The Imperial Edict Of Emperor Yong Zheng

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℉遮﹣芸︿.違窪譁

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篁臨盡鯽孳

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THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENC ITSRELEVANCETO

MULTICULTURALEDUCATION

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THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENG I（Empe『o『γongZheng）thinkaIItheTh『ee Teachings(Confucianism/BuddhismandTaoism)

havethecapacitγtoheIppeopIebeenIightenedin ChinabecauseaIITh『eeTeachingsde『ivef『omthe sameo『iginalsou『ce.Thei『teachings『unpa『aIIeIto eachothe『／thustheγdonotcont『adicteachothe『.

ItisonIγwhenpeop∣edonothavetho『ough unde『standingthatthei『mindsbecomeunclea『and theγhavediffe『encesofopinion.TheTaoiststhink Taoismisbette『andBuddhismisIessesteemed.

TheBuddhistssaγTaoismisnotasg『eatasBud﹣ dhism.TheConfuciansexcIudethembothand

cIaimtheγa『enotco『『ect‧EachofthemhasonIγ seI卜inte『estinmindThustheγcont『adictand competewitheachothe『／eachaimingtodominate ove『theothe『two.ButtheγonIγfindthemselvesin atightcontest· l

Th『oughp『actisingthediscou『seoftheTh『ee Teachings／Icometo『eaIizetheγa『eequaIIγgood／ eventhoughonthesu『facetheγappea「tobedi卜 ↑e『ent／thenatu『eofthei『p『incipIesisthesame.

TheγalIhavethesamepu『poseinmindteaching andencou『agingpeopIetobegood.TheBuddha》s teachingsofthe℉iveP『ecepts／andthe!TenVi『﹣ tuousConducts/IeadpeopIetogoodness.The Confucianteachingsofthe℉iveMo「alConducts andOneHund『edWaγs〃aIsoinduce／giveincen﹣ tive／andpe『suadepeopIetobegood.Isthe『eanγ sac『edteachingthatdoesnotIeadpeopIetodothe same?

Empe『o『liu-SongWendioncemadeacom﹣ menttohispe『sonaIstaffmembe『ShangZhihHe thattheSixBooksofChineseCIassicsa『etoedu﹣

catethemasspopulation.Howeve「’ifonehopesto eIevateone／sspi『itua∣『eaIm／onemustusethe Buddhistsc『iptu『esastheguide.lfalImγpeople Il

canadhe『etotheteachingsofCon↑ucianismand Buddhismandbecomehonest﹜down﹣to-ea『th／and good-natu『ed／thecount『γwiIIbeatpeaceandl wiIIhavenothingmo『etowo『『γabout.

ShangZhihHe『epliedthatiftenpeopIeina viIlageofonehund『edfamiIiesabidebγthe「ive P『ecepts／wewi∣∣havetenpeopIewhoa『ef『iendIγ﹜ kind↙honest’cautious『and『espectfuI.Ina『egionof onethousandfamiIies『ifonehund『edpeopIeabide bγtheTenCoodConducts／wewiIIhaveone hund『edpeop∣eliveinha『monγ.I↑weappIγthis samep『incipIetothewhoIenationwhe『ewemaγ haveahund『edmiI∣ionofhouseho∣ds／wewiII havemiIIionsofvi『tuouspeopIeIivinginha『monγ.

Ifwecanp『actiseonegoodconduct／oneIesseviI wiIIbecommitted.OneIesseviIconductmeans

theeIiminationofonepunishment.Ifeach↑amiIγ 『educesthec『ime『atebγone／wecaneliminate thousandsandthousandsofpunishments.γes↙in﹣

deed『thecount『γwiIIthenbeinpeaceandγou『 •••

llI

HigI〕nes5cansitonγou『th『onewithoutanγwo『『γ.

ThisisalsothegoaIofBuddhism－toe「adIcate

g「eedandmise『Iinessandtoinducevi『tuesand kindnessInpeopIeIfwebeIieveinthewo「dsof Empe『o『〔iu﹣SongWendiandShangZhihHe﹜and a『eabIetop『actIsegoodconductacco『dingIγ『we cansetagoodexampIefo『othe『stofoIIowand teachandguidethepeopIeInestabIishinggood customs.ThustheγcanassisttheEmpe『o『ingove「ningthecountn／andinheIpingthepeopIe. lfwewanton∣γdefametheTh「eeTeachings andcompa『ethemtotheabsu『dandhe『etic teachingsofYangZiandMoZi/wehavem<sunde「5toodanda「ebeingunfai「totheTh『eeTeach﹣

ings.BefO『eIbecametheEmpe『o『﹜IpaidcIose attentiontoBuddhism『especiaIIγtheXingBud﹣ dhism妒ofwhichIhavegainedanin﹣depthunde『﹣ standingAfte『IbecametheEmpe『o『↙Ihavedevotedmucho↑mγtImetotheRoγaIImpe『ia∣Cou『T. lV

AIsoIdidnotwantpeop∣etothinkthatIwaspa『tiaI toBuddhism.Thusldidnotdiscussthiswithanγone.IwantedtowaituntiIthecount『γwasont『ack befo「eb『oachingtheissue.Iwantedtod『awattentiontothedoct『ineoftheTh『eeTeachingsthatitis w「ongtop『aiseoneselfands∣ande『othe『s.hlowI havebeenEmpe『o『fo『tenγea『s.Inmγspa『etime／ ∣wasabIetocompi∣eaIistofmγviewpointSand notethethoughtsoftheancientschoIa『sfO『those whoa『ecu『『entIγfoIIowingtheTh「eeTeachings.

I.TheancientpeoplesaidZhouCongand ConfuciususedtheSixBooksofChineseCIassicsto

educatethepeopIe.Thehea『To↑thepu『poseofthis educationwas∣oγa∣tγandfiIiaIpietγ.Thetopicsof thetwovoIumesbγlao-tzua『ethe／waγ∕andthe 〃vi「tues／.Thebasisoftheth『eedivisionsofthe

BuddhistCanonis∣oving-kindness.Thei『achieve﹣ mentsmaγbedif↑e『ent『thei『p『incipIesa『ethe same.AIIofthema『enobIeteachingsanddeseⅣe tobeadmi「ed.

V

2.TheγaIsosaidthatConfucianismhadestab﹣ IisheditseIfasthe「ightteaching.Taoismhades﹣ tabIisheditselfasthemostesteemed.Buddhism

hadestabIisheditse∣fastheg『eatest.Howeve「／the

messageofaI∣th「eeistop『ese『veIivesandabstain f『omIdIIing.Theγwo『kf「omthesamep『incipIeof Ioving-kindness.TheγaIIadvocatet『eatingothe『s asonewouIdt「eatoneseIf.Again似theγaIladvocate impa『tiaIitγ.TheγaIIwantpeopIetostopbeing angn／／toeIiminateimp『ope『desi『es﹜to『est『ict themselvesf「omdoingw『ongthingsandimp『ope『 behaviou『s.TheγaIIp『omotethecuItivationof vi『tuouscondud‧

3.TheγaIsosaidthattheteachingsofBud﹣

dhismcancu「eou『minds／theteachingsofTaoism cancu『eou『bodies／andtheteachingsofConfu﹣ cianismcancu『ethewo『Id.

4.TheγaIsosaidthatthete『mjnatu「e〃usedbγ •

VI

Buddhahasthesamemeaningaswhende｛inedbγ alItheothe『booksandaIIthe『eco『dedteachingsof

thesaintsandsages.B『oadIγspeaking／Bud﹣ dha﹣natu『eencompassesaIIthevi『tues.lfpeopIe↙s hea『tsa『esince『e／iftheγaIIIivepu『eanddiscipIinedlives／iftheγaIIgivep『ecedencetocou『tesγ toothe『peop∣e／noton∣γtheγbutthei『『eIatives wi∣Ibebenefited.TheγcanheIptheempe『o『stabi﹣ Iisethecountn/.

5.TheγaIsosaidthattheBuddhaWaγandthe Sove『eignWaγa『eoneandthesame.TheSove『﹣ eignWaγisext『emeIγb『oadItisthesameasthe MiddIeWaγ.TheBuddhaWaγisaIsotheMiddIe Waγwhichisunbiasedandvi『tuous.Thei『pu『﹣ posesa『eidenticaI. 6.TheγalsosaidthatBuddhismwasestab﹣ IishedtoheIppeop∣estopf『ombeingsupe『ficiaI andbep『acticaI.ItaIsoheIpspeopIeto『ef『ainf『om aIIthei『deviantwaγsandbegood.PeopIemaγ ••

VlI

havetotn／veⅣha『datthebeginningbut／once theγaccustomthemseIvestovi「tuousconduct／theγ wiIIactacco『ding∣γ.lftheγsop『adIse『theγwilI fi「stbebene「itedTI﹞entheγwiIIbeabIetoheIp othe『stodothesameThuspeopIeneed『eIγon nothingmo『ethanIustBuddhism.

7.TheγaIso5aidthat8uddhismisnotofthis wo『IdbecauseIt5teachingsdonotappIγtopeopIe IivinginthesecuIa『wo『Id‧Thatcommentwas madewithout『efe『encetoBuddha『sSixPa『amItaS‧

「o「exampIe叭f『omtI1estageofmaste『Ingdeep concent『ationto「eachtheothe『sho『e（attaining

wisdom）／isthIsnottheIeamingofthiswo『Idbe﹣ fo「emovingontothenext?

8.TheγaIsosaidthatthe『ea『enotwowaγs andthesaintsdonothavetwominds.The〃Waγ》 （cou『seofnatu『e）hasbeeninexIstencebefo『ethe wo『Idisfo『med‧『he5aInts↑i「stcu『ethemseIves

withthet『utI】theγhavegainedf『omp『actisingthe Viii

』Waγ／‧Thentheγcanapp∣γthesamet『uthtoheIp gove『nthecount『γandb『ingpeacetothenation.∣s thisnotag『eatdeed!

Thusthosesaintsmaγbebo『ninChina!inthe West／o『eIsewhe『e.Eventhoughtheγa『ebo『nin di什e『entpIaces’iftheγhavet『uIγattainedthe

﹜Waγ』／thei「mindsshouIdbethesame.Sincethe eightitems∣istedabovea『ebasedontheteachings ofthesaints』the『eshouIdbenodi什e『enceof oplnIon.

EventhougheachoftheTh『eeTeachingsspe﹣ ciaIisesinitsown『espectivea『eaofcu『ingthe mind’thebodγo『thewo『Id!appa『entIγtheγaIso havethei「sho『tcomings.ThustheγcompIement eachothe「andbecomeequalIγimpo「tant.We cannotdowithoutanγoneofthem.

EventhosewhoclaimtobestudγingBud﹣ dhismandTaoisma『esometimesbiasedandnot lX

exadIγco『『ed》andnoteve『γoneofthosewho studγConfucianismisat「uep『actitione『.「o『in﹣ stance』someBuddhistp『actitione「sdeceivethe publicbγthei『eccent『icinte『p『etationsofthewo『d jemptiness／.SomeTaoistp『aditione『sfooIpeopIe withthei『he『eticski∣∣s.Theγa『eaIIguiItγofviolatingthei『『espectiveteachings.Manγwhohave 「eadextensiveIγoftheBooko／Poet「yta∣kabout Ioving﹣kindnessandpe「sonaIIoγaItγandγetbe﹣ haveothe『wise.Theγa『eiustasguiItγofcheating thepubIic. Ifweigno『eothe『peopIe／sst『ongpointsbut denouncethei『sho『tcomings∕ifwepu『poseIγdis﹣ guiseou『sho『tcomings﹟insteadove『﹣exagge『ating

ou「goodpoints『andifwewiIfuIIγt『γtobIacken othe『peopIe／sgoodnames／thesea『esignso↑ou『 beingseIfishandt『eache『ous.Thisisnotwhata pe『sonofnobIecha『ade『andinteg「itγoughttodo.

ThesepeopIehaveove『﹂estimatedthei『st「ength andabilities.

X

Du『ingthepast佗wγea『s﹟lwasaskedtoban peopIef『omo『dainingthemseIves『andtotu『n BuddhistandTaoisttempIesintoacademiesof cIassicaIIea『ningsotheγwouldthenbeIongtothe Confucians.The『ewe『ecountγmagist『ateswho th『ewthemonksandnunsoutofthei『tempIesfO『 no『eason.The『ewe「eevenpeopIewhoaskedme tomatchthemonksandnunsintocoupIesfo『the pu『poseofp『opagationsopopuIationcouIdbe inc『eased.Thosekindsofp『opositionsa『eabsu『d andcauseun『esttothecount『γ.Thei『p『oponents havenotgivenathoughttothe｛actthatitisthei『 count『γ’s『esponsibiIitγtoheIpthosewhoa『e widowedandthosewhoa『ealone.Sinceitisthei「

choicetobemonksandnuns『itisthei『intentto

cuItivatethemseIvesandtoaccumuIategood↑O『﹣ tune↑O『thecount『γanditspeopIe.AnobIeempe『o『o『『uIe『wouIdnotaskthemto『esumea

secuIa『lifeandtogetma『『iedfO『suchat『iviaI 『eason.SincepeopIewhomakethosep『opositions Xl

a「eext『eme∣γigno『antandstiIIve『γγoung／Iam notgoingtopunishthemfO『thei「absu『dities.

AsfO『thoseIeft﹣homepe『sons（Buddhist monks似nuns／andTaoistp『iests）whohavevioIated thelaw『theγwiIIbepunishedacco「dingIγ.Butto thoseasceticswhohaveadhe『edst「ictIγtothe

teachingswemustgiveou「fuIIp『otectionand suppo「t.Thosewhop「eachhe「eticaIteachings mustbeseve『eIγpunished.「o『exampIe／the『e﹣ co『dedw「itingsofDao八／linandXing「enga「e p「eposte「ous.Theteachingsof「aCangandHong Rena「ethesavageteachingsofthedeviI.IwiII havethempunished.WemustnotIetthei『theo『ies bIendwithandta『nishthe『ightteachings.0the「﹣ wiseitwiIIbecomeimpossibIefO『thepeopIetoteII thediffe『ence.

Ihavetho『oughIγexp∣o『edtheo『iginaIsou『ce oftheTh「eeTeachingsandIknowtheγneedtobe

t「eatedfai『Iγ.lwantthosepeopIe╴Buddhistsand X>l

Taoistswhohaveon∣γthei『pe『sonaIinte『estsin mind／thosewhoa『eopinionatedandpa『TiaIto thei「ownbeIiefs／thusIosingthei『senseoffair ness╴towakeupandbeawa『eofthesesobe『ing •acts.IammakingthisannouncementtoenIighten thosewhoa『eigno『ant.

Thisistheimpe『iaIedidtoaIItheciviI叭miIi﹣ ta『γ／andcou『tofficialstogivespeciaIattentionto thep『otedionandsuppo『toftheleft﹣homepe『sons.

Thisistobegove『nedbγseIfIessactionsandgood intentions.

•••

Xlll

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENG ITSRELEVANCETOMULTICUIURALEDUCATION

Thecontentofthisa『ticIeisanab「idgedve『﹣

siono↑ase『iesofeightIectu『esgivenbγVene「abIe Maste『ChinKunginToowoomba》Aust『aIiain 2004.TheIectu『eswe『ebasedonanimpe『iaIedid

w『ittenbγEmpe『o『γongZhengdu『inghis『eign （l723-I735）inthe○ingDγnastγ.Thisedict〃which iscontainedintheCoIlectiono仃aoistSc『iptu『es／is usedin『efe『encetothemode『n﹣daγmuIticuItu『a∣ education.

Thefi『stpa『ag『aphoftheedictisasfoIIows:〃I

（Empe『o『YongZheng）ⅢnkaIItheTh『eeTeach﹣ ings(Confucianism’BuddhismandTaoism)have 【hecapacitγtoheIppeop∣ebeenIightenedin ChinabecauseaⅡTh『eeTeachingsde『ivef『omthe

sameo『igiha∣sou『ce‧Thei『teachings『unpa『aⅡe∣ 1

ChinI(ung

toeachothe『／thustheγdonotcont『adicteach othe『‧ItisonIγwhenpeopIedonothavetho『ough unde『standingthatthei『mindsbecomeuhcIea『 andtheγhavediffe『encesofopinioh。TheTaoists thinkTaoismisbette『andBuddhismisIesses.

teemed。TheBuddhist5saγTaoismisnotasg『eat asBuddhism·TheConfuciansexc|udethemboth

andcIaimtheγa『enotco『『ect‧Eachofthemhas onlγseIf﹣inte『estinmihd‧Thustheγcont『adict andcompetewi【heachothe『／eachaimingto dominateove『↑heothe『two‧Buttheγon∣γfind themseIvesinatigMcontest‧〃

Inthispa『ag『aph似Empe『o『γongZheng pointedouthowtheTh『eeTeachingsinChina cont「adicteachothe『↙onIγtofindthemseIves mo『e﹣orIessequaIinst『ength‧Inthetimesincethe edidwasissued／thesituationhasnotimp『ovedbut haswo「sened.ltisnoIonge『｝usttheTh「eeTeach﹣ ingsdisag『eeingamongthemseIves.Thedif↑e『ent denominationswithineachoftheTh『eeTeachings 2

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

nowa|sofindthemse|vesinoppositiontoeach

othe『「o『examp∣e∕whenBuddhismfi『stcameto ChinaintheSuiandTangDγnastiesaboutI500

γea『sago／tenschooIsofBuddhismwe『efounded basedontheva『iousteachingso↑Shakγamuni

Buddha.ThefoIIowe『so↑aIItenwe『eaIIstudents

ofShakγamuniBuddha.Itissimila『toamode『n unive『sitγthathastenschooIs.WithineachschooI the『ea『eva『iousdepa『tments.Eachdepa『tmentis thendividedintomanγmaio『a『easofstudγ‧ ThefadthatBuddhismhastenschooIsdoes

notaIte「the↑actthattheteachingsofeachofthe schoo∣s／thoughdi什e『ent『a『esti∣Itheteachingsof ShakγamuniBuddha‧AIIthei『studentsa『estudents oftheBuddha.Amonga∣Ithediffe『entp『actising methodstaughtbγShakγamuniBuddha』thestudentsmaγchooseonIγonemethodtop『actise‧ Sincewehavethesameteache『↙howcanwe

notkeepanopendiaIoguewithaIItheothe『de3

ChinKung

pa『tmentsandschooIs?Itislikegivingbi『thtoten chiId『en.∣faI∣tenchiId『enopposeoneanothe『／ onIγp「aisethemse∣vesandslande『theothe『s’how te「『iblγhu『tthepa『entsmustfeeI.lfwedonot『e﹣ mainincontactwitheachothe『’ifweonIγp『aise ou「se∣vesandsIande『theothe『s／wea『enotbeing

fiIiaIchiId『entoou『pa『ents／no『a『ewebeing『e﹣ spectfuItoou『teache『s.Thisdeficiencγdesen／es ou「cIoseattention‧

BuddhaShakγamunitaughtusthatnomatte『 whichschoo∣o『denominationwebeIongto／aII Buddhistteachingsa『ebasedonthep『incipIeof

beingfi∣iaItoou『pa『ents／andbeingofseⅣiceto

ou『teache『sande∣de『s.Thisisthef0undationof

Buddha／steachings.Ontheothe『hand／theConfu﹣ ciansputemphasisonmo『aIconduct／p「ima『iIγthe

fivemo『aIcondudscaIled〃WuChang〃:

kind-hea『↑edness’『esponsibi∣itiesandduties／

p『ope『etiquette’wisdom／andt「ustwo『thiness.The Buddhistsabidebγthe「iveP『ecepts:tonotIdII／ 4

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

steaI／engageinsexuaImisconduct／Iieo『takein﹣ toxicants.Thep『eceptofnokiIIingcanbeequated tokind﹣hea『tedness／whichmeansonemustnot

ha『manγIivingbeing.IfwecauseconfIictsamong othe『swea『ew『ong.Wehavew『ongedtheseIiv﹣ ingbeings‧Wehavefa∣Iensho『tofou『teache『s／as weI∣asou『pa『ents〃expectations.

ReIigiousteachingsa『etheteachingsofsaints andsages.Empe『o『γongZhengsaiditweI∣.He saidthepu『poseo↑aIItheTh『eeTeachingsinChina wastohe∣ppeopIeb『eakth『oughthei『deIusions andbeenIightened／toheIpthemIeavethei『mis﹣ e『iesandto『eachfo『happiness.ThusthegoaIof theteachingsisexactIγthesame‧ltisaIsothegoaI ofeducationinChina.TheTh『eeTeachingsmaγbe deepinthei『meaningsbuttheγa『enotinconfIid witheachothe『.ThefactisthatnotonIγtheTh『ee Teachingsthathavethei『goaIssetonheIpingpeo﹣ pIetob『ea∣（th『oughde∣usionsandbeenIightened／ toleavethei『mise『iesandto『eachfO『happiness╴ 5

ChinKung

a∣Ithe「eIigiousfounde『sandIeade『sinthewo「Id〃 figu『esIikelesusCh『istandMosesintheCh『istian faithandMuhammedintheIslamicfaith!havethis

samegoaIinmind.TheγaIIwantthei『↑OIlowe『sto beenIightenedandtoIeadhappγandfuIfiIIed Iives·

IfEmpe『o『γongZhengwe『enotanenIightenedpe『son／hewouIdnotbeabIetomakethese statements.ThusbeingenIightened﹜Empe『o『Yong Zhengwasab∣etopaγequaI『espedtoaIITh『ee Teachings﹜toIea『nf「omandbenefitf「omthem.

Howeve『／mostpeop∣etodaγdonothaveenough unde『standingoftheTh『eeTeachings叭whethe「 Taoism／Confucianismo「Buddhism.∣fwetakea t「eeasanexampIe／itisIikeat『eewithdif﹛e「ent b『anches.B『anchesmaγbedi什e『entbuttheγa『eaII g「ownf「omthesamet『ee.Thusthe「eshou∣dbeno

confIidandcont『adidionsamong『eligions.Ifwe a『einconfIict／itisbecausewehavenotdelved

deepIγenoughintoou『studies.

6

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「YongZheng

OncewehavedeIveddeepIγenoughintoou「 studies↙wewiIIcometo『eaIizethattheγa『ethe same.Thei『t『uthsde『ivef『omthesameo『iginaI sou『ce.Thiso『iginaIsou『ceisthet『uth.The『eis onIγonet『uth.Sometimeswe『efe『tothist『uthas Cod.The『eisonIγoneCodinthisunive『se.ln Buddhismwe『efe「toDha『mahIatu『e.Thesou『ce／

theo「igin／theDha『maNatu『e╴theγmeanthe same.AI∣conf∣ictsandmisunde『standingsa「e causedbγnothavingde∣veddeepIγenoughinto theteachings‧ThatiswhγEmpe『o『γongZheng saidtheTh『eeTeachings『unpa『aIIeItoeach othe「╴becausetheγa『eve『γsimiIa『.

ItisindeedunfO『tunatethatduetotheIacko↑

tho『oughunde『standingoftheTh『eeTeachings／ peopIecannotbeenIightenedTheγcannotcom﹣ p『ehendthet『uthofthei『o『igin.∣nBuddhismwe 『efe『toitasthestateofbeingfuIIγenIightenedThe ConfucianteachingssaγthatpeopIe妒so『igina∣ 7

ChinI(ung

seI卜natu『ewaspu『egoodness.Thetwoconcepts meanthesame.ThenwhγdoweneedTh『ee TeachingsZWhγdowehavesomanγ『eIigionsin thiSwo「Id?ltisbecausepeopIea『edif﹛e「ent似thus theγmustbetaughtacco『dingIγ.SomepeopIe choosetoadoptTaoism·SomepeopIefoIIow Buddha.SomefoIIow】esusCh『ist.AIIgoodteache「s〃whethe『intheEasto「West／knowthateach studentisdiffe『entandunique.「o『thestudentsto bebenefited’theγmustbetaughtbγmethodsthat a『emostsuitabIefo『them.

Eventhoughthemethodofteachingandthe cou「sestudγmaγdiffe『／alIthesac『edteachings shouIdIeadustothesamet『uth.InBuddhismwe

wiII『eachenIightenment.Confucianismhelpsusto achievepu『egoodnessofconduct.Thispu『e goodnessisnotthesamegoodnessastheone ↑Oundinthebina『γ『eIationshipofgoodandeviI; 『athe『’itistheo『iginaIgoodnessofone↙s seI卜natu『e.The『efo『e／thestateofpu『egoodnessis 8

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

theenIightenedseI卜natu『e.SincethegoaIofallthe teachingsofthesaintsandsagesisto「eachthat o『iginaIpu『egoodness『itisve『γimpo『tantthatwe havetho「oughunde『standingofaIIthesac『ed teachingso『wewiIIfindou『seIvesinconfIidwith othe『s.ThisappIiestoaIIwo『IdIγconceptsasweII. ltison∣γwhenou『mindsa『edeIudedthatwesta『t todiffe『entiate〃attachtoou『ownbeIiefs／andthus c『eateou『ownconfIicts‧

SinceaIIpeopIehaveamindofthei『own／ thei「mindswande『／diffe『entiateandattachtodi卜 fe『entthings.ThustheγwiIIhavediffe「encesof opinion.Asa『esuIMheTaoistSsaγthatTaoismis numbe『one.Theothe「twoteachingsa『enotas esteemed.TheBuddhistp「actitione『sdecIa「ethat Buddhaistheg『eatestbecausehismindencom﹣ passesthewho∣eunive『se》the『e↑O『e∕Buddhismis g「eate「thantheothe『two.TheConfuciansexcIude bothBuddhismandTaoismasnotbeingaccu『ate.

AIITh『eeTeachingsst『ivefO『thei『fame〃popuIa『itγ g

ChinKung

and↑O「sel卜gain.ConsequentIγtheγfindthem﹣ seIvesinatightcontestwitheachothe『.

The『efO「e／wemusttho「oughIγunde『standthe teachingsbe｛O「etheγcanheIpus『esoIveou『 p「ob∣ems.OnIγth「oughunde『standingwillwefind theo「iginofalIknowIedge.The『ewewilInotfind oppositiono「conf∣id.Theunive『seisinha「monγ.

InBuddhismwespeakofwhen〃suddenIγwesee ou『sel卜natu『einacIea『Iight〃.Sohowtho『oughIγ doweneedtounde『standtheteachingsbe↑O「ewe can〃suddenIγseeou『se∣卜natu『einaclea「Iight〃ZIt iswhenwenoIonge「diffe『entiatebetweeno「at﹣ tachtothings-whenweseeaIIthingsbeingequaI. WenoIonge「havedif『e『encesofopiniono『see thingSdiffe『entIγ.

BefO「ewe『eachthisstageoftho「oughunde「﹂

standing／ou『mindswo『kdiffe「entIγ’wethinkdi卜 ｛e『entlγ／andweactdiffe「entIγ.Thisishowou『 I（a「masa『ec『eated.Thisp『ocesscausesou『t『anS﹣ 10

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γongZheng

mig『ationinthesix『ea∣ms.ThenitbecomesobvioushowtheTh『eeTeachingsa『einconfIictwith eachothe『.Thisiswhathasbeenhappeningsince ancienttimes.

WhenEmpe『o『YongZhengspokeabouthow he〃suddenIγseeshisseI卜natu「einaclea『Iight〃’ hewasnot】ust『efe『『ingtothetho『oughunde『standingofou『ownseIededteachings／buttothe tho「oughunde『standingofa∣Ithewo『Id》s『e∣igions andteachings.Itiswithsince『itγand『eve『encethat weIea『nf『omaIIthesac『edteachings.Even∕one canbeou「teache『.WeshouIdemulatethegood﹣ nessinothe『sand『efIectou『seIvesonthei「eviIs.

ThusaIIpeopIe／nomatte『iftheγa『egoodo「evi∣’ a「eou『teache『s.Itisnotimpo『tantwhethe『ou『 ci『cumstancesa『efavou『abIeo「adve『se／theγa『e thechancesgiventoustosha『penou『Iea「ningand p『actisingskiIIs.ThisishowpeopIeshouldIea「n andp「adisesoeventuaIIγtheγwiIIa∣sobeabIeto 〃suddenIγseethei「seI卜natu『einacIea「Iight〃.

11

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Thi5IsthevaIueoftho「oughIγunde『standing aIItheteachings.SeIfishmotivesa「eaIwaγstaboo toou『Iea『ningp『ocess‧AIIevi∣sandoppositions comef『omhea「tsthatha『bou『onIγseI卜inte「ests.∣f thisisthestanda『duponwhichpeop∣eba5ethei『 action5》theγwi∣Ia∣waγ5disputethosewhostandin thei『waγ.Whata『epeopIe／sseIfinte『ests!Theγa『e

nothingmo『ethanfame／popuIa『itγ『andpe『ceived benefitssuchassatisfγingthe「ivedesi『es（weaIth〃 sex》fame’food∕d「ink〃andsIeep）andthesixgunas o『dusts（sensuaIquaIitiesi‧e‧sight／sound〃sme∣I／ taste／touch〃andidea）‧

Not『eaIizingthatfame／popuIa『itγandweaIth a『eInconstant／peopIedonotadhe『etomo「aI p『incipIes‧lfwedonotunde『standthe【awof CauseandE什ect（whatgoesa『oundcomesa『ound）／ outofou『igno『ancewewiIIc『eatemanγevils‧ Empe『o『γongZheng『ecognizedt∣）atthi5was happenIngandfeIt『eg『etfuI.Afte「we『eadhisedict↙ 12

TheEdic【o↑Empe「0『γongZheng

wefeeIthesamewaγ.Weneedtoco『『ectou『waγ5

o「thinking.Thepu『poseofou『existenceITe『ein thiswo『IdistoeIevateou『spi『Itua∣『eaIm.Inothe『 wo『ds’weshouIdb『eakth「oughou「deIusionsand beenIightened.OnIγthenwiIIwebeabIetoIeave ou『mise『γandtoattainhappiness.Itisanatu『aI p『ocess妒onewecanaIIattainintime.

〃Th『oughp『actisingthedi5cou『seofthe 『h『ee『ea﹝hing5／Icometo『ea∣izetheγa『e equa∣!γgood／eventhoughoⅢthesu『facetheγ appea『tobediffe『ent』the『ntu『eofthei『p『inci﹣ p∣esi5thesame‧rheγa∣Ihavethesamepu『poseiⅡ mind‧Theγa∣∣teachandencou『agepeopIetObe good.『heBuddIn似5teachiⅡgsofthe』『iveP『e cepts》andthe』『enVi『tuousCondu﹝tsⅢeadpeG p∣etogoodness。『heCo㎡ucianteachingsof﹛he 』『iveMo『aIConductsandOneHund『edWaVS尸

a∣soihduce／givein﹝e㎡ive’andpe『suadepeop∣e tobegood。Isthe『eahV5ac『edteachingthatdoe5 hotIeadpeopIetodothesame?〃 13

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He『eEmpe『o『YongZhengmadehisevaIua﹣ tionoftheTh『eeTeachings.HeconcIudedthatthe Th『eeTeachingsa『eaboutequa∣itγ.EquaIitγisthe JWaγ／／thep『incipIeofnatu『e.Natu『einmotionis unbiased.InBuddhism／αaIIthingsde『ivef「omthe mind〃.InMahaγanaBuddhism『Buddhacomes f『omthehea『To『themindthatisunbiased.Thus

thisunbiasedmindisthet『uemind﹜theBodhi Mind（theen∣ightenedmind）.Bodhisattvasa『ebom outofmindsofthesixpa『amitas（sixe∣ementsthat ca『「γonebeγondtheseaofmo『taIitγtonin∕ana╴ suchasbecha『itabIe／abidebγthep『ecepts／be toIe『ant／bediIigent／maste『deepconcent『ation／ andattainwisdom）。P「atγeka﹣buddhasa『ebo『n f『omthemindthathasattainedindividuaIenIight﹣ enment／incont『asttotheaIt『uismoftheBodhi﹣

sattvap『inciple‧Sound-hea『e『sandA『hatsa『ebo『n f『omthemindthathasattainedthe「ou『Noble

T『uths（thefundamentaIdod『inesofBuddhismthat

wiⅡIeadtotheendofone／st『ansmig『ationth『ough 14

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「YongZheng

the『ecognitionofone〃ssuffe『ing!itscause／its

endingandthe〃Waγ』）.TheIowe『six『eaImsincIudetheheaven『eaImofjTenVi『tuousConducts／!

thehuman『eaImofthe〃「iveP『ecepts﹩theanimaI

『eaImofigno『ance／thehung「γghost『ealmofg『eed／ andtheheIl『eaImofange『.Theka『mic『easonsthat causethesetenDha『maReaImsa『eve『γp『ofound.

Empe「o『γongZhengthencontinuedwithhow

heviewedthesediffe『enceswithanunbiasedmind／

〃eventhoughonthesu『facetheγ﹙theTh『ee Teachings）叩pea『tobediffe『ent似thenatu『eof thei『p『incipIesisthesame〃‧Whendiffe『ences seemtoexist／weshouIdt『γtofindthei『simiIa『ities.

WeshouIdfi『stenhanceandgIo『ifγthesesimila『i﹣ tiesandthenIeavethedi什e『encesintempo『aⅣ

suspension‧「o『thetimebeing／weneednoteven discussthem.Thisisthe「ightattitudeweusein studγingandcultivatingou『seIves‧The『easonwe seediffe『encesisp『obab∣γduetoou「Iackofun-

de『standing‧Afte『aII／thediffe『encesbetweenthe 15

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va「ious『eIigiousteachIngsa『eme『eIγinthei『fo「﹣ maIities》「uIesand『eguIations.Oncewehave in﹣depthunde「standingofthe5eteachings／wewiII nolonge『seecont「adictionso「conf∣ids‧Thep『in﹣ cipIebehindthistheo『γandp『acticeisindeedveⅣ p『ofound‧ WhenwetakeacIose「Iookatthewo『Id／s『e﹣

Iigions／weobse『vethatthei「histo「γ／cuItu『e’thei「 foIIowe『s〃IifestγIesandhabitsa『eaIIdiffe『ent.This g∣vesusmo『e「easonto「espectthedi什e『ences∣n othe「s.Wea『eaIIhuman.WeaIIhaveou『own

p「efe『ences.WeshouIdnotc「iticiseoneasbeing

in「e『io『totheothe『s.WeaIsoneedto「especteach othe『『shabits.ThisIshowweIivetogethe『inha「﹣

monγ‧Thusweneedto「espectou「di什e『entoute「 appea『ancesinfo『maIities’「uIesand『eguIations.

Wemusthelptop「ese『veaI∣theSediffe『enCesand wemustnotchangepeop∣e似swaγsofdoingthings.

Thisisthei『t『adition‧

16

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

ThuscuItu『eisdive『sified.lustIookatou『own

bodies－theγa『emuIticuItu『aIasweII.Theeγes cansee.Theea『scanhea『.Thefunctionoftheeγes

cannotbesubstitutedbγthatoftheea『so『theothe『 waγa『ound.Ou『pIanetEa『thneedsaI∣itsliving

beingsbeinghe『e.hloneshouIdbedest『oγed.The

diffe『entnationaIities／『e∣igions『andcuItu『esa『e

∣ikediffe『ento『gansofou『bodies.Theγa『eequaIIγ impo『tant.WeneedthemaII. SimiIa『Iγwith『ega『dtoheaIthconside「ations》 eachofou『o『gansisnumbe『one.Ou「eγesa『e numbe『one／asa「eou『ea『s!ou『nose／ou『tongue etc.Theγa『eaIInumbe『one.「o『thesame「eason／ aIIIivingbeingsonthispIaneta『enumbe『one.lf ou『pIanetsubsc『ibestohavingnumbe『two’th「ee etc’itwiIIbecomeiII.ThusaIIcount『ies／『ega「dIess ofbigo『small〃『icho『poo『／esteemedo『Iowlγ／a『e aIIequaI.AIInationaIities／『eIigions／andcuItu『es a『enumbe『one.The『easonthe『ea『esimiIa「ities

anddi什e『encesisthatpeopIea『estiIIindiffe『ent 17

Chin|(ung

phasesofdeveIopment.Onceweattainpe「↑ed unde『standin3the『eisnomo『esimiIa「iⅣo『di卜 fe「ence.Ou『mindsbecomeone╴pu『e’unbiased》 anden|ightened.

SimiIa『itiesanddiffe「encesa「ebina『γ.OnIγ whenou『mindshavenomo『econfIidsa「ewein

touchwithou「t「uese∣卜natu『e.Thenwebecome

fuIlγawakened.Ou「condudtu『nsintopu「e goodness.Thispointofviewisbasedonthep『incipIeofthei『teachings.NowIetustakeaIookat thei『p『adices.

Empe『o『γongZhengcontinued’叮heγa∣I havethesamepu『poseinmindJheγaⅢeachand encou『agepeop∣etobegood〃。「『omthe「eco『ded sc『iptu「esofva「ious『eIigions﹜wecant「acethe pointofo「iginofa∣Itheteachingsto〃Iove〃.In Buddhism/wespeakof|oving-kindness.loving-kindnessisthefoundationofBuddhism.The teachingmethodweusemaγdif↑e『dependingon 18

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「YongZheng

whatismostsuItabIe「o『thep『actitione『.InCh『istianitγand∣tsb『anches／suchasCathoIicism↙itis saidthat〃CodIovesaIIpeopIe〃.Thiswo『d糾Iove〃 hasthesameconnotatIonasthete『m〃Iov﹣

ing﹣kindness〃usedIn8uddhism‧

Thi5kindofIoveis『atIonaI.Iti5unbiased／ pu『eandsince『e.TheKo『ansaγs紉AIIahisindeed me『ci↑uI〃.Thus／Inthe「eco『dedsc『iptu『eso「va『ious『eIigions〃wecanfindthei『commonobiective I（indnessandundisc『imi『】atingIovea『ethecom﹣ monobIectiveofaIIthewo『ld『eIigions.TheγaII havethesamegoaI－toheIppeopIeIeavethei「 paInandsu什e『ingbehindandtost『ivefo『happ∣nessandtobepe㎡ectIγgood‧ Empe『o「γongZI】engthengaveusa↑ewexampIes.「o『Instance『hesaidthatBuddhism

teachespeop∣etop『act『sethe℉iveP『ecepts叭and thejTenVi「tuousConducts／『whicha『ethefunda﹣ mentaI『equI『ementsfo『beingagoodpe『son／and 1g

ChinI(ung

thatwemustp『actisethemacco『dingIγ.The／「ive P『ecepts／taughtbγShakγamuniBuddhaa『e equivaIenttothe℉iveⅢo『aIConducts〃taughtbγ Confucius.AIITh『eeTeachingsabidebγthesame conducts.Theγpe『suadepeopIeandgivepeopIe incentivestostopdoingeviIandbegood.AIIthe wo『∣d『eIigions╴withoutexception╴t『Vtodothe same.Ifnot／these『eIigionscouIdnotbesp「ead th『oughoutthewo『Id.AII『eIigionshavetot『an﹣ scendtheinte『national／thenationaI／andthecuItu『aIbe｛o『etheγcanbep『opagatedth『oughoutthe wo『IdThei『pu『poseistope『suadepeopIetobe good.OnIγwithaconce『tedeffO『tandbeingof onemindcantheγhaveafOothoIdinthiswo『Idto continueenhanceandgIo『ifγthei『uItimateaim.

Inthenextpa『ag『aph／Empe『o『γongZheng outlinedtheconve『sationbetweenEmpe『o『 liu-SongWendi（407╴453）andamembe『ofhis

pe『sonaIsta什namedShangZhihHewhoIate『be﹣ cameEmpe『o『【iu﹣SongWen﹣di／sp『imeministe「.

20

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「YongZheng

〃Empe『o『liu﹣SongWendioncemadea commenttohispe『sona∣staffmembe『ShangZhih HethattheSixBooI﹙sofChineseCIassicsa『eto

educatethemasspopuIation‧Howeve『／ifone hopestoeIevateone》sspi『itua∣『eaIm’onemust usetheBuddhistsc『iptu『esastheguide。IfaⅡmγ peopIecahadhe『etotheteachihgsofConfucian﹣ ismandBuddhismandbecomehonest/

dowh﹣to﹣ea『th／andgood﹣natu『ed／thecount『γwi∣I beatpeaceandIwi∣∣havenoⅢngmo『etowo『『γ about‧〃

Empe『o『Liu﹣SongWendiwasoneoftheempe『o『softhesecondhalfoftheliu﹣SongDγnastγ／ caIIedtheSouthe『nSong.Hewasthethi『dsonof

Empe『o「liu-SongWudi.TheSixBooksofChinese CIassicsmentionedhe『ea『e:theBookofPoet「y／ theBooko／H／sto『y’theBooko／Changes／theBook o／尺ites／theBooko／Music〃andtheSP「／ngand AutumnAnna／s.Thesebookswe『eusedtoheIp 21

ChinKung

educatepeopletobevi『tuous.

Empe『o『liu-SongWendIsaidthatifwewant top『act∣seseI卜cuItivation／weshouIduse↑he

Buddhistteachingsasou『guide.Mostpeoplewho have『eIigious伯ithbeIievetheγhaveIivedo『wiII livemo『ethanonce」fweknowwehaveapastIi佗 andanextIife〃itbecomescIea『tousthatweneed

toeIevateou『spi「ituaI『eaImandthatwesI】ould unde『standthelawofCauseandE什ectOncewe

unde『standthe【awofCauseandEffect／wenatu﹣ 『aIIγwiIInotha『mothe『s.

Empe『o『liu﹣SongWendithencont』nued:if

peopIeinhiscountn／we『etoacceptConfucianand Buddhistteachings〃h∣scountn／wouIdbecome p『ospe『ousandhIspeopIewouIdbeab∣etoIivein peace

〃ShangZhihHe『ep∣iedthatiftenp巴op∣eina vⅢageofonehuhd『edfami∣iesabidebVthe「ive 22

TheEdicto﹛Empe「o「γongZheng

P『ecepts／wewiⅢ】avetenpeop∣ewhoa『ef『iendIγ’ Mnd’honest／cautious／and『espectfuI。Ina『egion ofonethousandfamⅡies／ifonehund『edpeopIe

abidebγtheTenCoodConducts／wewiIIhave onehund『edpeop∣eIiveinha『monγ‧Ifweapplγ thissamep『incip∣etothewhoIenationwhe『ewe maγhaveahund『edmiⅡionofhousehoIds’wewiII

havemⅢonsofvi『tuouspeop∣eIMnginha『monγ‧

Ifwecanp『actiseonegoodconduct?oneIessevi∣ wiI|becommitted·OneIessevIconductmeans

theeIiminationofonepunishment。Ifeach『amiIV 『educesthec『ime『atebγone『wecaneIiminate thousandsandthousandsofpunishments·Yes/ indeed／thecount『γwiⅢhenbeinpeaceandγou『 Highnesscansitonγou『th『onewithoutanγ wO『『γ‧〃

ShangZhihHe『epIiedweII.His『epIγisin acco『dwiththesentimentsexp『essedbγEmpe『o『 〔iu﹣SongWendi.Appa『entIγthetwothinkandsee thingsaIikeanddothingsthesamewaγ.Shang 23

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ZhihHeapp『ovedofbothConfucianismand Buddhism.HesaidthatiftenpeopIeouto•one

hund『ed↑ami∣iesp『actisedthe「iveP『ecepts’those tenpeoplemustbeven／weII『espectedbγothe『s.

ThustheγwouIdbeabletoteachandexe『tgood inf∣uenceintheviIIage.「o『a『egionofmo『ethan tenthousandpeopIe／ifonehund『edpeopIeabided bγtheJTenVi『tuousConduds／／thosehund『ed

peopIewouIdknowhowtot『eatothe『sasequaIs andIiveinha『monγwiththem.ThustheγwouId makeapositivep「esenceinthei『communitγ‧ ShangZhihHethenp『oposedthattheteach-

ingofvi『tuesshouIdbeencou『agedandp『opa﹣ gated.ThisiswhatwetodaγcalImulticuItu『aI education.Asa『esuIt／count∣esspeopIewouldbe p「actisingthe／TenVi『TuousConducts／andabiding bγthe／「iveP『ecepts／.Withtheconsequent『e﹣ ducedc『ime『ate／thecount『γwou∣dbep『ospe「ous anditspeopleabIeto∣iveinpeaceandha「monγ.

24

TheEdicto↑Empe「o『γ0ngZheng

Empe『o『Liu-SongWendiconcludedthathe

wouIdthenbeabIetositontheth『oneinpeace andunt『oubIed.ShangZhihHeconcu『『ed.ltfoIIowsthat／fo『ustohavepeaceandha『monγinthe mode『nwo『Id／itisve『γimpo「tantthatwep『opa﹣ gatemu∣ticu∣tu『a∣education╴theteachingofthe saintsandsages.Commentingonthei『conve「sa﹣ tion／Empe『o『γongZhengdesc『ibeditaswo『ds weIIsaid‧This／hesaid／isthewaγthecount『γ shouIdbegove『ned.As∣ongasthenumbe『ofgood peopIeinthenationisinc『easing〃honestγand simpIicitγwiIIbecometheno『m〃intum／b『ing peac巳stabiIitγ’andp『ospe『itγtothecount『γ. 〃Thisisalsothegoa∣ofBuddhism╴toe『ad『﹦ categ『eedandmise『∣inessandtoinducevi『tues

andI﹙indnessinpeop∣e‧IfwebeIieveinthewo『ds ofEmpe『o『liu﹣SongWendiandShangZhihHe? anda『eabIetop『actisegoodconductacco『dingIγ／ wecansetagoodexampIefo『othe『stofoⅡow andteachandguidethepeopIeinestabIisbing 25

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goodcustoms‧ThustheγcanassisttheEmpe『o『in gove『ningthecount『γandinheIpingthepeopIe‧〃 He『eEmpe『o『γongZhengcommentedon Empe『o『〔iu﹣SongWendi／sdiscussionofBuddhist

teachings.BuddhismteachespeopIetoeIiminate g『eed／ange『／andigno『anceandtodiIigent∣γabide bγthep『ecepts／tocultivatedeepconcent『ation／ andtoattainwisdom.ThisiscaIIedtheTh『ee

【ea「nings／whicha『efundamentaItoBuddhism.

TheTh『ee〔ea『ningsofP『ecepts／Concent『ationand Wisdoma『ethesub】ectsofShakγamuniBuddha’s ↑O『tγ-nineγea『softeaching.Abidingbγthep『e﹣ ceptsandp『adisingmeditativeconcent『ationa『e themethodsBuddhistsusetoachievethegoaIof 『einstatingthei『wisdom.

ThusShakγamuniBuddhawasinvoIvedin whatwecaIItodaγtheteachingsofmuIticuItu『a∣﹣ ism.Heabdicatedhisth『one↑O『aca『ee『ineduca﹣

tion.HegaveupwhataIIwo『IdIγpeopIewant╴ 26

TheEdicto↑EmDe『o『YongZheng

moneγ／powe『／and↑ame.AsEmpe「o『γongZheng stated／thepu『poseofBuddhismistoe『adicate g『eedandmise『Iinesswhicha「ethe『ootcausesof aIIaffIidions.Thepu『poseofBuddha／steachingsis toinducevi『tuesandkindnessinpeop∣e.

Ifwebe∣ieveinthesentimentsexp『essedin thediaIoguebetweenEmpe『o「liu﹣SongWendiand ShangZhihHe／andwe∣ea『nandp『actiseacco『d﹣ ingIγ﹜wewiII『ecognizethatvi『tuouspeopIecanbe ou『『oIemodeIs.Theγcanteachandguideusto﹣ wa『dsgoodnessandmakeapositiveimpactinou『 communitγ.Asa『esuIt’theγcanassisttheIeade『s ingove『ningthecount『γandheIptoestabIish

peacewithinthenation.TheγcanheIppeopIeto

b『eakth『oughf『omthei『deIusionsandbeenIight﹣ ened／helpthemIeavethei『painandsuffe『ingand 『eachfo『happiness.

〃IfwewantonIγdefametheTh『eeTeachings

andcompa『ethemtotheabsu『dandhe『etic 27

ChinI(ung

teachingsofγangZiandMoZi／wehavemisun﹣ de『stoodanda『ebeingunfai『totheTh『ee

Teachings‧Befo『eIbecametheEmpe『o『’Ipaid cIoseattentiontoBuddhism『especiaⅢγtheXing Buddhism/ofwhichIhavegainedanin-depth unde『standing‧Afte『IbecametheEmpe『o『’Ihave devotedmuchofmγtimetotheRoγalImpe『ial Cou『t‧AIsoIdidnotwantpeopIetothinkthatI waspa『tialtoBuddhism。ThusIdidnotdiscuss thisw『thanVone.Iwantedtowa『tuntiIthecoun﹣

t『γwa5ont『ackbefo『eb『oachingtheissue‧I wantedtod『awattentiontothedoct『ineoⅡhe

Th『eeTeachingsthatiti5w『ongtop『aiseoneseIf andsIande『othe『s。NowIhavebeen【mpe『o『fo『 tenγea『5。Inmγspa『etime／IwasabIetocompiIe aⅡstofmγviewpointsandnotethethoughtsof theancientschoIa『sfo『thosewhoa『ecu『『entlγ foⅡowingthe『h『eeTeachings‧〃

PeopIewhowantonlγde↑ametheTh『ee

Teachingsa『eusua∣IγthosewhohavenotγetfuIIγ 28

TheEdic【0↑Empe『o「γongZheng

unde『stoodthei『meanings.TheγIudgewiththei『 wande『ingminds／diffe『entiationsandattachments tothei『ownviewpoints.Thustheγc『iticiseBuddhismandTaoism.Empe『o『γongZhengusedYang ZiandMoZi（schoIa『so↑theSp『ingandAutumn pe『iodofChinawhoheIdext『emeandhe『etic viewpoints）asexampIes.TheviewpointsofγangZi andMoZiwe『eaIsoconside『edbγt『aditional schoIa『stobeext『eme↙whiIetheTh『eeTeachings choosetheⅢiddIeWaγ.Thuswhenwecompa『e theTh『eeTeachingstotheteachingsofγangZiand MoZi『wea『enotbeingfai『totheTh『eeTeachings.

WhenEmpe『o『γongZhengwasstiIIap『ince／ heaI『eadγstudiedteachingsofBuddhiSm.Itap﹣ peaIedtohim.Duetohispositionasthep『ince／he Iea『nedf『omthebestofteache『s.Hestudiedwitha

humbleattitudeandgainedave『γtho『oughunde『standingofaIItheTh『eeTeachings『andespeciaIIγ ofXingBuddhism／whichcomp『isesZenBuddhism and「aXingBuddhism.

2g

ChinKung

Afte『hebecameempe『o『〃hewasve『γbusγ withtheaffai『softhecou『t.Hedidnothavespa「e timetotaIkaboutBuddhism.Itisnotthathebecamedistancedf『omBuddhisma付e『hebecame

empe『o『’but『athe「thathedidnotwishtoappea『 biasedtowa『dsanγoftheTh『eeTeachings.Being the「uIe『﹜hemustbeve「γfai『indeaIingwithdi卜 fe『ent『aciaIissuesandissues『aisedbγthediffe『ent teachings.The『efO「e『evenifhethoughtonewas bette「thantheothe『s／hewouIdnotIetothe『peopIeknowfO『↑ea『ofc『eatingf「idionamongthe

diffe「entinte『estg『oups.

Empe『o『γongZhengeIededtowaituntiIhis gove『nmentwasont「ackbefO『eheannouncedhis

p『oposaItocombinetheTh「eeTeachingsintoone.

ThisiswhatwetodaγcaIImuIticuItu『aIeducation.

HewantedtheTh「eeTeachingsto｝ointhei「fO『ces‧

Thiswaγ↙theγcouIdt『uIγbenefitthecount『γ／the societγ／andtheweI↑a『eofthepeopIe.Hewanted 30

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「γongZheng

thep『oponentsoftheTh『eeTeachingstobeawa『e thatitwasw『ongtop『aisethemse∣vesanddeni﹣ g『ateothe『s.Hesta『tedbγpointingoutfauItsin

thei『foIIowe『s.Hest『essedthatsincethepu『pose

andoblectiveso↑theTh『eeTeachingswe『ethe same／theonIγdiffe『encewasthattheγhaddif↑e『﹣ entfolIowe『s.Thustheγhaveno『easonnotto

co﹣ope『atewitheachothe『.

NowIetuslookatou『cu『『entsocietγ.Due

totheadvancesinscientifictechno∣ogγ／

weII﹣deveIopedmediainfo『mationsγstems／and easγt『anspo『tation’ou『whoIepIanetEa「thhas becomeonenation.Diffe『ent『eIigionsandcuItu『es a『enowmingIedtogethe『／becomingoneIa『ge Ea『thfamiIγ.Acco『dingtoBuddhism／notonlγ humansonthispIaneta『eequaI／a∣ItheIivingbe﹣ ingsonthep∣aneta『eequaI.WeshouIde∣iminate theconfIictsf『omou『inne『seIves.Weneedtouse

t『uewisdomto『esoIveaIIconfIictsandcont『adic﹣ tionssothatfi『stou『bodiesandmindsa『einha『﹣ 31

ChinKung

monγbe｛O『ewecanhopetohavepeaceinou『 count『γ／thenthewhoIewo『Id.

Ifothe『peopIet『γtodefameme》itisbecause

theγdonotknowme.Thustheγhavemisunder stoodme.ItmustbebecauseIdidnotp『esentmγ﹣ seIfaccu『ate∣γ.∣amtheonewhogivespeopIethe w『ongimp『ession.Theγa『enotw『ong.ThefauItis mine‧Wemusta∣waγs『efIectuponou『seIvesbe﹣ ↑O『ewecanmakeanimpadonothe『s‧

Whenwehea『othe『peop∣esIande『ingus／ insuItingus》ifwebecomeang『γandtake『evenge／ wea『ew『ong.Rep『isalsonIγb『eed『ep『isaIs.We onIγc『eatemo『ep『oblemsfo『ou『seIves.Ifwewant tosoIveou『p『obIems／wemuststa『Tf『omwithin.

Whenwehave『esoIvedaIIou『inne『confIicts↙we

haveaIso『eso∣vedaIIou『p『obIemsemanatingf『om theoutsidewo「Id.

WhenEmpe『o『γongZhengmadehisp『o﹣ 32

TheEdlcto↑Empe『o『YongZheng

nouncements／hehadal『eadγbeenempe『o『fo『ten γea『s.「o『tho5etenγea『s『hehadpaidve『γcIose attentIontotITep『obIems.Hehadwaitedfo『his gove『nmenttogetont『ack.NowItseemedtobe the『ighttimefo『himtomakehisannouncement Headd『essedtheissuesofhavingtheTh『ee Teachingscombinedasone·HeassembIedhisown vIewpoIntsasweIIasthethoughtsoftheancient schoIa『sandcompIIedthem∣ntoaIi5twhichisas foIIOwS:

〃】.『heanCie㎡peop∣e5aidZhouCongand Co㎡皿cⅢsusedthe5ixBooI﹙sofChineseαassics

toeduCatethepeOp∣e‧Thehea㎡Ofthepu『pO5eOf thiseducationwas∣oVaItγahdfi∣ia∣pietγ.The topicsofthetwovo∣ume5bVlao﹣tz凹a『ethe』waγ’ andthe』Ⅵ『tues》。『hebasisoftheth『eedMsionsof

theBuddhistCanoⅡis∣ovmg﹣l﹝mdness‧Thei『

achicvementsmaγbediffe『eⅡt／thei『p『加cip∣es a『ethesamG.A∣∣ofthema『enob∣eteachingsaⅡd desewetobeadmi『ed。〃 33

Chin|(ung

Inthefi『stitem『Empe『o『γongZhengtalked aboutConfucianism.TheteachingsofZhou.Cong andConfuciususedtheSixBooksofChineseCIas-

sicstoeducatepeopleonIoγaItγandfiIiaIpietγ.

BuddhismisaIsobui∣tonthefOundationsofIoγaItγ andfiIiaIpietγ‧Thetwoteachingshavethesame fOundation!andneithe「iscont『a『γtotheteachings ofTaoism.

ThetwovolumesofLao﹣tzua『ecaIIedTao﹣Te

Ching.Thetwovo∣umesa『enotIengthγ.Togethe「 theγonIγcontainfivethousandwo「ds.Theγteach the〃waγ／andjvi『tues.I↑weuseIoγaItγandfiIiaI pietγasou『exampIe／fiIiaIpietγisthejwaγ／and IoγaItγisthe〃vi『tue》.Eventhoughdiffe『entte『mi﹣ noIogiesa『eused’thei『meaningsa『ethesame.

Theγhavethesamecontentandeffed.Thei「 teachingsa『ede『ivedf『omthesameo『iginaIsou『ce.

ThiswaswhatEmpe『o『γongZhengconcIuded╴ that／whiIethepu『posesoftheTh『eeTeachings 34

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

mightseemdif｛e『ent／buttheγwe『einfactthesame.

Thusweshou∣d∣ea『nf『omaIItheTh『eeTeachings.

TheγaIIdesen／eou『admi『ation. 〃2‧TheγaIsosaidthatConfucianismhades﹣

tabⅡsheditseIfasthe『ightteaching‧Taoismhad estabIishedi•seIfasthemostesteemed·Buddhism

hadestabIisheditseIfastheg『eatest‧Howeve『’the messageofaⅢh『eeistop『ese『veIivesandabstain f『omkⅢng‧Theγwo『Ⅲ『omthesamep『incipIeof Ioving﹣Mndness‧『heγa∣Iadvocatet『eatingothe『9 a5onewou∣dt『eatonese∣f‧Again／theγalIadvo﹣ cateimpa『tialitγ‧TheγaIIwantpeopIetostop beingang『γ／toe∣iminateimp『ope『desi『es’to『e﹣ st『ictthemse∣vesf『omdoingw『ongthingsand imp『ope『behaviou『s‧TheγaⅡp『omotethecuIti﹣ vationofvi『tuousconduct‧〃

Ifwepaγcloseattentiontothei『quaIities’is the『eaquaIitγofesteemandg『eatnessinbeing 『ight?lsthe『eaquaIitγof『ightandg「eatnessin 35

ChinI<ung

esteem?∣sthe『eaqua∣itγo「『ightandesteemin beingg『eat?0nequaIitγencompassesaIIth『ee‧ ThusweshouIdpaγequaI『especttoaIITh『ee Teaching5.IfstudentsmustsaIutethei『teache「s〃I wou∣dsaIuteConfuciusthesamewaγIsaIute ShakγamuniBuddha」tmakesnodif↑e『encetome.

When∣amfacinglesusCh『istonthec『oss〃itisthe sameasifIamIookingatShakvamuniBuddha.The 『eve『enceIfeelwhenIopenaBuddhistsut『aisthe sameaswhenIopenthe8ibIeThisisITow|am

abIeto∣ea『nf『omaIItheva『∣ousteachings‧WhenI aminconfIictwithothe『s／itisagainsttheIawof natu『eIamw『ong‧

Oncewetho『oughIγunde『standthesefacts〃 the「ea『enomo『econt『adictions.AIItheTh『ee

Teachingsadvocatep『ese『vingIivesandabstaining f『omkilIing‧﹣「hisisIoving-kindness」fwedonot wantothe『stot『eatusbadIγ『wemustnott『eat thembad∣v‧Nomatte『howothe「peoplet「eatu5／ weshouIdt『eatthemthewavwewouIdIiketobe 36

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

t『eated╴withIoving-kindness‧ WeshouIdnotbeseIfishWeshoulduseaII

ou『effo『tstoeIevateou『stateofmindtoheIppeo﹣ pIeinsocietγ‧WeshouIdalsostopfeeIingang『γ.∣n adve『sitγ／ou『hea『tsa『enotang『γ‧Insatisfacto『γ ci『cumstances／weha『bou『nog『eed.WecuItivate ou『seIvessowecan『educeou『w『ongdoings.We mustnotdothingscont『a『γtowhatisconside『ed immo『aI.AIItheTh『eeTeachingsabidebγthese samep『incip∣es.

〃3‧Theγa∣soSaidthattheteachingsofBud﹦ dhismcahcu『eou『minds／theteachingso仃aoism cancu『eou『bodies『andtheteachingsofConfu﹣ cianismcancu『ethewo『∣d‧〃

AsIongasweIiveinthiswo『Id／wehavetobe conce『nedwithou『bodies／minds／andhowwe copewiththeoutsidewo『ld‧Theconditionofou『

bodiesandmindshastodowiththewaγwep「ac﹣ 37

ChinKung

tiseou『seI卜cu∣tivation.Empe『o『YongZhengsaid thewaγtogoodheaIthwasth『oughp『actisingthe Buddha/steachings.WhatisaBuddha?Buddha meanswisdomandenIightenment.Thisisthewaγ weshouldt『eatou『seIvesandothe『s－withan

enIightenedmind•uIIofwisdom.Howdowedoit!

Westa『tbvt『eat∣ngeve『γonewithsince『itγ‧Itis whenou『m∣ndsa『esince『巳pu『e／

non﹣disc『iminative!『ightthinking『awakenedand compassIonate

Taoismputsg『eatemphasisonkeepingou『 bodiesfitandingoodheaIthsowewiIIhaveIong Iives.Howcanweattainpu『eminds／beheaIthγ andhaveaIongI∣fe?「i『stofaI∣’weneedtokeep ou「desi『estoaminimumThenwea『eabIeto

attaInpu「Itγo「mind‧Whenou『mindsa『epu『e／ ou『bodiesbecomepu『e.Whenou『bodiesa『e pu『e↙soisou『envI「onment.Onceweunde『stand

thep『inciplesbehindthep『actice〃wewiIIhaveno p『obIemsInkeepingou『seIvesfitHoweve『『fo『us 38

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「γongZheng

to『eceiveape『fed『esuIt／wemustaIsohaveakind hea『Tandactacco『dinglγ.

Confucianismuseseducationonmo『aIp「inci﹣ pIesandethicaIaspectsofhuman『eIationshipsas itswaγofteachingpeopIeIfaIIpeopIecanabide bγtheteachingsofConfucianismthewo『IdwiIIbe atpeace.The『ewiIIbenomo『efightingnomo『e confIicts.ConfucianismtaIksaboutethics.Ethicsis

thekeγtohuman『eIationships╴『eIationshipsbe﹣ tweenhusbandandwi↑e『pa『entandchiId／among sibIings／betweenthe『ule『andthosebeing『uIed （empIoγe『andempIoγee）andf『iends.AnethicaI 「eIationshipisthenatu『aI『elationshipbetween peop∣e.Thusitisthe／Waγ／.Whenou『mindsand actions『espondtothe〃Waγ／／wehaveattained vi『tues.

Confucianismtalksabout〃Wu-Chang〃／the ℉iveMo『aIConducts!mentionedea『Iie『.Whenthe

／「iveMo『aIConduds／inte『actwiththe〃WaγJ／vir 3g

ChinKung

tueisachieved.lfwecanp『actisethe‘Waγat

home／／wewiIIhaveahappγhome.Ifwecan p『adisethejWaγ／betweenhusbandandwife／we wiIIhaveave『γhappγcoup∣e.Ifwep『actisethe jWaγ〃onou『seIves〃wewiIIbehea∣thγanden】oγa ve「γIongIi↑e.Ifwep『actisethe〃Waγ／onacount『γ／ thecount『γwiIIbecomep『ospe『ousandbeat peace.Thus／theConfucianteachingsa『ethosethat educatepeopIeonmo『aIp『incipIesandethicaI human『eIationships.

“4‧丁heγaIsosaidthatthete『m』natu『e’used bγBuddhahasthesamemeaningaswhendefined bγaⅢheothe『booksandaⅢhe『eco『dedteach﹣ ingsofthesaintsandsage5。B『oadIVspeal（ihg／ Buddha﹣natu『eencompassesaⅡthevi『tue5‧!f peopIePshea『tsa『esince『e／iftheγaIⅢvepu『eand discip∣ined∣ives／iftheγaⅡgivep『ecedenceto cou『tesγtoothe『peopIe’noton∣γtheγbutthei『 『elative5wiIIbebenefited。『heVcanheIptheem﹣ pe『o『stabiIiSetheCount『γ‧〃 40

TheEdicto↑Empe『o『γongZheng

InBuddhism／thete『msseI卜natu『e’o『iginaI

natu『e』t『uenatu『ehavethesamemeaningasde﹣ finedbγaIIthe『eco『dedteachingsoftheancient saintsandsages.Theγhavethesamemeaningas definedbγConfuciusandLao﹣tzu.Ifweexamine othe『『eIigions’wefindtheγhavethesamedefini﹣ tion.TheonIγdiffe『enceishowb『oadlγo「deepIγ thesub】ect〃natu『e〃isdeaItwith.

IfaIIpeopIeknowtheγshouIdt「eatpeopIe／ things〃andhandIesituationswithsince『itγ／iftheγ canaIImaintainpu『eanddiscipIinedIives／and givep「ecedencetoothe『soutofpu「epoIiteness’ thei『pa「entsand『eIativescanaIsobenefit.The 『esuItisthattheγcanheIptheempe『o『tostabiIise societγ’『esoIveconfIictsandestabIishpeaceinthe countI·

〃5。Theγa∣soSaidthattheBuddhaWaγand theSove『eignWaγa『eoneandthesame‧The 41

ChinKung

5ove『eignWaγisext『eme∣γb『oad。Itisthesame asthe川iddleWaγ‧『heBuddhaWaγi5alsothe MiddIeWaγwhichisuⅡbiasedandisnoteviI。 Thei『pu『posesa『eidenticaI‧〃 TheBuddhaWaγ／theSove「eignWaγo『the MiddIeWaγ╴the「eisnodiffe『ence.The『eis nothingg『eate「thantheMiddIeWaγ.Thep『inci﹣ paIsandmethodsthe『ule『usestob『inghappiness andstabiIitγtohiscountⅣandhispeopIeiscaIIed theSove『eignWaγ／aIsotheMiddIeWaγ.Both ConfucianismandBuddhismexe「cisetheⅢiddIe

Waγ.TheMiddIeWaγistheimpa「tiaIandunbi﹣ asedwaγ.Thei『pu『posesa『ethesame‧ 〃6‧TheγaIsosaidthatBuddhismwaSestab﹣ IishedtoheIppeopIestopf『ombeingsupe『ficia∣ andbep『acticaI‧ItaIsoheIpspeop∣eto『ef『ain f『omthei『deviantwaγsandbegood。Theγmaγ havetot『γve『γha『datthebeginningbut／once theγaccustomthemseIvestovMuou5conduct’ 42

TheEdIcIo↑Empe『o『γongZheng

theγwⅢactacco『ding∣γ‧Iftheγsop『actise／theγ

wiⅡ↑i『stbebenefited‧ThentheγwiⅡbeableto

helpothe『stodothesame。ThuspeopIeneed『eIγ onnothingmo『ethaniustBuddhism.〃

Empe『o『γongZhenghe『eencou『agedusto IiveaIifethatissimpIeanddown-to﹣ea『th.Hesaid peopIeshouId『ef『ainf『omdoingthingsthata『eeviI andtheγshou∣ddothingsthata『egood.Itmightbe ha『datthebeginningbecausewehavetofO『ce ou『seIvestogiveupou『desi『es.ItisIikeafight againstou『owna什Iictions.Oncewehavecon﹣ que『edou『owna什Iictionsandbadhabits／wehave wonthewa『.WewiIIgainpeaceofmind.PeopIe canthusheIpthemseIvestoheIpothe『s.TheEmpe『o『thenp『aisedBuddhism.HesaidpeopIe shouId∣ea『nf『omBuddhismand『e∣γonBuddha／s teachings.

〃7‧TheγaIsosaidthatBuddhismisnotofthis wo『Idbecauseitsteachingsdonotapp∣γtopeop【e 43

ChinKung

IMnginthesecuIa『wo『∣d。Thatcommentwas madewithout『efe『encetoBuddha’sSixPa『amitas。

「o『example’f『omthestageofmaste『ingdeep conceht『ationto『eachtheothe『sho『e﹙attaining

wisdom）／isthisnotthe∣ea『ningofthiswo『Idbe﹣ fo『emovingontothenext?〃 He『eEmpe『o『γongZhengwasattemptingto 『efutethea『gumentsofthosewhoIookatBud﹣ dhismonIγf『omasupe『ficiaIangIe.PeopIeoften commentthatthestudγofBuddhismisonIγfO「 monksandnuns》itisnotsuitedtoo『dina『γpeopIe wholeadaconventiona∣Ii↑e‧Empe『o『YongZheng saiditweIIwhenhe『ema『kedthatthosepeopIe hadnotthoughtabouttheSixPa『amitas.Hegavea

ve「γgoodexampIe－f『omthestageofmaste「ing deepconcent『ationtothestageof『eachingthe othe『sho『e﹣meaningtheattainmentofwisdom.

TheSixPa『amitasisap『og『essivestageofcuItiva﹣ tion／sta『tingwithgivin3thenabidingbγthep『e﹣ cepts／thenbeingtoIe『antofothe『s.ThisisfOIIowed 斗4

TheEdict0↑Empe「0「YongZheng

bγbeingve『γdiIigent∣np『actising’maste『ingdeep

concent『ation〃andfinaIIγattaIningthewisdom‧ SIncethe『e∣sano『de『andaIeveIo「studγingInthe SixPa『amlta5’Buddhismisateachingthatcanbe p『actisedbγaIIpeopIe. 〃8‧TheVa∣sosaidthatthe『ea『enotwowaV5 ahdthe9ai㎡sdonothavetwomind5‧ThcjWaγ』

（∞u『seofⅡatu『e）hasbeenihexistencebefo『ethe wo『∣disfo『med。『hesaintsfi『stcu『ethemseIve5

withthet『uththeγhavegaihedf『0mp『actising the‘WaV／。ThentheγcaⅡappIγthe5amet『uthto heIpgove『nthecount『γahdb『ingpeacetothe nation‧IsthisⅡotag『eaMeed!〃

The『eIson∣γone〃Waγ／‧Itisthep『incipIethat peopIeshouIdt『eateachothe『asequaIsandIivein ha『monγ‧Rega『dIessofnatIonaIitγo『『eIigion／this p『incipIeappIiestoaII.Whatisthemindofasaint?

ThemindofasaIntisaboutIovingaIIbeings.Both theOldandtheNewTe5tamentssaγthat』〃Cod 45

ChinKung

IovesaIIpeop∣e〃.InBuddhiSmthefundamenta∣ p「incipIeisthatofIoving﹣kindnesstowa『dsaIIbe﹣ ingsevenincIudingtheanimaIs/hungn/ghosts’and

heIIbeings.BuddhismteachespeopIetobet『uIγ since『e『pu『e／andhavecompassionfO「aIIthesen﹣ tientbeings.ItteachespeopIetobe｛ai『inthei「 deaIingswithaIIothe『s／peopIewhoa「edea『tous aSweIIasthosewehate.ThisiswhatwecalIt『ue

loving-kindness.

Wemustpaγbackthedebtofg『atitudeto thosewhohavebeenkindtousinthepast.We mustaIso『esoIveou『confIictswithothe『s.Bud﹣

dhismteachesusaboutchange／tochangeou『『e﹣ Iationshipsf『ombeinghostiletobeingf『iends.This t『ulγisthewaγtoso∣vingaIIou『p『ob∣ems.We shouIdneve「standagainstanγone.WeshouId『e﹣ soIveaIlou『hat『edsand『ep∣acethemwithIoving-kindness.ThusaIIBuddhasandBodhisattvas

onIγhaveonemind.ThatisthemindofIove似

whichist『ue／since『e／equaI／pu『e／and『ationaI. 46

TheEdicto↑Empe『o『γongZheng

ThisiswhγweaIsocaIIittheaII﹣emb『acingIove.

InBuddhism『thejWaγ﹟isaIso『e↑e『『edtoas the〃o『iginaInatu『e〃o『the〃dha『manatu『e〃.The fo『mationoftheunive『seisde『ived「『omseI卜natu「e

andaIIphenomenacomefO『thf『omthechanging

oftheminds.Whe『edothesix『eaImscomef『om?

Theγa『ebo『noutofou「minds.I↑ou『mindsa『e kind／ou『ci『cumstanceswiIIbekind.Whenou『 mindsbecomec『ue∣andhea『tIess／sowiIIou「cir

cumstances‧Thus／whenou『mindsa『ekind』theγ 『eveaItousthewo『Idofheaven.Whenou『minds

tu『nc『ueIandhea『tIess／thewo『ldofheIIcomes ↑O『th.Butthe『eis『eaIIγnoheaveno『helI.AsIong asweha『bou「thoughtsofgoodandeviI叭ofdi↑fe「﹣ entiation／ofattachments／dif↑e『entwo『IdswiIIp『e﹣ sentthemseIvesacco『dingIγ.

Thusnatu『ehasbeeninexistencebefO『ethe wo『Idwasfo『med.Itexistsintimethathasnobe﹣

ginning.〃Natu『e〃existsfo『eve『.∣twasneve『bo『n 47

ChinKung

no『wiIlitpe『ish.Itisnotcomingno『wiIIiteve『go awaγ.Ifwewanttoelevatethestateofou『minds／ wemustabidebγtheteachingsoftheBuddhasand Bodhisattvas.Wemust「ecove『ou『pu『itγofmind／ ou『senseofequaIitγandou「awakening.Wecu『e ou『viceswiththet『uthsth『oughseI卜cuItivation.

Wemustco「「edou「manγmistakessowecan

e∣evateou『stateofmindtowhe『eou『o「iginaI seI卜natu『eofwisdom／vi『tuesandbeautγwiIIbe 『ecove「ed.Oncewea『ecu『edofou「vices／we shoulddowhateve「wecantostabiIisesocietγso ou「wo「IdwiIIbeatpeace.

〃Thusthosesaintsmaγbebo『ninChina似in ↑heWest》o『el5ewhe『e。Eventhoughtheγa『e bo『nindiffe『entpIaces’iftheγhavet『u∣γattained the』Waγ似》thei『mindsshou!dbethesame。SinCe theeightitemsIistedabovea『ebasedonthe teachingsofthesaints’the『eshou∣dbenodiffe『﹣ enceofopinion.〃 48

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γongZheng

ZhouCong／Confucius／Empe『o『γao∕Empe『o『 Shun／Empe『o『YuandEmpe『o『Tanga『ealIsaints bo『ninChina.TheWest『efe『『edtohe『eisIndia／ whichiswestofChina·ThusthesaintintheWest

towhomEmpe『o『γongZheng『efe『『edwas ShakγamuniBuddha.Even∕whe『einthewo『Id／ eve『γ『egionofeve「γnationhasp『oducedsaints‧ Thisconfi『mstheeducationo↑muIticultu『a∣ism.

Saintsandsagesappea『inthiswo『∣d『『ega『dIessof thecount『γofthei『o『igin.TheγmaγIookdiffe『ent butthet『uththeγhaveattainedisthesame.Theγ maγusediffe『entmethodsbutthei『p『inciplesa『e exactIγthesame.Thei『pu『posesa『ethesame／so a『ethei「obIectives.

〃EventhougheachoⅡheTh『eeTeachings 5peciaIisesinitsown『espectivea『eaofcu『ing eithe『themind’thebodγo『thewo『Id’appa『entIV theγaIsohavethei『sho『tcomings‧『hu5theV compIementeacho【he『andbecomeequaⅡγim﹣ po『tant。Wecannotdowithoutanγoneofthem。〃 49

ChinKung

ThisisweI∣statedbγEmpe『o『γongZheng.

Whenwecomeintocontactwithdi什e『entnation-

aIities／count『ies〃andcuItu『es／weneedtoIea『na∣I thei『teachings.Iamastudento↑Buddha／a∣soa studentofConfuciusandLao-tzu.ThisistheonIγ waγIcangainpe『fectwisdom.lfwedonotIea「n／ wewi∣Ineve「unde『stand.P『eviousIγIspokeabout when〃aIlofasuddenwet『uIγunde『stand〃.How wiIIwegainthisstateofmindifwedonot∣ea『n!

Weneedtounde『standtheconceptofa∣I『eIigions beingpa『tsofthesamewhoIe. IbeIieveEmpe『o『γongZhengwasco『『ectin statingthathecou∣dnotdowithoutanγofthe『eIigions.HehadIea『nedweI∣.ThuslbeIieveEm﹣ pe『o『γongZhengisthefounde『o↑todaγ’smuIti﹣ cuItu『aIism.HeemphasisedthattheTh『eeTeachingsa『e『ea∣∣γb『anchesofthesamefamilγ.

Empe「o『γongZhengthencontinued:〃Even 50

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「Y0ngZheng

thosewhoc∣aimtobestudγingBuddhismand 『aoisma『esometimesbiasedandnotexactIγ co『『ect;andnoteve『γoneofthosewhostudγ ﹝onfucianismisat『uep『actitione『‧「o『instance’ someBuddhistp『actitione『sdeceivethepubIicbγ

thei『eccent『icinte『p『etationsofthewo『d‘巴mp﹣ tiness／。SomeTaoistp『actitione『sfooIpeopIewith thei『he『eticsl（iⅡs。Theγa『eaIlguiItγofvioIating thei『『espectiveteachings。Manγwhohave『ead sxtensiveIγoftheBooRofPOe卹taIkabout∣ov﹣ ing﹣kindnessandpe『sonaI∣oγa∣tγandγetbehave

othe『wise.『heγa『eiustasguiItγofcheatingthe public‧〃

The『eisnobiasintheteachingsofConfu﹣ cianism／BuddhismandTaoism.Itisthep『actitio﹣ ne『swhoa『ebiasedIfwe『eaIIγwanttoIea『n／ whatwegainisthet『uth.Howeve『／ifwe∣ea『n↑O『 seIfish『easonssuchasfO『thegainingofweaIthand 伯me／webecomebiasedIfou『hea『tsa『eatthe

「ightpIace／aIIteachingsa『eco『「ect.The『e↑o『e／the 51

ChIn|<ung

waγtoIea『nisth『oughse∣卜cu∣tivation.Whenou『

mindsa『eunbiased／soa『etheteachingswea『e tn／ingtolea『n.

The『ea『enotthatmanγt『uep『aditione『sin Buddhism／Taoism／o『Confucianism.SomepeopIe usetheTh『eeTeachingsfo『thepu『poseofthei『 ownpe『sonaIgain‧ThisisnotthefauItoftheTh『ee

Teachingsbut『athe『the↑auItofthep『actitione『s.

Thuswemustnot｝udgetheTh『eeTeachingsbased onthew『ong↑u∣actionsofaven／佗w.Butweneed toknowwhois『eaIandwhois↑aIse.MostofaII!if weuse『e∣igiono『theTh「eeTeachingstosatisfγ ou『ownsel↑ishgoaIs／wea『eguiItγofvioIatingthe p『incip∣esofitsteachings‧ 〃Ifweigno『eothe『peopIe慨sst『ongpointsbut denouncethei『sho『tcomings／ifwepu『poseIγ inStead disguiseou『sho『tcomings『 ove『﹣exagge『atingou『goodpoints／andifwewiI﹣ fuIIγt『γtoblacI﹙enothe『peopIe’sgoodname5／ 52

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「YongZheng

thesea『esignsofou『being9elfi9handt『eache『ous‧ Thisisnotwhatape『sonofnob∣echa『acte『and integ『itγoughttodo‧ThesepeopIehave ove『﹣estimatedthei『st『engthandabi∣ities‧〃 Ifwedonotfocusonothe『peopIe／sst『ongand goodpoints／on∣γonthei『weaknesses／wea『enot demonst『atinggoodintentionstowa『dsthem.The consequenceo•theseactionswiIIhaveadamaging impactonthesociaIcIimate.If／howeve『／wet『γto hideou『weal（pointsandove『-emphasiseonou『 st『ongpoints／wea『estiI∣notbeingdecent.Inad﹣ dition／ifwedefameanddisputeothe『s／itonIγ meansthatou『to∣e『anceIeveIisven∕Iow.Peop∣e whoactinthiswaγa『enott『uep『actitione『sbe﹣ causetheγa『enotsince『eo『genuineinthei『p「actices.Theγp『ofesstobe『eIigiousfoI∣owe『sbutin ↑acttheγa『edest『oγingthei『own『eligions.

Empe『o『γongZhengconfi『medhisposition onthis.HedecIa『edthataIIthosewhoscheme!

53

ChinI(ung

p『aisethemseIvesandsIande『othe『s／andthose whop『ofitattheexpenseofothe『sa『enotpeopIe ofnobIecha『acte『andinteg『itγ.Theγa『enott『uIγ mo『aIo『accompIishedp「aditione『s.

TheIasto『igina∣pa『ag『aphisve『γIengthγ.We wi∣Ib『eakitintoseve「aIsub﹣pa『ag『aphs.

勿Du『ingthepastfewVea『s’Iwasaskedtoban peopIef『omo『dainingthemseIves?andtotu『n BuddhistandTaoisttempIesintoacademiesof c∣assica∣Iea『ningsotheγwou∣dthenbeIongtothe Co㎡ucians‧The『ewe『ecountγmagist『ateswho th『ewthemonksandnunsoutofthei『temp∣esfo『 no『eason‧The『ewe『eevenpeoplewhoasl（edme tomatchthemonI﹙sandnunsin﹛ocoupIesfo『the

pu『poseofp『opagationsopopu∣ationcouIdbe

inc『eased‧ThoseIdndsofp『opositionsa『eabsu『d andcauseun『esttothecountⅣ‧Thei『p『oponents havenotgivenathoughttothefacⅡhatitisthei『

count『γ’s『esponsibiIitγtoheIpthosewhoa『e 54

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

widowedandthosewhoa『ea∣one‧Sinceitisthei『

choicetobemonksandnuns’itisthei『intenⅡo

cuItivatethemseIvesandtoaccumu∣ategoodfo『﹣

【unefo『thecount『γanditspeopIe‧Anob∣eem﹣ pe『o『o『『u∣e『wouIdnotas∣（themto『esumea secu∣a『Iifeandtogetma『『iedfo『suchat『MaI 『eason‧Sincepeop∣ewhomakethosep『opositions a『eext『emeIVigno『antandstⅡIve『γVoung’Iam no﹛goingtopunishthemfo『thei『absu『dities‧ Asfo『thoseIeft﹦homepe『sons﹙Buddhist

monI﹙s／nuns『and『aois↑p『iests﹚whohavevioIated 【he∣aw∕theγwiIIbepunishedacco『dingIγ。Butto thoseasceticswhohaveadhe『edst『ictIγtothe teachingswemustgiveou『fullp『otectionand suppo『t‧Thosewhop『eachhe『eticaIteachings mustbeseve『e∣γpunished‧『o『exampIe’tbe『e﹣ co『dedw『itingsofDaoMinandXing『enga『e p『eposte『ous‧Theteachingsof「aCangandHong Rena『ethesavageteachingsofthedevi∣。IwiⅡ havethempunished‧WemustnotIetthei『theo﹣ 55

ChinI(ung

『iesb∣endwithandta『nishthe『ightteaChings‧ Othe『wiseitwi∣∣becomeimpossibIefo『thepeo﹦ pletoteⅢhediffe『ence‧

Ihavetho『oughIγexp∣o『edtheo『igina∣ sou『ceoftheTh『ee『eachingsandIImowtheV needtobet『eatedfai『Iγ。lwantthosepeop∣e－ BuddhistsandTaoistswhohaveonIγthei『pe『﹦ sonalinte『estsinmind》thosewhoa『eopinionated

andpa『tiaItothei『ownbe∣iefs／thuSIosingthei『 senseoffai『ness－towakeupandbeawa『eof thesesobe『ingfacts‧IammaIdngthisannounce﹣ menttoen∣ightenthosewhoa『eigno『ant.

Thisistheimpe『ia∣edicⅡoa∣∣thecMI』mi∣i﹣ ta『γJandcou『to什iciaIstogivespecia∣attentionto thep『otectionandsuppo『tofthe∣eft﹣homepe『﹣ sons‧Thisistobegove『nedbγse∣fIessactionsand goodintentions‧〃

He「eEmpe『o『γongZhenggaveusafewex﹣ 56

TheEdict0↑Empe『0「YongZheng

amp∣esofpeopIewhowe『enotadhe『ingtothe teachings.HeexpIainedthat↑o『thep『eviousfew γea『sthe『ewe『epeopIewhohadsuggestedthathe shouldbanpeopIe↑『omo『dainingthemseIves.

C『iticsoftheBuddhistandTaoistteachingswanted

totu『nthei『tempIesintoCon↑ucianacademiesof cIassicaIlea『ning.The『ewe『eaIsoincidentsof countγmagist『atesun】ustifiabIγth『owingmonks andnunsoutofthei『tempIes.Somepeop∣eeven suggeStedthatthemonksandnunsshou∣d『etu『nto secu∣a『Iivesandgetma『『iedfo『thepu『poseof p『opagation.

Empe『o『γongZheng『electedthei『p『oposaIs〃 ↑『omwhichwecaninfe『thathewastoo

open﹣minded／wiseandvi『tuoustoaIIowsuch eventstohappen‧Heaccusedthec『iticsofnot 『ecognisingthecont『ibutionstheTh『eeTeachings hadgiventosocietγ／thenationandtohumankind.

Hesaidthei『p『oposaIswou∣dnot】ustupsetexisting policies／theγwou∣dactuaIIγcausenationalun『est.

57

Chinl(ung

Hewentontosaγthatitwasthedutγofthe gove『nmenttotakeca『eofthewidowedandthose

whowe『eaIone.Sincehehadtho『oughunde『﹣ standingoftheTh『eeTeachings／helmewthatthe intentionsofa∣ItheIeft-homepe『sonswe『etocuItivateandaccumuIategoodfO『tunefO「thei『coun﹣ t『γandthei『peop∣e.Theγ『outineIγdidthei『home wo『kinthemo『ningandatnighttimefO『thesame

『eason.Theγp「aγedfo『theweIfa『eo↑theEmpe『o『『 theciviIγmiIitan／﹟andcou『to什iciaIs／andthepeo﹣ pIe.Empe『o『γongZhengwasawiseand kind-hea『TedEmpe『o『.Itwasagainsthisnatu『eto fO『cethemonI（sandnunstogobacktoasecu∣a『 Iife.Anγ『easonab∣eempe『o『o『『uIe『withakind hea『TwouIdhavedonethesame.

Empe『o『γongZhengc『iticisedthepeopIe whohadmadethesep『oposaIsasbeingext『eme∣γ igno『ant.Hedisca『dedthei『p『oposaIsanddidnot punishthemfo『makingthep『oposaIs.Ontheothe『 58

TheEdic【o↑Empe『o「γ0ngZheng

hand•hesaidhewou|dpunishthosewhohadviolatedthe∣aw‧Tothosewhowe『eascetic／diligent

inthei『studies／andabidingbγthe∣aw／hesaidthe count『γmustgivefullp『otection.Hethennamed fou『p『actitione『swhohadviolatedthei『teachings andhadcheatedpeopIe.Sincethosep『actitione『s hadnotme『eIγvioIatedthep『ecepts／theγhad vioIatedthestatutes.hlatu『aIIγtheγhadtobepun﹣ ished.ThiswashowEmpe『o『γongZhengp『otectedtheTh『eeTeachings.Sincethe『ewe『egood

andbadp『actitione『s’hegavep『otectiontothe goodγandfo『gavethosewhohadnotcommitted anγma】o『fault.Thosewhohadb『okentheIaw we『epunishedacco『dingIγ.

Hep『oceededtoexp『esshisopiniononhow top『otecttheIeft﹣homepe『sons.Hesaidhehad aI『eadγattainedtho『oughunde『standingofthe Th『eeTeachings.HavingIookedattheTh『ee Teachingswithunbiasedmind/hewasabIetouti|isethemtohe∣phimgove『nhiscount『γandpunish 59

ChinI<ung

thosewhohadvio|atedtheIaw.

Empe『o『γongZhengthenwishedhispeopIe’ incIudingtheBuddhistandTaoistfOlIowe『s『to co﹣ope『ateandbetoIe『antofeachothe『／tohave mutuaI『esped／andtoIeamf『omeachothe『.He toIdthemtheγshouIdnotfo『seIfish『easonson∣γ p『aisingthemseIvesandattackingothe『s.Theγ shouIdbeimpa『tiaIandstaγawaγf『omhe『eticaI p『actices‧HewantedtowakethemupIiked『unk﹣ a『dsbeingsobe『ed.

Sincesomanγunfo『tunateincidentshadal『eadγtakenpIace／Empe『o『YongZhengmadethe foI∣owingdecIa『ation.TothosepeopIewhohad madeabsu『dp『opositions／eventhoughhewouId notpunishthemfo『doingso／hegavethemwa『ningstonotdothisagain.Hed『ewtheattentionof aIIhisciviI／miIitan／／andcou「to什iciaIstohiso『de『 togivespecialattentiontotheleft-homepe『sonsfo『 thei『p『otectionandsuppo『t.

60

TheEdicto↑Empe「0「γongZheng

Thusacount『γ叭sIeade『scaneithe『Ieadthe wo『Idtowa『dsstabiIitγandpeaceo『theγcanIead thewo『Idintoun「estanddest『uction‧Thekeγto 『eso∣vingun『estiseducation.Tosaveou『societies f『omchaos〃wedependonou『nationa∣Ieade『sto teachandp『opagatetheteachingsofthesaintsand sagesbγusingthemostadvancedtechno∣ogγto b『oadcasttheseteachingstothewhoIewo『Id.This waγthesac「edteachingswillt『u∣γbep『otected.

IhopethatnationalIeade『sand『e∣igious Ieade『swiIIb『oadcastthei『sac『edteachingstothe who∣ewo『∣dfo『a∣I∣ivingbeings.ThiswaγaI∣the diffe『ent『eIigionswiIIthenbeabIeto∣ea『nf『om eachothe『／encou「ageeachothe『andco-ope『ate witheachothe『.Togethe『wecan『eso∣veconfIicts

inou「societiesandhe∣pou『societiesstabiIiseso ou『wo『IdwiIIbeatpeaceAsIongaswehave stabiIitγandpeace／fo『su『ewewiI∣aI∣havep『os﹣ pe『itγ.

61

ChinI(ung

DedicationofMerit

Maγtheme『itandvi「tuesacc『uedf『omthiswo『k

Ado『ntheBuddha／sPu『eLand／ RepaγingthefOu『kindsofkindnessabove／ And『eIievingthesu｛fe『ingsof ThoseintheTh『eePathsbeIow.

MaγaIIwhoseeandhea『ofthis

BeenIightenedbγthei『awakened↑aith／ Abidebγtheteachingsfo『the『estofthisIife叭 Thenbebo『ntogethe『in The<andofUItimateBIiss!

HomagetoAmitabhaBuddha!

VENERABlEMAS『ERCHINkUNC／namedat

bi『thasγaeHongHsu／wasbo『nini927in lu﹃liang〃AnhuiP『ovince.HestudiedBuddhismbγ fOIIowingtheteachingsofP『ofesso『Dong八／lei「ang／ ZhangliaHutukutu／and八∕laste『BingNanLi↑o『 thi『Teenγea『s.HeisaIea『nedmaste『ofthesut『as andthediscou『sesofaI∣schooIsofBuddhism∕

Confucianism／Taoism／andsc『iptu『esofothe『『e-

∣igions.HehasbeenteachingandgivingIectu『es ↑O『15γea『s‧Heteacheswiththeuseo↑distant education:Hep『opagatesMahaγanaBuddhismbγ usingtheinte「netandsateIIiteTV. In『ecentγea『s／hehasbeenactive∣γinvoIved insucheducationtodeveIopmuIticuItu『aIism／『e﹣

Iigiousand『aciaIunitγ〃andwo『IdpeaceHewas awa『dedthetitIesofHono『a『γDocto『ofUnive『sitγ bγC『i什ithUnive『sitγandUnive『sitγofSouthe『n ○ueensIandaswe∣IasAd】unctP『ofesso『bγUni﹣ ve『sitγofQueensIandandC『iffithUnive『sitγ.

八／∣anγPu『e〔andassociationsa『efOundeda∣I ove『thewo「IdonaccountofVene『abIeMaste『

Chinl（ung.「o『thepu『poseoft『ainingmo『equaIi﹣ fiedIectu『e『stoca『『γontheimpo『tantwo『kof p『opagatingBuddhism’in200i／heestabIishedthe

Pu『e止and〔ea「ningCoIIegeAssociation﹜Inc.in Aust「aIia‧ Inte『net:

Aust『aIia:http:／／Www‧amtb-aus.o「g HongKong:http:〃www‧budaedu.o『g‧hk Singapo『e:http:〃Www.amtb.o『g.sg Taiwan:http:／／Www‧amtb‧o『g.tw USA:http:〃Www‧amtb-dba‧o『g E﹣maiI:pu『eIandco∣lege＠iinet.net‧au

Add『ess:57WestSt「eet／Toowoomba〃○Id4350 TeI:61-(0)7-4637-8765 「ax:6】-（0）7﹣4637﹣8764

“WherevertheBuddha’steachingsaretaught andpractised,eitherinc•untries,cities,

c•untrysides•rgatherings,allwillbe trarlsf•rmedf•rth2better·Thew•rldwil<bein

harm•ny.Thesunandm••nwillshineclear andbright.Windandrainwillappear acc•rdingly·Therewillben•disast2r,•nly

pr○sperin／andstabili山.Therewillben○c○nflicts •rwars.Allwilluph•ldtheirvirtuesandbe kindhearted.AIwillgiveprecedenc2t••thers •ut•fc•urtesy.Therewil>ben•theff•r in>ustice.Thestr•ngwillnotd•minat2n•rtake

advantage•ftheweakAllwillreceivetheirfair share…”(TheInfiniteLifeSuha)

戀

箏藏【學索犖令 本曹╴切法寶,冤費結緣,禁止販售,謂勿■改內容,歡迎翻印流通。