Presentation driverless vehicles Klementschitz

13 September 2019, Oostburg, the Netherlands

Driverless shuttles and mobility in rural areas Roman Klementschitz Institute for Transport Studies University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna- Austria

13 September 2019

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Questions with regard to automated vehicles Aspects on the transport system on macro level

- Influence on mobility behavior - Influence on spatial developments (urban vs rural area) - Influence on energy consumption - Improving capacity of transport network - Ethical and security issues

- How to evaluate costs/benefits?

- Current regulatory frameworks (support vs restrictions)

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Questions with regard to automated vehicles Aspects on the transport system on micro level - Influence on transport infrastructure design e.g. separation versus shared space, traffic calming measures - Changes of capacity of transport infrastructure - Traffic safety effects

- Interaction with road users and passengers

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Questions with regard to automated vehicles Technological aspects

- Sensors - Software algorithms, how the vehicle should behave - Connectivity (vehicles, road, beacons, localization G5) - Communication with humans (users, non-users) - Road infrastructure

- Digital maps

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Market share of level 4 and 5 vehicles

Source: Litman T. (2018) Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions, implications for transport planning, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Canada

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Driverless shuttles and mobility in rural areas Pros and Cons - Inclusive mobility e.g. physically impaired, blind people, children -> driving licence required?

-> affordability?

- Traffic safety increasing -> capacity and speed decreasing, if no vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to infrastructure communication - New types of mobility services -> Free Floating Car Sharing in rural areas -> demand responsible transport 7/24 hours service

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Driverless shuttles and mobility in rural areas Pros and Cons - Efficiency increases (emissions decrease) Eco-Driving, harmonisation of vehicle speed, less incidents - Increasing attractivity of individual motorised modes -> commuters utilise travel time(?), no time for searching for vacant parking spaces, parking spaces can be separated from destinations

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Urban and rural transport - Framework Urban

Rural

- High density of demand

- Low density of demand

- High share of public transport - Good public transport supply - Big potential of bundling trip makers (in terms of routes and times) - Capacity problems of infrastructure 13 September 2019

- Low share of public transport - Weak public transport supply - Low potential of bundling trip makers (in terms of routes and times) - No capacity problems of infrastructure 8

Urban and rural transport – automated vehicles Urban

Rural

- Easier to justify investments in infrastructure upgrading for automated vehicles (signage, road markings, traffic lights)

- Less complex situations in the traffic

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- Less conflicts between vehicles - Lower level of road infrastructure, but single lane roads

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Experiences in Austria - All operations with shuttles classified as pilot tests - On public roads there is always an operator on board

- Speed limit 20km/h - Standardised procedure for permission for pilot testing - Two bigger research projects with automated shuttles cofinanced by the ministry of transport: - Digibus Austria (Demonstration sites in Salzburg and Lower Austria) - auto.Bus – Seestadt (Demonstration site in Vienna) - One project financed by Interreg Europe: Smart Urban Region Austria Alps Adriatic (SURAAA) Demonstration site in Carinthia 13 September 2019

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Experiences in Austria

Vienna

13 September 2019

Koppl (Salzburg)

https://www.suraaa.at

Pรถrtschach (Carinthia)

Wiener Neustadt

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Expectations as defined by the Austrian Ministry of Transport -70 to -95% accidents -50% mobilty costs

-60% parking space

IMPACTS

+20% fuel efficiency

of Automatisation 100% accessability waiting time 0%

and Digitalisation

+500 % capacity

-20% pt costs

-70% congestion

Source: Austrian Ministry of Transport (2016) Action plan of automated driving (based on ERTRAC Roadmap, World Economic Forum, OECD ITF), own illustration 13 September 2019

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Goals of the research project Digibus Austria starting in May 2018 - Testing technical framework conditions (built environment and infrastructure, connectivity and vehicle communication) - Development of evaluation methods of traffic safety and suitability for using public roads

- Human factors - Interaction with passengers as well as other road users - Embedding the system in new mobility services - Identification of technical, organizational, legal, social and economical framework conditions

https://www.digibus.at/ 13 September 2019

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Project shared Autonomy Shared Mobility Car renting Car sharing with defined car sharing stations Free floating car sharing Taxi

p2p car sharing

Shared Automated Mobility

SharingType

Car Sharing or car rental with automated vehicles Car Sharing or Taxi without driver with automated vehicles

Diachronical usage of vehicles

SupplyType

B2C

Private taxi (e. g. Uber)

p2p car sharing with automated vehicles

C2C

Shared cab

Automated shared cab

B2C

Ride splitting (e. g. UberPool)

Ride splitting with automated vehicles (owner of car is no passenger)

Ride sharing

Ride sharing with automated vehicles (owner of car is passenger)

Demand responsive transport

Demand responsive transport with automated vehicles

Conventional public transport

Conventional public transport with automated vehicles

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Synchronical usage of vehicles

C2C

Public2 Consumer

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Project shared Autonomy National research project Shared Autonomy - Interviews with existing initiatives + shared vehicles (non automated) are often blocked the full day as parked + some demand responsive transport initiatives do not find (voluntary) drivers or operators - assistance for clients would be missing e.g. boarding, alighting - social cohesion of community, the social effect of local initiatives

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Project shared Autonomy National research project Shared Autonomy - How many vehicles are needed simultaneously in a compact small town?

(Free Floating Car Sharing/Ride sharing) * no changes in mobility demand of car users * private motorised car, all internal trips * trips with no passengers between the clients considered 11%

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Project shared Autonomy National research project Shared Autonomy

- Potential of trip sharing considering max. deviation and time shift of trip in a rural area

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Project shared Autonomy National research project Shared Autonomy

- Potential of trip sharing considering max. deviation and time shift of trips in a rural area Share of cars needed (in

Accepted max.

Accepted max. time loss

waiting time

because of detours

5 min

5 min

18%

10 min

10 min

12%

20 min

20 min

9%

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comparison of the todays car fleet

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Lessons learned from the projects - Still a long way to go for a technological robust automated vehicle, e.g. * bad weather conditions (heavy rain, snowfall)

* interaction between humans and machines

- Self organising of passengers without driver/operator, e.g. * in emergency cases * overloading

- 100% perfection maybe will never be reached or with walking speed only -> accepted risk 13 September 2019

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Further challenges - Acceptance of technology (users, general public)

- Ethical issues (calculated/accepted risk? Algorithms in extreme scenarios?)

- Hacking of vehicles, terroristic attacks, kidnapping etc.

- Complexity of traffic flow (mixed traffic) - Legal framework: vehicle design, traffic regulations, liability, licence to use, empty vehicles, traffic bans, etc.

- Less parking lots but more boarding/alighting areas to be defined

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Anyway, remember August 1888 ….

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13 September 2019, Oostburg, the Netherlands

Driverless shuttles and mobility in rural areas Roman Klementschitz Institute for Transport Studies University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna- Austria

13 September 2019

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