobe ana lyses. HzO and CO z calculated (average 01' 4 ana lyses): MgO 33. 19. FeO 0.74.

Fez0 3 I. 15. AhO:; 20.52. COz 9. 17. HzO 33.80. lotai 98.57 WI. %.

Empirica l formula ( M~.9sFeo05)(AI1 93Fe.) o7)(0H)dC03)3.3 HzO. TIle ideal form ula requires MgO 34.35. Ab03 2 1.72. COz 9.38, HzO 34.55. lOtai 100.00 wt , %.

J Cry stallography. Hexagonal. P6,22 . a 10.571( 1). c 15. 139(7) A. V 1465(1) A • Z 4. c:a = 0.69 82 . X-ray powder diffr action data [d in Á (I) (h kl)]: 7.63 (100) (002).3 .785 ( 100) (004). 2.603 (15) (22 1). 2.496 (15) (222).

2.34 1 (15)(223). 2.166 ( 15)(224). 1.991 ( 15)(225). 1.825 (20)(226). 1.495 ( 15)(602).

Name. In honor 01' Quintin Wight ( ! 935 -), of Ottawa, Ontario. Canadá, author 01' The Com plete Book of Micromount ing . 1993.

Type marerial. Cotype stored in lhe collection of the Can ad ian Museum of Narure, Ottawa, Ontario. Canada, under catalogue numbers CMNMI 81546. CMNMI 47266 and CMNMI 81 548 . and in the collection of lh e Roya l Ontario Museum. Toronto. Ontario. Canada, under catalo gue numbers M46768. M46769 and M46 770.

Rekuionship to other species. Quintinite-J T is a polyrype, Strucrurally related to lhe hydrotalcite and manasseite groups.

Crystal structure. Determined by Arakcheeva et 01. (1996 ).

53

Synthetic. Not obtained.

54

Chapter 6 Sulfates Eschwegite Zincken ( 18 19) (= celestine or stront ian barite) Ot her names: eschwegita.

The name eschwegite was given by Zincken ( 18 19) lo lhe srrontian variery 01' barite, BaSO~ orthorhornbic, frorn Mariana. Min as Gerais. colleeted by Eschwege. The name honors Baron \V.L. von Eschwege (1 777- 1855).

According lO Branco ( 1979), it is a uranular varierv of barite with strontium and iron. frorn Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais.

This name was also attributed by ( 1837) to celestine. SrSO~ or1horhombic. frorn Antôn io Pereira. Ouro Preto, M inas Gerais. Antônio Pereira is a 10\VI1 in Ouro Preto. near lhe boundary with Mariana. Perhaps the minerais of Zincken and Levy are the same. This name was given by Dõbereiner ( 1823) to lhe sam e material that later would be named anthosiderite (q.v.) (pseudomorph of quartz and goethite after cumrningtonite) frorn Antônio Pereira.

O uro Preto. Minas Ge rai s. See lhe severa I mean ings ofthe nam e eschwegite in Chapters 4 and 9.

Lévy

Harttite Hussak ( 19 06d) (= svan berg ite)

Ot her names: harrtita, Harrtit, Harttite was described by Hussak ( 1906d and 191 7) as tlesh-red pebbles (fav as") in lhe diamond-sands o f lhe São Jo sé ri ver. near Lençóis. Bahia. The name honors lhe geolog ist Pro l: Charles Frederic Hartt ( 1840- 1878), the first director of the Geological Survey of Brazil. According to Hussak. Damour had stud ied phosphatic flesh-red pebbles in the diarnond-sands of Bahia. Hussak noted the likeness between the chemical composition of harttite and sv an berg ite. SrAI 3( S o., )(PO~)(OH)6 trigonal. The identity between these minerais was shO\VI1 by Tavora (195 1b) from X-r ay powder diffraction and chemical data for a specimen frorn lhe rype localiry, stored in the museum ofthe Divisão de G eologia e Mineralogia. Departamento Nac ional da Produção Mineral. Rio de Jan eiro. In spite ofthis. the narne harttite was still used by Gomes et ai. ( 1996).

Ferrohalotrichite Vieira de Mello ( 1969) (= halotrichite)

Other names: ferrohalotriquita, The narne terrohalotrich ite was applied by Vieira of Mello ( 1969) to halotrichite, FeAh (SO~ )~. 22H20 monoclinic. frorn Frecheiras and Capa-Rosa. in lhe mun icipal disrr ict 01' Piripiri. and Mocambo. in the municipal district o f Pedro [I. State of Piau í. The mineral occurs as wh ite etllorescences in schist with pyrite, associated with epsomite and nat ive sulfur. Chem ical analysis: FeO 10.30. Fe203 0.70 MgO 0.55. CaO 0.10. A I20 3 9.40 . so, 35 .70 .

H20 42 .20. tota198.95 wt. %. Densiry 1.75 g/cm' (mcas.). Biaxial a 1.480.,1.486. 2 1'" 30 to 40 °. Z /\ c 33°. Unit cell parameters refined from powder data : a 2 1.836. b 23.763. c 12.754 A. P 97°22 '. In accordance with Po varennykh ( 1972 ), the formula o f the mineral halotrichite would be (Mg. Fe)A I2(So.,k22 H10. with rwo subspecies. magnesiohalotrichite [= pickeringite] and ferrohalotrichite, Th e nam e ferrohalotrichite was rejected by [MA ( ! 980).

55

Chapter 7 Phosphates Chavesite Murdoch (1958) (= monetite)

Other names: chavesita, This mineral was describcd by Murdoch (1958) on fracture surfaces of lithiophilite in the Boqueirão pegmatite, near Parelhas. Rio Grande do Norte, associated with hureaulite and tavorite (q.v.). lt occurs as an interminent thin colorless crystalline coating, which sornerirnes shows poorly-fonned individual crystals, The name was given in honor of Dr, Onofre Chaves. an engineer of the Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral.

According to Murdoch (1958). it is a hydrated calcium manganese phosphate, but not enough is available for chemical analyses, Kampf & Dunn (1994). studying the original material, stored in the Depanrnent of Earth and Space Sciences. Universiry of Califomia. Los Angeles. USA, concluded that it is monetite, CaHPO. triclinic . Their studied material frorn UCLA was then catalogued at the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles , USA, under numbers 38919-38925.

Murdoch (1958) also described two unidentificd minerais in the Boqueirão pegmatite: ",\fJ]I,IERAL A. One of lhe variscite specimens sho ws an unideruified mineral. chestnut brown in colar, occurring in radiating blades. and with one good cleavage. Qualitative tests show ÍI 10 be an anhydrous J iron phosphatc. with index well over / . i -l: extinction parallel to elongation: biaxial negative , with 2 V large; pleochroic pale 10 amber brown. The powder paliem gives lhe following spacings and intensities for lhe stronger lines: 3./45 10. 2.405 - 6. 3.57 - 5. -/.7-1--1.

MINERAL B. Associat ed with tavorite are small, spherulitic aggregaie, greenish white in ca lor, ofa calcium manganese phosphate II'Ílh \'el)' high index of refract ion. /1 is toofine grained 10 makefurther optical determinat ions.

The powder paliem does not appear 10 match that ofany published mineral. Spacing and tntenstties of lhe stronger lines are as follows : 4.6 i - /0. 3.-12 - 5.3.0/ - 5,2.52 - 2...

e

Castelnaudite Damour (1853) [= xenotime-fY) .;. diaspore] Other names: castelnaudita, Damour (1853) described a "yrtrium hydrophosphate", as grayish-white or pale yellow crystals. associated with quartz, feldspar. rutile, anatase, brookite, zircon. diaspore, gold. magnetite, etc., in diamondiferous sands at Chapada. Bahia. lt was named castelnaudite. in honor of the French consul M. de Castelnau. who also studied diamondiferous sands ofBahia at the same time as Damour. According to Ferraz (1928). castelnaudite is a variery of xenotirne that occurs in the sands of Diamantina. Minas Gerais, and Bahia. Damour (1856) noted the presence of two yttrium phosphates in the sands of Chapada. Bahia: the first is a white yttrium phosphate (this corresponds to eastelnaudite. but here appears without a name) and the second is a titanian ynrium phosphate [= xenotime-IY) but also without name and previously said to be an ynrium silicate: see thellite]. Regarding the first phosphate . Damour (1856) observed: "/n a previous note, / designated this species an yttrium hydrophosphate, since J recognized that il coruained water. / made sure later that the presence of water in lhe first analyzed samples was du e 10 lamellae of diaspore. a species associaied with this mineral in lhe sand, and with externai characteristics that are easily confused with those of the white yttrium phosphate ".

In conclusion. Damour decided that castelnaudite was a rnixture of xenotime-(Y). YPO. terragonal, and diaspore, AIO(OH) onhorhombic.

56

Hussakite Kraus & Reitinger (1901) [= xenotime-t Y)J Other names: hussakita.

Xenotirne-t Y), YPO, terraaonal. was identificd bv Gorceix ( 1885) in diamondiferous sands of Datas. Minas Gerais. Kraus & Reitinger (190 1-) found about 6 % SOl and gave lhe name hussakite 10 the mineral: a sulfophosphate of Y. Er. and small percentage of Gd. The name honors Dr. Eugen Hussak ( 1856- 19 11), of lhe Geological Survey of São Paulo.

Subsequent analyses of identical material by Hussak ( 1907) did not confi rm lhe presence of SOJ in sufficient arnounts (0.25 % at the most) for a new species to be designated.

Hussak ( 1907) determincd thatthe rock-fonning mineral identified as hussakite by Rõsler ( 1902) is zircon.

Serrabrancaite Witzke et ai. (2000) MnP04 .H20 , monoclinic Approved CNMNM-IMA 98-006.

Other names: serrabrancaita.

Occ urrence. As an alteration produet in a phosphate pegmatite at Serra Branca. 1I km south-west of Pedra Lavrada. Paraíba. Brazil. The associated minerais are phosphosiderite and vemadite (a questionable mineral that may be a random-stacked bimessite). This is also the rype locality ofarrojadite.

Appearance and physical properties. Small isometric crys tals up to 0.3 mm. Dark brown 10 dark greenishblack. with an olive zr een streak , Luster: adarnantine. Trans lucen t. Mohs hardness 3Y:. Clea vaae no! discernible.

Brittle. Fraeture: uneven, Densiry 3.17( I) g/crrr' (rneas.), 3.10 g/crrr' (calc.).

Optical properties. Biaxial a 1.75(1 ), p 1.79(1 ), Y > 1.79. 2V could not be measured because lhe larger crystals were toa dark and lhe smaller crystal s were unsuitable. Pleochroism: dark brown to olive gr een-brown, Chemical data Electron microprobe data (average of 4 points): Mn20; 46.85. P20 5 42.72, H20 9.8 ( from therrnal analysis), total 99.37 \\11. %. Empirical formula: Mn\OI(P04 ) , o2.0.92H20. The ideal formula MnP04 .H20 requires Mn20J 47.0 1. P20 5 42.26. H20 10.73. total 100.00 wt . % .

Crystallography. Monoclinic. C2Jc. a 6.914(2), b 7.468(2), c 7.364(2) Á. V 35 1.8( I ) N, Z 4, a:b:c = 0.926: I :0.986. Xvray powder diffraction data [d in Á (I) (hkü]: 4.856 ( 12) ( 110). 4.633 (15) (- I I I), 3.503 ( 100) (11 1), 3.271 (10) (02 1), 2.957 (10) (-202). 2.530 (9) (-221 ), 2.516 ( 19) (022), 2. 104 ( 12) (22 1), 1.633 (7) (-224), 1.521 (7) (133).

Na me. For the type localiry, Type ma ter ial. The Mineralogical Colleetion of the Technische Universitãt, Bergakadem ie, Freiberg, Germany (No. 78025) and the Mineralogical Colleetion of the Martin-Luther Universitãt Halle, Instirut für Geologische Wissenschaften. Halle. Germany (No. OI0355).

Relationship 10 other species. Natural analogue of syn thetic MnPOJ .l-hO and phosphate analogue of syn th etic MnAs0 4 .H20. Strueturally relatcd to the kieserite group.

Crystal structure. The strueture ofthe synthetic analogue is describcd in Lightfoot et aI. ( 1987).

Synthetic. Obtaincd by Aranda (1993).

Arupite V.F.Buchwald (1 990) Ni;CP04 ) 2. 8H20, monoclinic Approved CNMMN - IMA 88-008 Other names: arupita.

Th is mineral was described in lhe Santa Catarina meteorite. frorn which the narne catarinite (q.v.) originated.

The rneteorite is severely weathered due to a very long exposure to the subtropical c1imate. The unaffected parts of lhe meteorite consist oftaenite. terrataenite (q, v.), troilite. and schreibersite.

Occurre nce. In lhe corroded parts of the Ni-rich iron rneteorite Santa Catarina. found in 1875. in lhe Morro do Rocio. São Francisco do Sul. Santa Catarina. Associatcd secondary minerais are honessite, ree vesite, heazlewoodite. pentlandite, akaganeite. goethite. hematite. and magnetite.

57

Appearance anti physical properties. Earthy aggregates up to 2 mm in diameter. Individual grains are short prisms, 2 to 5 JIDl long. Sky-blue to turquoise-blue. Earthy luster. Translucent. Non-fluorescenl. Densitv• 2.90 3 g/cm (calc.). Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2.

Oplicalproperties. Biaxial, a' 1.632(5). y 1.680(5) (white ligh t), pleochroism X blue and colorless.

Chemical data . Eleetron microprobe data (average of23 points): NiO 40.18, coa 0.39, FeO 4.53, P20 5 27.60, H20 27.30 (by difference), total 100.00 wt , %. Empirical formula: (Ni278Fe~l33COo03h:l.I4(P04h.oIOO.1 2 .7.84H20. The ideal formula NiJ(P04) 2.8H20 requires NiO 43.93, P20 5 27.82, H20 28.25. total 100.00 WI. % .

Crystallography. Monoclinic. f21m . a 9.889(15). b 13.225(11). c 4.645(4) A, 13 102.41 ( 11 v 981.8 (7) N. Z 2. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 7.878 (36) (110). 6.624 (100) (020), 4.818 (61) (200), 3.805 (50) (101), 2.922 (72) (-30 1). 2.672 (46) (32 1).

Name . In honor of Hans Arup (1928 -). direetor of lhe Danish Corrosion Center. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Type material. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Division of Meteorites, Washington. D.C.. USA. under the registration numbers 659.804.877. and others.

Relations hip Wilh other species. Vivianite group: lhe Ni-analogue of vivianite.

Crystal structure. Not solved, Synthet ic. ICDD 33-951.

i

r

Harbortite Brandt (1932) (= wardite) Other names: harbonita. Harbortit. harborita, trauirita.

The mineral harbonite was originally described by Brandt (1 932) at Trauira island and at lhe Pirocaua range ofmountains. State ofMaranhão. The formula 6AbO; .4P205.17H20 [=All P0 4h(OH},.2.75H20 . which differs frorn lhat of wavellite by containing less water] was arrived at from 12 chemical analyses. These showed, however. appreciable amounts of Na and Fe, that could be essential to lhe mineral. Argentiêre (197 1) observed lhat Brandt should have given lhe name "trauirite' to lhe mineral. Costa et ai. (1980) restudied the mineralogy of Trauíra island, and verifiedlhe identity berween harbonite and wardite, NaAIl P04h(OH )4.2H20 tetragonal.

Occurrence. Found in an apatite-rich phosphatized laterite overlying diabase (?) or a metamorpho sed maficultramafic complex, at Trauira island and at lhe Pirocaua range of rnountains, State of Maranhão. With dufrenite, mitridatite, beraunite. crandallite. and goyazite (q, v.). The deposit probably owes its origin to lhe action of phosphat ic soíutions frorn guano on laterite. According to Costa et ai. (1980). wardite is abundant in Trauira island and in lhe Jandiá hill. associated with crandallite-goyazite and goethite, In ltacupim, it occurs disseminated in a c1ay horizon. as an alteration produet of apatite and wa vellite.

Appearance and physical properties. Small white to brown spherulites (oolites) and pseudo-octahedra [at first lhoughtto be "pyrite pseudornorphs", but Costa et ai. (1980) showed that the crystals are tetragonal bipyrarnids and not pseudomorphs]. Density 2.781 to 2.798 g/cnr' (rneas.). Mohs hardness 5 to 5\!::.

Optical properties. Biaxial (wardite is sometimes anomalous biaxial), n 1.602 to 1.618. Birefringence weak.

Parallel extinction. Fibers show negative elongation, Under lhe microscope it is spherulitic and acicular-radial. yellowish, sometimes surrounded by a goethite film oand displays undulous extinction (Costa et ai. 1980),.

Chemical data. 4 ofthe 12 results presented by Brandt (1932) are compared in Table 7. 1 with that obtained by Costa et ai. (1 980).

58

Table 7. 1. Chemical analyses for "harbortite" and wardite from Trauíra. Maranhão (WI. % ), 2

I Nu20 CuO

3.7 1.2 33.4 3.8 35.7 2.8 1.0 18.0 99.6

AhO) Fe 2O)

P 20s Si0 2 Ti0 2

n.o lolal

4

3 4.5

4.7 1.6 32.7 4.5 35.4 0.6

1.2

32.7 5.1 34. 1 0.8

5 4.4 2.6 31.5 7.3 28.2 6.6

1.2

1.3

1.3

18.6 98.2

18.6 99.4

17.8 99.7

5.2 1.0 35. 1 4.7 33.5 2.5 0.19 17.3 99.85

I lo 4. " Harbortite" from Trauíra, Maranhão. I and 2 are white spherulites. 3 is a white "octah edron" , 4 is associated with goethite and kaolinite (Brandt 1932).

5. Wardite from Trauira. Maranhão. Total includes MgO 0.06. KzO 0.3 wt. %. and traces of srO (Costa et al. 1980).

Crystallography. Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns show the two habits to be of the sarne mineral. but different frorn waveilite and dufrenite. The X-ray powder diffracti on partem resembles that ofturquoise (Jung 1935).

The results obtained by Costa et ai. ( 1980) are presented in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2. X-ray powder diffraction panern for wardite frorn Trauira, Maranhão (Costa et aI. 1980). dCA) 6.60 5 66 4.97 4.77 4 72 3.92 3.46 3.29 3.10 308 3.02 2.993 2.8 19 2.627

111. & 5 20 80 100

13 13 3 30 40 ~3

45 20 2

hkl 101 102 110 1I I 004 103 113 20 1 202 2 11 203 115 212 213 2 14

dIA)

1/1.

~ 58 4

~5

2.53 7 2.424 2.377 2.309 2.255 2.153 2. 105 206 1 2.022 1.988 I 1.959 1.924 1.890

6 3 3 3 6 6 15 4 3 3 8 5 2

hkl 205 107 2 15 117 223 108 207 304 217 109 305 226 3 15 2 18

Name. In honor of Prof Dr. Erich Harbort ( 1879-1929). of Berlin-Charlonenburg.

Type material. Not preserved.

Ca lcio-rhabdophane Soubiés et ai. ( 1992) (= rhabdophane-(Ce)] Other names: cálcio-rabdofanio.

Soubiês et ai. (1992) gave lhe name calcio-rhabdophane to a mineral from Tapira, Minas Gerais. described by So ubi és et ai. ( 199 1a). The formula is (CaoJsCYJ z6 Laoz IN<L:. lo,..)(P0 3d OH)0 3S].xH20 (x - I). The surn REE -1- Y -1Se > Ca (in atornic numbers) 50 foilowing the CNMMN - [MA rules of nomenclature (Nickel & Grice [998 ) it should be considered as a REE-mineral.

59

Goyazite Damour ( 1884) SrAh[POJO~(OH)JlOf-l)6' trigonal Other names: goyazita, goyasita, goiasita, geraesita, goiaíta.

Goyazite was originally described by Damour (1884) frorn sands fumished by Prof A. de Bover, who worked in a diamond mine at Ribeirão do Inferno. near Diamantina. Minas Gerais (Hussak 191 7). Damour. however, j ust stated that lhe material was frorn diamond soils ofMinas Gera is. In lhe first chemical analvsis. Damour eonfused Sr wilh Ca. and lhe mineral was lherefore described as a basie phosphate of calciurn and aluminum. The original samples of Damour. stored in the Muséum National d'Histoire Narurelle. Paris. France. were re-studied bv Hussak (1917), who diseovered that strontiurn was an important constiruent. The following is a eom bined descript ion of several oceurrences. since there are no data on goyazite from the rype oeeurrence.

Occurrence. In a diamond mine at Ribeirão do Infemo. Congonhas range of mountains. near Diaman tina.

Minas Gerais. and severa I other occurrenees.

Appearance mui physical propenies. Small rhombohedral (pseudo-cubic) {I 0-12 } or tabular {OOOI } crystals.

Rhombohedral faces often striated horizontally. Also as pebbles and rounded grain s. Colorless, pink. honey-yello w.

Transparent. Luster greasy 10 resinous: pearly on {OOOI}. Cleavage {OOO1} perfect. Mohs hardness 4 'I: 10 5. Density 3.220 g/cnr' (rneas.). 3.244 g/cnr' . Slowly soluble in aeids.

Oprical propenies. Uniaxial (+). co 1.629. l: 1.639. Sometimes anomalously biaxial.

Chemical dara. The ideal formula SrAI)[PO-,Oy,(OH)y,h(OH)6 requires SrO 22.45. A I ~ O., 33. 13. P~ 05 30.75.

H,O 13.66. total 100.00 wt . %.

Crystallography. Trigonal, R-3m. a 7.02 18. c 16.597 A. V 708.69 N. Z 3. c:a = 2.3636. X-ray powder diffraetion data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 5.704 (65) (101).3.511 (40) ( 110). 2.991 ( 13) (02 1). 2.965 ( 100) ( 113). 2.765 (20) (006).2.209 (45 ) ( 107). 1.903 (20) (033). 1.756 (12) (220). ICDD: 34-152 and J ]-194.

Name. In honor ofthe State of Goiás (at that time, Goyaz). As the mineral is frorn the State ofMinas Gerais and unknown in lhe State of Goiás, a bener name would be "gcraesite" (Hussak 1917). See the other mean ing attributed 10 geraesite.

Type material. Muséum National d'Histoire Narurelle, Paris. Franee.

Relationship with other species. A member ofthe plumbogumite group.

Crystal structure. Refined by Kato (1987). using a crystal from lhe Palermo mine. orth Groton. New Hampshire. USA. Synihetic. Shwab et 01. ( 1990a).

Flore ncite-(Cc) Hussak & Prior (1899) CeAh(PO~ HOH )b' trigonal

Other names: florencita-(Ce). florencite, floreneita.

This mineral was originally described by Hussak & Prior ( 1899 and 1900) frorn three 8razilian occurrences.

Lefebvre & Gasparrini ( 1980) published chernical data. and for the first time distinguishing the different rare-eart h elements. They also provided new X-ray powder diffraetion data for floreneite-(Ce) frorn Diamanti na.

Occurrence. ( I) Tripui, Ouro Preto; (2) Mata dos Crioulos. Rio Jequitinhonha. near Diamantin a: and (3) Morro do Caxambu. a locality knO\\TI for its yellow topaz, near Tripuí, Ouro Preto: ali in Minas Gerais. At the fi rst occurrence. the mineral occurs as well-developed crystals up to 0.5 em in length assoeiated with rnonaz irc. xenotime(Y), lewisite (q.v.), and derbylite (q. v.). In the seeond oceurrence. larger crystals and rounded grain s were found. Th is was the material used for the original chernical analyses, where the rare-earth elements were not differentiated. In lhe third occurrence. florencite occurs in relatively large amount as a microscopie aeeessory of red mica sehists. and in quartz lenses with topaz, kaolinite. and hematite.

60

Appearance and pltysical properties. Small rhombohedral crystals, either 102-211 predominam, or {l O- li} and pseudo-eubie in appearance, Clear pale yellow, Transparent. Luster greasy to rcsinous. Cleavage {000 1} good. : II-~O } in traces. Fracture splintery to subconchoidal. Mohs hardness 5 to 6. Density .3 .586 g/crrr' (meas.), 3.731 g/crrr' (ca le.). Partly soluble in HC I. Optical properties. In transrnirted light. colorless. Uniaxial (+) . (J) 1.680. E 1.685.

Chemical data . Microprobe analyses: La20; 9.0. Ce20; 13.4. Nd20J 3.7. Sm20; 1.3. Gd10J 1.0. CaO 004 .

MgO 2.3. Al10J 32.0. P10S 28.6. Si01 0.5 \\1 . %. H20 not analysed, The sample from Diamantina is zoned between extremes of cornposition in which Cc and La are concentratcd in similar amounts (- l-l \\1 . % ) and in whieh Ce predominates over La (analysis above) (Lefebvre & Gasparrini 1980). The ideal formula CeAI;(PO,)Z(OH)6requires Ce20 J 3 1.99. AI20; 29.81. P20S 27.67. H10 10.54. total 100.00 \\1. % .

Crystallography. Trigonal. R-3m. a 6.96. c 16.33 A. V 685.07 AJ. Z 3. c:a = 2.3463. X-ray powder diffraetion data [d in A (I ) (hkI)J: 5.63 (90) (10 I ), 3.48 (70) ( 11 0). 2.93 (100) ( 113). 2.21 (70) (205). 2.16 (80) ( 107). 1.885 (80) (303), 1.741 (70) (220), 1.428 (60) (O 2 10). ICDD: 8-1 43 (Mata dos Crioulos, Diamantina), 15-320 and 43-673 (other occurrencesl.

Name. The name honors lhe mineralogist Dr, Guilherme (William) Florenee (1864-1942), of the Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São Paulo.

Type mat er ial. U.S. National Museum ofN atural History (Smithsonian Institution). Washington, D.C., USA. and Mus éurn National d'H istoire Naturelle. Paris. France.

Relationship with other species. Plumbogumite group.

Cry stal structure. Kato (1990). using a crystal from Backbone Ranges. Maekenzie Mountains, USA. .Synthetic. Shwab et ai. ( 1990b).

Gorceixite Hussak ( 1906d) BaAh(PO~X PO;OH)(OH)6, monoclinic

Other names: gorceixita, gorceixcita, .

Occurrence. This mineral was originally described by Hussak ( 1906d and 1917) in alluvial deposits of the Abaet é river, near Curralinho and Datas. Minas Gerais. and several other occurrences. See the following tables for other Brazilian and world oecurrenees.

Appearance and physical properties. In grains and pebbles. which are in part microcrystalline (rfavas").

Brown to salmon pink.. sometimes rnottled, Transparent, Luster virreous to dull. Porcelaineous fracture. Mohs hardness 6. Density 3.04 to 3. 19g/crrr ' (rneas.), 3.41 g/cm' (cale.).

Optical properties. In transrnirted light, colorless. Uniaxial (+). w 1.618(2) to 1.623(2), E 1.615(2) to 1.620(2).

Chemical da ta. In Table 7.3, the ideal composition of gorceixite is eompared to severaI chemical ana lyses found in the literature. The results obtaíned by Milton et ai. (1958) on "gorceixite" frorn Dale Counry, Alabarna, USA. were not included in Table 7.3 because their material really is a barian goyazite (q.v.).

61

BaO PbO SrO CaO Na20 K20 AI20 J Ce20 J Fe20 ,l P20 S SOJ H20 Si0 2 Ti0 2 MgO F total

I 30.00

29.9 1

27.76 12.33

2 15.42

3.55

35.00 1.551 4.10 22.74 14.62 1.55 0.67

100.00 99.20

9 26.80

28.1

37.96 7.002 3.76 22.39

n.a.

30.47 0.062 0.02 27.8 1

n.a.

30.02 n.d.

0.03 27.7 1

26.23 traces 0.44 25.60

traces

3.76 26. 19 15.05 1.25

99.45

16.6 1.9

90.5 1

4. 19 89.63

( 11.07) 0.95

Tablc 7.3. Chemical data /01' gorceixiie (wt . % ) 3 4 5 6 7 8 18.60 23.52 16.0 11.88 19.1 6 24.00 0.53 6.35 2.95 1.81 n.d.

7.61 0.76 n.d. traces 0.6 1 0.73 0.06 0.10 31.25 35.9 n.d.

3 1.30

0.29 25.46 4.06 ( 13.94)

1.28 96.8 1

'I. 74

15.07 5. 15 0.16

( 100.00) (100.00) 98.5

10 17.84 0.73 4.34 1,45 0.03 0.26 3 1.83 1.1 4 0.36 27.55 0.67 ( 13.02) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. ( 100.00)

11 ranget 10) ( 16.92-19.50) 20.09 (0.00-1.83) 1.52 (3.9 1-4.9 1) 4.77 1.29 ( 1.23- 1.55) 0.04 (0.00-0.08) 0.27 (0.26-0.27) (30.06-32.66) 33. 14 1.28 (0.93-1 .2g) 0.42 (0.09-0.80) (25.60-21).11 ) 26.89 0.94 (0.58-0.75) (8.48) n.t!. n.d. n.d. n.d. ( 100.00)

I. Ideal chemical composition BaAIJ(PO, )(I'OJOH)(01-1)6.

2. "Fava" from Rio Abaet é, Minas Gerais (Hussak 1906d). I CeO. 3. From weathered iron ore. Córrego do Feijão mine. 50 km southwcst of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (Grcilfo et (/1. 1984 ).

4. Formerly " ferrazitc' (q.v.). Diamantina, Minas Gerais (Atencio & Clark 1996).

5. Concretions in weathered curbonatite. Mrima l lill, Kenya (Coetsec & Edwards 1959).

6. Pebble in Triassic gravei. Somabula , Southern Rhodesia (MacGregor 1941). 2 CC02 7 and 8. Topaz greisen, Silverrninc area, Missouri, USA (Taylor et ai. 1984). 2CC02 9. Product ofweathering, Chadobets Uplif1 , Sib éria (Serdyuchenk o & Chaika 1967). With some opal.

10 and 11 . Fossil bane, Santo Inácio. Paraná (Coutinh o et ai. 1( 99).

The proportion 01' l hO reportcd in colurnns 3, 4. 10, anti I I is calculated hy diIferencc. n.a.: not determined, n.d.: not detected.

ranget 11 ) ( 19.75-20.34) (0.00-3.08) (4.43-4.94) ( 1.2 1-1.37) (0.02-0. 10) (0.25-0.28) (32.72-33.86) (0.78- 1.64) (0.27-0.62) (25.68-27.84) (0.82- \.05)

("

-o

The empirical formula based on 3(AI + Fel} for composition 10 is: (Bao.ssSro20 Cao 12C eo 03Ko 03PbOo2ho.9s(AI2Q3Fe3-oolb .oo[(PO")0Q6( P0 30 H)oQO(Si0 1)o06( So..)oo. b .96 [(OH) S.93(H20) o.03b Q6 and for composition 11. il is: (Bao60 Sr02 ICao lI CQ:, ().l Pbo OJKo03h:LdAI29sFe;-oo2boo[(PO.) , 00 (PO}OH)on< SiO.Mo7( SO"MOs bssf(OH)usOu I b S9 Crys tallography. Monoclinic. pseudo-rhombohedral. Indexing of lhe retlections (Table 7.4) is given for lhe rrue monoc linic symrnerry and for lhe pseudo-rhombohedral sym rnerry in order to compare with lhe struetural1y analogous minerais crandallite. goyazite (q.v.), and florencite-(Ce) (q.v.), Cell pararneters are surnrnarized in Table 75.

Table 7.4. X-ray powder-diffraetion data for gorceixite 1 d 5.7692 3.5292 3.0097 2.8852 2.4952 2.2925 2.2320 2.0376 1.9197 1.7626 1.6877 1.6647 1.5780 1.5223 1.5058

-+

2 d 5.678 3.490 2.9666 2.8554 2.4625 2.2684 2.2099 2.0 162 1.9013 1.7493 1.6685 1.644 1

I 5 18

1.5024 1.4874

% 93 56 100 15 11 39 ')'

--'

11 29 20 10

hkl in Cm

I

% 90 56 100 13 10 21 26 10 31 29 5

-I I O. -2 O I -ê-3 I I. O 2 O+ -3 1 2. O 2 I + O 0 2. 2 2 O + · 2 2 2. 4 OO 1 1 2. -2 O 3+ -131. -4 2 2+ - 1 1 3. 4 2 0+ I -3 3 2. -6 O I -'-622. O4 0 .;-5 I 4. I 32I I 3.3 3 1 .;3 -2 4 2. -5 3 3 -'5 3 O. -7 I 4 + 5 -2 2 4. 4 0 2 .;1I

hkl in R-3m 101 I 10.1 0 4

I I3 OO 6. 2 O 2 024 2 O5. I O 7 -tI 2 2. I 1 Ó 2 1 4. O I 8 .;3 0 3. 1 2 5 22 O. 2 O 8 2 1 7. I 19 101 0.30 6 1 34.1 28 3 1 5. O 1 11 O 2 10.22 6 ';-

I. Big Fish River, Rapid Creek area. Yukon Territory, Canada (Blanchard 1989. ICDD card 41-1459).

2. Santo Inácio. Paraná (Coutinho et ai. 1999 ).

Other refleetions (hkl) contribute to lhe intensity of'the peaks indicated by a·.

Table 7.5. Unit-eell pararneters for gorceixite

a (A)

b(A) c (A) B(O )

1

2

12.2 17(2) 7.056(1) 7.06 1(1) 125.21(1)

12.08( 1) 6.985(5) 6.977(5) 125.26(5)

I. Big Fish River, Rapid Creek area. Yukon Territory, Canada (Blanchard 1989. ICDD card 4 1- 1459).

2. Santo Inácio . Paraná (Coutinho er ai. 1999).

Name. The name honors the founder and first director of lhe Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto. Minas Gera is, geologist Prof. Henrique Gorceix ( 1842-( 919).

Type marerial. There is no reference about its preservarion.

Relationship with other species. Plumbogumite group.

Crystal structu re. Radoslavich & Slade ( 1980) and Radoslavich ( 1982).

Sy nthe tic. Shwab et ai. ( 1990a).

63

Ferrazite Lee & Moraes (19 19) (= gorceixite) Other names: ferrazita, camposite. camposita The petrographer Dr. Jorge Be1miro de Araujo Ferraz submitted some pebbles ("fuvas") for chemical analysis from lhe late Eugen Hussak's collcction. bearing Hussak's own labcl "Pb-AI hydr ophost. D. 3.095. Neu!". The pebbles. found in diamond washings. were discoid in shape. dark yellowish-white, resembling old ivory. and showed a granular strueture in thin seetion. The rcsults of lhe analysis were published by Lee & Moraes (1919 ) and Lee & Moraes-Rego (1920). The provcnance of the samples was not givcn by lhese aulhors but Ferraz (1928 ) and Pa lache et aI. (1951) gavc the localiry as Diamantina. Minas Gerais. Brazil.

From lhe results oflhe prc liminary analysis it appcared to Lee & Moraes that, in addition to Pb. Ba was als o present, prompting them 10 carry out a complete analysis. which gave lhe following rcsults: BaO 8.87. Ca O traces.

Pb045.63, AhÜ:J 3.48, Si022 .44, P20526 .24, H20 14.20. total 100.86 wt, %.

Aftcr deducring silica and alumina, possibly derived from ka olin and wavellite, lhe formula was givcn as 3(Ba,Pb)O.2P 205.8H 20 . The density of lhe pebbles varied berween 3.0 and 3.3 g/cnr' . The mineral was narn ed ferrazite after Dr. J.B.A. Ferraz.

Atencio & Clark ( 1996) obtained a sample, with the same charaeteristics as above, from Dr. J.B .A. Ferraz's co lleetion (now in the Museu de Geociências do Instituto de Geociências da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo) labeled "Ferrazita, Diamantina. Minas Ger ais" (Sample 41.5 .8.1/ 3 - 625N I). Thc samplc was identified by X-r ay powder diffraction (Table 7.6) and clcetron microprobc chemical data (Ta ble 7.7) as gorceixite.

BaAI 3(p 0 4XP0 .1 0 H)( O H)o.

Table 7.6. X-ray powder diffraetion data for "ferrazite'' and gorceixite,

o/ ó

dIA I 5.7753.527 3.003 2.875').490 2.28 6 2 .227 I 2 .03 0 1.9151.761 I 1.68 3

99 68 100 22 13 38 19 10 24 18

1.50 0

10

1.392

7

C)

-

~ó

d(À) 5.7692 3.5292 3.0097 2.8852 2.4952 2.2925 2.2320 2.0376 I. 9197 1.7626 1.68 77 1.664 7 1.5780 1.5223 1.5058 1.440 2 1.3977

93 56 100 15 II 39 ')~

- j

II 29 20 10 4 I 5 18 3 9

em

hk l in 110,201 + 311. 020 + 312,021 + 002.220 + 222 .400 112.203 + 13 1. 422+ 113.420 + 332.601 + 622.040 -i514 .132 + 113,331 T 242.533 + 530.714 + 224 .402 -i440.804 + 243.534 +

1. "Fcrrazite" from Dia mantina, Minas Gerais. CuKa radiati on (Atcncio & C lark 1996).

2. Gorceixite from lhe Big Fish River. Rapid Creek arca . Yukon Territory, Canada (Blanchard 1989 ).

Other reflections (hkl ) contribute to lhe intensiry of the peaks indicated by a +.

64

Ta ble 7.7 . El ecrron micropr obe chemical data for "ferrazite" and go rceixire (wt, % I. I 8 aO 30 .00 PbO 1 SrO I CaO Na !O K20 A I20J 29.91 Fe10, 27 .76 P2O \ Si0 1 H20 12.33 lota i 100.00

orobe stan dard range 2 (22.46-24 .99) 23.52 8aF! (0.00-1.6 5) ualena 0.53 1 ( 1.29-2 .25 ) celes ti ne 1.81 1 (0.68-0.84) wollaston ite 0.76 (0.00-0. 19) an desine 0.06 (0 .06 -0 . 12) m icrocl ine 0. 10 corin do n 3 1.25 (29.54-32.42) hernatite ( 1.1 1-8.40) 3.76 In P 26.19 (25. 13-27.2 8) wollastonite (0.65- 1.18) 0.95 1 ( I 1.07) 100.00

I. Gorceixite, ideal composition 8aAI)(PO. )(PO)0H)(OH).

2. "F errazite" frorn Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 8 razil (Average of 10 analyses: H 20 by differ ence) (Aten cio & C lark 1996). . The densiry rneasured by Hussak and by Lee & Moraes agr ees with that for gorceixite [Densiry 3.04 to 3.19 g/ crrr' (mea s.). 3.41 g/crrr ' (ca lc.j]. A mean index of' refract ion (A tencio & Clark 1996) is between 1.62 0 and 1.625. as in go rce ixite.

Atencio & Clark ( 1996) also carried out an eleetro n microprobe and X-ray diffra etion inv esrigation o f the typ e spec imen of ferrazi te stored in The Natura l History Muse um. London . Eng land (B.M. 1920.13 I). The probe study wa s carried out on an energy-dispersíve Hitachi instrument oThe peb ble was exarnined in an unpolished sta te, so lhe resu lts should be regarded as semi-quantitative. They are PbO 1.36. 8 aO 17.17. P20 5 19.09. FeO 0 .52, Zno 0.76. AI 20 J 19.18 wt , %. The Debye-Scherrer X-ray powder diffraet ion partem was taken at the same spot on lhe sarnple ( film no. X 10211) and is a good rnatch for gorceixite.

Lee & Moraes did not state their chem ical analytical methods bUI they probably analyzed Pb and Ba by gravirnerry with precipitation of PbSO. and 8 aSO•• thus con fusing 8 a with Pb. In concl usion . ferrazite is identical lO gorceixite, The narne gorceixíte (Hussak, 1906) was published be fore ferr azit e and therefore has historical priority. Th is nomencl atu re proposal (num ber 95 -F) was approved by C NMMN

-I MA.

Geraes ite Farrington ( 19 12) (= imp ure go rcei xite ) Other narnes: geraesita, As a result of a chemical analysis 01' a pebb le (r fava" ) from lhe diarnond wa sh ings from Minas Gerais.

Farrington (1912 ), in a preliminary abstract proposed lhe name geraesite for a "hydrous bariurn al uminium phosphate more acidi c that gorceixite" , The name honors Minas Gerais (at that lime. "Minas Gemes" ) [see minasi te and mi nasgeraisite-I Y), both also honori ng Minas Gera is]. In lhe complete paper (Farrín gton 1916). lhe name geraesite does no t ap pear, lhe material being probabl y impure gorceixite, 8aAh(PO.)(PO JOH)(0H) monoclinic (q .v.). See a lso barium-hamlinite. The narne geraesi te was also suggested for goyazite (q.v.).

Bar iurn-hamlinite Farrington (1916 ) (= impure gorceixite) Other names: barium-harnlinita, Barium-Harnlinit, In the same paper where he introduced lhe name paredrite (q.v.), Farrington ( 1916) analyzed three phosphate " favas". lhe first gorceixite, lhe second a mixture, and the third, wi th the cornposition 28a0.4AI 20 J.3P20 5.1 1H20 .

The larter suggested "harnlinite with bar ium replacing srrontiurn' [harn linite = goyazite (q.v.j ]. In th e German

65

abstraets of this paper (Chem . Zentralblatt, 1918, pt. L p. 858: Fortsch. M in . Krist. Petr.. 1920 , v. 6, p. 68 ). th e narn e " Bari um -Harnlinit" was used. Lik e geraesite (q, v.), it is probably impure g orceixite 2Ba0.3Ab03.2P 20s.7H20 (q. v.).

Arrojadite Gu imarã es ( J925) KN3.lCa(Fc.Mn) IJAI (POJ )!2COH)2. mon oclinic Other narnes: arrojadita.

Arrojad ite was described by G uimarães ( 1925) on a sample from th e A lto Serra Branca pegmati te. Pedra Lavrada county, Paraíba. Add itional da ta were published by G uimarães ( 1926 c and 1942). Zi eg ler ( 19 14) used the narne "soda-rriphylite" for a mineral sim ilar to triphylite from the Nickel Plate pegmatite, near Keystone, South Dakota. USA. originall y descri bed by Headden (1891 ). Q uensel (1937 ) used th e narne " headden ite" for th e sam e minera!. Lindberg ( 1950 ) obta ined new data from an arrojadite from Pedr a Lavrada . Moore & Ito (1979) pu blish ed data on the arroiadite occurrence in the Sapucaia pegmatite, Galil éia. Minas Gerais. According to thern. the "supposcd arrojadite" from Serra Bran ca ap pea rs to be so highly altered as to constitu te a probable rn ixt ure or possibly some other sp eci es. The type occurrence o f arrojadite is quoted in lhe literarure as Para íba andlor South Dakota. Arrojadite from Paraíba is described belo w.

Occurrencc. In the A lto Serra Bran ca pegmatite. Pedra La vrada co unty, Para íba. ass oc iated with several other phosphates: rriphylite, lithiophilite, ambl ygonit e. tavorite (q . v.) , zwieselite, roc kbridg eite. hureaulite, phosphosiderite. variscite. roscherite. cyrilovite, and mitridatite (Farias & Si lva 1986). This is also the rype localiry of serrabrancai te (q.v.) .

Appcarance anelphysical properties. Massive, with hcmatite. cassitcrite. and quartz inclus ions. Dark green, Trans lucen t. Mohs hardn ess slightly a bove 5.

Optical properties. Biax ial (-). a 1.662, p 1.668, y 1.672. 21' 80 (measured ). 78.2° (ca lculated ). Weak pleochroism : X and r colorl ess. Z light green.

Chemical CÚJra. Wet ana lyses: Na 20 4.67, K20 1.45 . Li:O traces. CaO 5.69. Fe20 ; 12.39. FeO 19. 84. MnO 12.33. MgO 1.85. Sn0 2 1.52. P20 S 34.32. H20 4.96. inso!. 0.66. total 99.68 \\1 . % . The idea l form u la KN3.lCaFe IJAI(pOJ)dOH)2requ ires Na20 5.62 , K 20 2.14. CaO 2.54. FeO 45. 63, A b03 4.62, P20 S 38 .63 . H20 0.8 2. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crystallography. Th e only X-ray powder diffraction partem for arrojadite frorn Pedra Lavrad a ob tained by Lindberg (1950a) is unindexed and beca use sev era l lines cannot be indexed by analogy with th e parterns obtai ned for material from South Dakota, it represents a rnixture. The followin g data are from the ICDD ca rd 34- 149 (S outh Dakota sample): Mon oclin ic. C2Jc, a 16.537. b 10.056. c 24.750 Á. P 105.65°, r: 3963 .24 N. Z 4. atb:c = 1.644 5: I :2.46 12. X-ray powder diffraction da ta [d in Á (I ) (hk l»): 5.938 ( 19) (004. 202). 5.554 (17) (-204) . 5.033 (20 ) (020). 3.414 ( 19) ( 116). 3.222 (45) (206), 3.042 ( 100) (-424 . -514 ). 2. 852 (25) (-332). 2.774 (30) (-13 5. -40 8). 2. 714 (85) (226). 2.550 (25) (424 . -60 6).

Name. In honor of'Dr, Miguel Arroja do Ribeiro Lisbôa ( 1872- 1932). Brazil ian geo logist.

Ty p c material. U.S . Nationa l Museum of N at ural History (Sm ithson ian Inst itut ion ). Washi ngton . D.C. .

USA. Relationship with othe r species. Isomorphous with dickinsonite.

Crystal structure. Determ ined by Moore et ai. ( 1981).

Synthetic. Not obtain ed .

BRAZILlANITE, SOUZALITE, and SCORZALITE. Th ese three m inerais occur at the Có rrego Frio quarry. distriet of Lin ópolis, Di vin o das Laranjei ras . Minas Gerais. A detailed descript ion regarding lhe occurrence and the h istory of the discovery of these m ineraI s was given

by Cassedanne ( 1983 ).

Brazil iani te wa s described by Pough & Henderson ( 1945a. b. c. and 1946 ). and lhe correct loca tion of lhe ourcrop was supplied by Godoy ( 1945). Som e add ition al conrributi ons were made by Tavora ( 1945 and 1946 ).

Hurlbut & Weich el ( 1946 ) and Franco & Loewenstein (1946). Th e second world occu rrence of brazilianite wa s described by Frondel & Lindberg ( 1948). in the Palermo pegmatite, No rth Groton, Graft on County, N ew Hampsh ire.

USA. In thi s work, the autho rs presented new data for the Braz ilian brazilian ite.

66

Souzalite and scorzalite were describcd by Pecora & Fahey ( 1947. 1948a. b. c. and 1949a). A second scorzalite occurrence was described in the Victory pegmatite. near Custer, South Dakota, USA. by Pecora & Fahey ( 1949b). In this work, lhe authors presented new data for lhe Brazilian scorzalite, Sturman et aI. (198 1) studied the souzalite rype specimen and discovered that the Xvray powder-diffraction data given in the original description are incorrect. The powder partem was prepared with Fe radiation, bUI lhe ti values were calculated using Cu radiation wavelengths,

The minerais associated with brazilianite, souzalite, and scorzalite in lhe type occurrence are: albite, arsenopyrite. beraunite. childrenite, dufrenite. fluora patite, frondelite (q.v.). gamet, jahnsite, microcline. musco vite. quartz, roscherite, sabugalite, strunzite, tapiolite, tounnaline. uraninite. wylli eite, and zircon (Cassedanne 1983).

Severa I other brazilianite occurrences in lhe viciniry ofth e Córrego Frio mine were noted by Cassedanne ( 1983).

Brazilianite Pough & Henderson ( 1945a. b, c. 1946) NaA b(PO.h(OH)., monoclinic Other names : brazilianita.. brasilianite. brasilianita.

Occ urr ence. Córrego Frio pegmatite. Lin ópolis district, Divino das Laranjeiras township , Minas Gerais (see notes about this mineral above) and other occurrences.

Appearance and physical propenies. Nearly equant to short prismatic [00 I] crystals, with the prism zone striated parallel to [00 I]; also elongated on [100]. Up to 20 em . Also globular with a radial. fibrous strueture.

Chartreuse yellow, colorless. pale yellowish to yellowish-green, Translucent to rransparent, Vitreous luster. White str~ . Mohs hardness 5'A Brittle, Cleavage {a la} good: fracture conchoidal. Densiry 2.970 g/crrr' (meas.), 2.993 g/crrr (cale.). Insoluble in HCI. Op tical propertie s. Biaxial (+), a 1.602(1), P 1.609( I ), 'f 1.621( I). 2 V 75.0° (calc.). Y = b. X /\ C = _20°.

Absorption Z > Y > X . Dispersion r <v. weak.

Chemical data. Wet analysis: Na20 8.42. K20 0.37. Ah03 43.82. P20~ 37.97. H20 9.65. total 100.23 wt, %.

Empirical formula: (Nao 99Ko o3h o2AI3d PO.) 19.[(OH)3890 03s b 2•. The ideal formula NaAh( PO. h( O H). requires Na20 8.56. AlzOJ 42.25, P20S 39.23. H20 9.96. total 100.00 \\1 . %.

Crystallography. Monoclinic, P2 1/n, a 11.24 I. b 10.14I. c 7. 1045 A. P 97.36°. V 803.20 N. Z 4. a:b :c = 1.1085:1:0.7006. X-raypowder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 5.78 12 (20) (a l I), 5.0645 ( 100) (020), 3.7518 (I I) (-220), 3.2888 (Ia) (-3 11),2.9869 (33) (3 I 1), 2.8735 (23) (- 122), 2.738 ( 18) (-23 I). 2.7303 ( 18) ( 122), 2.6852 (30) (222), 1.9798 ( 11) (-242). ICDD: 42- 1354 (sample from lhe Córrego Frio pegmatite); 14-379 and 27-630 (sample from the Palermo pegmatite), Na me . In honor of Brazil. Pough & Henderson (1945b) spelled it "brasilianite". and Pough & Henderson ( 1945c) spelled it "brazilianite", The second is the accepted spelling. Not 10 be confused with the brazilianite of Mawe ( 18 18) (q.v.).

Type material. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian lnst itution ). Washin gton, D.C..

USA. Relationship with other species. None apparent.

Crystal structure. Determined by Gatehouse & Miskin ( 1974). using a sample from lhe type localiry, Synthetic. Not obtained.

Souzalite Pecora & Fahey ( 1947) M~Al.l(PO.).(OH)6 . 2HzO, triclinic

Other names: souzalita, sousalita, Occ urrence. ( I ) Córrego Frio pegmatite, Linópolis distriet. Divino das Laranjeiras 100\TIship. Minas Gerais (see notes about this mineral above). As a hydrothermal alteration product of scorzalite (q.v.) in granitic pegrnatite, with brazi1ianite (q.v.), fluorapatite, beraunite, frondelite (q.v.), childrenite, dufrenite. jahns ite. roscherite, sabugalite, strunzite. wyllieite. and other minerais. (2) Rapid Creek and Big Fish areas. north eastern part of Yukon Territory, Canada where it occurs as a low temperature product in phosphatic ironstone beds and in open fracrures, with gormanite. ludlamite. arrojadite (q.v.), kryzhanovskite. and oxidized vivianite.

Appearance and phy sical propertie s. Coarse fibrous aggregates, Morphology: Could no! be determ ined.

Twinning: Polysynthetic, composition plane {OOI }; twin axis [010]. Virreous: transparent : dark green to blue-green.

67

with a pale green streak. Nonfluorescent under short- and long-wave ultraviolet light, Mohs hardness 5Y2 to 6 : tenacity not given . Cleavage poor parallel to {OOI}: fracture not g iven. Densi ty 3 .09 g/cnr' (m ea s.) . 3 .08 g/crrr' (calc.).

Oplical properties. Biaxial (-). a 1.618. p 1.642, Y 1.652. 2V(meas.) 68°. 2V(calc.) 65°: dispersion r > v, strong. symrnerrical: pleochroic. X colorless. Y blue. Z colorless to pale yellow, absorption X = Z < Y: orientation. X nearly normal to composition plane. Z nearly parallel to elongation (b-ax is). Z A h = 10°.

Chemical data. Analytical methods not specified: MgO 9.62. CaO 0 .02 . MnO 0.31. FeO 11.49. A I,O, 26 .07 .

FC20;l 2 .65. P~O~ 37.70. H~O 12.04. SnO 0.04. Ti02 0.07. total 100.01 W1. %. Empirical formula: (MgI.78Fe~· l.\qMno 03b oo(A hR IFe' · 0 25b 06(PO~ h96(OH)6JO·I.83H~O. The ideal formula MR1A liPO~ MOH )6. 2H~O requires MgO 17.30. A h0129.18. P~O~ 40.63. H~O 12.89. total 100.00 wt , % .

Crystallograplty. Triclin ic. Pior P- 1. a 11.74( 1). b 5.1 1(1 ). c 13.58 (1) Á. a 90.92(8 )°. p 99.08( 8 )°. y 90.33 (8 )°. V 804 .53 N. Z 2. a:h:c = 2.2975: I:2. 6575 . X-ray powder diffraction data [d in Á (I ) (h k l»): 6. T2 (30 ) (002).4.760 (60)(01 1). 3.386 ( 100)(0- 13). 3.341 (30)(0 13) . 3.1 52 (60) ( 1-13 . 302). 3.086 (20) (-2 - 13). 3.060 (40) (213). 2.92 1 (80) (-40 I. 3 11). 2.55 3 (90) (020. -411 ). 1.658 (20) (26. 0-32). fCDD: 33 -863 (spec imen from th e Córrego Frio pegmatite).

Nome. For Dr. Antonio José A lves de Souza (18 96-1961). former Director ofthe Depanamento Nacional da Produção Mi neral. Rio de Janeiro. According to Leonardos (195 5). the correct spelling is Sousa. and th e nam e of thc mineral should be so usa lite .

Type ma terial. U.S. Natio na l Museum ofNatural Hisiory (Smi thsonian Institu tion ). Washi ngton. D.C. . USA (C58 63 ). an d Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Ontario. Can ada (M340 10).

Relationship with other specics. The Mg-dorninant ana logue of gormanite, Crys tal struct urc. Noi so lved . Although Moore ( 1970) did not determine the crystal structure he proposed a pr obable srructure sim ilar to th at of dufrenite. Sturrnan et ai. ( 198 1) had problem s with lh e dat a supplied by Moere ( 1970) .

Synthetic. Not obtaine d .

Scorzalite Pecara & Fahey ( 194 7) (Fe,Mg)Ah(PO~ h(OH)2. monocl inic Other narnes: scorzalita.

Occurrencc, Córreg o Frio pegmatite, Linópolis district, Divino das Laranjeiras township, M inas Gera is (see notes about this m ineral above ), Appearance mui physical propert ies. Massive. Dark blu e. Good cleavage {l IO}; fracrure not given. Twinned {100} . Mohs hardn ess 6 : ten acit y not gi ven. Densiry 3.268 g/ crrr' (m eas.). 3.304 g/ crrr' (ca lc.).

Optical propertics. Biaxi al (-). a 1.633. p 1.663. Y 1.673 . 2V 62° (calc .). Orientation : X near c. r = h.

Pleochroism: X colorless . r blu e, Z darker blue . Ab sorption Z > r Dis persi on r I'. per ceptibl e.

Chem ical da ta. Anal ytical rnethods n o! speci fied : MgO 4.23 . CaO 0.0 2. Mn O 0.1 1. FeO I·U~ . Zn O 0. 17.

A I ~O:: 30.87. Fe: O~ 0 .54 . P:O~ 42 .90. H20 5.86 . Sn O n .d.. Ti 0 2 O. IO. total 99.54 \\1 . % . Ernpirical formula: 2 (Fe~-o ~,Mgo,.Mno o,ZnoOl b o,(AI , o, Fe' - o02bOQ(PO~) '97(O H)21 ~ ' The ideal formula Fe - A I 2(PO~ HOH)2 requires FeO 21.53. A I:O ., 30 .54 , P~ O~ 42.53. H20 5.40. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crys tallography, Mo noc lin ic. ri.«: a 7. 1568. h 7.30 18. c 7.248 1 A. P 120.59°. 1" 326 .06 N . Z 2 . a.b:c = 0.980 1:1:0.9926. Xvray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)): 6.17 (20) ( 100). 4.748 ( 19) (0 11). 3.24 6 (75) (112). 3.20 6 ( 100) (-211. J 11). 3. 152 (50) (02 1). 3.081 (35) (200). 2.554 (19) (-22 1). 2.222 ( 16) (2 1 1). 1.5764 (18) (242.042). 1.5696 (15) (330). ICDD : 35-632. 33-654. 31-629 and 6-304. (Ali data for samples frorn Pennington County, South Dakota, USA ).

Nome. In honor of Dr. Evariste Pena Scorza (1899 " date of death unknown), mi neralogist, Depanarnento Nacional da Produção Mineral.

Type material. U.S . Nationa l Museum of Natural History (Sm ithson ian Institution). W ash ington . D.C ..

USA and The Natura l Histo ry Museurn. London. England.

Relationship with othe r species. A rnember ofth e lazul ite gr oup: isomorphous with barbosalite (q,v.).

Crystal structurc. Determined by Lindberg & C hr ist (1959 ). using a sample frorn Pennington County. South Dakota, USA. Symhetic. 'Ol o btai ned .

x.

68

Berkeyite Kerr ( 1926) (= lazulite)

Ot her narnes: berkeyúa, A blue gem fr orn Brazil. identified as lazulite by Kunz ( 1926). The narn e honors Prof. C har les Peter Berkey (1865 - date of' death unknownl. of thc Universiry or'Co lurnbia. I ew York. US A.

FR ON DE LI T E. FA HEY ITE. Mü RAES ITE, AVE LINO ITE, a nd LIPSCü MBIT E.

TAV ü RITE.

BARBOSALITE,

The Sap ucaia mine. in lhe municipal distriet of Galiléia. Minas Gerais. 60 km east-southeast from Governador Va ladares. near lhe border between Minas Gerais and Esp írito Santo. has been an irnportant prod ucer o f rnuscovi te an d beryl, extracted frorn di fferent zones of an ova l-shaped pegrnatite (Pecora et aI. 1950 ). In the central zon e, essent ially composed of quartz, perth ite, muscovite, and beryl, there is an irregu lar body of triphylite weigh ing se veral hundred tons. which was parti ally altered by hydrotherrnal fluids and weatheri ng. As a resul t, an assemblage of rare phosphates occurs, seven of wh ich were identified as new species: frondelite ( Lindberg 1949 ), faheyite (Lindberg & Murata 1952 and 1953), rnoraesite ( Lindberg et aI. 1953), avelinoite (Li ndberg & Pecora 1954a), barbosalite and tavorite (L indberg & Pecora I954 b). and lipscom bite (Li nd berg 1962 ). Strunz (1956) suggested th at avelinoite and cyrilovite were lhe same mineral and this was confirmed by Lindberg ( 1957).

So me of the other phosphates in lhe depos it are: apatire, berrnanite, childrenite, go rd on ite. het erosite, hureaulite, leucophosphite, phosphosiderite ("m etastrengite'·). montebrasite. roscherite, saleeite. strengite, variscite, vivianite, and some un iden tified phosphates (Lindberg & Pecora. 1958): dufrenite, ferrisicklerite, and an unidentified zinc phosphate ( Hirson. 1965): lazulitc, sab uaa lite. rockbr idue ite. wardi te, and scorzalite (q,v.) (Fari as 1976); herderite, phosphuran ylite, and autunit e (Svisero 1976): jah nsite-(Moore & Ito 1978a): a m ineral sim ilar to kidwellite (M oere & Ito 1978b); arrojad ite (q, v.) (Moore & 110 (979 ); johnsomervilleite (Arak i & Moore 198 1); augelite, berlinite, strunzite, and a metamict phosphate (Cassedan ne & Cassedanne 1985); robertsite. mitri da tite, and cacoxenite (Horvath & Atencio 1998): beraunite (Bilal et aI. 1998): laueite, xenot ime -f'r'), and rnonazíte- Ce) (Cassedanne & Baptista 1999).

Frondelite Lindberg (1 949) (Mn .Fe! j Fé -.(po J};(O H)s, orthorhom bic Other narnes: frondelita, Occurrence. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary alteration produet in a pegmatite. associared with severa I othe r phosphates (see notes about this mineral above), Appearance and physical properties. In large fibrous botryoidal masses. which forrn lhe host rock for rnany othe r phosphate m inera is. The fibers are para llel to c. Minu te doub ly-terminated crystals wi th h igh 1uster have a lso been noted, togeth er with crystals of cyrilovite (see aveli noite). phosphosider ite. and leuc oph osph ite. in a vug.,"Y zo ne in lhe larger tibrous botryoidal masses. Forms {IOO}, {OlO}. {l iO}. and {IO I}. Brown. Luster dull to vitreous.

Transpa rent. Mohs hardn ess 4 '/:,: brittle . Cleavage {IOO} exce llent. {0 10 } good, {00 1} fair: fraeture irregular .

Dens iry 3.4 76 g/cnr' (rneas.), 3.546 g/crrr'(calc.).

Optical propenies. Biaxial (-), a. 1.860, p 1.880. Y 1.893, 2V mod erate. 77 .0 0 (calc.). X = c. Pleochroism: X pale ye llow-brown, Yand Z orange-brown. Abso rption Z > Y > .r. Oispe rsion r > v.

Chemical data. Unspecified rnethods: FeO n.d., MnO 7.74. MgO 0.02. CaO 0.02. Na!O 0.98, K~O 0. 12, Fe~OJ 48 .85, Mn !OJ 1.75, A I!O J 1.31. P~O~ 31.28 . H10 7.52. 1nsol. 0.32. total 100.09 \\1. %. Ernpirical form u la: (Mn!-o.7oNao ~O.Mgo 03Ko 02fr..o 9S( Fe l - 3.9JAIo.17Mn3- o l~b.25( POJb~l [ (O H)m Oo!7 b .6J. The idea l formula MnFe 3 - J(POJMOH) s requires MnO 10.94, Fe~03 49.27, P~O~ 32.84. H10 6.95. total 100.00 \\1 . % . .

Crystallography. Orthorhombic, Bbmm, a 13.8 1, b 16.968. c 5.182 A. V 1214.29 N . Z 4. a:b:c = 0. 8 139: \: 0 .30 54. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 6.9 10 ( 17) (200). 3.6 15 (4 0) (240), 3 .445 (25) (30 1).3.38 1 (85) (4 10), 3.191 ( 100) ( 141. 321). 3.046 (20) (250). 2.779 ( 12) ( 15 1). 2.4 15 ( 17) (3 5 1. 511 ). 1.7188 ( 11) (571 ),1.5953 ( 19) (642). ICOO: 35- 625 and 8-83 (specimens from Gal iléia).

Name. In honor ofProf. ClifTord Frondel (b. 1907) ofHarvard Universiry.

69

Type material. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian lnstitution), Washington. D.C..

USA.

Relationship with other species. Isomorphous with rockbridgeite. Fe2T e3-4(P04MOH )s.

Crys tal structure. Detenn incd for rockbridgeite.

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Fa heyite Lindberg & Murata (1952 and 1953) BC2(Mn.Mg,Na)FeJ - 2(P0 4)4 .6f-hO. hexagonal Other namcs: faheyita, faheylite.

Occurrencc. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary alteration produet in a pegmat ite. associated with severaI other phosphates (see notes about this mineral above).

Appearance mui physical properties. In vugs, as fibers coating other rninerals, botryoidal masses of fibers cornpletely enclosing euhedral quartz crystals, or artached to muscovite sheets. flat rosenes of fibers berween sheets of muscoviie, and tufts of fibers on variscite crystals, on borryoidal frondelite. and between frondelite lavers.

Individual fibers averaue O.OS mm in lenmh and 0.0 I mm in thickness. The fibers usuallv zrow normal to lhe surfaces of lhe other minerals and may be tenninatcd by pyrarnid faces. White, blui sh-\~hiie, brownish-white, Transparent. Mohs hardness 3. Perfect cleavage parallel to C. Density 2.660 g/crrr ' (meas.). 2.719 g/crn ' (calc.), Slowly dissolved by hot dilute HCI. HNO;1 and H2S0 4.

Optical properties. Uniaxial (+). co 1.631. E 1.652. Elongation parallel to C. Chcmical data . Unspecified methods: BeO 7.26. MnO 5.99. MgO 1.14, Na20 0.84. K 20 traces. FeG n.d..

Fe20.) 21.-12. AhO.) 0.10. Mn20 ;1 n.d.. P20~ 38.11. F traces. H20 14.90. Insol. (quartz and muscovite) 9.44. total 99.20 \ \1. % . Empirical formula: Bew (Mno62Mgo 2INao 2ob olFe3' , 97A1oolb 98( P04 )3.9~. 6 .0S H20. The ideal formu la Be2MnFe3' 2(P04)J.6H20 requires BeO 7.44. MnO 10.55. Fe20., 23.74, P20 5 42.20, H20 16.07. total 100.00 \\1 . ~ o .

Crystallograplty. Hexagonal. P622 2. a 9.43, c 16.00, I' 1232.18 N. Z 3. c:a = 1.6967. X-ray po wde r dilfraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)): 7.28 (90) (101). 5.72 (100) (102).3.962 (50) (201). 3.244 (60) (203). 3.085 (60 ) (210).3.029 (60) (2 11), 2.724 (30) (300). 2.673 (30) (2 13), 1.268 (30) (2 O 12). ICDD: 6-109 (specimen from Galiléia).

Nome. In honor of Dr. Joseph John Fahey (1901-1980), geochernist, U.S. Geological Survey, A preliminary notice of'the title ofth e paper [Arnerican Mineralogist 37 (Nov./Dec, 1952). p. x), gives lhe form "faheyl ite", Type material. U.S. National Museum of'Narural History (Smithsonian lnstitution), Washington. D.C.. USA. Relat ionship with othcr species. None apparent.

Crys tal structure. NOl solved.

Synthctic. Not obtained.

Morae site Lindberg et alo( 1953) Be2POJ(OHHH20. monoclinic Other names: rnoraesita, Occurrence. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary alteration product in a pegrnatite. associated wi th severaI other phosphates (see notes about this mineral above).

Appearance and physical propenies. In tufted or radial aggregates, as fibrous coatings, or spherulitic masses on the walls of vugs that have developed in or adjacent to beryl. and on surfaces of albitc, quartz o and rnuscovite.

Moraesite freq uently occurs on the botryoidaI surfaces of frondelite and contains unaltered fragments of beryl. On open surfaces. crystals form a fragile and delicate assortment of individual needles that grade into crusts with <J coarse fibrous structure. Crystals are rninute laths with needle-like terminations. acicular parallel to C. and tabular on {001 }. Forms {IOO} . {lI \} . {\30 }. {\3 1} . White , with a white streak. Translucent. Mohs hardn ess not give n, Cleavage {I OO } and {001}. Densiry I.S05 g/crrr' (meas.). 1.806 g/crrr' (calc.).

Optical propertie s. Biaxial (-). a 1.462, ~ 1.482. '( 1.490, 2 V 65° (obs.). 63.9° (calc.). Z = b. r 1\ c = I 1°.

Chcmic al dcua. Unspecified rnethods: BeO 25.28. FC20J 0.11 . AI20 -, n.d.. P20~ 34.76. H20 39.80. Insol. 0.30. total 100.25 \ \ 1 . ~ o . Empirical formula: BC205(PO.)O",l OH)I L,.3.90H20 . The ideal formula Be2PO. (O Ht-1H:O requires Bl'Ü 2-1.75. P:05 35.12. H20 40.13. lotai 100.00 \\1 . %.

70

Crystallography. Monoclinic. cc. a 8.55. h 36.9. c 7.13 A. P 97.68°. V 2229.30 k. Z 12. atb:c 0.23 17: I :0. 1932. Xvray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkli]: 7.00 (100) ( 130). 6. 15 (40) (060). 5.28 (30) (- 131 ).

4.24 (60) (200). 3.278 (90) (-261), 3.198 (30) (191).3 .071 (30) (0 120).3.023 (60) (132). 2.819 (60) (0 121), 2.753 (30) (330). ICDD: 6-58 (specimcn frorn Galiléia).

Nome. In honor of Dr. Luciano Jacques de Moraes ( 1896- 1968). Brazilian geologist.

Type material. According to Lindberg et ai. ( 1953). U.S. National Museum of Natura l History (Srnithsonian Inst itution ). Washington, D.C.. USA (USNM 106. 577). and Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro. According to lhe unpublished list of type-specimens produced by the Commission of Museums of lhe International Minera logica I Associa tion. U.S. Nationa l Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution ). Washingto n, D.C.. USA. and Mus ée de Minéralogie. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines. Paris. France, Relationship with other species. Isomorphous w;th bearsite. BezAsO.(0 H),4l-/ z0 .

Crystal structure. Determined by Merlino & Pasero ( 1992).

Sy nthetic. Not obtained.

Tavorite Lindberg & Pecora ( 1954b and 1955) LiFe31'0 .c0 1-/), triclinic Other names: tavorita.

Occ urrence. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary alteration product in a pegmat ite, associated with several other phosphates (see notes about this mineral above), Appearance and physical properties. Occurs príncipally as discontinuous veinlets and dissem inations. less than 5 mm in width. at or near the cornact of heterosite and barbosalite. It also occurs as a microscopic nerwork veining heterosite. ferrisickl erite. and barbosalite (q.v.). Scattered flakes of tavorite are sparsely distri buted along c1eavage cracks in altered rriphylite. Tavorite iruimately replaces both barbosalite and crystals of hureaulite.

Greenish-yellow, Thin polysyruhetic rwinn ing, Densiry 3.288 g/crrr ' (rneas.), 3.346 g/crrr' (calc.).

Op tical properttes. Biaxial (+), a 1.795. p 1.810. '( 1.835. 21' large, 76.4° (ca le.). Pleochroism: X and Y yellow-green, Z colorless. Absorption Z '> Y > X. Dispersion r > v. strong v.

Chemical data . Wet analyses: u.o 7.64. FeO 2.39. MnO 1.47. FeZ03 42.57. PzOs 39.78. I-/zO 5.76. total 99.6 1 wt , % . Empirical formula (Lio.90Fez·006Mnz-oO-l)Fé -09.(PO.)099(OH), n- The ideal formula LiFe31' 0 4(0 H) requires u,o 8.54. FeZ0 345.70. PzO~ 40.6 1. HzO 5.15. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crystallography. Triclinic. f -I. a 5.138. b 5.307. c 7.442 A. a 67.48. p 67.72. '( 61.98°. V 173.45 N. Z 2. a:b:c = 0.9682: 1:1.402. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)): 4.99 (50) (0 10). 4.68 (30) (10 1). 3.95 (20) ( I I I ), 3.323 (20) ( I 12), 3.285 (90)(0 12). 3.045 ( 100)( 1- \ \). 2,474 (40)( I 13), 2.360 (20) (202), 1.6662 (30) (-212).

ICDD: 10-424 (Galiléia), 4 1-1376 (South Dakota) and 42-14 12 (synthetic), Name. In honor of Prof. Elysiario Tavora Filho (b. 191 1). University of Brazil and DNPM. Rio de Janeiro.

Type material. According to Lindberg & Pecora ( 1954b and 1955). U.S. I ational Museum of Natural History (Smithson ian Instirution). Washington. D.C.. USA (USNM 106. 842). and "Museu Nacional of the Depan am ento Nacional da Produção Minerar'. Rio de Janei ro [Museu Nacional and Dep artam ento Nacional da Produção Minera l are IWO different museurns). According to lhe unpublished list of type-specimens produc ed by the Commissi on ofMuseums oft he lnternational Mineralogical Association. U.S. National Muse um of Natural History (Smithsonian Instit ution), Washington, D.C., USA. and The Natural History Museu. London, England.

Relationship with other species. Arnblygonite group.

Crystal structure. Determ ined for lhe synthetic analogous (Mineralogical Abstract 85rvll0191 ).

Synthe tic. fCDD 42- 141 2.

Barbosalite Lindberg & Pecora ( I 954b and 1955) FeZ'"Fe3-l P0 4HOH)z, monoclinic Other names: barbosalita.

Occurrence. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary alteration product in a pegmatite, associated with several other phosphates (see notes about this mineral above), Appearance mui plrysical properries. It occurs principally as a very tine grained layer between heterosite and porous triphylite. The contaet with heterosite is well defined. but with the porous rriphylite it is grada tional, locally

71

extending irregu lar ly or along c1eavage cracks into unaltered triphylite. lhe width of lhe layer ranges from a few rnm to about I em. In lhe cavities, barbosalite occurs as a massive material deposited arnong hureaulite crystals or as a thin coating of ver)' fine crystalline aggregates on hureaul it~ crystals. Dark blue-green. Translucenl. Mohs hardness 6. Cleavage {IOO}. Density 3.60 g/crrr' (m eas.), 3.65 2 g/crrr' (calc.). Slowly soluble in hot dilute HCI , and insoluble in dilute HN0 3 and HlS04.

Optical propenies. Biaxial (-i-). a 1.77, p 1.785, Y 1.815.21" 64 (rneas.), 71.5° (calc.). Pleochroism : and very dark green-blue, Z dark olive-green. Dispersion I' > v strong.

Chemical data. Wel analyses (reca lcu lated to 100 % after deduction of mixed tavorite): FeO 13.10. Mn O 2.82.

F~03 41.6 5.

Pl O~ 37 .50.

HlO 4.9 3. total 100.00 w1. %.

Empirica l form ula (Fe l' 070Mnl' ol sh.o.8~Fe) - 1 OI(P0 4)1 o)(O Hbo. The ideal formula Fe l r e 3' 2(P0 4h( O Hh requires FeO 18.3 5. F~O , 40.79, PlOS 36 .26, HlO 4.60. tota l 100.00 wl. % .

Crystallography. Monoclinic. ru« a 7.313. b 7.489. c 7.520 fi., P 120.19°. V 355.99 N. Z 2. a:b:c = 0.9765:1:1.0041. X-ra y powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)): 4.84 (60) (1 10), 3.36 1 (100) (- 112). 3.313 (80 ) (111). 3.239 (60 )(-121 ). 3.160 (60) (200). 2.6 14 (30 ) (-221 ). 2.327 (40 ) (- 131), 2.292 (30) (2 11), 2.027 (30) (3 10).

1.681 (30 ) (-224). ICDD: 33-668 and 11-423 (specim ens from Galiléia).

Name. In honor of Pro f Aluizio Licinio de Miranda Barbosa (b. 19 16). Escola de M inas de Ouro Preto. M inas Gerais.

Type material. According to Lindberg & Pecora ( 1954 b and 1955). U. S. Nationa l M useum of Natura l History (Smithsonian Instirurion). Washington. D.C.. USA (USNM 106. 842). an d " M useu Nacional of the Departamento Nacional da Prod ução Miner al". Rio de Janeiro [Museu Naciona l and Departa mento Na cional da Produção Mineral are rwo different m useums]. Acc ording lO lhe unpu blished list ofrype-specimens produced by the Comm ission ofMuseum s ofthe lnternational Mineralogical Association, U.S . Na tional Museum ofNatura l History (Sm ithsonian lnstitution), Washington , D.C.. USA. and The Natural History Museu. London, En g land .

Relationship with other species. Lazulite group. isomorphous with scorzalite (q. v.) and dimorphous wit h lipscombite (q.v.).

Crystal structure. Determined by Lindberg & Ch rist (1959). using a sample from lhe type occurrence.

Synth etic. Gheilh ( 1953).

Jr

r

Avelinoit e Lindberg & Pecora ( 1954a) (= cyrilovite) Other names: avelinoita.

Lindberg & Pecora ( J954 a) described lhe m iner al avelinoite in the Sapucaia mine. Gal iléia. M ina s Ge ra is. as a secondary alteration product in a pegmatite, associated with severa I other phosphates (see not es about this m ineral above). Avelinoite occurs as small ( I mm ) yellow crysta ls in cavities of altered phosphates. lt is terrag ona lpyramidal. with a:c = 1:2.650. Th e observed forms were {00 1}. {1l3} . and {0 12}. Densiry 3.60 g/ cm ' (rn eas.).

Uniaxial (-). c 1.769. W 1.803. P4 1• a 7.32. c 19.4 A. Z 4. Chemical anal yse s: PlOS 29.0 6. AbO) 1.36. F~03 4 7.8 7.

MnO 0.99. CaO 0.10. Na-O 4 .70. KlO 0.63. HlO 14.45. insol. 1.04. total 100.20 wt, %. The name honors Avelino Ignacio de Oliveira. erninent Brazi lian geo logis t and manager of the Departamento Nacional da Produção M iner a l.

Rio de Jane iro. Proved by Strunz ( 1956) and Lindberg ( 1957) to be cyrilovite, NaFé - 3(P04H O H)., .2 H20 tetragonal (descri bed one yea r before). Lindberg (195 7) observed that cyri lovite was inadeq uately descr ibed : th e origina l chem ical an alyses. formula. and X-ray diffraction data are wrong, suggesting that lhe narne avelinoite should tak e precedence.

Lipscombite Lindberg ( 1962) Felre,-2(P0 4H O Hh. terragonal Other names: lipscombita. lhe name lipscombite was first used by Ghe ith (1953) for synthetic compounds with com posi tions rang ing from Fe'-s(PO.MO H), 10 Fet , ~ ,(P0 4M O H).. Lindberg & Pecora ( 1958) pub lished an abstTact on a m ineral from lhe Sa pucaia mine. Galil éia. Minas Gerais. occurring as a secondary alteration produet in a pegmatite, ass oc iat ed with severa] other phosphates (see note s about thi s mineral abov e). They re ferred to this mineral as " man ganoan lipscombite" with lhe formu la (Mn" .Fe' ")Fe' -2(P04)l(O H)l. Cech et ai. (1961 ) described th e "first natura l

72

occurrence 01' lipscornbite", with the formula Fe: Te; ":(PO,h(OI-lh. from Otov, near Domazlice. Bohem ia, Czech Rcpublic . Lindberg ( 1962) published the complete description 01' "manganoan lipscornbite". this time with the formula (Fe!'.Mn:IFe3'z( POJh( 0 I-lh and suggested that the type localiry for lipscomb ite should be Galiléia. Minas Gerais. The "manganoan lipscombite", described by Lindberg (1962) seerns to be a different species when compared with that ofCech et ai. ( 1961). with Mn or Fe;' predominam over Fe!' in lhe A-site. Th e X-ray powder diffraetion data are vinually identical, but the chemical results for lhe Brazilian sample are very poor and insufficient to derive a good empirica l formula. Based on these considerations. lhe Czech Republic should be lhe type locality for lipscombite. The Brazilian mineral needs to be restudied. because it seern s lO be a new species. The description of the mineral frorn Galiléia is presented below.

Occurrence. In lhe Sapucaia mine. Galiléia. Minas Gerais. as a secondary a lteration produet in a pegrnatite, associated with severa l other phosphates (see notes about this mineral above).

Appearance and physical properties. As crystal aggregates, intirnately intergrown with cyrilovite (see avelinoite) and phosphosiderite in vugs of frondel ite, Olive green to black. Splendent luster. Opaque. Mohs hardness not deterrnined. Density 3.66( 1) g/crrr' (meas.).

Optical properties. Not studied.

Chemical data. \Vet analyses: MnO 7.91 . FeO 3.75. FezOJ 50.45. r,o, 33.37, I-IzO 4.45, total 100.00 wt. %.

Empirical formula [based on 2 (PO,)] (Fe3'z69Mnz'O J7 Fé 'ouh:J38(PO.,he° H)z 10· As quoted by Lindberg (1962), "lhe ana lyzed sample . . . shows an excess of iron and manganese ions mui a deficiency ofphosphate and hydroxyl", Also according to Lindberg (1962), "the ratio of Mn" to Fel " is greater dum 2: I but a new name is not here proposedfor the manganoan equivalem of lipscombite". In realirv, this chemical analysis does not distinguish between me 3-. formulae (Mn!'.Fe Fezl Fe;·z(POJh(0 H)! and (Fe< Mnz·. Fezl Fe3'!(POJh( OHh for lhe mineral. However, it is possible lo conclud e that lhe formula differs frorn FezT e3 ' ;(POJheOI-l)z.

Crys tallography. Tetragonal. P4 12 12 . a 7.40. c 12.81. V 70 1.48 A3• Z 4. c:a = 1.73 11. Xvray powder diffraetion data [d in Á (I) (hkl)): 4.84 (30) (102). 3.314 ( 100) (2 10),3 .206 (60) (2 11).2.6 17 (20) (220), 2.302 (30) (3 11). 2.054 (30) (320), 2.028 (20) (321). 1.656 (40) (420). 1.60 1 (40) (008). 1.309 (30) (440). ICOO: 14-310 (specimen frorn Sapucaia).

Name. In honor of Prof. William Nunn Lipscomb (b. 1909) of'the Universiry of Minnesota, USA. Type material. Whereabouts not known.

Relationship with other species. FezT-eJ' z(POJ)z(OH); is dimorphous with barbosalite (q.v.).

Crystal structure. The crystal strueture of FeZTeJ"z(POJ)z(OH)! was studied by Vencato et ai. ( 1989 ).

Synthetic. Gheith ( 1953).

WHITEITE-(CaFeMg), WHITEITE-(MnFeMg), und ZANAZZIlTE These three minerais were dcscribed in lhe Lavra da Ilha pegmatite. on an island in lhe Jequitinhonha river, approximately 3 km north of Taquaral. Itinga. in north eastern Minas Gerais. The associated minerais are: Colorless and pink quartz (euhedral crystals). eosphorite. rnuscovite as greenish crystals. brown sphalerite. columbite-tantalite. cassiterite, beryl, arnbl ygonite, albite, microcline. elba ite. triclinic Fe-dominant roscherite, rockbridgeite, montgomeryite. wardite, apatit e, triphylite. and vivianite (Cassedanne 1987 and White 1990).

Wh iteite-(CaFeMg) Moore & Ito ( 1978a) Ca(Fe,Mn )Mg 2AI2(PO JMOH)z.8I-1 z0 , monoclinic Approved CNMMN -IMA 75- 1 Other names : whiteíta-(CaFeMg). whiteita, whiteite, whiteite-(Ca).

Occurrence. Lavra da Ilha pegma tite, ltinga. Minas Gerais (see notes abOUI th is mineral above). Anther occurrence ofthis mineral was described frorn the Blow River, Yukon. Canada.

Appearance and p hysical properties. Bunched aggregates of small ( I to 5 rnrn) tabular crystals. Curved crysta ls showin g the forms {OOI } and {- I I I}. The crystals are invariably twinned by reflection on {OO1}, imparting a pseudo-orthorhornbic appearance. The form {OOI } is very large and consequenrly lhe crystals are tabular with a rhom b-shaped outline. Tan. Translucent. Cleavage {OOI} good to perfeet. Density 2.58 g/crrr' (mC35.), 2.51 g/crrr' (cale.). Mohs hardncss 3 to 4.

73

Opticai properties. Biaxial (+). a 1.580(3 ), p 1.585(3), 'Y 1.590(3) . Mean ca.lcu1ated n (G ladstone-D a le) 1.58, 2 V (obs.) 40 to 50 0 • oflb. PIla. Chemica/ data Eleetron microprobe analysis: CaO 6.0, MgO 10.5, MnO 3. 1, FeO 6. 1. AbÜ) 12.0, P20 , 36.0.

H 20 not analyzed, total 73.7 wt. % . Empirical formula: (CaooMnoIXFeo7MnoJ)M~A I2(P04MOHh. 8 H20. The ideal formula CaFeMg2AI2(p04 MOHh .8H 20 requires CaO 7.41 , FeO 9.50 . MgO 10.65. AhOJ 13.48, P 20, 37.52. H20 21 .44. total 100.00 wt. %.

Crystallograplty. Monoclinic, P2/a. a 14.90(4). b 6.98(2). c 10.13(2) A, P 113'07(10)' . Z 2. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl ») : 9.304 (100) (001 ), 5.593 (15) (011 ). 4.849 (20 ) (-202). 4.660 (30 ) (002) . 3.487 (15 ) (020).2.946 (20 ) (-403 ), 2.863 ( 15) (40 1). 2.789 (65) (022 ). 2.542 (20) (-42 1) and 1.936 (20) (-4 32). ICDD: 3 1-273 [IC DD card 30-2 54 : sample from the Blow Rivcr, Yukon, Canada ).

Name. In honor of Joh n S. Wh ite, Jr. (b. 1933), ret ired curator-in-charge of m iner ais at the Smithsonian lns titutio n: founder. editor. and publisher ofthe Mineralogical Record.

Type material, U. S. Natio na l Museum of Na tural His tory (Smi thsonian ln st itution ), Wash ington. D. C..

USA .

Relationship with other species. Jahnsite-group.

Crystal structure. Sol ved for jahnsite.

•Symhetic. Not obta ined .

W hiteite-(Mn FeMg) Moore & lto (l978a) MnFeM ~A I 2 (P04 )4 (OH )2 .81-h O. monoclinic Approved CNM MN - lMA 75-1 Othcr nam es: wh iteita-( Mn FeMg). wh ite ita. wh iteite. whi teite-(Mn ).

Occurrence. Lavra da Ilha pegmarite, ltinga. Minas Ge rais (see notes abo ut this m ineral above).

Appearance mui physical propenies. Large (up to 1.5 or 2 em) thick tabular indiv idua is. Curved crystals showing lhe form s {OO I } and {- I I I } nearly equally developed, form ing a canoe-shaped out line to the crystals. Th is appearance is made more pronounced by lhe curved aspeet of lhe {- 111} faces resulting in ao almond-shaped cro ssseetion. The crystals are invariably twinned by refleetion on {00 1}. impaning a pseudo-onhorhom bic ap pearance.

Chocolate brO\\TI. Translucent. Cleavage {00 1} good to perfeet. Density 2.67 g/crrr' (meas.). 2.62 g/crrr ' (calc.).

Mohs hardness 3 to 4.

Optical properties. Biaxial (+). a 1.575(5 ), p 1.585(5), Y 1.595(5), n mean calculated (G ladsto ne - Da le) 1.59.

2 V(obs.) 80 to 90°. a..l {00 1}.

Chemical data. Electr on rnicropro be an alyses: CaO 1.4. MgO 10.1. MnO 7.6, FeO 7.9. A I20 J 12.7. P20 , 36.4. H20 not analyz ed, tota l 76. 1 \ \ 1 . %. Empirical formula: (Mn o ~C3{). 2)(Feo oMn o. 1 )Mg2AI:( P04 MOH )1.8H20 . The ideal formu la MnFeMg 2AI2( P04MOH h .8H 20 requ ires MnO 9.20. FeO 9.3 1. MgO 10.45. A I20 3 13.22 . P20 , 36.80.

H20 2 1.02. lota i 100.00 \\1 . %.

Crystallography. Monocl in ic. P2Ja. a 14.99(2). b 6.96( 1). c 10.14(1 ) A. P 113' 19(6)'. Z 2. X-ra y powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hk l»): 9.318 ( 100) (00 1).5.598 (30 ) (011 ). 4.824 (50 ) (-202) . 4.644 (40) (002). 3.5 18 (35 ) (-402 ). 3.454 (30) (1 12). 3.245 (35 ) (02 1). 2.948 (45)(-403).2.776 (90) (-320). 1.927 (30)(-4 15). lCDD: 43- 1467.

Name. In honor of John S. White. Jr. (b. 1933). retired curator-in-charge of m inerais at lh e Sm ithso nian Institution: founder. editor. and publi sher ofthe Mineralogical Record.

Type material. U.S . Nationa l Museum of Natural History (Srniths onian lnstitution ), Wa sh in g ton . D.C..

USA.

Relationship with other species. Jahnsite-group, Crys tal struct ure. Solved for jah nsite.

Synthct ic. iot obtained.

Zanazziite Leavens et ai. (1990) Ca2Be4(Mg.Fe)~(P04MOH)4.6H20. monoclinic

Approved CNMMN • IMA 86-054 Other names: zanazziita.

Occ urrencc . Lavr a da Ilha pcgm at ite. Itinga. Minas Gera is (see no tes about th is m inera l above).

74

Appearance and phystcal propenies. Barrcl-shapcd crystals up lO 4 mm long and I lo 2 mm in diarneter.

Multiple crystals vary frorn simpie groups of subparallel individuais 10 divergent sprays resulting in hemispherical forms. Also in bladed crystals of similar morphology, but less common. The crystals commonly have major {I OO } and { 1IO} forms: faces of {001 } are irregular and rounded. Bladed crystals have { I OO} dominant modified by minor {I IO}. and irregular. rounded {001} faces. Pale to dark olive green, with a white srreak, Luster vitreous to slightly pearl~ on the cleavage surfaces. Transparent. Cleavage ( IOO} good. (a l a } distinct, Non -tluoresc ent. Density 2.76 g/ crrr' (rneas .), '2.77 g/ crrr' (ca lc.), Mohs hardness 5.

Optical propenies. Biaxial ("-), a 1.606(2). 13 1.610(2). '1 1.620(2). 2 V (rnean) 72°. 2V (ealculated) 65°, orientation X = h. Z : (100) = 3" in 13 OblUSC. Chemical data. Electron microprobe analyses (Be determined by AAS and H20 by CHN: Fe2-:Fe;- ratio detenni ned by titration analysis): CaO 10.65. BeO 9.81. MgO 11.66. FeO 9.63. MnO 1.77, sio, 0.36, A12Ü:J 1.54, Fe203 0.76, P20S 39.27.

H20 13.3'2. lotai 98.77 wt . %.

Ernpirical formula: 2 (Ca 1.9 7Mno 03ft:z ooBei Mgo 6 \ Fe -o.ob 01(Mg2JgFe2-, osMI1o 23A1oJ I Fe; -o10h:. lo( Ps.7J BC<:l 06S~06b.ss~.(OHh J . 6. 6 H20.

The ideal formula Ca2BeJMgMg.(PO~M O H)~ .6 H20 requires CaO 11 .40, BeO 10.17. MgO 20.48, FC2Ü:J 0.76, P20S 43.29. H20 14.66. lotai 100.00 wt. %.

Crystallography. Monoclinie. C2Jc. a 15,874(4), b 11.854(3). c 6,605(1 ) A. 13 95'21(2)'. V 1237 N , Z 2. Xray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl»): 9.50 (90) ( 110),5.91 ( 100) (020), 3. 16 (70) (330), 3.05 (50) (510), '2 .766 (50) (240), 2.682 (40b) (600), 2.208 (40) (1 5-1, 710), 1.642 (50b). ICOO: 30-172 [calculated pattern, originally attributed to roscherite-M (monoclinicj], Name. In honor ofPier F. Zanazzi (b. 1939), professor ofm ineralogy, Università di Perugia, ltaly, Type material. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institurion). Washington. O.c., USA. Relationship with other species. Probably the Mg-analog 01' roscherite.

Crystal structure. Originally identified as roscherite- ô/, lhe crystal SlTUeture was studied by Fanfani et ai. ( 1975). On the basis of partia] chemical data. they derived an imperfect formula. Later on. Fanfani et ai. ( 1977) revised the struetural formul a lO one that confonns with the complete chemical data obtained by Leavens et ai. ( 1990).

Synthetic. Not obtained.

Chernikovite Ateneio (1988) ( H30HU02h(PO~)2 .6 H2 0. tetragonal (type specimen is not from Brazil) Other names: chern ikovita, hydrogen auruni te, hidrogênio autunita, The name "hydrogen aurunite' was proposed for a syn thetic produet srudied by several authors, e.g. Lienau ( 1898), Frondel ( 1950), and Ross ( 1955). A naturally occurring substance frorn lhe former USSR was identified as this material by Chernikov ( 1958). A second occurrence at Perus. São Paulo. Brazil was described by Camargo ( 1965), and a third occurrence also from lhe fonner USSR was recorded by Kashirtseva & Valueva ( 1979). Neither Chernikov ( 1958) nor Kashirtscva & Valueva ( 1979) gave any indication of the exact locarion of lhe Russian oceurrences. However. Chemikov (personal corn rnunication). stated that lhe first occurrence was in lhe Karakat deposit, Kararnazar, Kuramin mountains. approxirnately 60 km north 01' Hodjent (Len ina bad), Tadjkistan. With approval of the CNMMN - IMA. Atencio (1988) re-named hydrogen autunite chernikovite in honor of A. A. Chern ikov (b, 1927) at lhe Institute of Mineralogy, Geochernistry and Rare Elernents, Moscow, Russia. There are several reasons for re-naming this mineral: ( I) The mineral contains (H30r ions and no! just W .

(2) Its degree of hydration is the same as that observed for minerais of lhe rneta-autunite group. whereas the name aurunite is reserved for minerais with 10 lO 12 molecules 01' H20.

(3) The name "hydrogen autunite" has also been used for other natural (Belova 1975) and artificia l compounds (Harris & Scott 1949. Weiss et ai. 1957. and Moroz et ai. 1973 ).

Chemi kovite is in lhe unpubl ished list of rype-specimens produced by the Commission of Museums of lhe Intemati onal Mineralogical Association as a rype mineral from Brazil. but the first oceurrence is from Tadjkistan.

Chemi kovite from Perus oceurs rnainly as oriented, zoned, inclusions in autunite and meta-aurunite, wh ich line fractures in tourrnaline granites and granitic pegmatites. The inclusions cornrnonly display rod-like fonn s in parallel orientat ion with lhe host and on lhe whole exhibit a graphie texrure.There are also small plates with irregular

75

or geometric con tours, not exceeding lO um across. lnc1usions of chernikovite are observed growing parallel to aunmite c1eavages. It is optically lemon-green and slightly pleochroic. uniaxial (-) or slightly biaxial. E 1.570. W 1.580. The unit cell pararneters are a 7.016(3) and c 9.055(4) Á: lhe strongest X-ray lines are 9.00 (100) (00 1). 3.78 (90) (102) 3.50 (70) (200). 3.:21 (80) (20 1). 2.77 (70) (103. 202). Other secondarv uraniurn minerais associated with Brazilian chernikovite are: uranophane. beta-uranophane. phosphuranylite, phurcalite (see mineral X). torbern ite. metatorbemite, rneta-uranocircite, haiweeite, bariurn-rich weeksite. and uranian opaI (see paulistanite) (Atencio & Hypolito 1994).

Mineral X Camargo (1965) (= phurcalite) Other names: unnamcd uranyl phosphate, Camargo (1965) recorded morphological, optical, and X-ray diffraetion data for a mineral similar to phosphuranylite, as a fracrurc fi lling in a schist surrounding tourmaline gr ani te. locally pegrnatitic, at Perus. São Paulo. The small amount of material. however, prevented quantitative chemical analyses. Even so. that author conc1uded that it was a new species and named it 'mineral X". Fleischer (J 974) and Fleischer et aI. ( 1984) referred 10 'mineral X"' frorn Perus as "unnamed uranyl phosphate" . Other uranium phosphates and silicates observed in the fracrure fi lling are: chem ikovite (q.v.). uranophane, beta-uranophane. phosphuranylite. torbemi te. rnetatorbernite. meta-uranocircite. haiwecite, barium-rich weeksiie. and uranian opal (see paulistanite) (Aiencio & Hypolito 1994 ), A comparison bctween lhe data published for 'mineral X" frorn Perus and phurcalitc, Ca2 (UO~)02 ( POJ h. 7H1 0 orthorhombic. suggests lhe identity between these t wo minerais. A new samp le of 'mineral X" . from a fracrure surface in lhe graniric pegmatite (Atencio et 01. 1991). made possible the additional studies necded to check this. Perus is, in fact, the first described occurrence of phurcalire and its crystals are the laruest knO\\TI. Phurcalite frorn Perus forrns aggr egates of radiating. euhedral crystals, tabular on [O 1O] and clongated parallel to [001 ]. Morphological studies by Camargo (1 965) showed the presence of pinacoids [O l O} and {IOO} . rhombic prism {l l O} and rhombic dipyrarnid {I I I}. The crystals studied by Atencio et 01. (199 1) are up to 5 mm in length. whereas those first describcd by Camargo (1965) and ali lhe others cited in the literature have a rnaximurn length of 1 mm.

Phurcalite is bright yellow, transparent and displays a virreous luster, gr ading to adamantine in lhe largest crystals and 10 silky in fine aggregates, The srreak is pale yellow. The cryst als stud ied by Atencio et al. ( 199 1) do not fluoresce in short- (254 nm) or long-wa ve (366 nrn) ulrraviol et radiation. Camargo ( 1965) noted weak pale green fluorescence on ly under short-wave ulrraviolet radiation. Phurcalite has good cleavages on {OO I } and {IOO }. and a perfect cleavage on {0 10}. lt is brittle. with a conchoidal fracrure. Two indentations (5 g load) gave VHN values of 86 and 95 (average 90.5) corresponding to a Mohs hardness of 2.4. Density 4.22(4) g/cnr' (rn eas .), 4.220 g/ cm ' (calc.). Phurcalite is insoluble or ver)' slowly soluble in water but soluble in cold I: I HCI (readil y, with effervescence). HNO., (readily), and H2S OJ (slowly. producing a grey coating).

The mineral is biaxial to). with a 1.677(2), p 1.732(2). y 1.766(2). 2V.(obs.) 75°. 2V,(calc.) 7-1 °. Disp ersion r > v mediurn. orientation X = b. r = a and Z = c. absorption X < r < Z. positive elongation. The mineral is orthorhombic. space group Pbca. a 17.415(2). b 16.035(3). c 13.598(3) A.. V 3797(2) N. Z 8. The empirical formula for phurcalite frorn Perus (based on 23 atoms of oxygen ) is (Ca 197Ko O~b01( U02)1 R701.9)[(POJJ! 9(,(SiOJJo O-lb '1-1 . 7.57H20.

The crystal strueture of phurcalite was solved by Piret & Declercq ( 1978) who derived the formula Ca2(U01HPOJHOH)~.4H20 . However, there are problems with their strucrure, Bond-valence considerations derived from lhe bond lengths determined by Piret & Declercq (1978) clearl y suggest tha t (i) 0( 14) and 0(1 7) are isolated d - anions and not (OHr groups, (ii) 0(24 ) to 0(29) are ali H10 groups. and (iii) an additional oxygen atom linked to Ca(5) might exist, To resolve these points, a new struetural study of phurcalite was undertaken using a crystal frorn the occurrence at Perus (Atencio et aI. 199 1). As a consequence of this work, the struetural formula of phurcalite must be changed to Ca1(U0 2h 01(POJh. 7H10 . The strueture consists of[ (U02)~02( POJ)1]nJn. layers, parallel to (OIO). which are connected by C32- ions and H10. The coordination polyhedra are: for U(I) a hexagona l bipyramid. for U(2) and U(3) pentagonal bipyramids. for Ca(4) and Ca(5) a capped rrigonal prism and a dodecahedron with triangular faces , respect ively, and for P(6) and P(7). terrahedra.

76

Chapter 8 Arsenates Yanomamite Botelho (1992). Botelho et al. (1994) lnAsO.,.2H 20 . orthorhombic Approved CNMMN - lMA 90-052.

Other names: yanornamita, mineral X. Occurrence. Mangabeira (in deposit, at the edge of GO-118 road. 1 km north of Passa-e-fica, Monte Alegre de Goiás. Goiás in quartz-topaz greisen veins in a Li-topaz-albite granite. Associated minerais are: topaz, quartz, zinnwaldite, wolframite, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, indiwn-rich sphalerite, chalcopyrite. pyrite, enargite, stannite, cosalite. scorodite. beudantite. covellite, chalcocite, lôllingíte, roquesite. galena. digenite, agardite-{Y), dzhalindite, chenevixite, pharmacosiderite, rnetazeunerite, and K-, Ba-, Fe-, Bi- and Cu-arsenates. Moura & Botelho (1994) described unidentified Ba-, Bi-, Pb-, and Sn-arsenates (q.v.). Yanomamite crystals are often coated bya thin filrn of epitactic In-rich scorodite. Yanomamite and In-bearing scorodite are cogenetic. formed by alteration of early arsenopyrite and In-rich sphalerite.

Appearance and physical propenies. Bipyramidal crystals (mean size 0.1 rnm, maximurn size 0.2 mm).

Aggregates can reach I em. Intirnately intergrown with scorodite. Pale to yellowish-green, with a white streak, Luster vitreous. Transparent. Cleavage not observed. Fracrure subconchoidal. Non-fluorescent. Density 3.876(3) g/crrr' (cale.). VHN2.5 = 63 1 kg/mm (range: 571-743), Mohs hardness 3.5 to 4.

Optical propenies. Biaxial (+), mean n 1.65. 2V, (meas.) 55 to 76°, dispersion r > v, strong, orientarion ,r = a , Y = c, Z = b.

Chemical data. Means of 12 sets of electron microprobe analyses: In20345.8(3), Fe203 1.1(2), Al2ÜJ 0.21(2), As20~ 40.1(2), H20 12.78 (by difference), total 100.00 wt , %. Empirical formula: (11lo 9ol Feo <»Als.> OI)AsO•.2.02H 20.

The ideal formula InAsOJ .2H20 requires In20347.90, As20S 39.66. H20 12.44. total \00.00 wt, % .

Crystallography . Orthorhombic, Pbca. a 10,446(6), b 9.085(4), c 10.345(6) Á. V 981,8(7) N, Z 8, a:b:c 1.1498:1:1.1387. X-ray powder diffraetion data [d in A (1) (hkl») : 5.70 (70) (111 ), 4.53 ( 100) (020, 210), 4.163 (50) (021), 3.874 (60) (121), 3.250 (60) (122), 3.110 (50)(311),2.656 (40) (123), 2.541 (40) (231).

Name. For lhe Yanomami Indian people of the Amazon region. Referred to as "mineral X' by Botelho & Roger (1990). The name yanomamitewas first used by Botelho(1992).

Type material. Holotype specimens preserved in the Mineralogical Colleetion ofthe Instituto de Geociências.

Universidade de Brasilia. Brasília, and in lhe Musée de Minéralogie, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Paris, France.

Relationship with other species. Isomorphous with scorodite, and belongs to the variscite group.

Crystal structure. Not solved.

Synthetic. Mooney-Slater( 1961) and Tarte & Pâques-Ledent ( 1968).

Unidentified Ba-. Bi-, Pb- and Sn-arsenates Moura & Botelho (1994) Four unidentified arsenates, associated with yanomamite (q.v.) frorn Monte Alegre de Goiás were described

by Moura and Botelho (1994): Ba- and Fe-arsenate Light yellow to yellowish-brown, medium lO high relief isotropic (some grains are anisotropic with weak bluish-grey anomalous color), usuallyassociated with scorodite masses. Eleetron microprobe data (13 analyses) : A.s:20s 35 to 47; Fe103(t)31 to 38. Ah032 to 0.1, K20 004 to 1.5, BaO 7.6to 10. H20 15 10 4 wt. % .

77

Bi-arsenate Dark brown , high relicf. isolated between quartz grains. Electron microprobe data (5 analyses): AS10~ 18 10 25, FC2Ü)(t) 0.24 to 6.1. Bi20J 59 to 74 , H~O 14 to 2 wt, %.

Pb- and F e-arscnate Light yellow, medium relief. as a fracture filling in perth ite. quartz, and mica. Anomalous sl.. .y blue interferencc color. Elecrron microprobc data (5 analyses): As 20 S 23 to 27. FC20J(t) 25 to 26. PbO 27 to 3 1. AI 20 -, 3 to 5. H20 12 to 18 wt, %.

Sn- and Fe-arsenate lntense yellow, prismatic hab ito medium to high relief. zoned. isotropic. Elecrron microprobe data (15 analyses) : AS20~ 15 to 18. Fe20J(t) 17 to :!2. Sn0249 to 55. H204 to 9. AhOJ 1 to 1.5, SOJ 0.2 to 0.8. CuO 0.3 10 0.7 wt , %.

78

Chapter 9 Silicates Ribeirite Florencio ( 1952b) (= zircon)

Other names: ribeirita.

Ribeirite is the name used by Florencio (1 952b) for an altered zircon ("'a new variery of zircon"), Zr5i04 tetragonal. with 7.45 wt , % yttriurn and 8.43 wt . % H,O. frorn Maracani. Bahia. The name honors lhe Brazilian physicist, Prof. Joaquim Costa Ribeiro ( 1906-1 960). See'also orvillite.

Orvillite Lee ( 19 17) (= zircon)

Other names: orvillita. orvilita.

A hydrated zirconium silicate, occurring with zircon. in zirconium ore ofCaldas. Minas Gerais. It is probably an altered zircon. ZrSio., letragonal (see ribeirite). In honor of the geologist Orville Adelbert Derby ( 185 1- 19 15), director of the Geographical and Geological Survey of lhe State of São Paulo. direetor of lhe Geological Survey of Brazil. and first director of the Brazilian Society of Geology (see derbylite).

Brazilian aquamarine Pale blue topaz.

Brazilian sapphire Blue topaz. Also a jewellers ' name for transparent blue tourmaline, cut as a gemstone.

Brazil ian topaz True topaz.

Imperial topaz Orange 10 brownish-orange topaz. in rhombic prismatic crystals, with pyramidal terminations. rarely doub leterminated. found for the first time in Ouro Preto. Minas Gerais. II is much more valuable than lhe other varieties because of its great rariry. If carefully heated. imperial topaz acquires a beauriful pink color: this being lhe process used to produce most of the pink topaz on lhe market. A detailed srudy of imperial topaz from Ouro Preto was made

by Gand ini ( 1994). According to hirn. lhe possible chromophors of this gem are Cr, V. and Fe, ali in lhe trivalent state. The imperial topaz deposits, and probably also lhe euclase (q.v.) deposits. were described as long ago as 1760 (Chaves & Karfunkel 1994).

79

Euclase Delarnétherie (1792): Hauy in Delamétherie (1797) BeAlSi040H. monoclinic Othcr names: euclásio. euclasita.

It is probable that the first specimens of euclasc taken to Europc by Dombey, in 1785, carne from Ouro Preto.

Minas Gerais. and not frorn Peru. where it is not known to occur (Leonardos 1970). According to Dana (1892). the narne was given by Haüy who stated that his name, euclase, was published by Daubenton in an early edition of his Tableaux m éthodiques des Minéraux (the first edition is dated 1784). After publishing the name and description. without ercditing Haüy (Delarnétherie 1792). Delarn étherie then gives Haüy full crcdit (Delarnétheri e 1797).

Eschwege (1822) recognised the provenance ofthe mineral when he identified it in a topaz lot originatin g frorn Ouro Preto. A revision of the occurrence of this mineral in Brazil was made by Chaves & Karfimkel (1994).

Occurrence. A low-temperarure hydrothermal mineral in pcgrnatites and alpine veins; also found in chlorite schist and phyllite. Associated minerais include quartz, albite, chlorite, topaz, beryl, mica, calcite, and ankerite.

Localities include Boa Vista, Trino. Ranchador, Capão do Lana. Fundão, Morro do Gabriel and Caxarnbu mines.

Ouro Preto: Fazenda Santana do Encoberto, São Sebastião do Maranhão: Barão de Guaicuí-Gouveia, Bocai úva, and Itacambira. ali in Minas Gerais. Cachoeiro de Santa Leopoldina. Espírito Santo. Mucugê (formerly Santa lzabel do Paraguassu). Bahia. Altos dos Mamões. Giz. Santino. Jacu. Equador. Rio Grande do Norte. Boomer mine, Park County, Colorado. USA. Las Cruces. near Chivor, Colombia. Pizzo Giubine, Tinico; Rosshufgletsch er. Windtal.

Ahrntal: Grieswics Alp. Hoher Goldberg, Rauvis: Krumlkeeskopf. Rauvis, Switzerland. The Glosslockner region, near Hochnarr. and at Sonnblick Mountain near Salzburg. Austria. Southwest of Ottré in the Stavelot massif.

Belgium. Sanarka River. Orenburg district, and Karnenka River. both in the southem Ural Moun tain s, Russia.

Epprechtstein. Bavaria, Gerrnany, Muiâne pegmatite. Alio Ligonha district, Mozambique. Mikese Station. Morogoro district, Tanzania. Karoi. Miami district, Zimbabwe.

Appearance and physical properties. Commonly prisrnatic and striated parallel to [I 00]. with {02 1}. {Ol i }. {001} . and {01O} dominam: terrninations complex wit h dominant {l l l }, {13-I} , and {120}. Less comrnonly flanened on {01O }. Virreous. sometimes pearly on cleavage planes: transparent to translucent: colorless. white, pale grecn, yellowish-green, greenish-blue, pale blue, deep blue, with a white streak. Luminescence not reported.

Twinning: NO! reponed. Mohs hardness 7'1:: brittle, Cleavage: {010} perfeet; {I IO} and {001} imperfect; fracture conchoidal. Densiry: 3.065 g/cm'' (rneas.), 3.11 g/crrr' (calc.).

Optical propenies. Biaxial (+). ex 1.65I. P 1.657. Y 1.675: 2 V(meas.) 60°. 2 V{calc.) 60.5°. dispersion r > 1'. distinct; pleochroism distinct in shades of deep blue: orientation Z /I c = 41 °.

Chemical data. Eleetron mieroprobe analysis of a specimen from Fazenda Santana do Encoben o. São Sebastião do Maranhão. Minas Gerais. wit h Be determined by the pyrophosphate method and H10 derermined gravirnetrically by \\1 . loss, gave: Na10 0.13. K10 0.04. BeO 16.95. FeO 0.28, AhO) 34.76. Si01 41.60. H10 5.95. lotai 99.71 \\1. % . Empirical formula: ( B ~""Nao oI F~ olb o I A h oo S i l oI 04 ().1(O H)o.96' The ideal formula requires: BeO 17.24. Ah0 335.I·t Si01 4 1.4 1. H10 6.21 . tota l 100.00 wt , % .

Crystallography. Monoclinic. n ,la. a 4.771. b 14.308. c 4.63 IÁ, P 100.33°, V 3 11.0k. Z = 4. a.b:c = 0.3334:\ :0.3237. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in A (I) (hkl)]: 7.15 (100) (020). 3.836 (35) (021). 3.576 ( 14 ) (040). 3.2 19 (50) (-121).2.773 (35) (121 ). 2.543 (25) (131). 2.444 (35)( 150), 2.252 (1 4)(-20\ ).1.99 1 ( 18) (- 16 1).

1.880 (2) (221). ICDD 14-65 lspccimen from Ouro Preto).

Name. From lhe Greek eUlgood) and Idas (break) with reference to its excellent c1eavage.

Type material. Not preservcd.

Relaiionship with other species. Srrueturally similar to vãyrynenite, (Mn,Fe)Be(P04X0H) .

Crystal structure. Be(O.OH)4 and Si04 tetrahedra forrn chains of 3-membered rings parallel to [1 00]: the chains are linkcd by zigzag chains of edge-sharing AI06 octahedra (Mrose & Appleman 1962, Dernartin el ai. 1992).

Brazilian emerald Green euclase. This terrn is also applicd to green tourmaline,

80

Minasgeraisite -(V) Foord et a/o ( 1986) Ca Be~ Y~ S i~O IO' monoclinic

Approved CNMNM - IMA 83-90 Other names : minasgeraisíta-rv ), minasaeraisite. minasnera isita.

Originally n;mcd m inasl!eraisile~ it was chanl!ed 10 minaszcraisirc-t Y) to conform to the IMA's new rules of nomenclature for rare-earth minerais.

Occurrence. As a sparse. accessory, late-stage mineral. in small druses in the zoned complex ofthe Jaguaruçu gran itic pegmatite. in lhe Mr. José Pinto quarry, Jaguaruçu, adjacent to a soccer field in the mun icipal distriet of Timóteo (near Coronel Fabriciano), Minas Gerais. Associated minerais are milarite. albite, quartz, muscovite. hernatite, microcline varo amazonite. adularia. almandine-spessartine, magnetite. churchite-(Y), elbaite. pyrite, cerussite . pyrornorphite. and anatase, Appearance mui phy sical propenies. As O. 2- to 1.0-mm-diameter rosettes coating and intergrown with rnilarite, albite. quartz, and muscovite. In c1usters. Individual crystals usually less than 3 to 5 JlIT1 . Lavender to lilac purple. with a pale purple streak. Luster earthy to subvirreous. Transparent. Cleavage {IOO} excellent and {00 1} good. Non rnagnetic, Non fluorescent. Densiry > 4.25 g/crrr' (rneas.), 4.90 g/crrr' (cale.). Mohs hardness 6 to 7.

Slowly soluble in common acids.

Optical propenies. Biaxial (+). a 1.740(4). p 1.754(4), y 1.786(4), 2Vz (meas.) 68°. X colorless, Y pale grayis h-ye llow, Z lavender purple, Z > Y>X. Dispersion r > v. very weak.

Che mical data. ICP, AAS and elecrron microprobe analyses: CaO 11.47. Na~O <O. I. MnO 2.83. MgO 0.61, FeO 0.69. z-o 0.35. CuO 0.14. BeO 7.8. B~OJ 1.45. SíO~ 26.37. A I~OJ 0.32. Ti O~ 0.02. Zr0 <0.02. P~O~ 1.21. Y zÜJ 16.38. La~O) 0.25. Ce~OJ 0.20. Pr~Oj 0.13. I d~O! OjO. Sm ~OJ 0.26. EUzOj 0.00. Gd~O) 0.32, ~O) 0.23. Dy~O) 1.26. Ho~Oj 0.37. Er~Oj 1.94. Tm ~O! 0.75. ~Oj 7.86. Lu~O) 1.71. B i~OJ I·U. total 99.8 wt, % . Empírical formula: (C<lQ ~5 Mno~o Mgo 08 Feq o~Zno o~cUo o l ~ 19b oo(Bel 5~ Bo ~ I Sio~~ b.oo(Yo n REEoAIC3Jj ~6B Í<> j I6 OO( S i L9~ PO 086 00010' A Bi-richer area was also recorded. The ideal formul a Caêe, Y~S i ~O IO requires CaO 12.4 I. BeO 11.06. Y~ÜJ 49.95. sio, 26.58. total 100.00 wt, %.

Crystallography. Monoclinic. P21/a. a 9.833(2), b 7.562(1), c 4.702(1) Á. P 90.46(6)°. V 349.62 N . Z 2. a:b:c = 1.3003: I :0.62 18. X-ray powder diffraction data [d in Á (I) (hkl»): 5.99 (30) ( 11O), 3.71 (30) (- 111). 3.41 (30) (-20 1), 3. 11 ( 100)(-2 11l. 2.830 (100)(- 121). 2.540 (90)(-311), 2.250 (30)(0 12). 1.768 (35)(-5 11), ICDD: 39-0344.

Name. In honor ofth e State ofMinas Gerais (see minasite and geraesite).

Ty pe material. U.S. National Museum ofNa tural History (Smithsonian Institution). Washington, D.C.. USA. Re/ationship with other species. Datolite group.

Crys tal structure. Not solved.

Sy nthet ic. Not obtained.

TI1ellite Phipson ( 1870) [= xenotime-(Y) ) Other names : thellita, thellinc, yrtria silicate (of Darn our). yttrium silicate (of Damour).

Damo ur ( 1853) described a probable yttriurn silicate, but with an undetermined CO~ poslt lOn . frorn the diamond sands ofChapada.. Bahia. lt was brown, Mohs hardness 5 to 6. and densiry 4.391 g/crrr' (meas.). However , Dam our ( 1856) published the following information: "Titan ian yttrium pho sphate - I a/so made a mistake when describing this species with lhe nome ofyttrium silicate. ft generates a mixture oftitanium and zircomum acids. which f confused: in a first momento with silica. This s ubstance occ urs as round grains. with small cavities ill lhe surface: sometimes also as octahedra witb square basis, and with smoothed faces as those of zircon. II is opaque and has cinnamo n-bro wn cO/OI": its density is -1.39. ft scratches weakly lhe g/ass. Phosphorussalt dissolves it with difficulty. Boi/ing s ulfuric acid decomposes it, /eaving a white. im o/uh/e residue. f ormed by titanium and zirconium acids. The analysis resulted ill: 0.316-1 Phosphoric acid Yttria 0.60-10 Titanium and zircon ium acids O.Oi-lO Ura nium and iron ox ides O.0/ 20 1.006-1

81

The crystals of this material observ ed in lhe sands of Bah ia present ali lhe externai characterist ics of the

yttrium phosphate that is found in the Hitteroe pegmaiites. No rway .. . " Ccrtainly ignoring lhe work of Darnour (1856). Phipson (1870) published the following note (total content):

UON A MINERAL FROM SAN PAOLO.

By Dr. T.L.PH1PSON, F.C.S..

Me mber of the Che mical Society ofParis.

A mineralfrom San Paolo , Brazil, was placed in 11(Y hands a short time ago in Pari s; it was supposed 10 be a si/icate ofyttria. and was called Thelline OI' Thellite. 11 corresponded in appearance and properties with lhe silicate of yttria; describ ed by M Damour, in 1858, as having been fo und in tire diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil: a brown minera l, said 10 be "probably a si/icate ofy ttria ", which whitens before the blo wpipe. but does not fuse, mui was fo und 10 be insolublc in phosphorus salt.

A small sample oflhe specimen fro m San Paolo Il'as confided to me fo r analysis, with a request that 1 would make known the result at an early opportunity.

Thefollowing is a description ofthe mineral m ui its analysis: 11 is of a light bro wn cO/OI/r. translucent on the thin edges, mui in lhe veins which traverse its su bstance; when pulverised it gives a light yellow powder of great bri/liancy. which becom es bright red when heated: it is partially auacked by strong acids. Before the blo wpipe it ts irfusible, hUI darkens and t1m1S black in the inner flame, and, hy continuing lhe heat for som e lim e, lhe surfa cc becom es quit e whitc. 1t scratches glass like a diamond. and cuts it vel!' nearl y as easily as lhe latter, but it will 1101 auack quartz: it gives flas hes and sparks of fire when struc k smanly in an agate mortal': it ts quite de void 0/ crystallisation: and itsfracture ts imperfectl y conchoidal. No trace ofyuria could be ob tained fro m this m ineral. but it was f ound to contain about I p er cem ofgl ucina as an accidental constituent. It yielded Silicie acid 90.0 9 Waler -/.54 Peroxide ofiron mui alumina with about 1 per cem ofglucina 4.56 100.00

T71e presenee ofglucina in this mineral. which is evidently a kind ofhydrated siliea. menilite [= grayish brO\\11 opal). or resinite [= yellowish brO\\11 opal]. is rather interesting. m ui leads me 10 believe that this earth will be fo und in other natural kinds of si/ica. Silicate of glucina (Phenakite) is so closely allied 10 quartz in appearance m ui crystalline fonn II UlI it is easily mistaken for it. mui substances p ossessing, when crystallised, lhe same crys talline form are often fo und together in natu re. 1 do not conc lude fro m lhe above that lhe mineral 1 have ex amined is ideniical with Ai. Damour 's silieate of yttria, for 1 am not aware 1001 1 have ever seen the laser. D oubtless he will some da)' publish an analysis ofit.

Analytical Laboratory. Putney. S. W " Based on the above, lhe "yttriurn silicaie' of Damour wou ld be an yttrium phosphalc [xL"TlOlime-(Y). originally described in NOr\\âY] (see caslelnaudile and hussakile). The hardness and lhe densilY presented by Damour coincide reasonably wilh lhal of xenOlime-(Yl. The presence of lilanium may be ascribed 10 inclusions of thin rulile needles (Hussak J9 J7). As a curiosilY. il may be nolOO lhat lhe yttrium silicale thalenile-(Y). described in 1898. in SwOOen. 28 years after the nOle by Phipson. has a name similar lOthellite.

The mineral of "Sào Paulo", studiOO by Phipson. was probably opaI or phenakite.

Giannettite Guimarães (1948c) (= hainite?)

Other names: giannenita, giannetitc. giannetita. mineral Zr-D .

Giannenite \\âS described by Guimaràes (1948c) in Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais. and namcd in honor of Or. Americo René Gianneni ( 1886-1954). mining engineer. From lhe study of new giannenile samples. Atencio el aI. (1999) verified ilS identily \\;th hainite. ldeally. "giannen ite" should probably be discrOOitOO, bUI as the typc specimen cannol be located. lhis course ofaetion is precludOO. Hainile was originally described by Blurnrich ( J893) ITom HradiSte (formerly "Hoher Hain" ). near Fr)'dlant (FriOOland). northern Bohemia. Czech Republic. based on incompletc optical and quaJitalivc chcmical data.

Complete chemical analysis and X-ray powder diftTaetion data were only recenlly pubJished by Johan &. Cech (1989).

82

Hainite occurs in alkaline rocks (nepheline syenites and tinguaites) of lhe Poços de Caldas massif Minas Gerais. Brazil. Chernical composition and X-ray diffraet ion data of hainite from Poços de Caldas are very similar to those of hainite from lhe Czech Republic. Morphological and optical data for hainite from Poços de Caldas agree very well with thos e obtained by Guimarães (1948c) for "g ianncrtite' fro m Poços de Caldas. N evert he less lhe original description of "giannertite" is so poor. that lhe species and name are not considered valid. In addition, as hainite has historical priority (8 Iumrich. 1893) over "giannert irc" (Guimarães. 1948c). lhe mineral should more properl y be called hainite. However , lhe name "giannenite' has appeared in lhe literature since then, and in lhe strueture description by Rastsvetaeva et 01. (1995).

The following accessory, vug- and fracrure-filling minerais, mostly identified by optical means. have been cited as oceurring in lhe Poços de Caldas massif: eudialyt e, catapleiite. lamprophyllite. rinkite, nepnmite, manganoan pectolite, kupletskite, lâvenite, a wõhlerite-group mineral (probably Nb- and Ti-rich lãvenite), rnosandrite, rosenbuschite. narsarsuk ite, taeniolite. lhe problematic "rinkolite" and "p ennaite" (not yet fully described in lhe literarure), wadeite, aenigmatite, astrophyllite. fersmanite, elpidite, gaidonnayite, hilairite, burbankite, calcite, fluorit e. natrolite, anal cime, pyr ite, galena, manganoan ilrnenite. strontianite. ankeri te, kutnahorite. ancylite-(Ce), chamosite, berthierine-I M, and lorenzenite, Complete mineralogical data are lacking for these minerais. For background information on lhe geology and mineralogy of the Poços de Caldas arca, see Schorscher & Shea ( 1992) and Ulbrich & Ulbrich (1992).

In lhe samples examined, hainite appears to be a post-magmatic. pneumatolitie to hydrothermal phase, Its crystallization precedes only that of a fibrous aegirineand zeolites (Schorscher et 01. , 1992). In lhe paper by Atencio et 01. ( 1999) lhe recorded data eorrespond to hainite crystals eollected from vugs of lhe subvolcanic phono1ite (tinguaite), mined at Bortolan quarry (sample 5), and also frorn lhe rnatrix of lhe nepheIine syenite of Pedreira da Pre feitura ("City Hall Quarry") (sample 6).

The vug fill ing crystals of hainite are associated with some unidentified minerais. Mineral UPC I (= unidentified frorn Poços de Caldas I), displays a rectangular outline and maxirnum dimensions of 8 x 02 !ID1, it develops along fracrure surfaces of hainite crvstals. EDS analvses indicated a Sr. Ce. Ca, La. and Na silicatephosphate, with F and CI. A second unidentified mineral (UPC2): grows around the same hainite grain. It is anhedral. its area measures about 10 x 10 um, and is a Ba, Na, Nb, Ti, and Ca silicate, In another sample, hainite is associated with manganoan pectolite, a mineral similar to tuperssuatsiaite and a third unidentified mineral (UPC3). The 1atter is a Ti. Na. Mn, Fe, Ca, K and AI silicate with rectangular outlines and maximum dimensions of 120 x 15 um . It is difficult to evaluate the influence of'the rnatrix hainiteon lhe resulting ehcmical data.

Hainite occurs as pale brownish-yellow anhedral, prismatie or acieular crystals. Its streak is pale yellow. The forms {OIO }, {0 12}, {250}, {I1 1}, {320} and {120} were identified by Guimarães ( 1948e) who also noted lhe following c1eavages: perfect on { IDO}, indistinet and irregular on {0 10} and {00 1}. and rwinning on {IOO} which may be either simple or lamellar. Hainite frorn lhe rock rnatrix is generally poikilitic, including feldsp ar, nepheline, and other minerais. Hainite from vugs, here described for lhe first lime. is inclusion-free but may show an intimate association with unidentifiedminerais UPC I. UPC2, and UPC3. and with manganoan pectolite. or else it may appear idiomorphic and isolated in the cavity, Microcline. aegirine and natrolite are also present in vugs.

The calculated densiry is 3.274 g/crrr' (vug crystals. sample 5), Table 9. 1 compares lhe results obtained by Guimarães (1948c) with those found by Atencio et ai. (1999).

83

Table 9.1. Optical properties for hainite from Poços de Caldas. Minas Gera is.

o13 y

birrefrinuence 2V, obs.(O) 2V z cale.(O) c"Y(O) dispersion pleochroism

I 1.663(2) 1.664(2) 1.675(2) 0.012 30

2 1.662 (1 ) 1.663(1) 1.675(1) 0.013 30 to 45

33.7

30.5

? ~

20 r<v very strong. crossed X = colorless Y = colorless to pale yell ow Z = golden yellow

-j

not cited colorless to pale yellow

1..\1' plane is nearly perpend icular to (OIO) and X is at about 16° to lhe normal to the (O1O) face (Guimarães 1948c).

2. Three vug crystals. sample 5. Average values for refractive índices. 2 V and c " Y. Other average valu es: on ( 100): c " I" = ca. 18°: on (O1O): c " }" = ca. 2°: on section J.. c: trace of ( 100) " X ' = 14° (Atencio et aI. 1999).

Column. I and 2 in Table 9.1 are almost identical. The so-called "giannettite" of Guimarães ( 1948c) is certainly the same mineral described here. Their optical properties are c1carly different from those referred for hainite in lhe standard texts ofWi nchel1 (1964) and Trõger (1969). It is conceivable that lhe old optical determ inations made on hainite require rcvision.

Chemical data obtained by Guimarães (1948c) are inaccurate. He made a specrrographic srudy on a few grains and showed lhe presence of Si. Ti. Zr, Mn, Fe, Ca. and Na. wit h traces of Ta and lhe absence of rare earth elements. Since the mineral could not be separated. chemical analyses were performed on material dissolved from rwo rock samples.

WDS eleetron microprobe data for hainite are presented in Table 9.2.

84

Table 9.2. Electron microprobechem ical data for hainite.twt . %).

SiO ~ TiO~ ZrO ~

1 32 .07 8.06 6.58

2 30.30 9.23 4.91

HtD ~

n.a.

n.a.

AI ~ O ,

0.03 1.25 1.38 0.22 2.06

0.02

Fe~ O J

N~05 Ta~ 05

MnO MgO FeO CaO SrO La ~O J

Ce20 J Pr ~ ÜJ

n.a. n.a.

32.05 n.a, 0.6 1.0 I

ThO~

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Na ~O

7.46

Nd ~ OJ Y~ OJ

K ~O

n.a.

F Cl

12.09

n.a.

L

-O=F total

104.86 5.09 99 .77

(0.04-0.04)

0.05

5 3 1.44 9.83 .:.._ ' "u

n.d. n.a.

1.0 I n.a.

n.d. n.a,

0.04

0.76

0.82

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0.92 0.03 0.36 0.75 32.98 36.03 2.02 0.79 0.94 1.17 1.62 1.96 n.a.

0.18 n.a.

0.39 0.49 0. 11 n.a.

0. 11 6.60 1 6. 171

(0.82- 1.04) 0.68 (0.03-0.04) 0.04 (0.74-0.77) 0.8 1 (35.94-36.09) 34 .77 (0.69-0.92) 0.60 ( 1.00-1.3 I) 1.20 (1.61-2.21) 2. 86 (0. 15-0.20) 0.27 (0.34-0.43) 0.8 1 (0.06-0. 16) 0.491 (0. 11-0.12 ) I 0.08 (5.48-6.54) 6.74 1

1.2 1

n.a.

0.75 n.d,

1.64

0.79 34.2 1 0.44 1.38 2.50

n.a. n.a.

n.a. n.a.

0. 16

0.94

n.a.

6 3 1.70 9.39 2.84

4 29.96 9.1 2 3.45 0.08

n.a.

1.49 0.02 0.64 32.36 0.75

range (30.37-32 . 14) (9.7 1-9.99) (2. 13-2.65)

3 30.09 8.92 3.43 0.06

n.a.

n.a.

7.44 0.03 7.73 0.0 1 97.94 3.26 94.68

6.30

n.d.

n.d. / 10.38 1

n.d 100.03 3.87 96. 16

(0.78-0. 84)

1.06 1

(0. 97-1. 13) (0. 54-0. 92) (0.03-0.05) (0.60-0.99) (33. 90-35. 10) (0.4 1-0.88) (0.73- 1.44) (2. 13-3.39) (0.23-0.36) (0.68-0 .92) (0.43-0. 57) (0.04-0 . 1 I ) (6.36-7.26)

n.d. ]

n.d.

5. 13 n.d. ] <0.02 100.40 98.20 4.36 2. 16 96.04 96.04

(0.04 -0.06)

n.a.

n.a.

n.d.

9.22

n.a.

n.a.

1.65

range (3 1.33-32.03) (9. 18-9 .47) (2.22 -3. 8 1)

(4. 53-5.82) (96.85-99 .20) ( 1.90-2.44 ) (94.42-97.09)

5.191 <0.02 99.58 2.181 97 .40

(4. 8 1-5.48) (98.5 1- 100. 15) (2.02-2.30) (96.39-98.96)

1. Hradiste, Bohernia, Czech Republic (Johan & Cech 1989).

2. Morro do Cristo, Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais (Soubiés et ai. 199 1b. average of 8 analyses ).

3. Pedreira da Prefeitura, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais (Schorscher et ai. 1992 ).

4. Pedreira Bortolan, Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais (Schorscher et aI. 1992).

5. Pedreira B0f101an. Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais (vug sample. Atencio et ai. 1999: average of 3 ana lyses), 6. Pedreira da Prefeitura. Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais (rock rnatrix sarnple, Atencio et alo 1999; average of 6

analyses). n.a., not analysed: n.d.. not detected

The ernpirical formulae for analyses 5 and 6 (based on 18 (0 "'- F)] are { (Nal .56Cao .ub2.00Ca[(Ti~197Zro Is~oY\loolft' l Is(OI.5JFo 1~h:- 1 6s(Si~Ü7hos]}

x{CaJ(Cao61Mno IOCCo 09FCo osU!o 06Sr006Ndo 02 YOOlPrOOIMgoOIh:-1os }.F2.oo and {(NaI.70CaoJOft-2ooCa[(Tio92 ZrO I s~~lo olh:- I.I;{ OIJ5 Fo 1Jh:- 1.5 8(S i~ O,h06 ]} x { Caj(Cao.54CCoI ~FCo09rvlno07Lao06S ro(}lNdo (}l YOOJPrOOIMgoOl b IOJ }. F~.oo respectively, in good agreement wirh lhe struetural formula (Rastsvetaeva et ai. 1995), { Na2 Ca [Ti ( O, O HH S i~ 07)2 ] } x{CaJ(Cao7MnO IFeo.tCeOI)}.F2. where lhe cornpositions of a "wall" and a "ribbon" are enclosed in braces (explained below). The simplified formula is Na2Ca5Ti(Si20 7l2C O, 0 H)2F2' Analyses I to 4 from lhe literature are also in agreement with the structural formula. except for lhe higher F contentopossibly due to analytical problcms ar markedchemical differences in lhe studied mineral specimens,

85

The mineral is triclinic, space group Pl . X-ray powder-diffraetion data for hainite from Poços de Caldas (sam ple 5) are compared with lhe calculatcd pattem and with lhe observed data for hainite from Czech Rcpublic in Table 9.3.

Table 9.3. X-ray powder diffract ion data for hainite.

I

2 dobs.

lobs.

3.966 3.578

7 2

dobs.

4.295 3.961 3.557

lobs.

10 50 10

3.340 3.259 3.073 2.961 2.824 2.62 8 2.493 2.309 2.244

10 10 90 100 30 50 50 10 20

3.081 2.970 2.842 2 .635 2.496 2.312 2.250

100 43 3

2.200 2.043

30 20

2 .204 2.049

4

1.984 1.896

20 70

1.986 1.904

2 10

1.865 1.822 1.787 1.680 1 1.6331 1.571 1 1.532

30 50 10 40 20 20 20

dcal c ...

4 .268 3.964 3.569 3.563 3.27 3 3.256 3.073 2.958 2.838 2.634 2.494 2.309 2.246 2. 240 2.201 2.05 0 2.04 4 1.982 1.895 1.894 1.865 1.817 1.782 1.681 1.636 1.56 5 1.532

11 8 9 3

2

1.868 1.825 1.789 1.683

4

1.567 1.542

3 3

6 2 5

'cale...

6 41 7 5 8 5 90 100 18 36 11 8 14 16 14 6 4 9 30

,,~J

13 41 5

11 6 8 4

hkI 2 -1 O 2 0-1 21 0

I I I 2 I -I 2 OI 300 0 21 1 0-2 2 0-2 30 1 3 0-2 I -2 -2 02-2 2 -2-2 3 -2 -2 22-2 4 0-2 4 -2 1 321 50-\.00 3 1-4 0 2 2 2. O 4 O I -2 -3. O4 I 42-2 4-4 0 4 -2 -3. 2 -4 -2

"Calculated with lhe program LAZY PULVERlX .

I. Hradiste. Bohernia, Czech Rcp ub lic (Johan & Cech 198 9).

2. Pedr eira Bonolan. Poços de Caldas . Minas Gerais (sam ple 5. observed va lues: Atencio et a!. 1999 : ca lcu lated val ucs: Rastsvetaeva et aI. 1995 ).

Th e param eters ofthe rriclinic unit cell are given in Table 9.4. The a:b:c relat ion for the unit-cell parameters is 1.3188: 1:0.7855 .

86

-- - ------~----------------------

Table 9.4. Cell paramerers for hainite.

I

a(Á) bCA) d A) a rO)

0(°) '1(° )

V(Á3 )

9.586(3) 7.259(3) 5.676(2) 90.27(4) 10 1.14(4) 101.08(4) 379.94

2 9.584(2) 7.267(2) 5.708( I) 89.85(2) 101.22(2) 101.03(1 ) 382.50

I. Hradiste. Bohem ia. Czech Republic (Johan & Cech 1989; a- and c-axis interchanged).

2. Pedreira Bortolan. Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais (sample 5, derived from singl e-crysta l studies: Rastsvetaeva

el ai. 1995).

The atornic arrangement in "giannettite" (Rastsvetaeva et ai. 1995), which can be regarded as hainite, corresponds basically 10 lhe structure models of g õtzenite (Cannillo et ai. 1972), rosenbuschite (Shibayeva & Belov 1962), rinkite (Rastsvetaeva et al. 1991 ) and seidozerite (Simonov & Belov 1960). The main specific feature of ali these struetures are lhe polyhedral "walls" (100) linked by lhe octahedral "ribbons", parallel to [010] and by [ShÜ7] groups. Thus. the "walls'' of hainite contain cornpletely ordered Ca- and Na-atorns in rwo crystallographically independem octahedra (space group PI ), while in gõtzenite they are randomly distributed in two syrnrnetrically related octahedra.

In surnrnary g õtzenite is characterized by I Na atorn and hainite by 2 Na atorns for 18 (O. OH. F), which leads to ordering and, consequently. lO the srructure changes frorn the cenrrosymrnerric space group P-I lo lhe acentric PI.

Pennaite Guimarães ( 1948c) Other names: pennaíta Pennaite was described by Guimarães (1948c) in alkaline rocks of Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais. as a yellow to light brown. prisrnatic to acicular mineral. II is biaxial (+), with p 1.70and birefiingence 0.044. 2 V 25°. c A Y 1)0.

Guimarães (1960) published lhe values a 1.696. O 1.700, '( 1.740. Pleochroism:.r dark or dirty yellow, Y grayishyellow, Z bright yellow or yellowish-brown, It shows polysynthetic twinning and may be rriclinic. The presence of Zr. Ti. Ca, Fe. and Mn was ascertained. Pennaite could no! be separated for testing except in rninute amounts and chemical ana lysis produced only approximate figures: Si0 1 40 to 45, Ti01 8 lo 10. Zr01 4 to 6. FeO lO to 15. MnO 3 to 4. CaO lO lO 15. . a10 10 lo 12. CI 2 to 3 wt. %. Soluble in HCI. Specrrographic traces ofTa are present.

Guimarães ( 1960) considered pennaite as a pseudo-monocl inic variery of giannertite (q,v.). The name honors José Moreira dos Santos Penna, chief of the Instituto de Tecnologia Industrial. Minas Gerais.

Ti3(U0 2hSiOR Simova et ai. ( 1984) Other names: unnamed uranium-titanium silicate, The mineral occurs as fine-grained (Iess than 10 !IDl) aggregates. dissem inated in tinguaite of lhe Campo do Cercado. Poços de Caldas. Minas Gerais. It is associated with coffin ite, zircon. monazite, and Ce-. La-, and U-oxides.

Elecrron microprobe data : U0 1 67. 00, Th0 1 0.43. Si01 4.97. Ti0 1 18.90. CuO 0.27. PbO 0.27. MgO 0.06. CaO 1.11, BaO 0.34, Na10 0.21. K10 1.25. total 94.8I \\1 . %. Regarding Ba. Na. K. and possibly Ca as irnpuriries, and normal izing to 100 % (justified by assuming lhe mineral to be metamict), this analysis gives results in U19-lThoolTi18I Sio 970 1~ ' or ideally U3Ti3SiOI ~ ' Neither optical nor X-ray diffraction data were given.

87

Maxixe-aquamarine Wild (1933 ) (variety ofberyl) Other names: água-marinha maxixe, Maxixeberyll, maxixe-beryl, berilo maxixe.

According to Wild (1933). maxixe-aquamarine appears to be distinet from blue beryl. It is pleochroic. bein g almost colorless in one direetion. and lhe color fades on exposure to light. Speetroscopic analysis showed it to be a Be-silieate wilh Li and Na, but wilhout Fe, Mn, and Co. lt contains CS:/O 2.8 and Li 20 I wt. %. Schlossmacher & Klang (1935 ) and Roebl ing & Trommau (1935) used lhe name maxixe beryl. The mineral occurs at lhe Maxixe mine, distriet of Piaui, soulh oflhe Araçuaí river, in north eastem Minas Gerais, consisting of "a blue alk ali-beryl of gem quality" . According to Branco (1984), it is a dark blue barian beryl.

Santa Maria aquamarine Variety of aquamarine of intense blue color that occurs in Santa Maria de Itabira, Minas Gerais.

Halbanite Other names: halbanita.

Commercial nam e ofa beryl (morgan ite variety) from Barra de Salinas. Minas Gerais. When properly heat ed, it acquires a beautiful violet-blue or indigo-blue color, being sold as aquamarine. The color fad es on exposure 10 light. The name honors Hallev Baptiste, proprietor oflhe mine where lhe mineral occurs.

Heitorite Rossman et ai. (1991 ) (= elbaite)

Other names: heitorita, Paraíba tourmaline, cuprian-e1baite. cuprian elbaite, turmalina da Paraíba, turmalina Paraíba. cupro-elbaita.

KnO\\TI since 1980. this elbaite variety forms deep blue, sapphire-blue, turquoise-blue, yellowish-green , light blue, neon blue, greenish. and sometirnes bicolor crystals with purple hues . The deep blue crystals are locall y referred as heitorite, in honor of Heitor Dimas Barbosa, founder of COGASBRA, lhe mining cooperative that operates lhe deposit. The mineral occurs in pegmatites at lhe Batalha mine, located in lhe Serra do Frade, near th e town of Sã o José da Batalha, 4.5 km NE of lhe ciry of Salgadinho. Paraíba. Associated mineraIs are rnicrocline, quartzo spodumene. albite, lepidolite. manganotantalite. and tourmaline (Comejo 1996). Few samples are gern -qualiry, but because of its extraordinary color s they are eagerl y sought after by colleetors. Rossman et ai. (1991 ) verified that lhe mineral contains up lo 1.92 \\1 . % Cu (or 2.38 \\1. % CuO).

Brazilian emerald Green tourmaline. This term is also used for green euclase (q.v.).

Brazilian chrvsolite

Comm~cial name for gemm y yellowish-green tourmaline. This name is also used for chrysoberyl (q. v.).

Brazilian peridot Gem variety of olivine-green tourmaline.

Brazilian sapphire Blue tourmaline.

88

Triphane frorn Brazil Commercial name for transparent, slightly yellowish spodumene.

S ideroschiso lite Wemekink (1 824) (= cronstedtite)

Other names: siderosquisolita. Sideroschisolith.

Sideroschisolite was described in Congonhas (formerly Congonhas do Campo). Minas Gerais, by Wernekinck (I ~24) ~d chemically analyzed by Thomson (1831). Leonhard (1826)suspected it might be identical to cronstedtite Fe--2Fe'-(Si,Fe)20S(OH)•. Zepharovich (1875) obtained crystallographic data and showed the identity between sideroschisolite and cronstedtite.

Malacacheta Brazilian term used for muscovite.

Eunicite (= montmorillonite)

Paiva Neno (l955) Other names: eunicita.

The name eunicite was inrroduced bv Paiva Netto (1955) for a montmorillonite variety, (NaCa)oJ(AI.MghSi.O IQ(OHknH 20 monoclinic. formed by lhe decomposition of melaphyre from Serra de Botucatu, São Paulo. The origin ofthe name was not niven.

Amazonite Breithaupl ( 1847) (= microcline or orthoclase) Other names: arnazonita, Amazonia jade, Brazilian jade.

The name is derived from the Amazon river. The first samples of lhe green mineral received in Europe were thought to come frorn 'lhe banks of'the Amazon", Shown optically 10 be microcline by Des Cloizeaux (1876).

Agata cera Green agate, without lustre. found in Brazil. It is rare.

Agata Umbu Grayish agate, in varied hues. used as a gem after being colored artificially. The name is derived from an old farm in lhe arca ofthe Jacui river. RioGrandedo Sul. where it occurs.

Brasilinite Other names: brasilinita piridine. peridine. prasiolite, Commercial name of amethyst and yellow quartz frorn Montezuma Minas Gerais, after hearing ar 500°C, which gives it an olive-green color. Not to be confused with brazilianite.

Brazilian jade Other names: green arnethyst, Prase. Variery of granular quartz, garlic-green, more translucent than plasma massive or euhedral. The color is due 10 chlorite. homblende. ar abundant acicular crystals of actinolite, It occurs with jasper, which it resembles,

89

and zeolites, in igneous rocks.

Bahiaquartz Other names: Minas quartz Commercial name for rosc quartz sold in blocks, for use as ornamental stone.

Bahia topaz Commercial name for citrine quartz obtained by heat treatrnent of amethyst from Cordeiros. Bahia.

Palmira topaz Commercial narne for a light citrine quartz. obtained by heat rreatment of amethyst frorn Bahia .

Rio Grande topaz Other names: topázio queimado.

Commercial name of cirrine quartz from Rio Grande do Sul. obtained by heating amethyst (sometimes smoky quartz) to temperarures equal 10 or greater than 420 "C.

Eschwegite Dõbereiner (1823) (pseudomorph of quartz and goethite after cummingtonite) Other names: eschwegita This name was given by Dôbereiner (1823) to lhe same material that later wou1d be named anthosiderite (q.v.). This is another example of lhe many uses of lhe name eschwegite. See lhe severa I meanin gs of this name in Chapters 4 and 6.The name honors Baron W.L. von Eschwege (1777-1855).

Anthosiderite Hausmann & Wohler (1841a and b) (pseudomorph of quartz and goethite after curnrningtonite) Other names: amossiderita, Anthosiderit.

Hausmann & Wohlers (1841a and b) described anlhosiderite (from anthos. flower. and sideros. iron). as a "ferric hydrosilicate" from Antônio Pereira. Ouro Preto. Minas Gerais. It was shown to be a pseudomorph of quartz and goethite after cummingtoniie by Lacroix (1915). (See eschwegite).

Paulistanite Argentiêre (1954) (= uranian opal) Other names: paulistanita.

This name was suggested by Argentiêre ( 1954) for milky opal with small arnounts of uranium . It occurs as fraeture fillings in a tourmaline granite, locally pegmatitic, frorn Perus. São Paulo ciry, [See chemikovite and mineral X (= phurcalite)]. The name honors lhe State of São Paulo and was also used by Comejo (1998).

90

Chapter 10 Organic compounds Gonzagaite Oliveira ( 1930) Other names: gonzagaíta. gelo.

Gonzagaite is lhe terrn introduced by Oliveira (1930) to replace "gelo", a narne used by Branner (19 12) for a "hydrocarbon" found in lhe diamond-bearing graveis frorn lhe Caetano Martins diamond washings, Xique-xique, Bahia. Chernical data: water 19.43. volatile combustible rnatter 35.47. fixed carbon 40.06. ash 5.07. lotai 100.03 wt , % . (Branner 191 2). The name gonzagaite honors Dr. Luiz Fellipe Gonzaga de Campos (1856- 1925) who was a1so honored by the name carnposite (q.v.). According lo Branco ( 1984), lhe term "gelo" is used in lhe Piauí State for rocky material, different from lhe rnud, that overlieslhe diamond gravel.

91

Chapter 11 U nclassified Ibitiarite (Anonymous 1975) Other names: ibitiarita, The only extant text for this mineral is the following:

"N E W MINERAL IS DISCOVERED Brazilian sciemists fo und in Bah ia a mineral that can be used as tnsuta üng material with conditions of support ing temperatures that varyfrom 200 to 120 0 'C. Ir was named ibitiarite. ,.

The name suggests lhe mineral is frorn 1bitiara. Bahia.

9~

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109

bomin e Bom it brasilianita brasilian iie brasilinita brasilinit e brasilita Brazilian aquamarine Brazilian chrvsolite Brazilian emerald Brazilian jade Brazilian peridot Brazilian sapphire Brazilian topaz brazilianita brazilian ite brazilita brazilite cálcio-rabdofân io calcio-rhabdophane calcovskita calcovsquita caldasita caldasite caloacrasita calozerasite camposita camposite carbão carbonado carbonato carbon ita carbono castelnaudita castelnaudiie Catarinit catarinita catarinite catharinira (Ce.La)Si chalmersita chalmersite chavesita chavesite chernikovita chem ikovite chrvsobervl chrysobervll chrvsobervllo chrvsolite cimofana claussenita

Index of Mineral Names ágata cera ágata Umbu AgPd água-marinha maxixe Alaunerde + Kiese1erde (AI.Fe)Si alumin a -t- silica "altered microlite' alvarolita alvar olite arn álzarna de ouro Amazonia jade amazonita amazonite Anthosiderit anthosiderite antossiderita arroiadita arroiadite arsenopaladinita arsenopa lladinite arupit a

arup ite atenasita atheneita athenei te athenei'te Au- Hg

avelinoita avelinoite Ba- and Fe-arsenate Bahia quartz Bahia topaz bahiaita bahiaite bahianita bahianite barbosa lita barbosa1ite bariomicro1ita bariomicrolite Barium-Hamlinit bariurn-harn linita barium -harnlinite beri lo max ixe berkevita

berkevite Bi-arsenate I Bismuth otellurites Brasilie nsis I black aold

89 89 8 88 25 10 25 31 41 4I 8 89 89 89 90 90 90 66 66 15 15 57 57 15,16 15,16 15.16 15,16 8 69.72 I 69.72 77 90 90 I 46 46 46 46 69.71 69.71 30 30 65 65 65 88 69 I 69 78 I 12 I5

11 0

12 12 48 ,66,67 48,66,67 89 89 47.48 79 88 80,88 89 88 79,88 79 48.66.6 7 48. 66.67 47.48 47.48 59 59 40 40 48 48 i 47 I 47 64 64 9 9 9 9 9 56 56 9 9 9 9 10 14 14 56 56 75 75 ')-

_ :l

_-, :l-

25

I -,- )I _-,-:l I 48

claussen ite c1ear taenite copper-bearing palladiurn oxides, isotropic coutinh ita coutinh ite cout inita coutinite crisober ilo cris ólita cris ólita do Brasil cris ól ita-do-brasil cuprian elbaite cunrian -elbaite cupro-elbaita cvmophana

cymophane derbilite derbylita derbvlite diaman te arnorpho diamante nezro dial rnaíta dia lmaite duke ita dukeite echweaeite Eisenoxvd eschwegeita eschwezeite eschweaita eschwezite euclase euclásio euclasita eunicita eunicite fahevita fahevite fahevlite favas de titânio fer titan é tantalifere ferrazita ferrazi te ferroha lotrichite ferrohalotriquita florencita florencita -(Ce) florencite florencite-(Ce) fluomarromicrolita

48 9 22

fluornarrornicrolite frondelita frondelite gelo aeraesita geracsi te giannetita

50.52 50.52 50.52 50.52 25 25 25 25 88 88 88 25 25 35 35 35 9 9 29 29 35 35 41 26 41 41 41.55.90 41 .55.90 80 80 80 89 89 69.70 69.70 69.70 40 26

g iannetite

aiannenita uiannenite goiaita goiasita

zold amalzam gonzagaíta gonzagai te gorceixcita gorceixi ra gorceixite govasita govazita zovazite green arnethyst zuirnarãesita guimar ãesite halbanita halbanite harborita Har bortit harbortita harbort ite Harrtit hartt ita

harttite heitorita heitorite hidroa ênio autunita hussakita hussakite hvdrozen autunite ibitiarita ibitiarite imperial topaz Irid-Osrnin iridosmina iridosmine isornertieita isomert ieite ioseíta ioseíta-A [ose íta-B [oseite ios éite

64 64

55 55 60 60 60 60 29

I 11

29 69 69 91 60.65 60.65 82 82 82 82 60 60 8 91 91 61 61 61 60 60 60 89 42 42 I 88 88 58 58 58 58 55 55 55 88 88 75 57 57 75 92 92 79 8 8

8 15.17 15.17 11.12 11,12 11.13 11.12 11.12

iosêite ioseite-A joséite-A ioseite-A

ioseite-B ios éite-B josêite-B kalkowskita kalkowsk itc kalkowskvn kolkowoskvnita Krisoberil lantan ita lantanita- (La) lantanita-(Nd ) lanthanitc lanthanite-(La ) lanthan ite-(Nd) lavrita lewisita lewisite lipscombita lipscombite malacacheta Martit mart ita martite maxixe-aquamarine rnaxix e-bervl Maxixebervll Minas quartz minasaeraisit a rninasgerai sita-IY) minaszeraisite minasgeraisite-fY) minasita minasite mineral A mineral B mineral X mineral Zr-D moraesita moraesite Na-rich romeite neodimita neodvm ite oiro preto oliveiraita oliveirait e oliveir ita Ore of lridium oro branco

11.1 2 II.I 2 II.I 2 II.I 2 I U3 IU 3 IU 3 40 40 40 40 25 50.52 50.52 50.52 50.52 50.52 50.52 9 32 32 69.72 69.72 89 26 26 26 88 88 88 90 81 81 81 81 49 49 56 56 I 76.77 82 69.70 I 69.70 34 50.52 50.52 5 48 48 48

orvilita orvillita orvillite Osàs, osmiridio osmiridium Osm-Iridium Os-Re-As-Te-Fe-Y-Rh mineral OsRhAsS OsRuAs ouro branco ouro cinzento ouro com paládio ouro negro ouro paladiado ouro palladiado ouro podre ouro prelo ouro-pal ádio oxygen-bearing compounds of PtPd-Au-Cu-Fe-Mn paladinita paládio paladseíta palladian gold palladian platinum palladiated gold palladic platinum palladiferous aold palladinita palladinite palladio palladite palladium palladium aold palladium-bismuth selenide palladium-copper oxide palladiumgold palladium-ochre Palladiumocker Palladiumoxvdul Palladiurnplatin palladseite palladseíte Palmira topaz parabariomicrolita parabariomicrolitc Paraíba tourmaline paredrita paredri te

8 :'

11 2

79 79 79 14

8 8 8 14 14 14

5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 ?~

- -'

21 6

18 5 7 5 7 5 21 21 6

21 6

5 14

21 5 21 21 21 7 15.18 15. 18 90 31 31 88 40 40

paulistanita paulistanite Pb- and Fe-arsenate Pd1Fel Pd 5(Cu.As lO , penn a ita pennaite peridine piridine platina palIadiada porpecita Pornezit porpezita porpezite prasiolite pseudorutile pseudo-rutilo qu intinita-2H quintinite-2H

reitincerita reirinzer ite ribeirita ribeiritc riikeboerita riikeboerite Rio G ran de topaz Ru and Ir ox ides and hvdrox ides RU04 RuTeAs Santa Maria aquamarine Schwefelselen-tellurwisrnuth scorzalita scorzalite Sen ait senaita senaite serrabranca íta serra bran ca ite sideros ch isol ite Sideroschisolith siderosquisolita

"s ilver' s ilver -palladium a lIoy Sn- and Fe-arsenate sousalita souzalita souzalite starinaita starinzite tantal-aeschvn ita-t Ce) tantalaeschvnita-(Y) tantal-aeschvn itc

90 90 78 20 22 87 87 89 89 7 5 5 5 5 89 40 40 53 53 48 48 79 79 30 30 90 24 24 14 88 12 66.68 66.68 26 26 26 57 57 89 89 89 5 8 78 66.67 66.67 66.67 42 42 43 43 43

tantal-aeschvn ite-t Ce) tantalaeschvnitc-t Y) tantal-aeschvn ire-f Y) tântalo-esquin ira-t Y) tavorita

tavorite Tell urb ismu th tcllure bismuth ifere du Brésil tellure de bismuth tellurure de bismuth du Brésil Tellurwism uth telure to de bism uto do Brasil tetrataenita tetrataenite thelline thellita thellite Ti l U01)JS iO R titan -fa vas topázi o queimado tra uirita triphane from Bra zil tripuhyíta tripuhyite tr ipuh yte tripu ita turm a lina da Paraiba turm alina Paraíba unnarned m ineral of Gu imarães unnarned uraniurn-titaniurn sil icate unnarned uranyl phosphate uranm icrolita uranrn icrolite uran-m icrol ite Ur an-Mikroli t uranom icrol ita

Vanadinniobat whiteíta whiteíta-(CaF eM g) whi te íta- (M nFeM g) white ite wh itei te-íCa) whiteite-(CaFeM g) whiteite- (Mn )

whiteite-rMnf'efvl g) Y- and REE- van adoni obate

vanornamita vanomarnite vttria s ilica te (of Damour) yrtriurn sili ca te (of Damour l Y-vanadiurnn iobat zanazziita

113

43 43 43 43 69.71 69.71 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 81 81 81 87 40 90 58 89 36 36 36 36 88

88 42 87 76 29 29 29 29 29 41 73.74 73 73 ,74 73.74

73 73 73.74 73.74 41

77 77 81 81 41 73,74