SAMPLE: THE SHABTI COLLECTIONS 5: MANCHESTER

THE

COLLECTIONS 5 A selection from The Manchester Museum

Glenn Janes

Olicar House Publications • Lymm • Cheshire • England www.shabtis.com

This volume is revised edition of one of a collections series of catalogues on the in museums in the north west of England

This online publication is the personal property of

and may under no circumstances be transferred in electronic or printed form to third parties.

PUBLISHER Olicar House Publications • Lymm • Cheshire • England

First published in 2012 Revised edition Copyright © Glenn Janes 2024

www.shabtis.com

Acknowledgements

S

thanks must be given to Dr Campbell Price, Curator of Egypt and the Sudan at The Manchester Museum for giving me access to the collections to study the , a selection of which are the subject of this catalogue. I made numerous visits to the Museum to study and photograph the , and Dr Price was always so helpful in view of the short time–scale in which I had to prepare the catalogue once a deadline was given to me. I would also like to thank Dr Karen Exell, the former Curator of Egypt and the Sudan at The Manchester Museum, and Alan Hayward, Honorary Curator of the Egyptian collections at West Park Museum, Macclesfield, who encouraged my in various museums, initially project to catalogue the in the North West of England, but now with future plans to include museums further afield.

I must thank Dr Nick Merriman, the Director of The Manchester Museum, for allowing me to publish the initial catalogue of 2012. I would also like to thank Phyllis Stoddart, the Resource Centre Administrator, who was always so welcoming to me.

Thanks must be also given to the Curators, Collections Assistants and Documentation Officers in the many museums I visited or contacted in the search for parallel . Others kindly sent me information about their collections for me to study, and others have given opinions on a few problem . In particular I must mention Katina Bill and Joseph Murray (Kirklees Museums & Galleries), Joanne Chamberlain (Atkinson Art Gallery, Southport), Jean–Luc Chappaz (BSEG, Geneva – author of the ), Dr Ashley Cooke (National Museums, Liverpool), Professor Stephen Quirke (The Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology, University College London), Sue Giles (Bristol Museum & Art Gallery), Tom Hardwick (formerly of Bolton Museum & Art Gallery), Helen House (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto), Lesley– Ann Liddiard and Dr Dan Potter (National Museum of

Scotland, Edinburgh), Hannah Longworth (St Helens Museum of Glass), Dr Helen Whitehouse and Dr Liam McNamara (The Ashmolean Museum of Art & Archaeology, Oxford), Craig Sherwood (Warrington Museum & Art Gallery), Dr Helen Strudwick (The Fitzwilliam, Cambridge), Dr John Taylor (The British Museum), Ros Watson (Harrogate Museums & Arts), and George Woods (McLean Museum and Art Gallery, Greenock).

I must acknowledge the help and support of friends, in particular Dik van Bommel, Niek de Haan, and Jean–Michel Sablon, who are always ready to exchange information with me. I am especially grateful to the late Anthony Donohue whose inspiration and enthusiasm is greatly missed. Also to Dr Kenneth Griffin (The Egypt Centre, Swansea University) for his invaluable help and advice, and to Paul Whelan who from the New read the hieratic inscriptions on several Kingdom. I am also grateful to Dr Daniela Rosenow, who kindly took photos for me in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College, London.

I would like to thank my wife and family who saw me disappear to my study for hours on end to work on this catalogue. I am not a scholar, an academic, or a philologist, and my descriptions of the are unavoidably repetitive, and sometimes brief. I have tried my best to list as many for the various owners where possible, but parallel these lists are by no means comprehensive. I hope that this catalogue will serve its purpose in bringing the fine collection of in The Manchester Museum to a wider audience.

This revised edition includes more parallel examples for that are catalogued as well as museum website database links although some of the are not as yet uploaded to some of the databases but they will hopefully appear in the near future. Some databases are not the easiest to navigate. There are also several corrections and revisions in the catalogue.

Chronology 11th Dynasty • 2134–1991 12th Dynasty • 1991–1782

13th–17th Dynasties • 1782–1570

18th Dynasty • 1570–1293 19th Dynasty • 1293–1185 20th Dynasty • 1185–1070

21st Dynasty • 1080–945 BC (PRIEST–KINGS at THEBES – 1080–945 BC

KINGS at TANIS – 1069–945 BC)

22nd Dynasty (Libyan at Tanis) • 945–715 BC 23rd Dynasty (Libyan Anarchy at Leontopolis) • 818–715 BC 24th Dynasty (Sais) • 727–715 BC 25th Dynasty (Nubian/Kushite) • 747–656 BC

26th Dynasty • 664–525 BC

Napatan Dynasty (Nubia) • 653–400 BC

27th Dynasty • 525–404 BC 28th Dynasty • 404–399 29th Dynasty • 399–380 BC 30th Dynasty • 380–343 BC 31st Dynasty • 343–332 BC

Based on P. A. Clayton, (London, 1994)

Mediterranean Sea

ALEXANDRIA Mendes

Lower

Egypt CAIRO

Giza

Memphis

Saqqara

Enlargement of the Sedment & Gurob area (after Petrie1)

us

X

X X

Gurob

Hawara el–Lahun

Sedment el–Hiba

Eastern Desert Red Sea

Sedment Tuna el–Gebel

r ah B Ehnasya

N i l e

X

uf

X Gurob X

Y

Gebel Se dment

el–Lahun

Riqqeh

V a l l e y

Hawara

FAIYUM

Western Desert

Hermopolis

Deir Rifeh

X = cemeteries

Abydos

Enlargement of Western Thebes Valley of the Kings

Thebes

Dra Abu el–Naga Esna Sheikh ‘Abd el–Qurna

Upper

The Ramesseum

RIVER NILE

Egypt Aswan

Lower Nubia 1.

Petrie & Currelly 1905, pl. XLIV

Nuri – approx. 360 miles south ↓

Note to the Reader The catalogue comprises 522 arranged in chronological order. Most of the are discussed in separate entries. These discussions are cross–referenced by catalogue and page number. All the accompanying illustrations are shown at life–size unless otherwise is not usually remarked upon as it is stated. Any damage to the evident in the photographs.

The ancient Egyptian chronology used in this catalogue is based on P. A. Clayton, (London, 1994).

In the headings of catalogue entries, dimensions are abbreviated as follows: height (H.), width (W.) and depth (D.).

All source references are cited in abbreviated form. Complete citations will be found in the bibliography. A list of abbreviations used in the catalogue is given before the bibliography.

Middle Kingdom 12th Dynasty c. 1991–1782 BC

Second Intermediate Period 17th Dynasty c. 1663–1570 BC

1 MUSEUM NO. MM 5344

NAME(S) & TITLE(S) Henut–wedjat (@nw.t-wAD.t)

MATERIAL Limestone

DATE Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty

SIZE (cm) PROVENANCE From Hawara1 H. 14.5 Donated by the BSAE W. 4.4 D. 3.4

Lady of the House (nbt-pr)

DESCRIPTION

Mummiform funerary statuette wearing a plain tripartite wig. The arms are not indicated. The modelling of the face is very refined. The buttocks are indicated on the back of the figure. A vertical column of neatly incised hieroglyphs names the owner as Henut–wedjat.2 This funerary statuette is superbly modelled, and must rank alongside the finest from the Middle Kingdom. The surface of the limestone is highly polished to give a lustrous finish so that the limestone almost resembles alabaster. The modelling is similar to cat. No. 2 in that the overall shape closely resembles anthropoid coffins that have the appearance of a mummy wearing a mask, incorporating a tripartite wig over the head.

The statuette was found at Hawara during excavations by Petrie in 1911. In his account of the work he writes ‘a great cemetery lay to the north of the pyramid of Hawara.’ This cemetery mostly contained burials from the Middle Kingdom

(12th Dynasty), although many of the tombs had been reused in later times. Petrie writes ‘not one was intact, and very few objects were found in them.’ The tombs consisted of a burial shaft above which superstructures were built. Unfortunately it is not known from which tomb the figure originates.3 Petrie translates the name of the owner as Hent–nofret, but Henut– wedjat is perhaps preferable.

An illustration of the statuette in the excavation account appears to show the eyes being outlined with black paint although no trace of this remains now. Another extremely fine limestone statuette, which must have been made in the same workshop, is also illustrated in the excavation account, and clearly has black pupils, cosmetic lines and eye brows. This particular example, inscribed for a certain Iu–nefer, is recorded as being in Cairo Museum (inventory number unknown).4 It is much taller than the present example at 24 cm. in height.

5

MIDDLE KINGDOM

Funerary statuettes made their first appearance during the 12th Dynasty. They were mostly made of hard stone, and were individually sculpted. Many are fine works of art like the present example for Henut–wedjat. She was obviously a lady of high status to have had such a fine piece carved for her.

Not more than one or two statuettes would have been included in a burial at this time. It seems that at Hawara only two examples were found in the entire 12th Dynasty cemetery – the present example, and the one cited in Cairo. appears written in the inscription on some The word statuettes dating from the 12th Dynasty. However, it is perhaps preferable to refer to those without this word, like the present example, as a funerary statuette. was to act The initial purpose of the statuettes and as a substitute for the deceased in which their , translated as meaning a ‘double,’ could receive food offerings to ensure eternal life.5 This is reflected in the inscription on the present figurine. The so–called spell, Chapter 6 of the Book of the Dead, is inscribed on some from the period, and reflects in acting as a substitute to work in the ultimate role of the fields of the Netherworld to provide an everlasting supply of food for the deceased owner.

INSCRIPTION

Htp di nsw Wsir nb +dw di.f prt-xrw n kA n nbt-pr @nw.t-wAD.t mAa.t-xrw A boon which the King gives (to) Osiris, Lord of Busiris, that he may give invocation offerings for the of the Lady of the House, Henut–wedjat, justified.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Petrie, Wainwright and Mackay 1912, pp. 35–36, pl. XXX. For a crude sketch of the statuette see Manchester 1962, p. 10. , one ‘ ’ is noted as being found in tomb 57 but there is no indication as to which ‘ ’ this refers, see pl. XXXVII. , p. 36 pl. XXX; Aubert 1974, p. 14; Schneider 1977, vol. 1 pp. 178– 179; Petrie 1935, p. 3.

For more on Middle Kingdom offering formulas, see Franke 2003, pp. 39–57.

MIDDLE KINGDOM

6

2 1 MUSEUM NO. MM 5757

NAME(S) & TITLE(S)

MATERIAL Limestone, polychrome decoration

DATE Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty

SIZE (cm) H. 14.2 W. 4.4 D. 4.1

PROVENANCE From Riqqeh [Cemetery A, tomb 181]1 Donated by the BSAE (1912–1913)

DESCRIPTION

Mummiform funerary statuette wearing a plain tripartite wig that has traces of blue paint suggesting that it was originally painted this colour. The arms are not indicated. The face is fairly well worked, and is flanked by large ears. The eyes are outlined in black paint although only traces of the colour now remain.

The head is raised giving the figure an air of authority. A broad collar is worn across the chest, being outlined in black with bands of blue and red, alternating with the natural colour of the polished limestone.

The statuette was discovered during excavations at Riqqeh in the 1912–1913 season under the direction of Reginald Engelbach. In the published account of the excavations it is referred to as a –figure, with a suggestion that four small squatting limestone figures (MM 5758), found in a corner of the tomb, were intended to guard it, in parallel to the role of the Four Sons of Horus, as protectors of the coffin. It seems more likely, however, that rather than being a –figure the function of the statuette was to replace the body of the deceased should it be destroyed. The eventual purpose of such figures was to work

for the deceased in the fields of the Netherworld to provide an everlasting supply of food (see also cat. No. 1).

In terms of the general shape, the statuette closely resembles that of anthropoid coffins of the time,2 which were gradually introduced during the 12th Dynasty. The statuette has the appearance of a wrapped mummy wearing a mask incorporating a tripartite wig over the head.

1.

2.

7

Engelbach 1915, p. 14 and pl. VIII [no. 7]; for a general map of Riqqeh, see pl. XLVI, and for a map of the cemetery showing the location of the tomb see pl. XLVII. For an example see Ikram & Dodson 1998, p. 202 [no. 254].

MIDDLE KINGDOM

3 1 MUSEUM NO. MM 6038

NAME(S) & TITLE(S) Teti–sa–intef (&ti-sA-in-it.f)1

MATERIAL SIZE (cm) DATE Second Intermediate Wood, details H. 17.0 Period, 17th Dynasty added in black W. 2.6 D. 3.0

PROVENANCE [From Thebes, Dra Abu el–Naga: tomb of Teti–iky – TT 15]2 Donated by J. & A. Williams (bought at Aswan)

DESCRIPTION

Simply–shaped from a small twig of wood, funerary statuettes of this type are known as after the word for Persea wood, , although there is no evidence that figures were made from this wood.3 The Persea ( ) was an evergreen fruit–bearing tree that was widespread in Egypt during pharaonic times. It died out in Roman times and is now only found in Yemen and Ethiopia.4 This is mummiform in shape, and wears a short wig indicated by an incised line running around the front, back and sides of the figure. The face is very rudimentary in its modelling.

A short incised horizontal notch perhaps indicates the right brow.

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

The left eye is very small and added in black with the brow appearing as a painted extension of the line denoting the right brow. A large triangular–shaped nose incorporating a small mouth below, also added in black, is perhaps suggested in the carving. An incised horizontal line marks the lower extremity of the face. The feet are suggested by a wedge–shaped protuberance at the bottom of the figure. The body of the has a vertical column of inscription added in black naming the owner as Teti–sa–intef.

Several groups of were found during excavations in the Dra Abu el–Naga necropolis at Thebes. The first group 8

was found in front of the doorway of an abandoned tomb by Giuseppe Passalacqua between 1822–1825,5 and these are now in Berlin. Percy Newberry, funded by the 5th Marquess of Northhampton, found more in the same area in at 1898–1899.6 Flinders Petrie purchased ‘about forty’ Thebes, which are now in the Petrie Museum in London.7 Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter found another group while excavating in 1908. This was the tomb of the ‘Mayor of Thebes,’ Tetiky (TT 15) and other members if his family.8 Although the name Teti–sa–intef is not specifically listed in the names of the found in the tomb, Stewart suggests that the owners of name Teti–in might be an abbreviated version of the name. Thus the tomb of Tetiky is most probably where the present figure in London for Teti–in (UC 40175 – see originates.9 A below) is extremely similar in terms of its overall shape, which might add weight to this suggestion. Further excavations at the overlooked during the tomb in 1924 revealed more initial work done by Carnarvon and Petrie.10 Many of these were found in their own miniature coffins, and also a large number of were dedicated to the owners by relatives. the Whelan has recently suggested that, because of a number of parallel examples with the same head type, may have been mass produced. He also suggests they were made from small twigs cast aside as a byproduct of coffin making.11 The present for Teti–sa–intef is similar to Whelan’s Type E.12 INSCRIPTION

&ti-sA-in-it.f Teti–sa–intef.

PARALLELS

Parallel for Teti–sa–intef are found in Cairo (CG 47909 & 47911),13 Leiden (RMO F 1971/2.4),14 London (for Teti–in – UC 40175, 40176, and for Teti–sa–intef UC 40177, 40178, 40179, 40180, 40181, 40182, 40183 & 40184),15 and Zurich (ZA 3632).16

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Ranke 1935, I p. 384.4 and 280.25.

Porter & Moss 1985, pp. 26–27.

Taylor 2001, 116.

Germer 2001, p. 564.

Passalacqua 1826, p. 200. . Northampton, Spiegelberg & Newberry 1908.

Petrie 1935, p. 3.

Carnarvon & Carter 1912, pp. 3–4, 19–21 and pl. 12 fig. 2; Whelan 2007, pl. 1.

Noted by Whelan 2007, p. 67.

Davies 1925, pp. 10–18.

Whelan 2007, pp. 42–43. , p. 39 fig. 23.

Newberry 1930–1957, vol. I pp. 266–267, see vol. 3 pl. V for 47909, pls.

IV & VI for 47911.

Schneider 1977, vol. 2 p. 27, pl. 1, vol. 3 pl. 6 [no. 2.1.1.4].

Petrie 1935, p. 13, pls. VI, XXI, XXIV & XXV nos. 10–17; Whelan 2007, pp. 66–80. See also the website of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology: https://collections.ucl.ac.uk/ Schlögl & Brodbeck 1990, p. 64 [no. 12].

9

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

10

New Kingdom 18th Dynasty-20th Dynasty c. 1571–1070 BC