PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 1- QED

P O RT F O L I O Atelier QED - PS1 Portfolio

Jack Moloney | Kassandra C. Koutsoftas | Chen Rou Ann Lim Wan Chyin | Joseph V. O‘Brien | Karolina Juskevic

THE CONTENT A.

B.

C.

The Intense Week Timeline

Framing the Design

Strategic Methodology

Barcelona Social Housing

Barcelona Social Housing

The Design Concept

Race to Zero

The Standards

All School Project

The Team

Design Challenege

Operating Methodology Teamwork Collaboration Personal Evaluation

Race to Zero

The Design Concept

The Detail

The Challenge

Brief Breakdown

Brief Analysis

The Sequence

Programme

The Framework

Design Goals

The Model Approach Leads Programme

The Structure

Semester Timeline

The Performance

Apertures for Daylighting

Passive Ventilation

Renewable Energy Solar Heating

Phase Change Material

The Standards

The Study Trip

Barcelona Visit

Typology Research References

Precedents | Race to Zero

Precedents | Barcelona Social Housing

Print References

Web References

2

THE INTENSIVE WEEK Intensive Week Timeline

Understand what makes a good team.

Form Team to win design competition.

Create team methodology and set of procedures for working.

Assign group roles, understand expected outputs and working procedures.

Understand brief and interpret it in QED terms.

Unpack and map 4E‘s and 4T‘s in the specific context of each project.

Attend IDEAhaus presentation.

Framing the Design Challenge Each brief was different in its own way, the Barcelona Social Housing (BSH) brief revolved around exploring new typologies for social housing in the context of transforming an existing 20th century office building and being particularly sensitive to a historic city.

The Race to Zero (RtZ) brief was more concerned with the innovative uses of building science to produce a building so energy efficient that a renewable energy system could offset its whole annual energy consumption.

Both competitions specified that each proposal had to be of the upmost environmental quality and seek efficient use of energy. Both competitions also lend themselves to be unpacked in terms of the 4 E‘s (Environment, Economy, Equity, Evolution) and the 4T‘s (Topos, Typos, Tectonic, Tempus) framework.

Strategic Methodology Teamwork and Collaboration.

QED made us form teams based on attributes that would collectively enhance us a unit. Many of us came into this unit not knowing any of our fellow students therefore forming a successful group capable of winning international design competitions required a rigorous approach and its own methodology.

Set project parameters.

Create project specific design goals to achieve success.

Collaborate.

Attend Green Triangle presentation.

We chose to ‘interview’ each other before the intense week began as it was important to get settled quickly, identify which areas each other was strongest in and begin the intense week with a clear team structure, a clear direction and a conflict resolution model to resolve issues that may surface.

We decided to adopt a model that is similar to what you would find in an architectural practice. We had two briefs therefore two directors were identified, one in charge of BSH and another organising RtZ. The rest of the team was then resourced accordingly depending on outputs required for that week or more long-term goals.

We felt the studio culture framework worked as a good team model as we were all familiar with it and it naturally encouraged collaboration. Using a system of working that we had all worked under before meant that we could slip back into good practices and maintain a professional attitude. This structured system also meant we could plan timescales and set outputs in a context we were used to and knew what was expected of each other.

The studio model also structured our day-to-day working this term. Each team member worked together in the open studios which allowed us to manage our time and allocate resources effectively.

Managing, delegating and communicating was also far simpler this way and allowed us to work efficiently as a team. Working together in the open studios also allowed us to communicate and collaborate with other QED teams.

We found this studio model beneficial when it came to collaborating with industry professionals, such as our environmental engineers. We went into those meetings having prepared work to discuss as we were there to get the most out of our partners. It was also vital to maintain a professional attitude as we were meeting them in their offices and representing our school of architecture.

3

THE TEAM

Personal Reflection

Reaction to the Design Challenge

The Team:

When we were first introduced to the brief and projects we were to engage in for the semester, the Race to Zero competition particularly caught my interest. During my year out, I was involved heavily in sustainable projects which focused on environmental features, and so I felt that I would be better suited for this project. As we progressed with both the Race to Zero and the Barcelona Social Housing projects, my interest in the Social Housing project grew and so I devoted more of my time on the Barcelona Social Housing project.

Operating Methodology Teamwork The way we approached our studio work was very efficient and the team worked well together. We were very supportive of each other, learning and pushing other to produce the best. We recognised each other’s individual strengths and made sure to capitalize on this. Our success as a team was a result of our honesty with each other, our initiative in giving feedback when necessary and being openminded about criticism. The team was very aware of the deadlines and mutually set a high standard from the start.

Environmental Design Costing Detailing Modelling Programming

Renders Energy Modelling 3D Modelling Urban Design Costing

Kassandra

Renders Physical Modelling 3D Modelling

GA‘s Layout Concept Detailing

Collaboration The collaboration this semester has been eye opening and enjoyable. The meeting with the students from University of Nicosia was very rewarding, as they were doing competitions too. With fresh eyes, we were able to receive feedback from them and in turn helping them with theirs, benefiting both teams.

The 4E’s and 4T’s were a valuable framework which allowed me to efficiently sort and process my thoughts to contextualize and plan the design project work. This newly acquired skill will definitely be a huge part of my future design process.

Wan Chyin

Karolina

We worked on both projects for the first few weeks, focusing our time on research and refining our designs. After getting the basics done, we split into two teams, working on improving each of our projects. Though separated, we made sure to constantly encourage feedback from each other to better our works.

Personal evaluation of the learning experience I am very appreciative of the group and feel that I have been able to learn and improve on my skills.

This included technical skills as well as soft skills such as better communication. The team was helpful, supportive and positive throughout the project. They constantly pushed me to learn more and better myself. We were productive partly due to the team morale and charisma being very positive. Besides being professional team mates, we also developed genuine friendships which I believe led to doing better work together. I found that I was able to apply the skills I developed during my year out in professional practice into the project.

Rouanne

Jack

Joseph

GA‘s Editor Layout Concept Photographing

Rendering 3D Modelling Detailing Research

Collaborators:

Environmental Engineers

Department of Engineering

Department of Architecture

4

THE CHALLENGE

Briefs

BSH

RtZ

Barcelona Social Housing

Race to Zero

Brief Breakdown

Brief Breakdown

Barcelona is on the verge of its second housing crisis in 10 years. A perfect storm of foreign investment, continued rises in tourism and the emergence of apps allowing booking rooms in the city at the touch of a button has led to rising house prices which has increased rent and consequently pushed the Catalonian people out of the city.

The worlds natural resources are dwindling and energy demand continues to grow. Recent innovations in building technology now mean that zero energy buildings have become an economical and achievable goal.

We were posed the question of: “How can we create new spaces of co-existence for the population where living is a right and not a luxury?”

Our task was to transform an abandoned office building from the 20th century into a habitable residential block fit for the 21st and beyond. Our site in the centre of the city has 8 floors plus a roof terrace totalling 10,000m2. of useable space. The ground floor is large enough for 1500m2 of retail space and the brief specified creating a roof terrace that could exploit its desirable views over the city.

The proposal had to encapsulate the holistic nature of Barcelona’s buildings, streets, sidewalks and plaza, whilst exploring a new typology for social housing in the city.

We were tasked to propose a high-performance building that is so energy efficient that a renewable energy system would be able to offset its annual energy consumption. Our proposal had to demonstrate integration of building science into an ultra-efficient design that was also cost effective and meet the design constraints of our chosen site.

Each group chose a residential building type to pursue, we chose the ‘small multifamily’ contest. The requirements stipulated that each dwelling must be no larger than 2,000ft2 and no smaller than 350ft2, the lot size had no minimum or maximum and proposal had to meet or exceed the ‘DOE Zero Energy Ready Home National Program Requirements’. We were given the option to either retrofit an existing building or propose an entirely new structure as long as it was situated in the U.S and met our design contest requirements.

Brief Analysis

Brief Analysis

Our site is located in one of the busiest areas of Barcelona, with a visual connection from the Collserola mountain range all the way down Via Laietana to the coastline. The BSH competition had a very historic setting that needed to be respected as part of any proposal, the site that would host our design was also of historic significance and required particular sensitivity.

Our brief was very meticulous about what outputs our proposal needed to achieve, for instance we must meet or exceed the DOE Zero Energy Home California Program Requirements, reach a HERS index of zero and meet 2012 IECC standards. As our chosen site was in Los Angeles we also had to meet or exceed Title 24, a set of building codes specific to the California area.

The brief made us question the current status quo of social housing in Barcelona and whether it is adequate. Questioning the provision of social housing implies that there is not enough currently being done which has particular significance at the present time when Catalonia is in the midst of a battle for independence from Spain.

Although it was specific about what energy requirements we had to achieve, the rest of the brief was far more open to interpretation. We were given parameters that we must include such as architectural design, interior design, constructability etc. and accompanying criteria for each section we had to meet but not limited to. The 4E’s and 4T’s framework was applied to each evaluation parameter and made each section much stronger.

East Cesar Chavez Avenue - North Facing

East Cesar Chavez Avenue - South Facing Existing building and site context along Via Laietana, Barcelona.

5

THE FRAMEWORK

Our Design Goals

Analysing the 4E’ and 4T’s framework in great detail gave us a more rigorous platform to build each competition entry on. The 4E’s allowed us to develop a thorough concept for each competition and the 4T’s complimented this by giving that concept further rigour.

This method of analysis contextualised each project in more detail and allowed us to set clear parameters, which informed our design goals. We used design goals for each project because we believe that they distil elements of our E’s and T’s research and bring them together with a clear and measurable output.

Decision making was more efficient with design goals in place as you had a set of statements for each project that you were able to justify your reason for taking that decision against. This approach gave us a more holistic overview and meant design decisions were more critical and thorough.

We found this a particularly useful way to evaluate whether or not to include certain design elements and if we felt that it did not add value to the project it was then dropped or redesigned.

To design rationally and use/allocate resources efficiently.

To create a cooling micro-climate to mitigate rising inner city temperatures.

Our core building materials will be made to

Creating a well shaded ‘street’ plays a crucial

order and manufactured off-site, eliminating

role in the passive cooling approach. Deep

on-site waste. A rational and compact floor

proportions and vegetative canopies retain

plan improves natural light penetration and

fresh air and plants cool the air through

ventilation.

transpiration.

To achieve a comfortable level of residential density that makes an efficient use of our site.

To provide commerce for the growing tourist population.

To accomodate the Catalonian community in affordable housing.

To promote a sustainable way of life through awareness and education.

Barcelona’s tourist population is only set to

We will keep build costs down using

Diet contributes to almost 14.5% of all global

increase. We will utilise this by introducing

prefabrication and simple design details. This

emissions therefore encouraging residents to

commerce outlets at ground level that are

will produce affordable residential units to

take ownership of where they live and to eat

open to the public. Money generated will be

bring back local households to the city centre,

their own garden minimizes the impact we

reinvested in the building to pay for ongoing

reinstalling the heart of the city.

have on the environment.

with the room available without compromising

To plan for the future and accomodate changes in demographic and climate.

To improve the quality of living for all residents.

To reach the net zero carbon target for the entire site.

To explore the opportunity for multi-generational living.

Our proposal allows for future flexibility in needs,

We are maximising the quality of life of all

Each module on our site will exploit building

When people grow old they do not want to

for instance all access doors and bathroom

residents by providing spacious area to live in

innovation and integrate systems to produce a

feel old, they do not want to live in a nursing

layouts are suitable for disabled residents as

and socialise with their neighbours. This is further

highly efficient building capable of offsetting its

home and feel isolated. Multi-generational

we have planned for the future forcast of an

reinforced by our green screen intervention

annual energy consumption with a renewable

living means a whole generation feels younger

ageing population.

that provides good quality cool air throughout

energy system.

for longer and maintains a good standard of

maintainance.

the building.

Based on current growth the population is growing at an unsustainable rate. Space is limited therefore it is important to be efficient on privacy.

living.

6

THE MODEL Adopting a studio culture model set up good practices for us to follow and ensured we worked professionally as a unit when we collaborated with industry professionals and with fellow students of different design schools around the world. It also structured our procedural methods when it came to communication, decision making and managing our time.

Two project leads were in charge of each competition, their responsibility was to resource, manage and set achievable goals for each week that keep both projects on track. Daily meetings would take place in smaller groups to either brainstorm ideas or check progress of the set goals, weekly minuted meetings would then keep the whole group abreast of developments happening on both projects. At these weekly minuted meetings we would also set more long-term goals for the group to ensure we would meet our competition deadlines but also our PS1 submission.

Tema Members/ Roles

Barcelona Social Housing Overview Resourcing Coordination

Lead : Kassandra

Barcelona Social Housing Programme 02/10/2017 09/10/2017 16/10/2017 23/10/2017 30/10/2017 06/11/2017 13/11/2017 20/11/2017 27/11/2017 04/12/2017 11/12/2017 STAGE 1 Register Project Goals Form Concept Identify Demographic Site Analysis Summary of Design Strategy Typology Analysis Initial Ideas for Architectural Design Compile Green Building Technology Establish Structural and Mechanical Basis STAGE 2 Detailed Site Analysis Typology Expoloration Scenario Planning for Future Occupants Transportation Analysis Develop Architectural Design and Aesthetic Complete Structural and Mechanical Basis Detail Green Building Technology STAGE 3 Resolve Architectural Design and Aesthetic Economic Analysis Detailed Scenario Planning Complete Plans, Sections, Elevations Interior Detailing and Furnishings Building Detailing Produce Renders A1 Board Layout SUBMISSION Complete Project A1 SUBMIT

Although there were two project leads in place, decision making was made as a group so that everyone was informed and had equal input and say in the direction of each competition.

Communication was very good in our team, we worked together in the same studio every day which meant we could stay in constant dialogue with each other. This acted as layer of checks and balances as we could make sure we were using our time effectively. Daily meetings also ensured we were resourcing people efficiently and working to each other’s strengths so that the work produced was to the highest quality it could be. Working together on a daily basis also allowed us to coordinate our work and that the work produced fit the narrative of each competition.

Race to Zero Overview Resourcing Coordination

Lead : Jack

Race to Zero Competition Programme 02/10/2017 09/10/2017 16/10/2017 23/10/2017 30/10/2017 06/11/2017 13/11/2017 20/11/2017 27/11/2017 04/12/2017 11/12/2017 STAGE 1 Register Review Winning Presentations Project Goals Define Site Form Concept Identify Target Market Summary of Climate Concise Description of Project Summary of Design Strategy Site Analysis Develop Sketch Floor Plans + Elevations Collate Project Data and Tech Spec.

Compile Green Building Technology Establish Structural and Mechanical Basis Import Design into BIM Produce Preliminary Renders Complete 3 Page Project Introduction STAGE 2 Detailed Site Analysis Contextual Analysis Summary of Occupants Scenario Planning Detailed Analysis of Demographic Transportation Analysis Develop Architectural Design and Aesthetic Complete Structural and Mechanical Basis Establish Project Data and Tech Spec.

Complete Project Progress Report STAGE 3 Resolve Architectural Design and Aesthetic Economic Analysis Detailed Scenario Planning Complete Plans, Sections, Elevations Detail Green Building Technology Interior Detailing and Furnishings Building Detailing MEP Plans and Schedules Complete Energy Analysis HERS Index Rating SUBMISSION Complete Project Report SUBMIT Complete Project Presentation SUBMIT Complete Project Poster SUBMIT

7

THE STRUCTURE

Timeline

Form

Agree Methodology

Assign Roles and Establish Team Structure

Brainstorming the Technological Concept

BSH

RtZ Initial collaboration with WSP

Stage 1

Minuted Meetings Daily Meetings

Stage 1

Submission A

Study trip

Ongoing collaboration with WSP

Stage 2

Minuted Meetings Daily Meetings

Stage 2

Submission B

Discussing Board Competition Layouts

Ongoing collaboration with WSP Collaboration with UoN Dept. of Arch.

Submission A

Stage 3

Minuted Meetings Daily Meetings

Collaboration with UoM Dept. of Engin.

Stage 3

Submission C

PS1 Submission

Presenting our Project to students from the University of Nicosia

8

THE STUDY TRIP

Trip to Barcelona

Barcelona is a place filled with culture and colour, picture perfect in every corner and full of history.

We were able to organize a study trip to our site in order to conduct site analysis first hand in terms of the 4E’s and 4T’s. Our building is situated on Via Laietana, A very busy street in the heart of the city.

We were able to the site multiple times during our stay in Barcelona, mainly to observe the site during different weathers and the activity around the site during different times of the day. Main access to the building is off of Via Laietana, it is very exposed to pollution of all kinds and difficult to stand by for very long. The rear façade is far more protected and is a peaceful place to spend time in.

At the rear of the building sits a quiet plaza square consisting of two little cafes and planted trees that provide shade. A street perpendicular to the site, leads to the historic Santa Maria del Mar Church and a very busy square that has many side streets filled with tourists.

We were lucky enough to visit Barcelona during a festival season, where they had a market fest in the city square, situated right in front of the Barcelona Cathedral. We had the chance to immerse ourselves in the local culture and experience the traditional side of Catalonia.

Entrance of Via Laietana 8-10

Typology Research Building Architect Location Area Client

| Bronze – Coure Elderly Housing | Pau Benach, Cándido Reyes and Màrius Carceller | Carrer del Coure, 8-10, Sants-Montjuiv, Barcelona, Spain | 14,348 m2 | Municipal Patronage of the Housing of Barcelona (PMHB)

During our time there we were also able to visit an elderly housing complex. We had identified during our E’s and T’s analysis that we would have to take into account an ageing population when designing for the future. This complex also shows how the old and the young can live together, therefore visiting this building to understand its typology was very useful.

Impression of Barcelona

The site is in the district of Sants – Montjuïc, located on Carrer del Coure and hosts 70 homes for the elderly. The building is located on the site of the old Port Market. The building consists of two blocks of rectangular shape: one, formed by 70 houses with services for the elderly, and another, formed of 77 apartments for young people.

Bronze – Coure Elderly Housing

9

DESIGN REFERENCES

Race to Zero

Gish Family Apartments Gish family apartments in San Jose, California is a 35 unit apartment complex providing affordable 2 and 3 bedroom homes. Gish shares typos with our design as a multifamily housing scheme.

As with the previous developments, Gish is located near public transport routes, with access to community resources and services. To further this residents are given ‘EcoPasses’ for unlimited use of regional light-rail and bus services minimising the need for cars. City of San Jose even went as far as to reduce onsite parking requirements in the complex because of this. This shows an understanding of tempus by showing the financial benefits of being economical, creating longevity within the project.

We have taken inspiration from the form of this complex and the way it generates streets and alleyways between different sized modules in a more organic manner creating a feeling of traditional residential architecture. The use of balconies adds to this while also benefiting the passive design ideas with noise reduction and natural ventilation.

Los Vecinos Los Vecinos is an affordable housing complex in California designed by Rodriguez Associates, Architects and Planners. The project shares the same typos as ours, to develop a scheme that allows the local people to remain in the area they currently live in while providing new, suitable and sustainable living accommodation.

Ground floor plan of Gish Family Aparments.

Courtyard of Gish Family Aparments.

Equity is also important to Los Vecinos. The scheme was designed to provide all electrical energy used by the apartments with solar pv production and they have achieved this, providing 30% more energy, than consumed. Meaning that the scheme is an electricity exporter and therefore, in theory, the residents pay no electricity bills. This was not only achieved through collecting power but through effective use of it with all appliances being Energy Star rated.

The future planning of Los Vecinos also influenced the tempus of our design with the use of ongoing education program: “Simple Green Living in a Small Space” for the residents as well as green house cleaning ingredients and instruction book. This is to combat the misuse or misunderstanding of the building, reducing waste of energy or resources.

Vauban Vauban in Freiburg Germany is a district that has developed over a number of years. Starting construction in the mid 1990’s and opening in 2000 the project grew quickly with 2000 residents by 2001.

The environmental consciousness of this development rang true with our project ethos, with holistic design connecting a community together not only societally but also physically with environmentally sustainable technologies.

Exterior view of Los Vecinos.

Courtyard of Los Vecinos.

Although significantly larger than our site there are many tectonic values that are shared with our project goals. The car free design and proximity to public transport routes are infrastructures that we would like to implement. Although contentious ideologies in the modern world, Vauban shows this can be successful. When moving into Vauban 57% of the households that previously owned cars let them go and now 70% of residents live without one.

Vauban also boasts a diversity of buildings all linked to maximise the efficiency of the sustainable community. This ability to create pockets of sustainable buildings of differing uses could lead to genuine zero carbon communities replicable around the world.

PV Roof in Vauban.

Playgrounds in Vauban.

10

DESIGN REFERENCES

Barcelona Social Housing

References

Plaza de America Building The award winning Plaza de America building in Alicante was the first intergenerational housing program in Spain built under the motto “To live and age with dignity at home”. We share a tempus ideology with this scheme, of creating an environment that is suitable for all ages to help sustain an intergenerational community culture all in one place. Allowing the residents to age, grow and, if they so choose, to stay in the same location, keeping a thriving and generationally diverse populace.

Print References:

For this to be successful required tailoring the design Housing unit in Plaza de America Building. to those with the most specific needs, which Plaza de America recognised as the oldest residents. The building is designed to be a scaled down and accessible town, where the rooms are houses, the halls are streets and the day rooms are the plazas that host activities and services.

Matching our typos to create dignified and independent housing for the elderly.

Cofaigh, E., Lewis, J. and Olley, J. (1998). The Climatic Dwelling. London: James & James.

72 – One bedroom intergenerational apartments make up the core of the scheme, all suitable for independent senior residents but easily adaptable to any demographic. 1551m2 of the complex is dedicated to multi use spaces, gyms, salons, geriatric pool, garden terrace and many other functions. This further interlinked with the tempus of our scheme to change the functions of these spaces as the needs of users change, like the introduction of a medical centre, pharmacy or physiotherapy unit.

Adler, D. (2012). Metric Handbook. Oxford: Routledge.

Baden-Powell, C., Hetreed, J. and Ross, A. (2017). Architect‘s Pocket Book. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Bizley, G. (2008). Architecture in Detail. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press.

Bizley, G. (2010). Architecture in Detail II. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Farrelly, L. (2014). Designing for the Third Age. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

Fischer, J. and Meuser, P. (2009). Accessible Architecture. Berlin: DOM. Heywood, H. (2013). 101 Rules of Thumb for Low Energy Architecture. London: RIBA Publishing.

Heywood, H. (n.d.). 101 Rules of Thumb for Sustainable Buildings and Cities. London: RIBA. Knaack, U., Chung-Klatte, S. and Hasselbach, R. (2012). Prefabricated Systems. Basel: Birkhäuser.

Pelsmakers, S. (2016). The Environmental Design Pocketbook. 2nd, rev. ed. London: RIBA Publishing.

Phillips, D. and Yamashita, M. (2014). Detail in Contemporary Residential Architecture 2. London: Laurence King Publishing.

Pickard, Q. (2006). The Architects‘ Handbook. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Section of Plaza de America Building.

Hostal los Frailes Situated on the edge of Havana Port in Cuba’s capital, this tranquil hostel can be found inside an 18th century mansion.

Hostal los Frailes (Friars hostel) holds 22 rooms including 4 mini suits all centred around a exuberantly vegetated atrium, encircled by circulation space looking down to a naturally lit internal courtyard and well.

Polyzoides, S., Sherwood, R. and Tice, J. (1992). Courtyard housing in Los Angeles. New York, N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press.

Steinfeld, E., White, J. and Levine, D. (2010). Inclusive Housing. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Web References: http://www.bsc.ca.gov/ https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents http://plan.lamayor.org/ https://www.usclimatedata.com/ https://www.census.gov/ https://demographics.virginia.edu/DotMap/ https://www.aia.org/

The microclimatic approach to creating a fresh and comfortable internal environment is an intervention we would like to carry through to our Barcelona project. The peaceful green atrium centralising a bustling and heavily populated space drawing in daylight and filtering the city air.

Courtyard in Hostal los Frailes.

11

THE DESIGN

Barcelona Social Housing

DEMAND

CONNECT

FOCUS

MEET

The demand for affordable living in the city centre is currently dominated by young people being pushed out of the city due to the extreme rise in rental prices. By 2050, 34,6% of the Spanish population will be made up of over 65 year olds.

The square nearest the eastern facade of our building will act as an extension of our building, allowing the activity of residents to spill out and create a dialogue with the city. The morphology of the ground floor will enhance the connection.

As in many of the citys‘ traditional structures, the existing building has a natural concentration towards it‘s core. The decision to create one spacious courtyard came out of the logical continuation of the urban grid, and the social potential this brings.

Entrances to each residence are accessed off of an alcove that concentrates the social interaction between neighbours and allows residents to take ownership of their circulation areas. The end of the building is cut open, exposing its inner life to the world and providing residents an elevated outdoor area.

DISSECT

WATER

BREATHE

DISTINCT

Placing a green wall at the heart of our building improves the natural environment within the building, creating a cool, well ventilated and pleasent place for the the residents to socialise. This also divides the building naturally into two sides.

Rainwater and greywater is drip irrigated down our living, ever-evolving wall of greenery and collected in a shallow pool at ground level. This contributes to the pleasant micro-climate, cooling the air and reflecting sunlight, shining down to the ground floor walls.

The central void creates the effect of stack ventilation that further cools and ventilates the building, allowing all units to be ventilated and lit naturally from both sides.

The dissection through the green wall created two distinct sides to the building, one „light“ and one „dark“ side. This means the sun shines differently in both parts, enhancing the effect natural light has in the courtyard.

12

THE DESIGN

Barcelona Social Housing

1

11

CURRENT

Hot Desking Area

2050 PROJECTION

Sport facilities for an active ageing population

2

S+M=L

CURRENT

Fixed Commercial Units 9

Medical Centre

8

CURRENT

S

7

3

Connection: Neighbouring Wall

{ {

10

2050 PROJECTION

Site plan 1 : 3000

M+S=L

Connection: Enclave

M

S

6

Flexible Commercial Area

2050 PROJECTION Leisure Space

Public Toilet

5

Accessible Public Toilet

6

Bed/ Bathrooms aligned

7

Living Rooms aligned

8

Unprogrammed Communal Area

S

4 9

Bed- and Bathrooms aligned

10

Living Rooms aligned

11

Unprogrammed Private Roofspace

M

S

{ {

4

S+M=L

3

Connection: Enclave

1

S Amount: Possible 10 x 7 floors Area: +/- 45 m2

2

5

1

M Amount: Possible 9 x 7 floors Area: +/- 60 m2

M+S=L

Connection: Neighbouring Wall

L Amount: Possible 9 x 7 floors Area: +/- 105 m2

CURRENT

CURRENT

CURRENT

Young Couples Unit Home Office/ Atelier

Small Family Unit

Big Family Unit Combined Living/ Working Area

2050 PROJECTION

2050 PROJECTION

2050 PROJECTION

Accessible Single Unit

Accessible Double Unit

Grown Families Shared Unit for Elderly

13

THE DESIGN

The mass of the model showing the ratio of floor space to atrium defining the regions that internal spaces can be generated.

Two stair cores rise through the floor plate, one at either end, creating points of vertical circulation.

Barcelona Social Housing

Sectional model allows for a better understanding of the internal facades.

FREQUENCY

OSCILLATION

VOLUME

Balconies

Daylight

Railing

Low Density

Low Mass

High Density

HighMass

Light penetrates through the building via the atrium illuminating the circulation spaces.

View of Rooftop

View of Balcony 14

THE DESIGN

Barcelona Social Housing

DRIVE

SLEEP BATHE

LOUNGE

VIEW

SOCIALISE

BREATHE

SOCIALISE

SLEEP BATHE

LOUNGE

VIEW

Via Laietana

Utility Areas

Living Areas

Courtyard

Enclaves

Green Curtain

Enclaves

Utility Areas

Living Areas

Plaรงa de Victor Balaguer

15

THE STANDARDS

Barcelona Social Housing

BSH

Part B

Our scheme is designed with 2 fire protected stair cores, allowing for means of escape in both directions when leaving the apartments. With a maximum distance of 25000mm to the stair cores from any apartment, well within the British building regulation B3.2 of 35000mm. The most narrow width of the escape route is 1500mm, wider than the British regulation B3.18 stipulates for 220 persons per floor.

Typical floor plan scale 1 : 500

1.40

All rooms in our Barcelona social housing scheme are designed to allow wheelchair access. We allowed for 1000mm effective door widths to all apartments, larger than required by regulation M2.13.

2000

90

1.40

90

4.10

1000

1.565

1.565

The entrance ramp for the project in Barcelona is to a public, non-residential area. It has a total flight of 65m to a vertical rise of 3m keeping within the British building regulations M1.26 of 1:20 gradient. There is direct street level access to the stair and lift cores for wheelchair using residents of the building to avoid the public areas.

Typical floor plan of Barcelona social housing. Scale 1 : 500

4.10

With the multi-use aspect of the scheme as well as the high number of physically impaired or wheelchair using residents we knew that vertical circulation would require careful planning.

Part M

In accordance to building regulations B4.7, B4.8 and B4.9 we designed stair cores with 900x1400mm wheelchair refuge areas while still allowing the free escape flow down the stairs. We also considered the space required for emergency services to carry a disabled person down the stairs on a stretcher.

All access routes to apartments are minimum 2000mm wide, with ramp or lift access to all areas of the building.

With the size of the building and layout of rooms we allowed for all apartment windows facing the roads to be fire egress windows. This allows access for emergency services to reach people trapped in their apartments and more easily and safely evacuate them.

Stair Core

Unit floor plan

Means of escape 16

THE DESIGN

Race to Zero

Location:

2524 East Cesar E Chavez Cllim. Zone: IECC Climate Zone 3B Avenue, Los Angeles, CA California Climate Zone 9

Plot Size:

3235 m2

High School

13 Minute Walk

Public Park

17 Minute Walk

Catholic Church 15 Minute Walk

Elementary School 17 Minute Walk

Emergency Room 20 Minute Walk

S.D.A Church

Recreation Centre

14 Minute Walk

15 Minute Walk

To Central L.A.

East 1st Street

East Cesar E Chavez Avenue OUR SITE

Grocery Store 10 Minute Walk

Bus Stop

7 Minute Walk

Bus Stop

7 Minute Walk

Boyle Heights Arts Conservatory 2 Minute Walk

Bus Stop

3 Minute Walk 17

THE DESIGN

Race to Zero

FILL

RELIEVE

CARVE

DISSECT

The demand for affordable living in the city centre is currently dominated by young people being pushed out of the city due to the extreme rise in rental prices. By 2050, 34,6% of the Spanish population will be made up of over 65 year olds.

The square nearest the eastern facade of our building will act as an extension of our building, allowing the activity of residents to spill out and create a dialogue with the city. The morphology of the ground floor will enhance the connection.

As in many of the citys‘ traditional structures, the existing building has a natural concentration towards it‘s core. The decision to create one spacious courtyard came out of the logical continuation of the urban grid, and the social potential this brings.

Entrances to each residence are accessed off of an alcove that concentrates the social interaction between neighbours and allows residents to take ownership of their circulation areas. The end of the building is cut open, exposing its inner life to the world and providing residents an elevated outdoor area.

SLIDE Placing a green wall at the heart of our building improves the natural environment within the building, creating a cool, well ventilated and pleasent place for the the residents to socialise. This also divides the building naturally into two sides.

SPLIT Rainwater and greywater is drip irrigated down our living, ever-evolving wall of greenery and collected in a shallow pool at ground level. This contributes to the pleasant micro-climate, cooling the air and reflecting sunlight, shining down to the ground floor walls.

SHIFT The central void creates the effect of stack ventilation that further cools and ventilates the building, allowing all units to be ventilated and lit naturally from both sides.

PROTECT The dissection through the green wall created two distinct sides to the building, one „light“ and one „dark“ side. This means the sun shines differently in both parts, enhancing the effect natural light has in the courtyard.

18

THE DESIGN Location:

2524 East Cesar E Chavez Avenue, Los Angeles, CA

Cllim. Zone:

IECC Climate Zone 3B California Climate Zone 9

Plot Size:

3235 m2 - (34,815 ft2)

Race to Zero

PV-T Panels that also form a fly roof

Stack ventilation chimney

Occupiable roof area

Zero-VOC paints

Typical No. of Residents per Bay: 1 Bay 1.5 Bay 2 Bay 3 Bay

: : : :

2 Adults 2 Adults, 1 Child 2 Adults, 2 Children 4 Adults, 2 Children

Anticipated No. of Residents per Bay: 1 Bay 1.5 Bay 2 Bay 3 Bay

: : : :

8 Adults 16 Adults, 8 Child 38 Adults, 38 Children 32 Adults, 16 Children

Second Floor

1 Bay Residents 1 Bedroom Apartment Young Couple

2 Bay Residents 3 Bedroom Apartment

First Floor

Established Family

1.5 Bay Residents 2 Bedroom Apartment Young Family

3 Bay Residents 5 Bedroom Apartment Multi-generational Family

Self-maintained reed bed pond Ground Floor

Accessible ground floor apartment

Deciduous plants cooling upper floors

Shaded apartments

Open and adaptable floor plans

Well shaded, cool ‘streets’

Well insulated thermal envelope

Connection to the outdoors

Slim windows allowing deep light penetration 19

THE DESIGN

View of Green Street

E-W Section Through the Streets

Race to Zero

View from a Balcony

20

THE DESIGN

Perspective Section through Green Street

Race to Zero

21

THE DETAIL

Envelope Section

Floorstructure Cold - Warm 1:20 3 Wooden Planks

C-Profile Polyurethane 10 Sealed Cork

Sealing Layer

Vapour Barrier

IPE 200 20 Woodfibre (Substructure 5

Wood Fibre)

Suspension

Counter Batten 20 Batten 1,25 PCM Board

Floorstructure Warm - Cold 1:20 2,5 Terrazzo 10 Screed 5 Trapezoidal Sheet

IPE 200 20 Woodfibre Substructure 5 Wood Fibre

Vapour Barrier Mesh Primer 1 Plaster

Floorstructure Warm - Warm 1:20 2,5 Terrazzo 10 Screed

Seperating Layer 3 Cork 20 IPE 200 Pre-Stressed 20 Hollow Core Slab Suspension

Counter Batten 20 Batten 1,25 PCM Board

Floorstructure Warm - Soil 1:20 2,5 Terrazzo 5 Screed

Seperating Layer 20 Woodfibre

Vapour Barrier

Sealing Layer 3 Sublayer 50 Hardcore

Section 1:50

Elevation 1:50 22

THE DETAIL

Connection Detail

Floorstructure Warm - Cold 2,5 Terrazzo 10 Screed 5 Trapezoidal Sheet

IPE 200 20 Woodfibre Substructure 5 Wood Fibre

Vapour Barrier Mesh Primer 1 Plaster

Floorstructure Warm - Warm 2,5 Terrazzo 10 Screed

Seperating Layer 3 Cork 20 IPE 200 Pre-Stressed 20 Hollow Core Slab Suspension

Counter Batten 20 Batten 1,25 PCM Board

Detail Connection of Layers Scale 1:10

Movement Joint

Separating Strip

Screwed Connection to Avoid Welding on Site

IPE Beam 200 200 x 100

Insulation Layer Covering Thermal Bridge Caused by IPE Beams

Window Installed in Wooden Studding on Prefabricated Wall Panel

Metal Sheet

HEA 200 190 x 200

Aluminium Window U-Value: 0.36

Double Glazed, Tinted & Argon Gas Filled Board filled with Phase Changing Material e.g. Knauf Comfortboard

Railing Rods pre-dwelled to L-Profile

Wires pre-dwelled to L-Profile

Square Profile RRW 40 x 40 Water Outlet Perforated C-Profile Allowing Water Outlet

Waterproof Connection Through Neopren Disk

Grate as Plant Support

Drip Irrigation System

Vapour Barrier Facing Outside as Climate is Arid

Floorstructure Cold Warm 3 Wooden Planks

C-Profile Polyurethane 10 Sealed Cork

Sealing Layer

Vapour Barrier

IPE 200 20 Woodfibre (Substructure 5

Wood Fibre)

Suspension

Counter Batten 20 Batten 1,25 PCM Board

Detail Green Gutter 1:10 23

THE DETAIL

Isometric

Thermalite Blocks

Solar Panels Terazzo Screed

Separation Layer

Cork

Wooden Planks

C-Profiles

Polyurethane Sealed Cork

Vapor Barrier & Sealing Layer

Wood Fibre

I-Beams

Pre-stressed Hollow Core Slabs

I-Beams

Suspension

Counter Batten

Batten Wires

Green Gutter

Wooden Planks

Polyurethane Sealed Cork

C-Profiles

Vapor Barrier & Sealing Layer

Wood Fibre

PCM Board

Plaster

Mesh & Primer

Vapour Barrier

Timber Studding

Wood Fibre

PCM Board, Double Layer

I-Beams

Thermalite Blocks

Substructure

Wood Fibre

Suspension

Counter Batten

Terazzo Screed

Batten

Separation Layer

Wood Fibre

Sealing Layer

Concrete Foundation

PCM Board

24

THE DETAIL

MEP Systems

WATER

AIR

Stack ventilation chimney

Grey water used for

drip irrigation to green

solar shading

Grey water used for

drip irrigation into reed bed

Grey water taps for

outdoors use

Grey water collection from laundrette

Vents to chimney

Cavity ceiling for uniterupted ventilation ducts to all rooms Vents from room to cavity ceiling

Natural ventilation through windows and vents

Purple pipe system used when grey water from site is not sucient

In Los Angeles, with water being such a scarce commodity and having such a high embodied carbon cost, the retention of grey water is a high priority in our scheme. To conserve water and create a community space we have centralised cloth washing with a laundrette and has also allowed for simple grey water collection and repurposing.

We will send the water directly from the laundrette to the reed bed running the centre of the site. This will be fed with a drip irrigation system, this is stop water being wasted on surface run off and evaporation.Our project will be linked to the pre-existing “purple pipe� grey water system, this will assist the drip irrigation if or when the onsite collection is not enough to keep the greenery alive. It will also be used to drip irrigate the green solar shading and for outdoor taps.

To ensure good indoor air quality some simple design steps were taken. To begin with, all kitchens, toilets and bathrooms are located on exterior walls, to allow for natural ventilation of odours and chemical residue from cleaning products. All windows are operational to allow natural ventilation and to accommodate for high-polluting events such as house cleaning or hobbies. A high level of air sealing at all junctions and in the building envelope to minimise air leakage and uncontrolled air movement. To increase the air movement within the module we have used stack ventilation chimneys to draw warm stale air out while drawing in fresh air through vents and windows.

GENERATE

STORE

PV-T Panels

Hot and Cold Water Pipes

Temperature controled Pump Water Storage Tank

Hot water will be generated solely using hybrid photovoltaic thermal panels and stored in insulated tanks in each apartment. It will be ran on a temperature controlled circuit so that, as water cools in the tanks, it will be fed back to the PV-T panels to be kept at a constant temperature allowing for consistent hot water.

Water storage tank for toilet flushing

Grey water collection from basins, showers and baths

Down Pipe

Grey water collection Tank Sand filter and water pump

To further reduce the carbon impact of water in our scheme we will use an onsite grey water collection and filtration system to collect water from basins, showers and baths.

The water will be collected in tanks per block pumped through rapid gravity sand filters then up to the apartments to be used to flush toilets.

25

THE DESIGN

View Overlooking Communal Courtyard

Race to Zero

26

THE SEQUENCE

Construction

EXCAVATION & EARTHWORKS

FOUNDATION & STRUCTURE FRAMING WATERPROOFING

SLAB & VENTILATION SHAFT INSTALLATION WATERPROOFING

WALL, ROOF & STAIRCASE INSTALLATION

Excavation can begin once required site surveys have taken place. The groud must be prepared so that it the foundations can be poured.

Pad foundations are poured and structural steel skeleton is then installed.

Prefabricated precast concrete floors, maunfactured offsite are installed by crane and stack ventilation chimney framework is put up.

Prefabricated wall panels manufactured off site and made to order are installed by crane. The roof is then treated and made useable, staircases are then connected providing vertical circulation to the module.

MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

INTERIOR FURNISHING & SANITARY FITTINGS

GREENWALL INSTALLATION

FLY-ROOF INSTALLATION

All mechanical and electrical piping and ducts are fitted throughout. Including drain runs, soil pipes, electrical wiring and socket placements.

Follwing the plastering of walls, interior finishes such as zero-voc paints, noncombustion ovens and low-flow appliances are installed throughout the building.

The green screen frame is then hung between levels and planting takes place which provides the module with solar shading and keeps air fresh.

Our renewable energy source of PV-T panels are then placed on the roof, providing electricity to power the building and creating shaded canopies for residents to relax under.

27

THE SEQUENCE

TASK ID

DESCRIPTION

START

FINISH

DURATION

1

Nov 2 3

2017 4

1

Dec 2 3

Programme

4

1

Jan 2 3

4

1

Feb 2 3

4

1

Mar 2 3

4

1

Apr 2 3

4

1

May 2 3

4

1

Jun 2 3

Timeline

2018 4

1

2

Jul

3

4

1

Aug 2 3

4

1

Sept 2 3

4

1

Oct 2 3

4

1

Nov 2 3

4

1

Dec 2 3

4

1

2

Jan

3

4

1

Feb 2 3

4

1

Mar 2 3

4

1

2

Apr

3

4

1

May 2 3

2019 4

1

2

Jun

3

4

1

2

Jul

3

4

1

Aug 2 3

4

1

Sept 2 3

4

1

Oct 2 3

4

01 PREPERATION & BRIEF CLIENT 1.01.01

Letter of intent to consultant

1-Nov -17

Budgetory Constraints

1-Nov -17

30-Nov -17 7-Nov -17

6

1.01.02

6

Project M anager 1.02.01

Goal and Scope

1-Nov -17

7-Nov -17

7

1.02.02

Schedule Constraints

1-Nov -17

7-Nov -17

7

1.02.03

Commencement of Documentation1-Nov -17

7-Nov -17

7

3-Nov -17

10-Nov -17

7

Architect 1.03.01

Design Requirement

Civ il and Structure Engineer 1.04.01

Existing Building Surv ey

3-Nov -17

7-Nov -17

4

1.04.02

Feasibility Study

3-Nov -17

8-Nov -17

5

02 CONCEPT DESIGN M aster Planner 2.01.01

Programming

14-Nov -17

17-Nov -17

3

2.02.02

Schematic Design/ Drawing

18-Nov -17

14-Dec -17

26

2.02.01

Programming

14-Dec-17

16-Dec -17

2

2.02.02

Schematic Design/ Drawing

18-Dec-17

31-Jan-17

-321

1-Feb -18

28-Feb -18

27

1-Feb -18

28-Feb -18

27

1-Feb -18

28-Feb -18

27

1-M ar-18

16-M ar -18

15

Architect

Civ il and Structure Engineer 2.03.01

Schematic Design/ Drawing

M echanical and Electrical Engineer 2.04.01

Schematic Design/ Drawing

Interior Design 2.05.01

Schematic Design/ Drawing

Quantity Surv eyor 2.06.01

Producing Bills of Quantities

03 DESIGN DEVELOPM ENT Architect 3.01.01

Outline Design

19-M ar -18

15-Jun-18

88

3.01.02

Detail Design

9-Apr-18

23-Jul-18

105

3.01.03

Finalization of Proposal

16-Jul-18

13

3.01.04

Drawing Submission

29-Jul-18 2-Aug-18

3.01.05

Building Plan Approv al

3-Oct -18

1

1

¨ ¨

Civ il and Structure Engineer 3.02.01

Construction Planning

31-Jul-18

464

3.02.02

Infrastructure Detaile Design

17-Feb -18

261

3.02.03

Earthwork Submissin

23-Apr-17

20-Aug-18

1

3.02.04

Earthwork Approv al

19-Oct -18

1

23-Apr-17

20-Jul-16

-277

23-Jul-15

12-Oct -16

447

26-Oct -16

475

1-Jun-17

¨ ¨

M echanical and Electrical Engineer 3.03.01

Infrastructure Detail Design

Quantity Surv eyor 3.04.01

Specific Cost Breakdown

Interior Designer 3.05.01

Interior Detail Design and Placement9-Jul-15

04 CONTRACT DOCUM ENTATION Client 4.01.01

Tender Notice

7-Oct -16

Bidding Request

30-Oct -16 15-Oct -16

23

4.01.02 4.01.03

Bidding

7-Oct -16

14-Nov -16

38

4.01.04

Bids Rev iew

9-Nov -18

23-Nov -18

14

4.01.05

Awarding Contracts

28-Nov -18

1

-341

1

¨

¨

05 CONSTRUCTION Contractor 5.01.01

Escav ating + Site Cleaning

11-Dec-18

5.01.02

Structural Works

23-Dec-18

4-Jan-18 16-M ay-19

5.01.03

Roof

17-Jan-18

30-M ay-19

5.01.04

Wall and Opening

3-Feb -19

18-Jun-19

5.01.05 5.01.06

M echanical and Electrical Serv ices 4-Feb -19 25-Feb -19 Architectural Finishes

21-Aug-19

5.01.06

Interior Finishes

3-M ar-19

29-Aug-19

5.01.07

External Infrastructure

14-M ar -19

31-Aug-19

5.01.08

Landscape

15-Jul-19

31-Aug-19

5.01.09

Testing/ Commisioning

5.01.10 5.01.11

144

16-Jul-19

16-Aug-19

6-Sep -19

Clearing + site cleaning

20-Jul-19

18-Aug-19

Inspection

2-Sep -19

18-Sep -19

24-Sep -19

15-Oct -19

#REF!

15-Oct -19

21

06 HANDOVER & CLOSE OUT 6.01.01

Handov er

6.01.02

Contract Conclusion Rev iew

¨

28

THE PERFORMANCE

Race to Zero

The environmental performance analysis is carried out to give an understanding of the buildings performance in our goal to reach net zero energy consumption. A psychrometric chart of the chosen site, in Los Angeles, was studied to determine the strategies that we were to undertake and test to examine their value to the design model. Consultation sessions with WSP environmental engineer, James Saywell was incredibly helpful. His constructive advice and input aided our team to further our environmental performance analysis.

Passive Ventilation Cooling The concept of passive ventilation is conceived to reduce the household energy consumption, by using outside air movement and pressure differences to passively cool and ventilate a building. Higher velocity air causes more effective cooling because it pulls heated air away faster, and also because it helps increasing the rate of evaporation. With IES Virtual Environment Macroflo, the air flow of the building is simulated and analysed on the viability of natural ventilation.

Apertures for Daylighting Evenly distributed daylight is critical to good lighting, so the locations and size of apertures matter a great deal. However, more daylighting is not necessarily better as bringing in too much light can cause glare and overheating. For visual comfort in frequently occupied spaces in housing, the measurement and perception of light is set at 250 - 300 lux. With Sefaira, we were able to model the actual value of useful light fall on critical surfaces, this was analysed to understand whether the space is sufficiently well lit or if the design needs more attention.

Cross Ventilation Cross ventilation is the most effective form of wind ventilation to reduce the temperature of a space. To optimise the path air follows through the building, the ventilation openings are placed across from each other in a space, but not directly opposite. This is to allow a better distribution of cooling fresh air. Larger openings are also included to increase cross ventilation.

A) 1st Attempt design model | configuration of blocks with location of apertures to the daylighting

Second Floor Level

First Floor Level

Ground Floor Level

Percentage of occupied hours when illuminance is at least 300 lux , measured at 2.8ft above the floor plate.

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

B) 2nd Attempt design model | configuration of blocks with location of apertures to the daylighting

Illustration shows the cross ventilation and housing micro climate.

Stack Ventilation The stack effect uses temperature differences to move air. Hot air rises due to buoyancy, and its low pressure sucks in fresh air from outside. To improve the ventilation of the building, solar chimneys are added to the baseline design model. Typically, at night, wind speeds are slower, so ventilation strategies driven by wind is less effective. Therefore, chimney as the component of stack ventilation is an important strategy.

Illustrations below show the simulation results from IES Virtual Environment Macroflo. On 29th July, the average air flow from Illustration shows the location of chimney as the the internal space to the external space is 770 litre/second component of stack ventilation in the design model. (the average value of comfortable indoor air quality is 550 litre/ second, ASHRAE Standard). It proves that the concept of passive ventilation is workable and thus the design decision is adopted. The stack chimney is then tested out, the results shows that the air flow increases to 930 litre/second. It improves the air flow and is therefore adopted.

170.8

1132.2

1121.1 1132.2

1121.1 5.9

10.0 186.8

First Floor Level

Ground Floor Level

Second Floor Level

11.4 828.3

588.0

760.4 760.4

588.0

25%

50%

75%

100%

In the first attempt of the simulation, the result displays around 70% of the interior as under-lit, which is not an ideal result for visual comfort in a residential building. Therefore, the location and size of the apertures are adjusted by adding in larger pieces of glazing. In the second attempt, after adjusting the composition of the apertures, the simulation showed 80% of the interior as well-lit for a high level of visual comfort. Thus, tall, thin windows were chosen.

771.3

1380.8

Percentage of occupied hours when illuminance is at least 300 lux , measured at 2.8ft above the floor plate.

0%

11.4

1380.8

816.3

581.3

771.3

582.9

1360.8

455.8

2.9

462.3

760.4

A) Baseline design model Average Air Flow = 770 litre/second

1360.8

11.4

771.3 760.4

B) Baseline design model w/ chimney component Average Air Flow = 930 liter/second

771.3

Illustration shows the comparison of air flow velocity between baseline design model and baseline design model with chimeny as additional component.

29

THE PERFORMANCE

Race to Zero

Renewable Energy Solar Heating Our energy consumption of the building is calculated through REM Rate software. Four main aspects of energy consumption is taken into account, namely, heating, cooling, water heating and lighting and appliances.

A comparison between the energy consumption of a baseline design model and the final design model is produced to furthur analyse the differences between both. According to the chart, the baseline model uses up 1827.7MMBtu per year whereas the final design model is 0 MMBtu/year. There is a total 100% of reduction of energy consumption in the final design model compared to the baseline model. This is due to the decrease of 17% heating load, solar water heating, and 29% plug loads.

In terms of the annual energy cost, the usage of high performance building envelope, ENERGY STAR appliances, solar water heating and photovoltaic generation has made a 92% of cost reduction from Los Angeles Avaerage compared Energy Consumption Breakdown ofto our proposal.

Baseline Design Model vs Final Design Model (MMBtu/yr) Energy Consumption Breakdown of Baseline

PaybackPeriod Period Payback

Energy Cost (USD)

Energy Consumption Breakdown (MMBtu/yr)

Design Model v. Final Design Model (MMBtu/yr)

Final Design Model

Total Energy Use 0 MMBtu/year (with PVT) 960.4 MMBtu/year (without PVT) 1827.7 MMBtu/year from Baseline Design Model

Illustration shows the graph of energy consumption breakdown of baseline design model versus final design model in MMBtu/year.

Number of Years

Illustration shows the payback period of the photvoltaic thermal panel installation in 20 years.

With that, the estimation for the solar installation payback period is calculated as shown in the graph.

Having a quick payback period is a leverage for the targeted community who majority of them is in the low to middle class income group and young couple family and elderly living.

Phase Change Material (PCM) Knauf Comfortboard is a revolutionary new plasterboard which significantly reduces or completely avoids the energy consumption of conventional air conditioning and heating in a building, resulting in both energy and cost savings.

Using Micronal phase change material from BASF, this innovative plasterboard absorbs heat energy during the day and releases it at night, keeping living and work areas at a steadier temperature.

During warm days, the building interior stays comfortably cooler, with little or no need for air conditioning. Overnight, as the temperature drops, Knauf Comfortboard releases heat energy back into the room and is then ready to capture excess heat the following day

14cm concrete wall two layers of 1.5cm Knauf PCM Smartboard

Knauf Comfortboard, a phase change material that provide an effective way to maintain a Illustration shows comparison of Knauf PCM Smartboard, perforated brick and conctere comfortable temperature in summer by increasing the thermal capacity of a structure. By absorbing heat in walls or ceilings and releasing it at the right moment, thermal mass acts as a buffer against temperature fluctuations. This is especially true for lightweight structures, which are more prone to overheating in the summer.

Taking advantage of long sun exposure during daytime, solar energy will be the main source of electricity energy generation. The inclination and the orientation of the photovoltaic panels towards the sun are taken into consideration to maximise the electricity output.

Knauf PCM Smartboard - the ideal material in modern lightweight construction providing the same thermal capacity as 36.5cm of vertically perforated brick or 14cm of concrete.

The installation of 96 photovoltaic thermal panels as a source of energy for water heating and electricity usage is capable to generate 225kWh per year.

Assuming that the estimation for the upfront cost of PVT panels installation is $225,225 and the incentives received from the Federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and utility incentives is in a total of $75,075. The building is able to save the electricity cost by $58,800 per year from 49 units of household in the community.

Illustration shows the schematic system of PV-T and fly-roof system.

36.5cm vertically perforated brick

(Comparison based on a smelting with Knauf PCM Smartboard and a 2 Kelvin change in temperature.

Illustration shows the properties of phase change material.

30

THE STANDARDS

Race to Zero

1 Bay

1 Bay

45 00

2 Bays 2 Bays

00 47

RtZ

65 00

00 47

65 00

45 00 1100

1100

8 221

8 221

8 225

8 225

0 448

0 448

Part L

EXTERNAL WALLS

0.18

0.051

0.039

ROOF

0.13

0.043

0.027

WINDOWS

1.40

0.32

0.32

FLOOR

0.13

0.049

0.062

PARTY WALLS

0.20

-

0.20

3200

3200

OUR SCHEME W/(M2K)

6447

26 13

CALIFORNIA TITLE 24 W/(M2K)

6447

4154

4154

3 Bays 3 Bays

1720

1720

1.5 Bays1.5 Bays

26 13

BRITISH BUILDING REGS W/(M2K)

3190

3190

With an aim of a carbon zero building we knew that the efficiency of the envelope of the building was possibly the most important factor to consider. To be in accordance with British building regulation L2.33, L2.34 and L2.35 U-Values that need to be achieved are listed in the table below compared to the California Title 24 codes and the values achieved by us.

Part B

Means of Escape with reference to California Fire Code.

In accordance to the California Fire Code, all group R-2 buildings, are not permitted without a sprinkler system installed in each apartment. This then allows for a 125ft (38.1m) path of egress distance with one fire exit. Our scheme easily complies with this regulation with a maximum distance of under 12m.

To be in accordance with British building regulations B 2.13.b this distance needs to be 9m or under but does not take into consideration the addition of a sprinkler system. All but one of our scheme layouts comply with this standard.

Table shows the comparison of U-values in British Building regulations, California Title 24 and our scheme.

All exterior doors are fire resistance doors with a minimum European standard fire resistance of E30 allowing for 30 minutes of integrity. All windows in bedroom and bathrooms are fire egress windows, larger than 450mm x 450mm and lower than 1100mm above floor level.

To further the effectiveness of the envelope of our scheme we introduced phase change materials into the build-up of the external walls. This works similar to thermal mass, absorbing heat as it warms and changes state and releasing it as it cools and returns to its original state.

Part K

Stud Wall Vapour Barrier Mesh Primer Plaster

The handrail is 900mm above the pitch line of the staircase and has a 300mm flat grab point at the bottom and top of the stairs. This is in conjunction with the British building regulations K1.34- K1.35 All landings are of equal or greater depth than the width of the stairs in conjunction with British building regulations K1.20, K1.21 and California codes R311.7.6

300 318

1068

Wood Fibre

900

PCM Board

168

Wall Build up:

The general access staircase to the apartments in our scheme have been designed to have a riser of 168mm and a going of 318mm. This complies with both the British standard K1.3 of 150mm - 170mm rise and 250mm – 400mm going, and also the California code R311.7.5.1 of 7 ž inches (196mm) maximum rise and 10 inches (254mm) minimum going.

No run of stairs exceeds 12 risers without a landing break or a run of 36 risers without a change of direction. K1.17 and K1.18.

Illustration shows the staircase standard to California Code.

31

32

DRIVE

SLEEP BATHE

LOUNGE

VIEW

SOCIALISE

BREATHE

SOCIALISE

SLEEP BATHE

LOUNGE

VIEW

Via Laietana

Utility Areas

Living Areas

Courtyard

Enclaves

Green Curtain

Enclaves

Utility Areas

Living Areas

Plaça de Victor Balaguer

M+S=L

11

S+M=L

Connection: Enclave

Connection: Neighbouring Wall

{ { S

M

S

10 9 8 7 6

M

S

{ {

S S+M=L

Connection: Neighbouring Wall

M+S=L

Connection: Enclave

S

M

L

Amount: Possible 10 x 7 floors Area: +/- 45 m2

Amount: Possible 9 x 7 floors Area: +/- 60 m2

Amount: Possible 9 x 7 floors Area: +/- 105 m2

CURRENT

CURRENT

CURRENT

Young Couples Unit Home Office/ Atelier

Small Family Unit

Big Family Unit Combined Living/ Working Area

2050 PROJECTION

2050 PROJECTION

2050 PROJECTION

Accessible Single Unit

Accessible Double Unit

Grown Families Shared Unit for Elderly

HERE COMES THE SUN A Manifesto against the existing Utilitarianism of Social Housing

1

2

4

2 6 3

FREQUENCY

OSCILLATION

VOLUME

Balconies

Daylight

Reiling

Low Density

Low Mass

High Density

HighMass

5

Registration Code: SOI

1

CURRENT

2

Hot Desking Area

2050 PROJECTION

CURRENT

Fixed Commercial Units

2050 PROJECTION

Sport facilities for an active ageing population

Medical Centre

3

CURRENT

Flexible Commercial Area

2050 PROJECTION Leisure Space

4 5 6 7

DEMAND The demand for affordable living in the city centre is currently dominated by young people being pushed out of the city due to the extreme rise in rental prices. By 2050, already 34,6% of the Spanish population will be made up of over 65 year olds.

CONNECT The square nearest the eastern facade of our building will act as an extension of our building, allowing the activity of residents to spill out and create a dialogue with the city. The morphologie of the ground floor will enhance the connection.

Public Toilet

8

Accessible Public Toilet

9

Bed-/ Bathrooms alined

10

Living Rooms alined

11

Unprogrammed Communal Area 1

Bed- and Bathrooms alined Living Rooms alined Unprogrammed Private Roofarea

FOCUS

MEET

DISSECT

As not only in many of the citys‘ traditional structures, the existing building has a natural concentration towards its‘ core. The decision to create one spacious courtyard came out of the logical continuation of the urban grid, and the social potential this brings.

Entrances to each residence are accessed off of an alcove that concentrates the social interaction between neighbours and allows residents to take ownership of their circulation areas. The end of the building is cut open, exposing its inner life to the outside and creating private outside value qualities.

Placing a green wall at the heart of our building improves the natural environment within the building, creating a cool, well ventilated and pleasent place for the the residents to socialise.

This also divides the building naturally in two sides.

WATER

AIR

Rainwater and greywater is drip irrigated down our living, ever-evolving wall of greenery and collected in a shallow pool at ground level. This contributes to the cool and pleasant micro-climate, moisturizing the air and reflecting sunlight shining down to the ground floor walls.

The central void creates the effect of stack ventilation that further cools and ventilates the building, allowing all units to be ventilated and lighted naturally from both sides.

DISTINCT The logical consequence the dissection through the green wall was to distinct the two sides of the building even further, creating one „light“ and one „dark“ side. These lets the sun shine differently in both parts, strengthening the effect natural light has in the courtyard. The morphologie of both sides gets lighter to the top.33

34

LOOSE SPACE

STAIRS

Four in ten rough sleepers are in Manchester, Over 1/4 of homeless people are aged 18 to 25 3292 people are surviving without a home in greater Manchester More than 5000 individuals approached the council to declare themselves homeless over twelve months in 2015/16.

Around 550 families had become homeless and 244 people took advantage of emergency winter accommodation.

SHOP 1

MULTIPURPOSE HALL

‘Loose Space’ Site

SHOP 2

RECEPTION

RAIL TRACK

TOILET SHOP 3

fo Ox

<1 Year Layout

a Ro rd

DEPOSITING AREA/ STORAGE

d

Ground Floor Plan

Internal Perspective

STAIRS

COMMON AREA

Context

GYM

MEDICAL CENTRE

COMFORT

BATHROOM

PRIVACY

ADMININSTRATION OFFICE

COUNSELLING OFFICE

SHELTER

LIBRARY

WAITING AREA

<5 Year Layout

First Floor Plan

Old Corner House Cinema Squatters

Squatters took over the old Cornerhouse cinema and turned it into a temporary art gallery. (Loose Space). The group consisted of about 20 men and women, with many of them being homeless. They resided at the landmark building in Oxford Street, which has been vacant since April 2015. They were evicted in August 2017, and the site remains empty.

STORAGE

UNITY/ FAMILY SUPPORT

HYGEINE

WORKSHOP

POD AREA

FOOD

Pod Structure Precedents

Second Floor Plan

SKILLS WORKSHOP TRAINING

POD AREA

KITCHEN

STAIRS

CATWALK

JOB

Loose Space also provides them with counselling service, therapy, medical help and skills training for them to get back on their feet. Once ready, they are able to move COMMUNITY & SUPPORT out and the cycle begins again. The workshops encourage the residents to make their own art/ product creating a source of income for themselves.

Loose space de-constructs the meaning of a house, stripping them from a traditional house to a communal living space. Not only that saves up space, it also encourages more interaction within a society. Not only that, the space is self sustainable, with income from the sales in the shops and leasing of the multipurpose halls.

BATHROOM

GREEN AREA

SECURITY

Loose space welcomes the homeless around Manchester city. It provides them with a shelter, a postcode for them to apply for a job, and a place call home. Sleeping and living pods are proceduraly added over time within the site to create a community that can work and thrive together

STAIRS

KITCHEN

Facade Perspective

The Concept

A HOME LOOSE SPACE

POSTCODE TO APPLY FOR JOBS

TRAINING FOR SKILLS TO APPLY FOR JOB

POD AREA

POD AREA

>10 Year Layout

BATHROOM

GREEN AREA

Third Floor Plan

Facade Perspective

COUNSELLING

Materials

Shared Pod Internal Render

Steel Recycled from demolition sites, steel girders can make up the supporting structure as the spaces grow. Used for: Supporting structure

In the 1960s, the English Archigram group proposed individual buildings and an entire city made of prefabricated components attached to fixed infrastructures. Plug-in City, designed by Archigram’s Peter Cook from 1962-64, had an infrastructure with rail-mounted cranes that would install and replace prefabricated housing, office, and shop modules planned for obsolescence. The organically responsive, self-refreshing city would support change and growth.

TIMBER A type of wood that has been processed into beams and planks, a stage in the process of wood production. The main aspect to sustainable timber harvesting is the regeneration of the trees. Used for: Flooring, structure, cladding

Pod Render

HEMP A variety of the Cannabis sativa plant species that is grown specifically for the industrial uses of its derived products.

Used for: Insulation that can make the home a more sustainable and energy-efficient property.

1960s - Archigram (Plug in City) Plans & Elevation

1960s - Metabolism in Japan

WHAT IS A HOME

STRAW An agricultural by-product, the dry stalks of cereal plants, after the grain and chaff have been removed. An incredibly cheap option for people who want to build their homes on a budget.

Recycled rubber used for flooring the buildings Steel tubes from the oil industry can be used as piles.

Crushed glass can be used as a bedding material for paved or block surfaces.

Plastic street furniture (bollards, barriers etc.) made from 100% RC plastic.

1960s - Archigram (Plug in City)

Pod Render

Pod Timber Sturcture Render

Future Pod Frame Render

35 Internal Elevation Render