PART 1 An Urban Geography of Globalization

AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATION UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY

PART 1 Roberto Rocco Chair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)

!"#$%#&'&#((%() *!$+#$,)-

!"#$$%&'%()"%(*+)+,%

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

1

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

7,%6-*%)*&)6-,)%(#)%"*6-%=9*&)*#,<-,*6#*6%0B"-*%* '2-0&I0*8,$%)K,-7&#)%"*8,$%)*2,#$"-=9*2,#;&<&)7* %*'-6*#>*2#''&$"-*<-'&7)*#,&-)6-<*'#"8(#)'H L&""%*G,%)M8&"%*&'*"#0%6-<*%6*6/-*=8)&0&2%"&6@*#>* 1;-""%)-<%9*#)*6/-*'#86/*-%'6*#>*=-6,#2#"&6%)* E8-)#'*1&,-'H*L&"%*G,%)M8&"%*&'*%*'"8=*%,-%** :/-,-*N44H444*2-#2"-*"&;-HH*O-*:&""*'--B*6#* <-I)-*%*'6,%6-7@*>#,*&)6-7,%(#)*#>*6/-*%,-%*>,#=* %*,-7&#)%"*%)<*>,#=*%*"#0%"*2-,'2-0(;-9*%)%"@'&)7*

4.#'5*%6#2-'50*-$#*&7' T)&;-,'&6@*#>*E8-)#'*1&,-'U*D,#>H*+"%;&#*V%)0/-'*%)<*W%'6-,*'68<-)6'* '68<&#* T)&;-,'&6@*#>*D%"-,=#*&)*E8-)#'*1&,-'U*D,#>H*S=&"&#*.&'6-,)%9*1,0/&6-0!

68,-*C0/##" !CX*Y%,;%,<U*D,#>H*Z#<#">#*W%0/%<#*:&6/*%*6-%=*#>*[*=%'6-,* '68<-)6'*<#&)7*6/-&,*=%'6-,*2,#F-06*&)*6/-*%,-%\ 1,0/&6-06]'*%''#0&%(#)*#>*E8-)#'*1&,-'*^'822#,6*%)<*F8,@_ W8)&0&2%"&(-'*#>*1;-""%)-<%*^D,#F-06*%,-%_*%)<*6/,--*#6/-,*#)-'*&)* 6/-*'8,,#8)<&)7'*%)<*E8-)#'*1&,-'*=-6,#2#"&6%)*&)'(68(#)' 82.#/"1#7*C2,&)7*'-=-'6-,*3445 C6%,()7*>,#=*12,&"*`6/*6#*V8)-*3)<* D#''&$"-*I-"<*:#,B*2-,&#<U*-)<*12,&"*a*$-7&))&)7*W%@ A-068,-'*%)<*'-=&)%,'U*12,&"*

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

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

9"-5"-&7':;'<=48 1ZQ*b449*S''%@*N*-06' 1ZQbc49*S?%=a`*-06' 1ZQb34*X-'&7)*'6,%6-7@K$##B"-6U**`*S.6' =%%*/)$0-%*7* d%=-U*X,H*XH*C-28";-<%* Sa=%&"U*XHC-28";-<%e$BH68<-"fH)"* D/#)-U*gNc*a`a3bhNi5N5 ,-(.&%/()0+12341"2+5 X,H*C6-2/-)*Z-%< 1HZ-%<e68<-"fH)"* X,H*Z#$-,6#*Z#00# ZH.HZ#00#e68<-"fH)"* X,H*j8*A-&

!"#$%&'()*#&

2

contents PART 1 1.Introduction 2.Globalisation 3.Post-Fordism and increasing urban complexity PART 2 4.Case: Sao Paulo 5.Empirical research 6.Findings Wednesday, 27April, 2011

3

PART 1: What globalisation and why is it relevant for planners?

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

4

We are 7 billion people (2011) Click here for the movie

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

5

So, the challenges are slightly bigger (and different) Click here for an illustration of challenges

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

6

A tale of global cities For the first time in history, the majority of the population lives in cities. Humanity is urban.

Urbanity is opportunity. The opportunity to be connected to people, services, places and jobs.

Cities are changing fast, as they have always done. In most places, cities are getting bigger, while in other places they are actually getting smaller: e.g. Detroit, New Orleans, cities in Germany and Spain.

But here we are concerned with changes in urban structures and infrastructures in a special kind of city: the Global City.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

7

New questions are arising How to accommodate new urban dwellers, and provide housing, health, education and jobs?

How to bridge the divide between the urban rich and the urban poor?

How to keep our cities sustainable and resilient to threats like climate change?

How to keep cities vital and liveable?

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

8

The spatial make up of global cities The spatial make-up of global cities is also changing. There are more and more gleaming business centres, industries are leaving, people are living increasingly far from the centre, sometimes in horrible conditions, other times in beautiful but unsustainable never-ending suburbs.

People say it is â&#x20AC;&#x153;globalisationâ&#x20AC;?. But what does globalisation mean for the spatial make-up of cities?

The clichĂŠ images are misleading...

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

9

NEW YORK

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

10

London

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

11

TOKYO VAmsterdam

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

12

Singapore

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

13

Hong Kong

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

14

Shanghai

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

15

PARIS

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

16

Berlin

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

17

Buenos Aires

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

18

Dubai

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

19

Frankfurt

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

20

Madrid

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

21

Santiago

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

22

Amsterdam

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

23

S達o Paulo

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

24

Conceptualising Globalisation For Ulrich Beck (1997)

Globalisation occurs at four main different levels: technological economical cultural ecological Wednesday, 27April, 2011

25

Conceptualising Globalisation For SANTOS (1993) One aspect of Globalisation is the acceleration of the all spheres of life, including: rapid development of information communicational technologies (ICT) the decentralisation of production and managerial processes the expansion of trade flows, financial flows and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Wednesday, 27April, 2011

26

Some people think it is great

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

27

Some people think it is a Force of evil

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

28

We find it useful to explore the subject dispassionately, however critically.

We also need to find out what â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;globalisationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; means for the management of cities.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

29

Is it new?

Trade routes in the 16th century Wednesday, 27April, 2011

30

Other Globalizations: The Globalization of Taste

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

31

Other Globalizations: drugs

Source: www.pbs.org CIA/ Front Line 2000 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

32

Other Globalizations: illegal immigration

People smuggling: 145 million people per year are illegally smuggled from poor or conflict countries into rich nations Source: SF Chronicle 7 jan 2001 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

33

Other Globalizations: conflict

Source: Small arms survey, GIIS, IISS Wednesday, 27April, 2011

34

Other Globalizations: Fear

â&#x20AC;&#x153;From Australia to Zimbabwe, using new laws and old-fashioned brute force, governments are sacrificing human rights on the altar of antiterrorismâ&#x20AC;?

Source: Amnesty International 2004 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

35

Other Globalisations: Disease

Source: World Health Organisation 2003 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

36

Globalisation of information

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

37

Globalization and irrational forms of societal developments might and do coexist

Source: www.cartoonwork.com. Copyright: Carol Simpson Wednesday, 27April, 2011

38

Global awareness: The ‘Second’ Modernity

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

39

The underlying assumption The shift towards a knowledgebased economy and the emphasis on the production trade and diffusion of knowledge is triggering spatial transformation in cities under globalisation.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

40

What is he talking about?

Spatial urban structure refers to:

•How functions are located and

distributed over the urban territory •How these functions are articulated/ integrated by real networks •How are real networks changing and expanding (the city-region as a relevant unit of analysis) Wednesday, 27April, 2011

41

And why is that important?

Life is embedded in space.

Everything we do, we do ‘somewhere’, using places and services that articulated by links and infrastructures.

Let’s have a look in the following model:

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

42

Les niveaux d'opĂŠration (Dupuy, 1991 + Rocco, 2008)

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

43

But what is different now?

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

44

Acceleration

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

45

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

46

Acceleration of flows

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

47

Extension

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

48

Metro Paris 1911

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

49

Paris Metro 1930

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

50

Paris Metro 1967

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

51

Paris Metropolitan

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

52

Reseaux Ile de France

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

53

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

54

Extension of networks

The extension of Arthur Andersen consulting around the world. The firm collapsed in 2002, accused of fraud.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

55

The number of multinational corporations along time. Source: GABEL, M. Bruner, H. 2004, Global Inc. An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation, new york: Global inc.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

56

Increasing Complexity

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

57

Sao Paulo, Brazil, pop. 16 million (2010)

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

58

But THIS is not so complex... Or is it?

Delft, The Netherlands, pop.: 96.000 (2008) Wednesday, 27April, 2011

59

Delft

Urbanisation in the Netherlands, 1950 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

Delft

Urbanisation in the Netherlands, 2010 60

Delft

Urbanisation in the Randstad, 1950 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

Delft

Urbanisation in the Randstad, 2010 61

Complex enough for you?

Commuting patterns in The Randstad (2008), source: VROM.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

62

KLM Routes 1964 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

KLM Routes 2004 63

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

64

Global Inc. An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation MEDARD GABEL AND HENRY BRUNER

The future looks more like this Visualizing Friendships

by Paul Butler on Tuesday, 14 December 2010 at 02:16

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

65

Metropolitain de Paris 2005 Wednesday, 27April, 2011

Tokyo Subway system 2008 66

A set of reasons Revolution in Information and Telecommunications Technologies Advances in Transportation Technologies New management of production (Toyotism substitutes Fordism) Dispersal of production (industry to developing countries/ knowledge production in developed countries) Emergence of a Knowledge-based Economy Liberalisation of the Economy

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

67

The transition from Fordism to PostFordism and the rise of the Knowledge Economy In Post-Fordism, companies went from mass production to flexible production, adapted to a changing and segmented demand

X This amplified various processes and triggered the dispersal of production and concentration of command activities in certain NODES of Command (Global Cities) Wednesday, 27April, 2011

68

Dispersal of Production

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

69

Globalizing Cities and NODES of command The dispersal of production and finance has resulted in extended networks, composed by both old and new articulation NODES OF COMMAND.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

70

FDI as % of total GDP

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

71

Globally integrated organization of economic activity For Sassen (1991): â&#x20AC;&#x153;The geography and the composition of the global economy changed so as to produce a complex duality: a spatially dispersed, yet globally integrated organization of economic activityâ&#x20AC;? (p.3)

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

Location of ADK Akatsu Advertising (Japan) branches

72

Advanced Producer Services

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

73

Expanded central control and management Territorial dispersal of current economic activity creates a need for expanded central control and management

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

74

Strategic role of global cities For Sassen (1991), major cities have acquired a strategic role in the last decades as centres of command of the organisation of world economy.

Taylor, P.J. Firms and their Global Service Networks in S Sassen (ed) (2002) Global Networks, Linked Cities New York, London: Routledge, 93-115.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

75

Cities as key locations for Advanced Producer Services This new role is largely based on some cities being key locations for finance and for specialised service firms, which have replaced manufacturing as the leading economic sector of the an increasingly integrated world economy.

GaWC Research Bulletin 23, 2001

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

76

The architecture of the Global City Network NY

London

Tokyo

Source: Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough, UK Wednesday, 27April, 2011

77

But… Discussing ‘global cities’ as loci of command seems to be insufficient from the point of view of territorial management and planning.

The necessary geographical and spatial components are missing.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

78

Butâ&#x20AC;Ś These spatial components are essential to understand the real implications of an emerging knowledge economy for the spatial organisation of cities and regions.

The intrinsic networked character of command activities and their role as producers,users and sellers of knowledge seem to require a better understanding of how they are organised in the territory.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

79

Levels of operation

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

80

Urban structures in the age of hyperconnectivity The sophistication, expansion and generalization of technical networks in the last decades are crucial elements for the appearance of new urban structures and new societal practices.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

81

Liverpool street station, London

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

82

USEFUL LINKS United Nations Human Settlements Programme

www.unhabitat.org/ Learn more about the United Nations' efforts to improve living conditions—both urban and rural—for the world's people.

World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2001 Revision, Data Tables and Highlights www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2001/wup2001dh.pdf Read the UN's most recent report on the history and future of urbanisation worldwide. If you live in a very large metropolitan area, you may find projections for its future population—through 2015—in table A.12.

Prague Institute for Global Urban Development www.pragueinstitute.org/

This non-profit organization works to improve urban environments around the world.

The Urban Institute www.urban.org

The Urban Institute's wide-ranging experts—including economists, policy analysts, population specialists, and urban planners— examine urban conditions around the globe and advise policy makers on ways to improve quality of life in cities.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

83

General references on urbanisation today Caldeira, Teresa P. R., 2000, City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in S達o Paulo. University of California Press.

Evans, Peter, ed. 2002. Livable Cities? Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability. University of California Press.

Hall, Peter, and Ulrich Pfeiffer, 2000. Urban Future 21: A Global Agenda for Twenty-First Century Cities. E and FN Spon.

Hardroy, Jorge E., Diana Mitlin, and David Satterthwaite, 2001.

Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World. Earthscan Publications.

United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) 2001. Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements 2001. Earthscan Publications.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

84

references on globalisation and cities AMEN, M. M., ARCHER, K. & BOSMAN, M. M. 2006. Relocating global cities: from the center to the margins, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.

BECK, U. 2000. What is Globalization?, Cambridge, Polity Press.

BIG PICTURE CONSULTING 2004. Small World Consulting, Philadelphia, USA. http://www.bigpicturesmallworld.com/Global%20Inc%202/pgs/ fndts/fdi.html/ GMT 28 October 2004.

DEÁK, C. 2001. Sao Paulo City Profile. In: CARMONA, M. & BURGESS, R. (eds.) Strategic Planning & Urban Projects: Responses to globalisation from 15 cities Delft: DUP. FRIEDMAN, J. 2005. Globalization and the emerging culture of planning. Progress in Planning, 64, 183-234.

GABEL, M. & BRUNER, H. 2003. Global Inc.: An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation, New York, The New Press.

MARCUSE, P. & VAN KEMPEN, R. 2000. Globalizing Cities: a New Spatial Order?, Oxford, Blackwell.

MCCANN, E. J. 2004. Urban Political Economy Beyond the 'Global City'. Urban Studies, 41, 2315-2333.

PAIN, K. 2010. Spatial Transformations of Cities: Global City-Region? Mega-City Region? [Online]. Loughborough: GaWC. Available: http:// www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb353.html [Accessed 29 March 2011].

ROCCO, R. 2008. An Urban Geography of Globalisation: New Urban Structures in the Age of Hyper-connectivity, Delft, IFoU. SASSEN, S. 2002. Locating Cities on Global Circuits. Environment & Urbanization, 14, 13-30.

SCHIFFER, S. T. R. Year. São Paulo: the challenge of Globalisation in an exclusionary urban structure., 1997 Stanford. UNU/IAS. SEGBERS, K. 2007. Global Politics and the Making of Global City Regions. In: SEGBERS, K. (ed.) The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Baltimore: JHU Press.

SOKOL, M., VAN EGERAAT, C. & WILLIAMS, B. 2008. Revisiting the 'informational city': Space of flows, polycentricity and the geography of knowledge-intensive business services in the emerging global city-region of Dublin. Regional Studies, 42, 1133-1146.

TAYLOR, P. J. 2004. World City Network: a Global Urban Analysis, London, Routledge.

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

85

Thanks for listening Any questions?

r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl Roberto Rocco Chair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism Delft University of Technology TU Delft April 2011

Wednesday, 27April, 2011

86