DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 JANUARY 1993
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Volume 1 of 2
U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20585
FSC-6910
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN37S31. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.
Order No. DE93012220
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ 1-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
ABSTRACT The Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings Handbook was developed to assist
nuclear facility operating contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, and technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of engineering prints, their use, and their function. The handbook includes information on engineering fluid drawings and prints; piping and instrument drawings; major symbols and conventions; electronic diagrams and schematics; logic circuits and diagrams; and fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for reading, interpreting, and using the engineering prints and drawings that are associated with various DOE nuclear facility operations and maintenance.
Key Words: Training Material, Print Reading, Piping and Instrument Drawings, Schematics, Electrical Diagrams, Block Diagrams, Logic Diagrams, Fabrication Drawings, Construction Drawings, Architectural Drawings
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ 1-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
FOREWORD The Departnzent of Energy (DOE) Fundanzentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors.
These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985 for use by DOE category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of detail of the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals were determined from several sources. DOE Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and served as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the commercial nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from contractors and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree in developing the text material and learning objectives. The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities'
fundamental training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities, the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the Nuclear Facility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To update their reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed and commented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that applied to two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draft of each of the handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resulted in revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust the content to fit their specific needs. Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and
text material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each handbook is supported by a separate examination bank with an answer key. The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary for
Nuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training Coordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ 1-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
OVERVIEW The Departnzent of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Engineering Synzbology, Prints, and Drawings was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of engineering prints and drawings is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This knowledge will improve personnel understanding of the impact that their actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.
The Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings handbook consists of six modules that are contained in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module of the handbook. Volume 1 of 2 Module 1 - Introduction to Print Reading
This module introduces each type of drawing and its various formats. It also reviews the information contained in the non-drawing areas of a drawing. Module 2 - Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints This module introduces engineering fluid diagrams and prints (P&IDs); reviews the common symbols and conventions used on P&IDs; and provides several examples of how to read a P&ID.
Module 3 - Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
This module reviews the major symbols and conventions used on electrical schematics and single line drawings and provides several examples of reading electrical prints.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ 1-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
OVERVIEW (Cont.) Volume 2 of 2 Module 4 - Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
This module reviews electronic schematics and block diagrams. It covers the major symbols used and provides several examples of reading these types of diagrams.
Module 5 - Logic Diagrams This module introduces the basic symbols and common conventions used on logic diagrams. It explains how logic prints are used to represent a component's
control circuits. Truth tables are also briefly discusses and several examples of reading logic diagrams are provided. Module 6 - Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
This module reviews fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings and introduces the symbols and conventions used to dimension and tolerance these types of drawings.
The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. An attempt to present the entire subject of engineering drawings would be impractical. However, the Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings handbook does present enough information to provide the reader with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and to improve understanding of basic system operation and equipment operations.
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 1 Introduction to Print Reading
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Introduction To Print Reading
DOE-HDBK- 1016/1-93
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
UST OF TABLES
iii
REFERENCES OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING Introduction Anatomy of a Drawing The Title Block Grid System Revision Block Changes Notes and Legend Summary
a
INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES Categories of Drawings Piping and Instrument Drawings (P &IDs) Electrical Single Lines and Schematics Electronic Diagrams and Schematics Logic Diagrams and Prints Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings Drawing Format Views and Perspectives Summary
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10 10
10 11
13 14 14 19
22
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Introduction To Print Reading
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Title Block
Figure 2 Example of a Grid Figure 3 Revision Block Figure 4 Methods of Denoting Changes
Figure 5 Notes and Legends Figure 6 Example P&ID
10
Figure 7 Example of a Single Line Figure 8 Example of a Schematic Figure 9 Example of an Electronic Diagram
Figure 10 Example of a Logic Print
14
Figure 11 Example of a Fabrication Drawing
Figure 12 Example of a Single Line P&ID
16
Figure 13 Example Pictorial Figure 14 Example of an Assembly Drawing
Figure 15 Example of a Cutaway
18
Figure 16 Example Orthographic Projection
19
Figure 17 Orthographic Projections
Figure 18 Example of an Isometric
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES NONE
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REFERENCES
DOE-HDBK-101611-93
Introduction To Print Reading
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.SM - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute.
Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1979.
Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.
Arne 11, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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Introduction To Print Reading
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OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET the information contained in the title block, the notes and legend, the revision block, and the drawing grid.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1
STATE the five types of information provided in the title block of an engineering drawing.
1.2
STATE how the grid system on an engineering drawing is used to locate a piece of equipment.
1.3
STATE the three types of information provided in the revision block of an engineering drawing.
1.4
STATE the purpose of the notes and legend section of an engineering drawing.
1.5
LIST the five drawing categories used on engineering drawings.
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING A through knowledge of the infOrmation presented in the title block, the revision block, the notes and legend, and the drawing grid is necessary before a drawing can be read. This infOrmation is displayed in the areas surrounding the graphic portion of the drawing.
EO 1.1
STATE the five types of information provided in the title block of an engineering drawing.
EO 1.2
STATE how the grid system on an engineering drawing is used to locate a piece of equipment.
EO 1.3
STATE the three types of information provided in the revision block of an engineering drawing.
EO 1.4
STATE the purpose of the notes and legend section of an engineering drawing.
Introduction The ability to read and understand information contained on drawings is essential to perform most engineering-related jobs. Engineering drawings are the industry's means of communicating detailed and accurate information on how to fabricate, assemble, troubleshoot, repair, and operate
a piece of equipment or a system. To understand how to "read" a drawing it is necessary to be familiar with the standard conventions, rules, and basic symbols used on the various types of drawings. But before learning how to read the actual "drawing," an understanding of the information contained in the various non-drawing areas of a print is also necessary. This chapter will address the information most commonly seen in the non-drawing areas of a nuclear grade engineering type drawing. Because of the extreme variation in format, location of information, and types of information presented on drawings from vendor to vendor and site to site, all drawings will not necessarily contain the following information or format, but will usually be similar in nature. In this handbook the terms print, drawing, and diagram are used interchangeably to denote the complete drawing. This includes the graphic portion, the title block, the grid system, the revision block, and the notes and legend. When the words print, drawing, or diagram, appear in quotes, the word is referring only to the actual graphic portion of the drawing.
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
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Introduction To Print Reading
Anatomy of a Drawing A generic engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts. 1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
Title block Grid system Revision block Notes and legends Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
The information contained in the drawing itself will be covered in subsequent modules. This module will cover the non-drawing portions of a print. The first four parts listed above provide important information about the actual drawing. The ability to understand the information contained in these areas is as important as being able to read the drawing itself. Failure to understand these areas can result in improper use or the misinterpretation of the drawing.
The Title Block The title block of a drawing, usually located on the bottom or lower right hand corner, contains all the information necessary to identify the drawing and to verify its validity. A title block is divided into several areas as illustrated by Figure 1.
First Area of the Title Block The first area of the title block contains the drawing title, the drawing number, and lists the location, the site, or the vendor. The drawing title and the drawing number are used for identification and filing purposes. Usually the number is unique to the drawing and is comprised of a code that contains information about the drawing such as the site, system, and type of drawing. The drawing number may also contain information such as the sheet number, if the drawing is part of a series, or it may contain the revision level. Drawings are usually filed by their drawing number because the drawing title may be common to several prints or series of prints.
Second Area of the Title Block The second area of the title block contains the signatures and approval dates, which provide information as to when and by whom the component/system was designed and when and by whom the drawing was drafted and verified for final approval. This information can be invaluable in locating further data on the system/component design or
operation. These names can also help in the resolution of a discrepancy between the drawing and another source of information.
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
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Third Area of the Title Block The third area of the title block is the reference block. The reference block lists other drawings that are related to the system/component, or it can list all the other drawings that are cross-referenced on the drawing, depending on the site's or vendor's conventions. The reference block can be extremely helpful in tracing down additional information on the system or component.
Other information may also be contained in the title block and will vary from site to site and vendor to vendor. Some examples are contract numbers and drawing scale.
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
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Introduction To Print Reading
Drawing Scale All drawings can be classified as either drawings with scale or those not drawn to scale. Drawings without a scale usually are intended to present only functional information about
the component or system. Prints drawn to scale allow the figures to be rendered accurately and precisely. Scale drawings also allow components and systems that are too large to be drawn full size to be drawn in a more convenient and easy to read size. The opposite is also true. A very small component can be scaled up, or enlarged, so that its details can be seen when drawn on paper. Scale drawings usually present the information used to fabricate or construct a component
or system. If a drawing is drawn to scale, it can be used to obtain information such as physical dimensions, tolerances, and materials that allows the fabrication or construction of the component or system. Every dimension of a component or system does not have to be stated in writing on the drawing because the user can actually measure the distance (e.g., the length of a part) from the drawing and divide or multiply by the stated scale to obtain the correct measurements.
The scale of a drawing is usually presented as a ratio and is read as illustrated in the following examples. 1" = 1"
Read as 1 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 inch (on the actual component or system). This can also be stated as FULL SIZE in
the scale block of the drawing. The measured distance on the drawing is the actual distance or size of the component. 3/8" = 1'
Read as 3/8 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actual component or system). This is called 3/8 scale. For example, if a component part measures 6/8 inch on the drawing, the actual component measures 2 feet.
1/2" = 1'
Read as 1/2 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actual component or system). This is called 1/2 scale. For example, if a component part measures 1-1/2 inches on the drawing the actual component measures 3 feet.
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
Grid System Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment
on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing. To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system. The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing as illustrated on Figure 2. Like a city map, the drawing is divided into smaller blocks, each having a unique two letter or number identifier. For example, when a pipe is continued from one drawing to another, not only is the second drawing referenced on the first drawing, but so are the grid coordinates locating the continued pipe. Therefore the search for the pipe contained in the block is much easier than searching the whole drawing.
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Example of a Grid
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
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Introduction To Print Reading
Revision Block As changes to a component or system are made, the drawings depicting the component or system must be redrafted and reissued. When a drawing is first issued, it is called revision zero, and the
revision block is empty. As each revision is made to the drawing, an entry is placed in the revision block. This entry will provide the revision number, a title or summary of the revision, and the date of the revision. The revision number may also appear at the end of the drawing number or in its own separate block, as shown in Figure 2, Figure 3. As the component or system is modified, and the drawing is updated to reflect the changes, the revision number is increased by one, and the revision number in the revision block is changed to indicate the new revision number. For example, if a Revision 2 drawing is modified, the new drawing showing the latest modifications will have the same drawing number, but its revision level will be increased to 3. The old Revision 2 drawing will be filed and maintained in the filing system for historical purposes.
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Introduction To Print Reading
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
Changes There are two common methods of indicating where a revision has changed a drawing that contains a system diagram. The first is the cloud method, where each change is enclosed by a hand-drawn cloud shape, as shown in Figure 4. The second method involves placing a circle (or triangle or other shape) with the revision number next to each effected portion of the drawing, as shown in Figure 4. The cloud method indicates changes from the most recent revision only, whereas the second method indicates all revisions to the drawing because all of the previous revision circles remain on the drawing.
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The revision number and revision block are especially useful in researching the evolution of a specific system or component through the comparison of the various revisions.
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Introduction To Print Reading
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
Notes and Legend Drawings are comprised of symbols and lines that represent components or systems. Although
a majority of the symbols and lines are self-explanatory or standard (as described in later modules), a few unique symbols and conventions must be explained for each drawing. The notes and legends section of a drawing lists and explains any special symbols and conventions used on the drawing, as illustrated on Figure 5. Also listed in the notes section is any information the designer or draftsman felt was necessary to correctly use or understand the drawing. Because of the importance of understanding all of the symbols and conventions used on a drawing, the notes and legend section must be reviewed before reading a drawing.
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Introduction To Print Reading
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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Introduction to Print Reading Summary The title block of a drawing contains: the drawing title the drawing number location, site, or vendor issuing the drawing the design, review, and approval signatures the reference block The grid system of a drawing allows information to be more easily identified
using the coordinates provided by the grid. The coordinate letters and/or numbers break down the drawing into smaller blocks. The revision block of a drawing provides the revision number, a title or summary
of the revision, and the date of the revision, for each revision. The notes and legend section of a drawing provides explanations of special symbols or conventions used on the drawing and any additional information the
designer or draftsman felt was necessary to understand the drawing.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction To Print Reading
INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES To read a drawing correctly, the user must have a basic understanding of the various categories of drawings and the views and perspectives in which each drawing can be presented.
EO 1.5
LIST the five drawing categories used on engineering drawings.
Categories of Drawings The previous chapter reviewed the non-drawing portions of a print. This chapter will introduce the five common categories of drawings. They are 1) piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs), 2) electrical single lines and schematics, 3) electronic diagrams and schematics, 4) logic diagrams and prints, and 5) fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.
Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&IDs) P&IDs are usually designed to present functional information about a system or component. Examples are piping layout, flowpaths, pumps, valves, instruments, signal modifiers, and controllers, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Example P&ID
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DOE-HDBK-1016/I-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
As a rule P&IDs do not have a drawing scale and present only the relationship or sequence between components. Just because two pieces of equipment are drawn next to each other does not indicate that in the plant the equipment is even in the same building; it is just the next part or piece of the system. These drawings only present information on how a system functions, not the actual physical relationships. Because P&IDs provide the most concise format for how a system should function, they are used extensively in the operation, repair, and modification of the plant.
Electrical Single Lines and Schematics Electrical single lines and schematics are designed to present functional information about the electrical design of a system or component. They provide the same types of information about electrical
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building power distribution, system power distribution, and
motor control centers. Figure 7 is an example of an electrical single line.
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Electrical schematics provide a more detailed level of 480V BUS1 information about an electrical system or component than the Figure 7 Example of a Single Line single lines. Electrical schematic drawings present information such as the individual relays, relay contacts, fuses, motors, lights, and instrument
sensors. Examples of typical schematics are valve actuating circuits, motor start circuits, and breaker circuits.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Figure 8 is an example of a motor start circuit schematic. Electrical single lines and schematics provide the most concise format for depicting how electrical systems should function, and are used extensively in the operation, repair, and modification of the plant.
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Introduction to Print Reading
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics Electronic diagrams and schematics are designed to present information about the individual components (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) used in a circuit, as illustrated in Figure 9. These drawings are usually used by circuit designers and electronics repair personnel.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction to Print Reading
Logic Diagrams and Prints Logic diagrams and prints can be used to depict several types of information. The most common use is to provide a simplified functional representation of an electrical circuit, as illustrated in Figure 10. For example, it is easier and faster to figure out how a valve functions and responds to various inputs signals by representing a valve circuit using logic symbols, than by using the
electrical schematic with its complex relays and contacts. These drawings do not replace schematics, but they are easier to use for certain applications.
Figure 10 Example of a Logic Print
Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings are designed to present the detailed information required to construct or fabricate a part, system, or structure. These three types of drawings differ only in their application as opposed to any real differences in the drawings themselves. Construction drawings, commonly referred to as "blueprint" drawings, present the detailed information required to assemble a structure on site. Architectural drawings present information about the conceptual design of the building or structure. Examples are house plans, building elevations (outside view of each side of a structure), equipment installation drawings, foundation drawings, and equipment assembly drawings. Fabrication drawings, as shown in Figure 11, are similar to construction and architectural drawing
but are usually found in machine shops and provide the necessary detailed information for a craftsman to fabricate a part. All three types of drawings, fabrication, construction, and architectural, are usually drawn to scale.
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Introduction to Print Reading
INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Drawing Format P&IDs, fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings can be presented using one of several
different formats. The standard formats are single line, pictorial or double line, and cutaway. Each format provides specific information about a component or system.
Single Line Drawings The single line format is most commonly used in P&IDs. Figure 12 is an example of a single line P&ID. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols (covered in later modules). By simplifying piping and equipment, single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.
CROSS
UNION
GLOBE VALVE
GATE VALVE
r- FITTING
ELBOW
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ELBOW
Figure 12 Example of a Single Line P&ID
Pictorial or Double Line Drawings Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. Figure 13 provides an example illustration of a pictorial drawing. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions. Compare the pictorial illustration, Figure 13, to the single line of the same system shown in Figure 12. Pictorial or double line drawings are often used in advertising and training material.
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Introduction To Print Readine
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES
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Assembly Drawings Assembly drawing are a special application of pictorial drawings that are common in the engineering field. As seen in Figure 14, an assembly drawing is a pictorial view of the object with all the components shown as they go together. This type pictorial is usually found in vendor manuals and is used for parts identification and general information relatt% c to the assembl of the component.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction To Print Reading
Cutaway Drawings A cutaway drawing is another special type of pictorial drawing. In a cutaway, as the name implies, the component or system has a portion cut away to reveal the internal
parts of the component or system. Figure 15 is an illustration of a cutaway. This type of drawing is extremely helpful in the maintenance and training areas where the way internal parts are assembled is important.
FEEDBACK LEVER
CROSS SPRING FLEXURE
SPIRAL CANTILEVER SPRING
INPUT LEVER
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FEEDBACK BELLOWS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK PORT
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RELAY DIAPHRAGMS
EXHAUST PORT
FILTER & RESTRICTION
OUTPUT
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RELAY POPPET
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LINE
Figure 15 Example of a Cutaway
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction To Print Reading
Views and Perspectives In addition to the different drawing formats, there are different views or perspectives in which the formats can be drawn. The most commonly used are the orthographic projection and the isometric projection.
Orthographic Projections Orthographic projection is widely used for fabrication and construction type drawings,
as shown in Figure 16. Orthographic projections present the component or system through the use of three views, These are a top view, a side view, and a front view. Other views, such as a bottom view, are used to more fully depict the component or ssteni %%hen nece:tr) ,
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction To Print Reading
Figure 17 shows how each of the three views is obtained. The orthographic projection is typically drawn to scale and shows all components in their proper relationships to each other. The three views, when provided with dimensions and a drawing scale, contain information that is necessary to fabricate or construct the component or system.
Figure 17 Orthographic Projections
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Introduction To Print Reading
DOE-HDBK-1016/I-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Isometric Projection The isometric projection presents a single view of the component or system. The view is commonly from above and at an angle of 30째. This provides a more realistic threedimensional view. As shown on Figure 18, this view makes it easier to see how the system looks and how its various portions or parts are related to one another. Isometric projections may or may not be drawn to a scale.
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Figure 18 Example of an Isometric
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES
Introduction To Print Reading
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Drawing Types, Views, and Perspectives Summary The five engineering drawing categories are: P&IDs
Electrical single lines and schematics Electronic diagrams and schematics
Logic diagrams and prints Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 2 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
DOE-IIDBK-1016/1-93
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
IIE
LIST OF TABLES REFERENCES OBJECTIVES
ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Symbology Valve Symbols Valve Actuators Control Valve Designations Piping Systems Instrumentation Sensing Devices and Detectors Modifiers and Transmitters Indicators and Recorders Controllers Examples of Simple Instrument Loops Components Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols Summary
READING ENGINEERING P&IDs
El
01 11
12 12 13 13 15 15 16
Standards and Conventions for Valve Status Summary P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE
16 17 18
Example Summary
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
TABLE OF CONTENTS FLUID POWER P&lDs Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics Pumps Reservoirs Actuator Piping Valves Reading Fluid Power Diagrams Types of Fluid Power Diagrams Summary
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24 24 27 30 33 35
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
UST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Valve Symbols
Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve
4
Figure 4 Level Control Valve Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners 6
Figure 6 Control Valve Designations
Figure 7 Piping Symbols
I.
7
Figure 8 More Piping Symbols Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols
10
Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments
11
Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders
Figure 12 Controllers
1'
Figure 13 Signal Conditioners
1'
Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples
Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components
14
Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols
15
Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols
16
Figure 18 Exercise PeclD
19
Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols
23
Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols
24
Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators
25
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LIST OF FIGURES
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators
26
Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols
26
Figure 24 Valve Operation
27
Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development
28
Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols
29
Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System
30
Figure 28 Line Diagram of Figure 27
30
Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram
31
Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram
33
Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram
34
Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram
34
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Instrument Identifiers
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REFERENCES
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute.
Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1979.
Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.
Arne 11, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Piping and Instrument Drawings.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves: a.
b. c. d. e. f. 1.2
Globe valve Gate valve Ball valve Check valve Stop check valve Butterfly valve
g.
h. i.
j. k. 1.
Relief valve Rupture disk Three-way valve Four-way valve Throttle (needle) valve Pressure regulator
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valve operators: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
Diaphragm valve operator Motor valve operator Solenoid valve operator Piston (hydraulic) valve operator Hand (manual) valve operator Reach-rod valve operator
1.3
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators and ejectors.
1.4
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
Rev. 0
Process Pneumatic Hydraulic Inert gas Instrument signal (electrical) Instrument capillary Electrical
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
OBJECTIVES
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
ENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.) 1.5
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of instrumentation: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
Differential pressure cell Temperature element Venturi Orifice Rotometer Conductivity or salinity cell Radiation detector
1.6
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote the location, either local or board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers.
1.7
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument signal controllers and modifiers: a.
b. c. d. 1.8
Proportional Proportional-integral Proportional-integral-differential Square root extractors
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system components: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
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Centrifugal pumps Positive displacement pumps Heat exchangers Compressors Fans Tanks Filters/strainers
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
OBJECTIVES
ENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.) 1.9
STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an engineering P&ID: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
h. i.
Open valve Closed valve Throttled valve Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve) Locked-closed valve Locked-open valve Fail-open valve Fail-closed valve Fail-as-is valve
1.10
Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and DETERMINE the flowpath(s) for a given valve lineup.
1.11
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following components: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
1.12
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Pump Compressor Reservoir Actuators Piping and piping junctions Valves
Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERMINE the operation or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied/removed.
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Engineer Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Intentionally Left Blank.
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS To read and understand engineering fluid diagrams and prints, usually referred to as P&IDs, an individual must be familiar with the basic symbols. EO 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves: a. b. c.
d. e.
f.
EO 1.2
Globe valve Gate valve Ball valve Check valve Stop check valve Butterfly valve
g.
Relief valve
h. Rupture disk i. Three-way valve j. Four-way valve k. Throttle (needle) valve 1.
Pressure regulator
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valve operators: a. b. c.
d. e.
f.
EO 1.3
Diaphragm valve operator Motor valve operator Solenoid valve operator Piston (hydraulic) valve operator Hand (manual) valve operator Reach rod valve operator
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators and ejectors.
EO 1.4
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines:
c.
Process Pneumatic Hydraulic
d.
Inert gas
a. b.
Rev. 0
e.
f.
g
Page 1
Instrument signal (electrical) Instrument capillary Electrical
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
EO 1.5
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of instrumentation: a. b. c.
d.
EO 1.6
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Differential pressure cell Temperature element Venturi Orifice
e. f. g.
Rotometer Conductivity or salinity cell Radiation detector
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote
the location, either local or board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers. EO 1.7
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument signal modifiers: a. b. c.
d.
EO 1.8
Proportional Proportional-integral Proportional-integral-differential Square root extractors
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system components: a. b. c.
d.
Centrifugal pumps Positive displacement pumps Heat exchangers Compressors
e. f. g.
Fans Tanks Filters/strainers
Symbology To read and interpret piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs), the reader must learn the meaning of the symbols. This chapter discusses the common symbols that are used to depict fluid system components. When the symbology is mastered, the reader will be able to interpret most P&IDs.
The reader should note that this chapter is only representative of fluid system symbology, rather than being all-inclusive. The symbols presented herein are those most commonly used in engineering P&IDs. The reader may expand his or her knowledge by obtaining and studying the appropriate drafting standards used at his or her facility.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
Valve Symbols Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids. Figure 1 shows the symbols that depict the major valve types. It shoud be noted that globe and gate valves will often be depicted by the same valve symbol. In such cases, information concerning the valve type may be conveyed by the component identification number or by the notes and legend section of the drawing; however, in many instances even that may not hold true.
GLOBE:
DIBI
THREE-WAY:
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ALTERNATIVE.
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FOUR-WAY:
GATE:
4
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ALTERNATIVE.
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Figure 1 Valve Symbols
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Valve Actuators Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Figure 2 shows the symbols for the common valve actuators. Note that although each is shown attached to a gate valve, an actuator can be attached to any type of valve body. If no actuator is shown on a valve symbol, it may be assumed the valve is equipped only with a handwheel for manual operation.
PISTON:
DIAPHRAGM:
ALTERNATIVE:
ALTERNATIVE:
ELECTRIC MOTOR:
REACHROD:
SOLENOID:
MANUAL:
CW:1
ALTERNATIVE:
Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols
The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve. Control valves are symbolized by combining the appropriate valve symbol and actuator symbol, as illustrated in Figure 2. Control valves can be configured in many different ways. The most commonly found configurations are to manually control the actuator from a remote operating station, to automatically control the actuator from an instrument, or both. In many cases, remote control of a valve is accomplished by using an intermediate, small control valve to operate the actuator of the process control valve. The intermediate control valve is placed in the line supplying
INTERMEDIATE SOLENOID
rCONTROL VALVE
motive force to the process control valve, as shown in Figure 3. In this example, air to the process air-operated control valve is controlled by the solenoid-operated, 3-way valve in the air supply line. The 3-way valve may supply air to the control valve's diaphragm or vent the diaphragm to the atmosphere. Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
Note that the symbols alone in Figure 3 do not provide the reader with enough information to determine whether applying air pressure to the diaphragm opens or closes the process control valve, or whether energizing the solenoid pressurizes or vents the diaphragm. Further, Figure 3 is incomplete in that it does not show the electrical portion of the valve control system nor does it identify the source of the motive force (compressed air). Although Figure 3 informs the reader of the types of mechanical components in the control system and how they interconnect, it does not provide enough information to determine how those components react to a control signal.
Control valves operated by an instrument signal are symbolized in the same manner as those shown previously, except the output of the controlling instrument goes to the valve actuator. Figure 4 shows a level instrument (designated "LC") that controls the level in the tank by positioning an air-operated diaphragm control valve. Again, note that Figure 4 does not contain enough information to enable the reader to determine how the control valve responds to a change in level.
Figure 4 Level Control Valve
An additional aspect of some control valves is a valve positioner, which allows more precise control of the valve. This is especially useful when instrument signals are used to control the valve. An example of a valve positioner is a set of limit switches operated by the motion of the valve. A positioner is symbolized by a square box on the stem of the control valve actuator. The positioner may have lines attached for motive force, instrument signals, or both. Figure 5 shows two examples of valves equipped with positioners. Note that, although these examples are more detailed than those of Figure 3 and Figure 4, the reader still does not have sufficient information to fully determine response of the control valve to a change in control signal.
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Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners
In Example A of Figure 5, the reader can reasonably assume that opening of the control valve is in some way proportional to the level it controls and that the solenoid valve provides an override of the automatic control signals. However, the reader cannot ascertain whether it opens or closes the control valve. Also, the reader cannot determine in which direction the valve moves in response to a change in the control parameter. In Example B of Figure 5, the reader can make the same general assumptions as in Example A, except the control signal is unknown. Without additional information, the reader can only assume the air supply provides both the control signal and motive force for positioning the control valve. Even when valves are equipped with positioners, the positioner symbol may appear only on detailed system diagrams. Larger, overall system diagrams usually do not show this much detail and may only show the examples of Figure 5 as air-operated valves with no special features.
Control Valve Designations A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve, as shown in Figure 6. The common convention is that the first letter used in the valve designator
indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example: FLOW CONTROL VALVE.
F = flow T = temperature L = level P = pressure H = hand (manually operated valve)
TEMPERATURE CONTROL VALVE:
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE:
The second letter is usually a "C" and identifies the valve as a controller, or active component, as opposed to a hand-operated valve. The third
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE.
letter is a "V" to indicate that the piece of equipment is a valve.
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Figure 6 Control Valve Designations
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Piping Systems
PROCESS FLOW LINE:
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium.
PNEUMATIC (AIR) LINE OR DEFINED PROCESS LINE:
For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and
HYDRAULIC LINE:
electrical wires as well as piping. Figure 7 shows commonly used
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY:
symbols for indicating the medium carried
by
the
differentiating
piping
between
and
for
piping,
instrumentation signals, and electrical wires. Note that, although the auxiliary piping symbols identify their mediums, the symbol for the process flow line does not identify its medium.
Rev. 0
ALTERNATIVE:
L
L
L
L
L
INERT GAS LINE: INSTRUMENT SIGNAL:
ELECTRICAL WIRES:
-0 -0- 0- A- -0- -0 -0- 0-
ALTERNATIVE: ELECTRIC
HEAT TRACING: STEAM
HEAT TRACING:
EE SS
E
S
Figure 7 Piping Symbols
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The diagram may also depict
the individual fittings comprising the piping runs depending on its intended use. Figure 8 shows symbols used to depict pipe fittings.
FLEXIBLE
EDUCTOR.
CONNECTION:
REMOVABLE
EJECTOR:
1 r1
-ID
PIPE
REDUCER:
Instrumentation
SPOOL:
CROSS:
HOSE
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of
LATERAL, OR Y:
CONNECTION:
SCREW CAP: TRUE Y:
WELD CAP: BLANK FLANGE:
equipment. Because of this, a large amount of the symbology
LOOP SEAL:
appearing on P&IDs depicts instrumentation and instrument loops.
UNION, SCREWED:
ATMOSPHERIC VENT:
n
The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.
OR
FLANGE:
Figure 8 More Piping Symbols
Generally each of these four categories uses the component identifying (labeling) scheme identified in Table 1. The first column of Table 1 lists the letters used to identify the parameter being sensed or monitored by the loop or instrument. The second column lists the letters used to indicate the type of indicator or controller. The third column lists the letters used to indicate the type of component. The fourth column lists the letters used to indicate the type of signals that are being modified by a modifier.
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TABLE 1
Instrument Identifiers Sensed Parameter
F = flow T = temperature P = pressure
Type of Indicator or Controller
Type of signal
Type of Component
T = transmitter M = modifier E = element
R = recorder I = indicator C = controller
I
= current
V = voltage P = pneumatic
I = current L = level V = voltage Z = position The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates
its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of signals being modified. The following is a list of example instrument identifiers constructed from Table 1.
= flow indicating controller = flow modifier = pressure modifier = temperature element = temperature recorder LIC = level indicating controller FIC FM PM TE TR
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TT PT FE
Fl TI FC
Page 9
= temperature transmitter = pressure transmitter = flow element = flow indicator = temperature indicator = flow controller
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Sensing Devices and Detectors The parameters of any system are monitored for indication, control, or both. To create a usable signal, a device must be inserted into the system to detect the desired parameter. In some cases, a device is used to create special conditions so that another device can supply the necessary measurement. Figure 9 shows the symbols used for the various sensors and detectors.
6
THERMOCOUPLE:
ORIFICE:
ALTERNATIVE: III VENTURI:
FLOW ELEMENT:
TEMPERATURE ELEMENT:
.......r.
ROTOMETER:
.00........
Et
-III-
e
(1 WITHOUT WELL
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CELL:
CONDUCTIVITY CELL:
(1'
OR C)
1
ri-
WITH WELL
RADIATION DETECTOR:
Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols
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Modifiers and Transmitters Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters. The exceptions are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. Figure 10 illustrates various examples of modifiers and transmitters. Figure 10 also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the location of an instrument, i.e., local or board mounted.
Transmitters are used to convert the signal from a sensor or detector to a form that can be sent to a
remote point
for
processing, controlling, or monitoring. The output can be electronic (voltage or current), pneumatic, or hydraulic. Figure 10 illustrates symbols for
BASIC SYMBOL USED FOR;
The reader should note that modifiers may only be
identified by the type of input and output signal (such as I/P for one that converts an electrical input to a pneumatic output) rather than by the monitored parameter ( such as PM for pressure modifier).
e e
BOARD MOUNTED INSTRUMENT:
INSTRUMENT BEHIND BOARD:
EXAMPLES OF MODIFIERS
several specific types of transmitters.
0
LOCALLY MOUNTED INSTRUMENT:
EA/7\ LOCALLY MOUNTED VOLTAGE TO CURRENT FLOW MODIFIER:
OR
OR
Esi
PM
OR
OR
Es
0
OR
FM
LOCALLY MOUNTED PNEUMATIC TO CURRENT PRESSURE MODIFIER:
Pilim
LOCALLY MOUNTED SQUARE ROOT EXTRACTOR:
NI
EXAMPLES OF TRANSMITTERS
FLOW TRANSMITTER:
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER:
6
Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments
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Indicators and Recorders Indicators and recorders are instruments that convert the signal
LOCALLY MOUNTED FLOW INDICATOR:
generated by an instrument loop into a readable form. The indicator or recorder may be locally or board mounted, and like modifiers and transmitters this
LOCALLY MOUNTED TEMPERATURE OR PRESSURE INDICATORS:
information is indicated by the type of symbol used. Figure 11 provides examples of the symbols used for indicators and recorders and how their location is denoted.
BOARD MOUNTED FLOW INDICATORS:
BOARD MOUNTED PRESSURE INDICATOR:
Controllers FLOW RECORDER
Controllers process the signal from
MOUNTED BEHIND BOARD:
an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they
LOCALLY MOUNTED TEMPERATURE RECORDER:
are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling
LOCALLY MOUNTED
PRESSURE RECORDER: parameter as shown in Figure 12. There are controllers that serve to process a signal and create a new Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders signal. These include proportional controllers, proportional-integral controllers, and proportional-integral-differential controllers. The symbols for these controllers
are illustrated in Figure 13.
Note that these types of controllers are also called signal
conditioners.
FLOW CONTROLLER TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
PRESSURE CONTROLLER LEVEL CONTROLLER
o e 6 0
PROPORTIONAL
PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL
e
PROPORTIONAL-1NTEGRALDIFFERENTIAL
CURRENT TO PNEUMATIC
Figure 12 Controllers
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Figure 13 Signal Conditioners
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS
Examples of Simple Instrument Loops Figure 14 shows two examples of simple instrument loops. Figure 14 (A) shows a temperature transmitter (TT), which generates two electrical signals. One signal goes to a board mounted temperature recorder (TR) for
display. The second signal is sent to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
controller, the output of which is sent to a current-to-pneumatic modifier (I/P). In the I/P modifier, the electric signal is converted into a pneumatic
signal, commonly 3 psi to 15 psi, which in turn operates the valve. The
function of the complete loop is to modify flow based on process fluid temperature. Note that there is not enough information to determine how flow and temperature are related and
what the setpoint is, but in some instances the setpoint is stated on a P&ID. Knowing the setpoint and purpose of the system will usually be sufficient to allow the operation of the instrument loop to be determined. Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples
The pneumatic level transmitter (LT) illustrated in Figure 14 (B) senses tank level. The output of the level transmitter is pneumatic and is routed to a board-mounted level modifier (LM). The level modifier conditions the signal (possibly boosts or mathematically modifies the signal) and uses the modified signal for two purposes. The modifier drives a board-mounted recorder (LR) for indication, and it sends a modified pneumatic signal to the diaphragm-operated level control valve. Notice that insufficient information exists to determine the relationship between sensed tank level and valve operation.
Components Within every fluid system there are major components such as pumps, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans. Figure 15 shows the engineering symbols for the most common major components.
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
ALTERNATIVES:
CY -(5 SUBMERSIBLE
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP:
RECIPROCATING
FAN-
CENTRIFUGAL
ALTERNATIVE: OR
ROTARY
HEAT EXCHANGER:
OR
VANEAXIAL
ALTERNATIVES:
COMPRESSOR:
TANK:
ll
PROPELLER
OR
OR
STRAINER: -I 8H OR
ALTERNATIVE:
Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components
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Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment, there
are miscellaneous symbols that are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing. Figure 16 lists and explains four of the more common miscellaneous symbols.
XX-001XY >
< XX-002XY I
< XX-003XY>
PIPE OR WIRE IS CONTINUED ON DRAWING XX-001, GRID COORDINATE XY, FLOW 1S TO THAT DRAWING PIPE OR WIRE IS CONTINUED FROM DRAWING XX-002, GRID COORDINATE XY, FLOW 1S FROM THAT DRAWING
PIPE OR WIRE IS CONTINUED ON DRAWING XX-003, GRID COORDINATES XY, FLOW IS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS BUILDING /AREA BOUNDARY
Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Engineering Fluids Diagrams and Prints Summary In this chapter the common symbols found on P&IDs for valves, valve operators, process
piping, instrumentation, and common system components were reviewed.
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READING ENGINEERING P&IDs
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READING ENGINEERING P&IDs Standards and conventions have been developed to provide consistency from drawing to drawing. To accurately interpret a drawing, these standards and conventions must be understood.
EO 1.9
STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an engineering P&ID drawing: a. b. c.
d.
Open valve Closed valve Throttled valve Combination valves 13- or 4- way valve)
e.
f. g.
h. i.
Locked-closed valve Locked-open valve Fail-open valves Fail-closed valve Fail-as-is valve
Standards and Conventions for Valve Status Before a diagram or print can be properly read and understood, the basic conventions used by P&IDs to denote valve positions and failure modes must be understood. The reader must be able to determine the valve position, know
if this position is normal, know
CLOSED VALVE: OPEN VALVE: THROTTLED VALVE:
LOCKED OPEN VALVE:
how the valve will fail, and in
LOCKED CLOSED VALVE:
some cases know if the valve is normally locked in that position. Figure 17 illustrates the symbols
VALVE FAILS OPEN:
used to indicate valve status.
VALVE FAILS CLOSED:
Unless otherwise stated, P&IDs indicate valves in their "normal"
VALVE FAILS AS IS:
position. This is usually interpreted as the normal or
THREEWAY VALVE WITH ONE PORT OPEN, ONE CLOSED:
primary flowpath for the system. An exception is safety systems, which are normally shown in their
Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols
standby or non-accident condition.
3-way valves are sometimes drawn in the position that they will fail to instead of always being drawn in their "normal" position. This will either be defined as the standard by the system of drawings or noted in some manner on the individual drawings.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
READING ENGINEERING P&IDs
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Reading Engineering P&IDs Summary This chapter reviewed the basic symbology, common standards, and conventions used on
P&IDs, such as valve conditions and modes of failure. This information, with the symbology learned in the preceding chapter, provides the information necessary to read
and interpret most P&IDs.
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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE
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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE The ability to read and understand prints is achieved through the repetitive reading of prints.
EO 1.10
Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and DETERMINE the flowpathis) for a given valve lineup.
Example At this point, all the symbols for valves and major components have been presented, as have the conventions for identifying the condition of a system. Refer to Figure 18 as necessary to answer the following questions. The answers are provided in the back of this section so that you may judge your own knowledge level.
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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE
Figure 18 Exercise P&ID
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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE 1.
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Identify the following components by letter or number. a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
h. i.
j. k. 1.
m. n. o. P. q.
Centrifugal pump Heat exchanger Tank Venturi Rupture disc Relief valve Motor-operated valve Air-operated valve Throttle valve Conductivity cell Air line Current-to-pneumatic converter Check valve A locked-closed valve A closed valve A locked-open valve A solenoid valve
2.
What is the controlling parameter for Valves 10 and 21?
3.
Which valves would need to change position in order for Pump B to supply flow to only points G and H?
4.
Which valves will fail open? Fail closed? Fail as is?
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DOE-HDBK-I 016/1-93
P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE
Answers for questions on Figure 18 1.
b.
A or B C or D
C.
E
d. e. f. g.
31
h. i.
10, 21
a.
j. k. 1.
m. n. o. P. q.
1
8 or 17 2,3,7 or 16 12 or 24 26 32 28
5 or 14 18 or 19 18 or 19 4 11 or 23
2.
Temperature as sensed by the temperature elements (TE)
3.
Open 18 and/or 19 Shut 13 and 25
4.
Fail Open: Fail Closed: Fail as is:
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2 and 3 10 and 21 7 and 16
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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
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Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
P&ID Print Reading Example Summary This chapter provided the student with examples in applying the material
learned in Chapters 1 and 2.
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
FLUID POWER P&IDs Fluid power diagrams and schematics require an independent review because they use a unique set of symbols and conventions.
EO 1.11
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following components:
a. Pump b. Compressor c. Reservoir EO 1.12
d. Actuators e. Piping and piping junctions f. Valves
Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERMINE the operation
or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied/removed.
Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics Different symbology is used when dealing with systems that operate with fluid power. Fluid power includes either gas (such as air) or hydraulic (such as water or oil) motive media. Some of the symbols used in fluid power systems are the same or similar to those already discussed, but many are entirely different. Fluid power systems are divided into five basic parts: pumps, reservoirs, actuators, valves, and lines.
PUMP, SINGLE, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
Pumpss In the broad area of fluid power, two categories of pump symbols are used, depending on the motive media being used (i.e., hydraulic or pneumatic). The basic symbol for the pump is a circle containing one or more arrow heads indicating the direction( s) of flow with the points of the arrows in contact with the circle. Hydraulic pumps are shown by solid arrow heads. Pneumatic compressors are represented by hollow arrow heads. Figure 19 provides common symbols used for pumps (hydraulic) and compressors (pneumatic) in fluid power diagrams.
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PUMP, SINGLE, VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSOR, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Reservoirs Reservoirs provide a location for storage of the motive media (hydraulic fluid or compressed gas). Although the symbols used to represent reservoirs vary widely, certain conventions are used to
indicate how a reservoir handles the fluid. Pneumatic reservoirs are usually simple tanks and their symbology is usually some variation of the cylinder shown in Figure 20. Hydraulic reservoirs can be much more complex in terms of how the fluid is admitted to and removed from the tank. To convey this information, symbology conventions have been developed. These symbols are in Figure 20.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
RESERVOIR, OPEN
RESERVOIR WITH CONNECTING
LINE ABOVE FLUID LEVEL AND VENTED
RESERVOIR, PRESSURIZED
RESERVOIR WITH CONNECTING
LINES, BELOW FLUID LEVEL
RESERVOIR WITH CONNECTING LINES,
ABOVE FLUID LEVEL
RECEIVER FOR AIR OR GASES
LINES ENTER OR LEAVE BELOW RESERVOIR ONLY WHEN ESSENTIAL TO CIRCUIT FUNCTION
Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols
Actuator An actuator in a fluid power system is any device that converts the hydraulic or pneumatic pressure into mechanical work. Actuators are classified as linear actuators and rotary actuators. Linear actuators have some form of piston device. Figure 21 illustrates several types of linear actuators and their drawing symbols.
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
SINGLE-ACTING CYLINDER.
riTTXTMA
FORCE
FORCE ILLUSTRATION
PICTORIAL
DRAWING SYMBOL
DOUBLE-ACTING DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER. HAS EQUAL FORCE ON BOTH SIDES OF PISTON.
,
r# 4
,
j-
FORCE
I
FORCE
?
.
zz
9
FORCE -0-i_ -41- FORCE
? rzz.
1
FORCE ILLUSTRATION
PICTORIAL
1
DRAWING SYMBOL
DOUBLE-ACTING DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER. MORE FORCE IS EXERTED AGAINST THE FACE THAN THE OTHER SIDE OF THE PISTON.
Vz iii
ii
FORCE
i
a
I'
FORCE
41- FORCE 1
PICTORIAL
FORCE
ILLUSTRATION
1
DRAWING SYMBOL
Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators
Rotary actuators are generally called motors and may be fixed or variable. Several of the more common rotary symbols are shown in Figure 22. Note the similarity between rotary motor symbols in Figure 22 and the pump symbols shown in Figure 19. The difference between them is that the point of the arrow touches the circle in a pump and the tail of the arrow touches the circle in a motor.
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
MOTOR, ROTARY, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
(;)
MOTOR, ROTARY, VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
Of
MOTOR, OSCILLATING
Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators
Piping The sole purpose of piping in a fluid power system is to transport the working media, at pressure, from one point to another. The symbols for the various lines and termination points are shown in Figure 23.
LINE, WORKING
LINE TO VENTED MANIFOLD
LINE, PILOT LINE, DRAIN
PLUG OR PLUGGED CONNECTION
CONNECTOR
(DOT TO BE 5X
x
TESTING STATION (GAGE CONNECTION)
WIDTH OF LINE)
LINE, FLEXIBLE POWER TAKEOFF (Hrn1)
LINE, JOINING
RESTRICTION, FIXED l
LINE, CROSSING
RESTRICTION, VARIABLE OR
DIRECTION OF FLOW
oOT ................. ...--------...
OR
I
STRAINER
o
LINE TO RESERVOIR
ABOVE FLUID LEVEL BELOW FLUID LEVEL
Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Valves Valves are the most complicated symbols in fluid power systems. Valves provide the control that is required to ensure that the motive media is routed to the correct point when needed. Fluid power system diagrams require much more complex valve symbology than standard P&IDs due to the complicated valving used in fluid power systems. In a typical P&ID, a valve opens, closes, or throttles the process fluid, but is rarely required to route the process fluid in any complex manner (three- and four-way valves being the common exceptions). In fluid power systems it is common for a valve to have three to eight pipes attached to the valve body, with the valve being capable of routing the fluid, or several separate fluids, in any number of combinations of input and output flowpaths.
The symbols used to represent fluid power valves must contain much more information than the standard P&ID valve symbology. To meet this need, the valve symbology shown in the following figures was developed for fluid power P&IDs. Figure 24, a cutaway view, provides an example of the internal complexity of a simple fluid power type valve. Figure 24 illustrates a four-way/three-position valve and how it operates to vary the flow of the fluid. Note that in Figure 24 the operator of the valve is not identified, but like a standard process fluid valve the valve could be operated by a diaphragm, motor, hydraulic, solenoid, or manual operator. Fluid power valves, when electrically operated by a solenoid, are drawn in the de-energized position. Energizing the solenoid will cause the valve to shift to the other port. If the valve is operated by other than a solenoid or is a multiport valve, the information necessary to determine how the valve operates will be provided on each drawing or on its accompanying legend print.
CYLINDER
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
(INLET)
(INLET)
(INLET)
I
P
2
2
,r ji4 j
7
TO TANK OR EXHAUST
TO TANK OR EXHALISr
A FOUR WAY. THREE POSITION VALVE IN POSITION "c.
POSITION "Ir
POSITION "A"
POSITION "C"
Figure 24 Valve Operation
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Refer to Figure 25 to see how the valve in Figure 24 is transformed into a usable symbol.
STEP NO. 1: START WITH THE BASIC SYMBOL "ENVELOPE" FOR A VALVE.
STEP NO. 2: (FROM PUMP) P
i
ADD THE PORTS OR OPENINGS TO THE SYMBOL. EVEN THOUGH THE PICTORIAL SHOWS THREE PORTS ON THE TOP OF THE VALVE, PLACE TWO ON THE TOP AND TWO '.," ON THE BOTTOM. SPRING -,
2
,Y1; , r TIT;im,r=_m_mml
2
"e
'WL, '!" z, ///
wz
i
P 1
1iiiiiiiiiA
P
T
T
T (TO TANK OR EXHAUST)
PICTORIAL
RIGHT
STEP NO. 3:
TT P
T
POSITION "A"
POSITION "B" (CLOSED)
STEP NO. 4: ADD THE ACTUATING MECHANISM TO THE SYMBOL. IN THIS CASE, THE VALVE IS MANUALLY ACTIVATED IN ONE DIRECTION, SPRING ACTIVATED IN THE OTHER.
SPRING
T
I
MANUAL ACTUATION
1
COMBINE ALL THE ELEMENTS INTO A SINGLE SYMBOL.
P
POSITION "C"
1
VAN
STEP NO. 5:
2
X
11
SHOW THE FLOWS IN ALL THREE POSITIONS.
1
WRONG
2
11
TT P
T
Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Figure 26 shows symbols for the various valve types used in fluid power systems.
<0
VALVE, CHECK
VALVE, MANUAL SHUTOFF
1><1
--<1_1
VALVE, MAXIMUM PRESSURE (RELIEF)
VALVE, BASIC SYMBOL SINGLE FLOW PATH IS MODIFIED
VALVE, BASIC SYMBOL MULTIPLE FLOW PATHS ARE CHANGED
VALVE, SINGLE FLOW PATH, NORMALLY CLOSED (ARROWS DENOTE DIRECTION OF FLOW)
VALVE, SINGLE FLOW PATH, NORMALLY OPEN (ARROWS DENOTE DIRECTION OF FLOW)
I
I
1
4 III
VALVE, MULTIPLE FLOW PATHS, BLOCKED
VALVE, MULTIPLE FLOW PATHS(ARROWS , OPEN DENOTE
DIRECTION OF FLOW)
VALVE, DIRECTIONAL, 2 POSITION 3 CONNECTIONS
ID NM
VALVE, DIRECTIONAL,
NM
3 POSION IT 4 CONNECTIONS OPEN CENTER
VALVE, DIRECTIONAL, 3 POSITION 4 CONNECTIONS CLOSED CENTER
111111K1
Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols
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Reading Fluid Power Diagrams Using the symbology previously discussed, a fluid power diagram can now be read. But before reading some
complex examples, let's look at a simple hydraulic system and convert it into a fluid power diagram.
Using the drawing in Figure 27, the left portion of Figure 28 lists each part and its fluid power symbol. The right
side of Figure 28 shows the fluid power diagram that represents the drawing in Figure 27.
Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System
LEGEND
....------_
FLUID EJECTOR (NOZZLE)
-0-
PUMP, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
LINE, WORKING
LINE, FLEXIBLE
OPEN RESERVOIR WITH LINE CONNECTING
BELOW FLUID LEVEL 1
1
Figure 28 Line Diagram of Simple Hydraulic Power System
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
With an understanding of the principles involved in reading fluid power diagram, any diagram can be interpreted. Figure 29 shows the kind of diagram that is likely to be encountered in the engineering field. To read this diagram, a step-by-step interpretation of what is happening in the system will be presented.
Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram
The first step is to get an overall view of what is happening. The arrows between A and B in the lower right-hand corner of the figure indicate that the system is designed to press or clamp some type of part between two sections of the machine. Hydraulic systems are often used in press work or other applications where the work piece must be held in place.
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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
With the basic function understood, a detailed study of the diagram can be accomplished using a step-by-step analysis of each numbered local area in the diagram. LOCAL AREA NUMBER 1 Symbol for an open reservoir with a strainer. The strainer is used to clean the oil before it enters the system. LOCAL AREA NUMBER 2 Fixed displacement pump, electrically operated. This pump provides hydraulic pressure to the system. LOCAL AREA NUMBER 3 Symbol for a relief valve with separate pressure gage. The relief valve is spring operated and protects the system from over pressurization. It also acts as an unloader valve to relieve pressure when the cylinder is not in operation. When system pressure exceeds its setpoint, the valve opens and returns the hydraulic fluid back to the reservoir. The gage provides a reading of how much pressure is in the system.
LOCAL AREA NUMBER 4 Composite symbol for a 4-way, 2-position valve. Pushbutton PB-1 is used to activate the
valve by energizing the S-1 solenoid (note the valve is shown in the de-energized position). As shown, the high pressure hydraulic fluid is being routed from Port 1 to Port 3 and then to the bottom chamber of the piston. This drives and holds the piston in local area #5 in the retracted position. When the piston is fully retracted and hydraulic pressure builds, the unloader (relief) valve will lift and maintain the system's pressure at setpoint.
When PB-1 is pushed and S-1 energized, the 1-2 ports are aligned and 3-4 ports are aligned. This allows hydraulic fluid to enter the top chamber of the piston and drive it down. The fluid in the bottom chamber drains though the 3-4 ports back into the reservoir. The piston will continue to travel down until either PB-1 is released or full travel is reached, at which point the unloader (relief) valve will lift. LOCAL AREA NUMBER 5
Actuating cylinder and piston. The cylinder is designed to receive fluid in either the upper or lower chambers. The system is designed so that when pressure is applied to the top chamber, the bottom chamber is aligned to drain back to the reservoir. When pressure is applied to the bottom chamber, the top chamber is aligned so that it drains back to the reservoir.
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
Types of Fluid Power Diagrams Several kinds of diagrams can be used to show how systems work. With an understanding of how to interpret Figure 29, a reader will be able to interpret all of the diagrams that follow.
A pictorial diagram shows the physical arrangement of the elements in a system.
The components are outline drawings that show the external shape of each item. Pictorial drawings do not show the internal function of the elements and are not especially valuable for maintenance or troubleshooting. Figure 30 shows a pictorial diagram of a system.
Hi
10
IN
BOUT DR
LIST OF COMPONENTS A RESERVOIR B ELECTRIC MOTOR
CPUMP D MAXIMUM PRESSURE (RELIEF) VALVE
EDIRECTIONAL VALVE FFLOW CONTROL VALVE GRIGHT ANGLE CHECK VALVE H CYLINDER
Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram
A cutaway diagram shows both the physical arrangement and the operation of the different components. It is generally used for instructional purposes because it explains the functions while showing how the system is arranged. Because these diagrams require so much space, they
are not usually used for complicated systems. Figure 31 shows the system represented in Figure 30 in cutaway diagram format and illustrates the similarities and differences between the two types of diagrams.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
I (D)
,-41111111111
OUT
:
ill
IN
(G)
(F) (B)
(E)
DRAIN
(C)
11
(H)
1
(1
C-PUMP D-MAXIMUM PRESSURE (RELIEF) VALVE
(1
(A)
LIST OF COMPONENTS A-RESERVOIR 0-ELECTRIC MOTOR
11 11
11
E-DIRECTIONAL VALVE F-FLOW CONTROL VALVE G-RIGHT ANGLE CHECK VALVE H-CYLINDER
Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram
A schematic diagram uses symbols to show the elements in a system. Schematics are designed to supply the functional information of the system. They do not accurately represent the relative location of the components. Schematics are useful in maintenance work, and understanding them is an important part of troubleshooting. Figure 32 is a schematic diagram of the system illustrated in Figure 30 and Figure 31. LIST OF COMPONENTS
LL
A- RESERVOIR B- ELECTRIC MOTOR
C-PUMP
(D)
D-MAXIMUM PRESSURE (RELIEF) VALVE
E- DIRECTIONAL VALVE
F -FLOW CONTROL VALVE G-RIGHT ANGLE
CHECK VALVE H- CYLINDER
(H)
(A)
LI
Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram
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FLUID POWER P&IDs
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Fluid Power P&IDs Summary This chapter reviewed the most commonly used symbols on fluid power
diagrams and the basic standards and conventions for reading and interpreting fluid power diagrams.
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 3 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES REFERENCES OBJECTIVES
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Symbology Transformers Switches Fuses and Breakers Relays, Contacts, Connectors, Lines, Resistors, and Miscellaneous Electrical Components Large Components Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics Reading Electrical Diagrams and Schematics Summary
ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES Examples Summary
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A
A
14 17
18 18
23
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UST OF FIGURES
DOE-HDBIC-1016/l -93
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols
Figure 2 Transformer Polarity Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology
4
Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols Figure 6 3-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols
6
Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram
10
Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit
11
Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit
12
Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line
13
Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts
14
Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols
16
Figure 17 Example 1
19
Figure 18 Example 2
20
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams
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REFERENCES
DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute.
Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1979.
Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.
Arne 11, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given an electrical print,
READ and INTERPRET facility electrical diagrams and
schematics.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following components: a.
b. c. d. e. f.
g.
h. i.
j. k. 1.
Single-phase circuit breaker (open/closed) Three-phase circuit breaker (open/closed) Thermal overload "a" contact "b" contact Time-delay contacts Relay Potential transformer Current transformer Single-phase transformer Delta-wound transformer Wye-wound transformer
m. n. 0.
P. q. r. s. t.
u. v. w. x.
y.
Electric motor Meters Junctions In-line fuses Single switch Multiple-position switch Pushbutton switch Limit switches Turbine-driven generator Motor-generator set Generator (wye or delta) Diesel-driven generator Battery
1.2
Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transformer, DETERMINE the direction of current flow, as shown by the transformer's symbol.
1.3
IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict the relationship between the following components: a.
b. c.
Rev. 0
Relay and its contacts Switch and its contacts Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.) 1.4
STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic.
1.5
Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERMINE the condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed).
1.6
Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFY the power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized).
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS To read and interpret electrical diagrams and schematics, the basic symbols and conventions used in the drawing must be understood. This chapter concentrates on how electrical components are represented on diagrams and schematics. The
fidnction of the individual electrical components and the theory behind their operation is covered in more detail in the Electrical Science Handbook.
EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following components: a. Single-phase circuit breaker (open /closed) b. Three-phase circuit breaker i open/closed) c.
Thermal overload
d. "a" contact e.
"b" contact
f.
Time-delay contacts
g. Relay h. Potential transformer
Current transformer j. Single-phase transformer i.
k. Delta-wound transformer 1. Wye-wound transformer
m. Electric motor n. Meters o. Junctions p. In-line fuses q. Single switch r. Multiple-position switch s. Pushbutton switch t. Limit switches u. Turbine-driven generator v. Motor-generator set w. Generator i wye or delta) x. Diesel-driven generator y. Battery
EO 1.2 Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transformer, DETERMINE the direction of current flow, as shown by the transformer's symbol.
EO 1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict the relationship between the following components: a. Relay and its contacts b. Switch and its contacts c. Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment
EO 1.4 STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic. EO 1.5 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERMINE the condition of the specified component ii.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed).
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Symbology To read and interpret electrical diagrams and schematics, the reader must first be well versed in what the many symbols represent. This chapter discusses the common
symbols used to depict the many components in electrical systems. Once mastered, this knowledge should enable the
reader
to
FIGURE A:
SINGLE PHASE:
TAPPED:
ADJUSTABLE:
THREE
PHASE:
IRON CORE:
successfully
understand most electrical diagrams and schematics.
The information that follows provides details on the basic used to represent components in electrical symbols
transmission, switching, control, and protection diagrams and schematics.
FIGURE B:
THREE PHASE WYE (UNGROUNDED):
THREE PHASE DELTA:
POTENTIAL:
THREE PHASE WYE (GROUNDED):
CURRENT:
Transformers The basic symbols for the
Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols
various types of transformers are shown in Figure 1 (A). Figure 1 (B) shows how the basic symbol for the transformer is modified to represent specific types and transformer applications. In addition to the transformer symbol itself, polarity marks are sometimes used to indicate current flow in the circuit.
S7CONDARY
PRIMARY
I
PRIMARY.
This information can be used to determine the phase relationship (polarity) between the input and output terminals of a transformer. The marks
EXAMPLE 1
SECONDARY
EXAMPLE 2
usually appear as dots on a transformer symbol, as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 Transformer Polarity
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On the primary side of the transformer the dot indicates current in on the secondary side the dot indicates current out.
If at a given instant the current is flowing into the transformer at the dotted end of the primary coil, it will be flowing out of the transformer at the dotted end of the secondary coil. The current flow for a transformer using the dot symbology is illustrated in Figure 2.
Switches Figure 3 shows the most common types of switches and their symbols. The term "pole," as used to describe the switches in Figure 3, refers to the number of points at which current can enter a switch. Single pole and double pole switches are shown, but a switch may have as many poles as it requires to perform its function. The term "throw" used in Figure 3 refers to the number of circuits that each pole of a switch can complete or control.
PICTORIAL EXAMPLES OF SWITCHES:
SINGLE LINE SWITCH SYMBOLS: SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW
S
DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW
S 2 DPST
SPST
4-
SINGLE POLE S z SPDT DOUBLE THROW DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW
DPDT
-8
PUSH BUTTON NORMALLY OPEN
NO
PUSH BUTTON NORMALLY CLOSED
NC
PUSH BUTTON TWO-POSITION
NC-NO
MULTI-POSITION SWITCH
1110.
Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Figure 4 provides the common symbols that are used to denote automatic switches and explains how the symbol indicates switch status or actuation.
LIMIT SWITCH, DIRECT ACTUATED, SPRING RETURNED
cv
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY OPEN-HELD CLOSED
0.q3
NORMALLY CLOSED
occiro
NORMALLY CLOSED-HELD OPEN
ado
OPEN SWITCH WITH TIME DELAY CLOSING (TDC) FEATURE
0.........0
OR 0..f
TDC
CLOSED SWITCH WITH TIME DELAY OPENING (TDO) FEATURE EATURE
0--i OR or TDO
OPEN SWITCH WITH TIME DELAY OPENING (TDO) FEATURE
0--1:1
OR
TDO
CLOSED SWITCH WITH TIME DELAY CLOSING (TDC) FEATURE
0--0 OR 7 TDC
FLOW ACTUATED SWITCH
CLOSING ON INCREASE IN FLOW
Q째
T
OPENING ON INCREASE IN FLOW LIQUID LEVEL ACTUATED SWITCH CLOSING ON RISING LEVEL
OPENING ON RISING LEVEL
6
o-,s
PRESSURE OR VACUUM ACTUATED SWITCH CLOSING ON RISING PRESSURE
n
OPENING ON RISING PRESSURE TEMPERATURE ACTUATED SWITCH CLOSING ON RISING TEMPERATURE
I EC
c19
OR 7
Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology
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Fuses and Breakers Figure 5 depicts basic fuse and circuit breaker symbols for single-phase applications. In addition to the graphic symbol, most drawings will also provide the rating of the fuse next to the symbol. The rating is usually in amps.
SINGLE LINE SYMBOL
PICTORIAL
PLUG FUSE
HI RIBBON FUSE
IFOR
KNIFE FUSE
BREAKER SYMBOL
(SHOWN OPEN)
75:5"
DEVICE
...I THERMAL TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYMBOL
OR
-1---...--0C
BREAKER SYMBOL SYMBOL (SHOWN CLOSED)
MAGNETIC TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER
/
MAGNETIC DEVICE
..../ SYMBOL
-e-sb-*
Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
When fuses, breakers, or switches are used in three-phase systems, the three-phase symbol combines the single-phase symbol in triplicate as shown in Figure 6. Also shown is the symbol for a removable breaker, which is a standard breaker symbol placed between a set of chevrons. The chevrons represent the point at which the breaker disconnects from the circuit when removed.
THREE PHASE BREAKER:
THREE PHASE REMOVABLE BREAKER:
Figure 6 Three-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols
Relays, Contacts, Connectors, Lines, Resistors, and Miscellaneous Electrical Components Figure 7 shows the common symbols for relays, contacts, connectors, lines, resistors, and other miscellaneous electrical components.
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
RELAYS AND CONTACTS
TRANSMISSION LINES
BASIC RELAY: -0
OR -At-
CONDUCTIVE PATH: 11Y0 CONDUCTORS:
OR
THREE CONDUCTORS:
OR
RELAY WITH MECHANICAL LINKAGE:
1-0Re-A
BASIC CONTACT:
PATHS CROSSING.
"A" TYPE CONTACT (MAKE): SAME AS ABOVE
.r
TYPE CONTACT (BREAK) PATH JUNCTION: TRANSFER CONTACTS:
T 7- °"-T
±
OR
OR
1
TIME DELAY CONTACTS:
1-OR TDC
(TIME DELAY TO CLOSE)
RESISTANCE
TOO
(TIME DELAY TO OPEN)
SEQUENTIAL CONTACTS; RHEOSTAT:
MISCELLANEOUS CONNECTORS
FEMALE: MALE:
TAPPED RESISTOR;
RESISTOR;
CIRCUIT GROUND;
I
-1\AAt-
CAPACITOR:
POTENTIOMETER:
N-
CHASM GROUND: /77
INDUCTOR: -1/4.000j- OR -LA.A.A...)- THERMOCOUPLE:
SEPARABLE CONNECTORS (ENGAGED):
LIMP: -(§)-
OR
O
AMMETER:
Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols
Large Components The symbols in Figure 8 are used to identify the larger components that may be found in an electrical diagram or schematic. The detail used for these symbols will vary when used in system
diagrams. Usually the amount of detail will reflect the relative importance of a component to the particular diagram.
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
MOTORS AND GENERATORS:
MOTOR:
OR
GENERATOR:
OR
SINGLE PHASE:
DOUBLE PHASE:
THREE PHASE WYE GROUNDED:
0 (I) El-----111
ALTERNATIVE:
If'
OR
THREE PHASE WYE UNGROUNDED:
ALTERNATIVE:
OR
THREE PHASE DELTA:
ALTERNATIVE:
o.
TURBINE DRIVEN GENERATOR:
OR
DIESEL DRIVEN GENERATOR:
OR
MOTOR GENERATOR:
BATTERIES:
SINGLE CELL BATTERY:
OR
MULTIPLE CELL BATTERY:
OR
Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics There are three ways to show electrical circuits. They are wiring, schematic, and pictorial diagrams. The two most commonly used are the wiring diagram and the schematic diagram. The uses of these two types of diagrams are compared in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams Wiring Diagrams 1.
Schematic Diagrams
Emphasize connections between elements of a circuit or system
2.
Use horizontal and vertical lines to represent the wires
3.
Use simplified pictorials that clearly resemble circuit/system components
4.
Place equipment and wiring on drawing to approximate actual physical location in real circuit
1.
Emphasize "flow" of system
2.
Use horizontal and vertical lines to show system flow
3.
Use symbols that indicate function of equipment, but the symbols do not look like the actual equipment
4. Drawing layout is done to show the "flow" of the system as it functions,
not the physical layout of the equipment
The pictorial diagram is usually not found in engineering applications for the reasons shown in the following example. Figure 9 provides a simple example of how a schematic
diagram compares to a pictorial equivalent. As can be seen, the pictorial version is not nearly as useful as the schematic, especially if you were trying to obtain
enough information to repair a circuit or operates.
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how
it
Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Figure 10 provides an example of the relationship between a schematic diagram (Figure 10A) and a wiring diagram (Figure 10B) for an air drying unit. A more complex example, the electrical circuit of an automobile, is shown in wiring diagram format in Figure 11 and in schematic format in Figure 12. Notice that the wiring diagram (Figure 11), uses both pictorial representations and schematic symbols. The schematic (Figure 12) drops all pictorial representations and depicts the electrical system only in symbols. FIGURE A
FIGURE B
9-W OR
HEAT SELECTOR SWITCH
R-W
_Fi-,_r_r_ri_,
HEAT SELECTOR SWITCH
(THERMOSTAT
R-W
B-W ED
SYMBOL
COLOR
0
HEATER OR
WHITE
W
ORANGE
BLACK-WHITE
0 B-W
RED-WHITE
R-W
THERMOSTAT
W
co OR
Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
STOP LT. SW.
.v. TAIL STOP
6
4IE CURRENT FOOT SELECTOR SWITCH
LIGHT SWITCH FUSE
Ha
GAS TANK UNIT
PARKING LAMP
HORN BUTTON
BEAM LT.
_K1) SEALED
AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FIELD
BEAM
BAT GEN
AMMETER
r
HORN
FUEL CAGE
GENERATOR
(5: PLATE LIGHT
IGN. SW.
WO= IGNITION
COIL
=DOME
= LT.
DISTRIBUTOR
JUNCTION BLOCK
BATTERY
BREAKER
113
STARTER
SEALED BEAM
43
DOME LIGHT SWITCH
TAIL STOP
Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
VOLTAGE REGULATOR IGNITION
FUEL
TANK UNIT
GAGE
SWITCH
_LBREAKER CONDENSOR TPOINTS
l0000i COIL
( 111111r)
.11 .11 DISTRIBUTOR
. 11
SPARK PLUGS
.11
Do .11 44 LIGHT SWITCH
FUSE
FOOT SELECTOR
HIGH BEAM INDICATOR
LOW BEAM
TAIL LIGHTS INSTRUMENT LIGHTS
8-1AA,
PLATE LIGHTS PARKING LIGHTS BRAKE I I
STOP LIGHTS
SWITCH
I I
n
DOOR 4r4SWITCH
r
FUSE
SWITCH
HORN I BUTTON
COIL
HORN
(ThAMMETER is.2.) STARTER
速 DOME LIGHT
r
RELAY I
CONTACTS
L - - -J STARTER
MOTOR
I-11 BATTERY
Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit
When dealing with a large power distribution system, a special type of schematic diagram called an electrical single line is used to show all or part of the system. This type of diagram depicts the major power sources, breakers, loads, and protective devices, thereby providing a useful overall view of the flow of power in a large electrical power distribution system.
On power distribution single lines, even if it is a 3-phase system, each load is commonly represented by only a simple circle with a description of the load and its power rating (running power consumption). Unless otherwise stated, the common units are kilowatts (kW). Figure 13 shows a portion of an electrical distribution system at a nuclear power plant.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
(MON ALA OM* und -moo xu
und wampum MOO ONV MOO
d una UM Duo rund loon xu
0 wrim mom alm
M
uOO nd
ONV MOO
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WolSOM
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w und Il3uS000
ON00 ONV 01400 N NW NWO VIA
?IL,
g
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ee
[n'
Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Reading Electrical Diagrams and Schematics To read electrical system diagrams and schematics properly, the condition or state of each component must first be understood. For electrical schematics that detail individual relays and contacts, the components are always shown in the de-energized condition (also called the shelfstate). To associate the proper relay with the contact( s) that it operates, each relay is assigned a specific
number and/or letter combination. The number/letter code for each relay is carried by all associated contacts. Figure 14 (A) shows a simple schematic containing a coil (M1) and its
If space permits, the relationship may be emphasized by drawing a dashed line (symbolizing a mechanical connection) between the relay and its contact(s) or a dashed box around them as shown in Figure 14 (B). Figure 14 (C) illustrates a switch and a second set of contacts that are operated by the switch. contact.
FIGURE A
.11
PI.
240 VOLT POWER SOURCE
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CIRCUFT
BREAKER
TRANSFORMER
I )
A6TO 120 VOLT PILOT CIRCUIT
0 FUSE STOP
START SWITCH
RELAY
OVERLOADS
HOLDING CONTACTS
I
MI FUSED DISCONNECT SWITCH HEATER
HEATER
IT1
IT2
CONTACTS
CONTACTS
FIGURE C
FIGURE 0
F
1
or
GRAPHIC METHODS INDICATING RELAY-CONTACT RELATIONSHIP.
GRAPHIC METHOD OF INDICATING SWITCH-CONTACT RELATIONSHIP.
Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
When a switch is used in a circuit, it may contain several sets of contacts or small switches internal to it. The internal switches are shown individually on a schematic. In many cases, the position of one internal switch will effect the position of another. Such switches are called ganged switches and are symbolized by connecting them with a dashed line as shown in Figure 15 (A). In that example, closing Switch 1 also closes Switch 2. The dashed line is also used to indicate a mechanical interlock between two circuit components. Figure 15 03) shows two breakers with an interlock between them.
FIGURE A
GANGED BREAKER AND SWITCH
MECHANICALLY INTERLOCKED SWITCHES
0 /....J--... OR
o orro
C)C.j.......*0-
FIGURE B
T
-1
1
1
INTERLOCKED BREAKERS
Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology
In system single line diagrams, transformers are often represented by the symbol for a singlephase air core transformer; however, that does not necessarily mean that the transformer has an air core or that it is single phase. Single line system diagrams are intended to convey only general functional information, similar to the type of information presented on a P&ID for a piping system. The reader must investigate further if more detail is required. In diagrams
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
depicting three-phase systems, a small symbol may be placed to the side of the transformer primary and secondary to indicate the type of transformer windings that are used. Figure 16 (A) shows the most commonly used symbols to indicate how the phases are connected in three-phase windings. Figure 16 (B) illustrates examples of how these symbols appear in a three-phase single line diagram. FIGURE A: THREE PHASE WYE:
THREE PHASE DELTA:
A
A
1
UNGROUNDED
GROUNDED
UNGROUNDED
'6Âą 77 GROUNDED
FIGURE B:
Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics Summary This chapter covered the common symbols used on electrical diagrams and schematics to represent the basic electrical components.
Polarity on a transformer is defined by dots placed on the primary and secondary windings. On the primary side, the dot indicates current in on the secondary, the dot indicates current out. Switches, relays, and interlocked equipment commonly use dashed lines or boxes to indicate the relationship between them and other components.
Electrical components, such as relays, are drawn in the de-energized state unless otherwise noted on the diagram.
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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES This chapter contains several examples that will help to build, through practice, on the knowledge gained in reading electrical wiring and schematic diagrams. 1.6
Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFY the power sources and/or loads and their status ii.e., energized or deenergized).
Examples To aid in understanding the symbology and diagrams discussed in this module refer to Figure 17 and Figure 18. Then answer the questions asked about each. The answers for each example are given on the page following the questions.
Referring to Figure 17: 1.
What type of diagram is it?
2.
What is the rating on the fuses protecting the motor controller circuit?
Refer to the number at the far left to locate the following lines.
3.
What is the component labeled ITDR in line 13?
4.
Which lines contain limit switches?
5.
Which lines contain pushbutton switches?
6.
How many contacts are operated from relay 8CR?
7.
What component is represented by the symbol on the far right of line 4?
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
oc-Injo ecr-Cfp
10
10 2
110 v
L1
2
EMER
"STOP
"START HYD"
7CR
HYD"
STOP"
2PB
3PB
2M OL'S 1M OL'S 7
3
4
2
11s-0 l o 11
1
IM
6
MAN" \" AUTO"
5
0 I 0
6
0
1SS 1LS
0
0
2
10
7
1CR
2CR
11
8
II
" e_H8CR
2LS
9
0-04)..0
12
3CR
4t,
3CR 10
14
11
-041,0,.0
12
-0N,..
9CR
14
15
4LS
16 16
13
5LS
14 N..
ITDR
0
18
II
2TDR
-11
3
5CR
6CR 16
211
1CR
4r
"START CYCLE"
431..":1CR
25
4[22
5CR 26
124
19
20
17
20
15
1_
8CR
19
6LS
18
3
II
3LS
17
13
1TDR ir
9CR
II
5CR 29
I I I
I I
6CR
30
1CR 44.
2CRI IJCR
1;
21
3TDR
Figure 17 Example 1
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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Answers to questions on Figure 17. 1.
Schematic
2.
10 amps
3.
A time delay closing switch
4.
Lines 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15
5.
Lines 3, 4, 5, 6, and 18
6.
4.
7.
A green lamp
FROM 13.8 KY SWGR.
A ult.) 13.3/4.16
4160/120 V KY
4160 V COMMERCIAL BUS SECTION A
es
0 0 0
480/4160 V
0 TO OTHER 4.16 KV BUSSES
Figure 18 Example 2
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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
Referring to Figure 18.
1.
What type of diagram is Figure 18?
2.
How many current transformers are in the diagram?
3.
What type of circuit breakers are shown?
4.
What is the voltage on the main bus?
5.
What is the voltage entering the transformer in the lower left corner?
6.
Classify the transformer in the upper left corner.
7.
What is the component in the lower left corner?
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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Answers to questions on Figure 18. 1.
System diagram
2.
3. If you said 4, the one in the upper right is a potential transformer.
3.
Drawout type.
4.
4.16 kV or 4160 V.
5.
480 V.
6.
Delta primary, grounded wye secondary.
7.
(Emergency) diesel generator
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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
DOE-HDBK-1016/1 -93 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Electrical Wiring and Schematic Diagram Reading Example Summary This chapter reviewed the material presented in this module through the practice reading examples.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 JANUARY 1993
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Volume 2 of 2
U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20585
FSC-6910
Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal., Springfield, VA 22161. Order No. DE93012181
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ :2-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
ABSTRACT The Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, and technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of engineering prints, their use, and their function. The handbook includes information on engineering fluid drawings and prints; piping and instrument drawings; major symbols and conventions; electronic
diagrams and schematics; logic circuits and diagrams; and fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for reading, interpreting, and using the engineering prints and drawings that are associated with various DOE nuclear facility operations and maintenance.
Key Words: Training Material, Print Reading, Piping and Instrument Drawings, Schematics, Electrical Diagrams, Block Diagrams, Logic Diagrams, Fabrication Drawings, Construction Drawings, Architectural Drawings
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ :2-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
FOREWORD The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors. These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985
for use by DOE category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of detail of the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals were determined from several sources. DOE Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and served as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the commercial nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from contractors and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree in developing the text material and learning objectives. The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities' fundamental training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities, the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the Nuclear Facility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To update
their reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed and commented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that applied to two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draft
of each of the handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resulted in revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust the content to fit their specific needs. Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and text material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each handbook is supported by a separate examination bank with an answer key.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary for
Nuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training Coordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ :2-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
OVERVIEW The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of engineering prints and drawings is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This knowledge will improve personnel understanding of the impact that their actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems. The Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings handbook consists of six modules that are contained in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module of the handbook.
Volume 1 of 2 Module 1 - Introduction to Print Reading
This module introduces each type of drawing and its various formats. It also reviews the information contained in the non-drawing areas of a drawing. Module 2 - Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints This module introduces engineering fluid diagrams and prints (P&IDs); reviews the common symbols and conventions used on P&IDs; and provides several examples of how to read a P&ID. Module 3 - Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
This module reviews the major symbols and conventions used on electrical schematics and single line drawings and provides several examples of reading electrical prints.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/ :2-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS
OVERVIEW (Cont.) Volume 2 of 2 Module 4 - Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
This module reviews electronic schematics and block diagrams. It covers the major symbols used and provides several examples of reading these types of drawings.
Module 5 - Logic Diagrams This module introduces the basic symbols and common conventions used on logic diagrams. It explains how logic prints are used to represent a component's control circuits. Truth tables are also briefly discusses and several examples of reading logic diagrams are provided.
Module 6 - Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
This module reviews fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings and introduces the symbols and conventions used to dimension and tolerance these types of drawings. The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. An attempt to present the entire subject of engineering drawings would be impractical. However, the Engineering Symbology. Prints, and Drawings handbook does present enough information to
provide the reader with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and to improve understanding of basic system operation and equipment operations.
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 4 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
TABLE OF CONTENT'S
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES
111
REFERENCES
OBJECTIVES ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS
Introduction Electronic Schematic Drawing Symbology Examples of Electronic Schematic Diagrams Reading Electronic Prints, Diagrams, and Schematics Block Drawing Symbology Examples of Block Diagrams Summary
EXAMPLES
1
2 5 7 12 12 17
18
Example 1 Example 2
18
22 23
Summary
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DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
LIST OF FIGURES
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Electronic Symbols
Figure 2 Electronic Symbols (Continued) Figure 3 Example of an Electronic Schematic Diagram Figure 4 Comparison of an Electronic Schematic Diagram and its Pictorial Layout Diagram
6
E
Figure 5 Transformer Polarity Markings Figure 6 Schematic Showing Power Supply Connections
8
Figure 7 NPN Transistor-Conducting Figure 8 NPN Transistor-Nonconducting
9
Figure 9 PNP Transistor
10
Figure 10 Diode
111C
Figure 11 Bistable Symbols
m
Figure 12 Example Blocks Figure 13 Example Block Diagram Figure 14 Example of a Combined Drawing, P&ID, Electrical Single Line, and Electronic Block Diagram Figure 15 Example Combination Diagram of Electrical Single Line, and Block Diagram
16
Figure 16 Example 1
19
Figure 17 Example 2
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DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES NONE
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REFERENCES
DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 -1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute. Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1979. Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.
TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974. Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R. W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given a block diagram, print, or schematic. IDENTIFY the basic component symbols as presented in this module.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics, for the following components.
i. J.
Fixed resistor Variable resistor Tapped resistor Fixed capacitor Variable capacitor Fixed inductor Variable inductor Diode Light emitting diode (LED) Ammeter
k.
Voltmeter
a.
b. c.
d. e. f. g.
h.
1.
m. n.
1.2
Rev. 0
o. P.
q. r.
s.
t. u. v. w.
x. y.
Wattmeter Chassis ground Circuit ground
z. aa.
bb.
Fuse Plug Headset Light bulb Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier Oscillator Potentiometer Rheostat Antenna Amplifier PNP and NPN transistors Junction
STATE the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram.
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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS To read and understand an electronic diagram or electronic schematic, the basic symbols and conventions must be understood.
EO 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics, for the following components.
Fixed resistor Variable resistor c. Tapped resistor d. Fixed capacitor e. Variable capacitor f. Fixed inductor g. Variable inductor h. Diode i. Light emitting diode (LED) j. Ammeter k. Voltmeter 1. Wattmeter m. Chassis ground EO 1.2
a.
n.
b.
o.
p. q. r. s.
t. u. v. w.
x. y. z.
aa. bb.
Circuit ground Fuse Plug Headset Light bulb Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) Half wave bridge rectifier Full wave rectifier Oscillator Potentiometer Rheostat Antenna Amplifier PNP and NPN transistors Junction
STATE the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram.
Introduction Electronic prints fall into two basic categories, electronic schematics and block diagrams. Electronic schematics represent the most detailed category of electronic drawings. They depict every component in a circuit, the component's technical information (such as its ratings), and how each component is wired into the circuit. Block diagrams are the simplest type of drawing.
As the name implies, block diagrams represent any part, component, or system as a simple geometric shape, with each block capable of representing a single component (such as a relay) or an entire system. The intended use of the drawing dictates the level of detail provided by
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
each block. This chapter will review the basic symbols and conventions used in both types of drawings.
Electronic Schematic Drawing Symbology Of all the different types of electronic drawings, electronic schematics provide the most detail and information about a circuit. Each electronic component in a given circuit will be depicted and in most cases its rating or other applicable component information will be provided. This type of drawing provides the level of information needed to troubleshoot electronic circuits. Electronic schematics are the most difficult type of drawing to read, because they require a very high level of knowledge as to how each of the electronic components affects, or is affected by, an electrical current. This chapter reviews only the symbols commonly used in depicting the
many components in electronic systems. Once mastered, this knowledge should enable the reader to obtain a functional understanding of most electronic prints and schematics.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate the most common electronic symbols used on electronic schematics.
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r-,
RESISTANCE. CAPACITANCE, INDUCTANCE, RELAYS FIXED RESISTOR: TAPPED RESISTOR:
HEADSET:
LINEAR VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
VARIABLE RESISTOR:
MICROPHONE:
ANTENNA: RHEOSTAT:
yoRy
PLUGS, LINES, GROUNDS, AND MISCELLANEOUS POTENTIOMETER:
CIRCUIT GROUND:
-1EORHH 째R
FIXED CAPACITOR:
BATTERY:
VARIABLE CAPACITOR: INDUCTOR:
)CHAS'S GROUND:
PLUG: FEMALE
VARIABLE INDUCTOR:
JACK/PLUG:
//
CONDUCTOR:
-LLUJ-
MAGNETIC CORE INDUCTOR:
MALE JACK/PLUG: SEPARABLE CONNECTORS:
CROSSING CONDUCTORS:
SOLENOID -/V- 0=T.L. OR RELAY: SOUND JACK FEMALE:
CONTACT: -11-
CONDUCTOR JUNCTION:
CLOSED
OPEN
SOUND JACK MALE: 0
V--0
TRANSFORMERS
AIR CORE TRANSFORMER:
*RI
LAMP:
OR
BELL_
-1>;((1- OR
43:=61-
=0
BUZZER:
MAGNETIC CORE TRANSFORMER: SPEAKER:
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COMPONENTS
PROTECTION & METERS
SWITCHES
FUSE: r\sy OR -11
SINGLE SWITCH:
OR
TERMINAL BOARD:
MULTIPLE POSITION SWITCH: -
BREAKER:
11--
1".1
VOLTMETER:
PUSHBUTTON, NORMALLY CLOSED:
SOLID STATE DEVICES
AMMETER:
PNP TRANSISTOR:
PUSHBUTTON, NORMALLY OPEN:
OHMMETER:
WATTMETER:
PUSHBUTTON, TWO POSITION:
A/C SOURCE OR
NPN TRANSISTOR:
OSCILLATOR
DIODE:
ABBREVIATIONS AND LABELS LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:
VOLTS:
V
TRANSISTORS:
AMPERES:
A
RESISTANCE:
CAPACITORS:
C
11
RESISTORS:
R
f (FARADS)
INDUCTORS:
L
ZEN ER DIODE: CAPACITANCE: POTENTIOMETER:
pot
DIODES:
CR
RECTIFIER
RECTIFIER HO_ OR
(FULL WAVE):
KILO (x1000):
k
MILLI (+1000):
m
MEGA (x106):
M
MICRO (+106):
1.6
f
SILICONE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR):
AMPLIFIER:
->
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Examples of Electronic Schematic Diagrams Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined. Figure 3 is an example of an electronic schematic diagram.
V D,
.2
II(
co
V
Figure 3 Example of an Electronic Schematic Diagram
A second type of electronic schematic diagram, the pictorial layout diagram, is actually not so much an electronic schematic as a pictorial of how the electronic circuit actually looks. These
drawings show the actual layout of the components on the circuit board. This provides a two-dimensional drawing, usually looking down from the top, detailing the components in their location. Shown in Figure 4 is the schematic for a circuit and the same circuit drawn in pictorial or layout format for comparison. Normally the pictorial layout would be accompanied by a parts list.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
R1
R12
102
21/2 1
V-G
R13 103
3 4IN
A. main- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
B. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD LAYOUT DIAGRAM
Figure 4 Comparison of an Electronic Schematic Diagram and its Pictorial Layout Diagram
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Reading Electronic Prints, Diagrams and Schematics To properly read prints and schematics, the reader must identify the condition of the components shown and also follow the events that occur as the circuit functions. As with electrical systems,
the relays and contacts shown are always in the de-energized condition. Modern electronic systems usually contain few, if any, relays or contacts, so these will normally play a minor role. Electronic schematics are more difficult to read than electrical schematics, especially when solid
state devices are used (The Electronic Science Fundamental Handbook discusses electrical schematics in detail). Knowledge of the workings of these devices is necessary to determine current flow. In this section, only the basics will be covered to assist in reading skills. The first observation in dealing with a detailed electronic schematic is the source and polarity of power. Generally, power will be shown one of two ways, either as an input transformer, or as
a numerical value. When power is supplied by a transformer, polarity marks will aid in determining current flow. In this convention, dots on the primary and secondary indicate current flow into the primary and out of the secondary at a given instant of time. In Figure 5, the current is into the top of the primary and out of the bottom of the secondary.
CURRENT
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
Figure 5 Transformer Polarity Markings
Generally, the electrical power source is indicated at the point where it enters a particular schematic. These values are stated numerically with polarity assigned ( +15 volts, -15 volts). These markings are usually at the top and bottom of schematics, but not always. In the example
shown in Figure 6, power is shown at both the top and bottom in a circuit using two power sources. Unless specified as an Alternating Current (AC) power source, the voltages can normally be assumed to be Direct Current (DC).
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
. R10 f. +15.0V
.\
i
o
CR1 'w
RS
R9
1.5K
1.5K
MZE1.2
1500\ `......
--
. .....
CR7 1N457
R14 1.5K
CR5 1N277
RELAY K1
CR6 1N277
500 R1
01
AO
02
100 0
2N479A
N479
R4
R15
1500
3000
INPUT R2
R11
2500P0T
4.7K
R12
R13
3300
3.3K
R7
127 0 CR2
R3
1N1530A
R6 150 0
CRS
MZ3.9
5000POT
w CR3
Y 1N1530A
CR4 w MZ12 7
R5
220
Figure 6 Schematic Showing Power Supply Connections
In any circuit, a ground must be established to create a complete current path. Ground is usually depicted by the use of the ground symbol that was shown previously. The direction of current flow can be determined by observing the polarity of the power supplies. When polarities are shown, current flow can be established and ground may not always be shown.
With the power sources located and the ground point established, operation of the devices can be determined. The most common semiconductor devices are the transistor and the diode. They are made from
materials like silicone and germanium, and have electrical properties intermediate between conductors and insulators. The semiconductor will be one of two varieties, the PNP or NPN. The designation indicates the direction the electrons move through the device. The direction of
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
the arrow indicates type, as shown in Figure 2. There are, however, many different ways to install a transistor to achieve different operational characteristics. These are too numerous to cover here, so only the most common and basic configuration (the common emitter) will be shown.
Even though transistors contain multiple junctions of p- or n-type material, current flow is generally in the same direction. Using conventional current flow (i.e. from + to -), current will travel through the transistor from most positive to least positive and in the direction of the arrow on the emitter. In Figure 7, the transistor has a positive power supply with ground on the emitter. If the input is also positive, the transistor will conduct.
Figure 7 NPN Transistor-Conducting
If the input goes negative, as in Figure 8, the conduction of the device stops because the input, or in this case the base junction, controls the transistor condition. Notice that when current flows, it does so in the direction of the arrow.
Figure 8 NPN Transistor-Nonconducting
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Figure 9 uses a PNP transistor. The same rules apply as above except that this time polarities of power must change to allow current flow.
V
POWER
..-
INPUT
<
BASE JUNCTION
. .
CURRENT FLOW
INPUT
+
POWER
NO CURRENT FLOW
BASE JUNCTION 1 1 1
1EMITTER
EMITTER
A. CONDUCTING
B. NONCONDUCTING
Figure 9 PNP Transistor
The same rules that apply to transistors hold true with diodes. However, diodes are simpler than transistors because they have only one junction and conduct in only one direction, as indicated in Figure 10. The diode symbol, like the transistor symbol, shows the direction of conduction by the direction of the arrow, which is from positive to negative.
CURRENT FLOW
NO CURRENT FLOW
A. CONDUCTING
B. NONCONDUCTING
Figure 10 Diode
Although these simple rules will not allow you to read all electronic schematics, they will aid in understanding some of the basic concepts.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
An item that may cause confusion when reading electronic prints or schematics is the markings used to show bistable operation. In most cases, bistables will be indicated by a box or circle, as shown in Figure 11 (A). The lines in or around these bistables not only mark them as bistables, but also indicate how they function. A. BASIC BISTABLE SYMBOLS BISTABLE:
OR
B. CONVENTIONS DENOTING BISTABLE STATUS TRIPS ON DECREASING SIGNAL:
1 1
TRIPS ON INCREASING SIGNAL:
TRIPS ON DECREASING SIGNAL AT ONE SETPOINT AND RESETS ON AN INCREASING SIGNAL AT ANOTHER SETPOINT:
rat rat
TRIPS ON AN INCREASING SIGNAL AT ONE SETPOINT AND RESETS ON S DECREASING SIGNAL AT ANOTHER SETPOINT:
u:n
OR
OR
Figure 11 Bistable Symbols
Figure 11 (B) shows the various conventions used to indicate bistable operation. Commonly, one circuit will interface with other circuits, which requires a method that allows the reader to follow one wire or signal path from the first drawing to the second. This may be done in many ways, but generally the line or conductor to be continued will end at a terminal board. This board will be labeled and numbered with the continuation drawing indicated (a separate drawing may exist for each line). With the next drawing in hand, only the terminal board that matches the previous number needs to be found to continue. In cases where terminal boards are not used, the conductor should end with a number (usually a single digit) and also the next drawing number. To assist in locating the continuation, coordinates are provided on some drawings that indicate the location of the continuation on the second drawing. The continuation point on the
second drawing will also reference back to the first drawing and the coordinates of the continuation.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Block Drawing Symbology Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual resistors and capacitors, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are called block diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuit or system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functional information about the circuit or system, not detailed component data. The symbols shown in Figure 12 are used in block diagrams.
BASIC BLOCK
BLOCK SYMBOL COMMONLY USED TO REPRESENT AN AMPLIFIER
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
OR
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
ARROWS INDICATE DIRECTION OF SIGNAL FLOW
Figure 12 Example Blocks
When block diagrams are used, the basic blocks shown above (Figure 12) can be used for almost anything. Whatever the block represents will be written inside. Note that block diagrams are presented in this chapter with electronic schematics because block diagrams are commonly found with complex schematic diagrams to help present or summarize their flow or functional information. The use of block diagrams is not restricted to electronic circuits. Block diagrams are used extensively to show complex instrument channels and other complex systems when only the flowpath of the signal is important.
Examples of Block Diagrams The block diagram is the most basic and easiest to understand of all the types of engineering prints. It consists of simple blocks that can represent as much, or as little, as desired. An example of a block diagram is shown in Figure 13.
This particular block diagram represents an instrumentation channel used to measure the neutron flux, indicate the measured flux, and generate output signals for use by other systems.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
0 PREAMP
SETPUNT
PULSE AMP &
SETPO1NT
ISOL AMP
DISCRIMINATOR
ISOL AMP PULSE SHAPER
PULSE DRIVER
-A\
LOG PULSE INTERGRATOR
LEVEL AMP DISPLAY GAGE
Figure 13 Example Block Diagram
Each block represents a stage in the development of a signal that is used to display on the meter at the bottom or to send to systems outside the bounds of the drawing. Notice that not all blocks are equal. Some represent multiple functions, while others represent only a simple stage or single bistable circuit in a larger component. The creator of the block diagram decides the content of each block based on the intended use of the drawing.
Each of the type of drawing reviewed in this and previous modules is not always distinct and separate. In many cases, two or more types of drawings will be combined into a single print. This allows the necessary information to be presented in a clear and concise format.
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
Figure 14 provides a sample illustration of how the various types of drawings can be combined. In this example, mechanical symbols are used to represent the process system and the valves controlled by the electrical circuit; electrical single line symbols are used to show the solenoid relays and contacts used in the system; and electronic block symbols are used for the controllers, summers, I/P converter, and bistables.
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STEAM PRESSURE HEADER SETPOINT ERROR
j TURB IMPULSE
A lAIR SUPPLY
A AA A A AAA AA
SET POINT
LOSS OF LOAD CONTROLLER
TREE
cod f
(-)
0
(1)
f Cr
TERROR
( +)
j-
AvE AUCT.
f 1119 H ( +)
AVE (547r)
()
Hf
ALVE
Hd
i/L
UNIT
H
HI Hl CIRC WATER PUMPS
DA I
1
16AT
(NO LOAD SET POINT TERROR
I__CONTROLLEI TURBINE TRIP
TURBINE TRIP SIGNAL
MVUNN k
HI
r
1--
LVl
1 VACUUM
1
I
1
III-
I7 0 C-9
DE ENERGIZE
CONTACTS
VALVE
POSMONER
1
RESET
TAVE
STEAM PRESS
DC P OWER j SUPPLY 1
CONTROL MODE SELECTOR SWITCH
POWER SWITCH
SUPPLY
LOLO IMPULSE PRESSURE
TAPE 1-1
111
41 In
C-7
POWER
Q
TO VENT COOL DOWN VALVES
CIO
OFF RESET
INTERLOCK SELECTOR SWITCH
A
1
<54CIF
P 12
채 ll I REDUNDANT I
TRAIN
1
TWAL OF 12
_el
STEAM DUMP SPRAY VALVES
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L
BRUSH LESS EXCITER
TRIP
rs
GX
131
0
24,000-120v
METERING POT
(SIGNAL MIXER)
XMTR
(G0q
139 GE
GR
187
TURB STEAM VALVES EXCITER FLD. BKR ANN.
L - TR I P
-1
TEMP REC
I
HIS
L
IGEN FLD
I
RECTIFIER
(FLOATING)
INPUT INTELLIGENCE
LOGIC DRAWER MAX EXCITATION LIMITER " MXL"
LOGIC DRAWER
LIMITER
MAX VOLTS
LOGIC DRAWER
A
LOGIC DRAWER VOLTAGE ERROR DETECTOR
VOLT ADJ. 0
EXC FIELD BKR. ANN.
fl1
INDUCTION COILS
<<-3 FO:13*
<HE-03->
Ek., ADB
C
I
24,000-120v
VOLTAGE REG POT
TURB STEAM VALVES
LOGIC DRAWER REACTIVE CUR COMPENSATION
LOGIC DRAWER
LOGIC DRAWER WITH EXCITATION LIMITER "MEL"
ASSEMBLY
DRAWER
FIRING
BLOWER AMPLIFIER
OSC START
POT 3-208 120V
OSCILLAGRAPHS UNDER VOLTAGE START SENSOR
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Electronic Diagrams, Prints, and Schematics Summary This chapter covered the common symbols used to represent the basic electronic components used on electronic diagrams, prints, and schematics. A block diagram presents the flow or functional information about a circuit, but it is not a detailed depiction of the circuit. An electronic schematic diagram presents the detailed information about the circuit, each of its components, and how they are wired into the circuit.
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EX4MPLES
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
EXAMPLES This chapter provides several exercises to reinforce the material presented in this module.
Example 1 To assist in your understanding of reading symbols and schematics, answer the following questions concerning the following figures. The answers to each example are given on the page following the questions.
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lug finfl I. io,
?0:: t):.10.1?' .1):,1A ;:,01:.1:: .
RIO
e RS
/ VA 1/r/ / S
15.:II;
.
el
i\AAI
I I.
150:I
A. la28.2 Al
v?
1
R9
I $v
1 5K
- -.
4
CR5
R11
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I
51(
CR6
IN777 1
.
.-
N479
Ft i 5 SOO 0
1
i
1
INPUT Rui 1.7h ot,
:/ 0
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5
PS
P12
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9
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i
5q30POT
. ...X. IN
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Y. A
Pk
to Ov
two*: lb
xample
Page 19
1
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EXAMPLES
DOE-HDB K-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
Refer to Figure 16 to answer the following:
1.
List the number which corresponds to the listed component. a.
b.
c. d. e. f. g. 11.
i.
j. L
coil or inductor PNP transistor diode positive power supply fixed resistor
capacitor NPN transistor variable resistor negative power supply circuit ground potentiometer
What is the value of R13? (Include units)
3.
With the input to Q1 at -15 volts, will the transistor be conducting or nonconducting? Why?
4.
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What is the value of Cl? (Include units)
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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
EXAMPLES
Answers to questions on Figure 16 1.
a.10 b . 2 c.3
d. 7
g.1
j. 11
e.4 f. 9
h.6
k. 5
i.8
1
3.3 kilo-ohm, or 3300 ohms.
3.
Nonconducting, because the potential of the base (-15 v) is not positive relative to the emitter (-15 v ).
4.
Rev. 0
50 microfarads or 0.000050 farads.
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EXAMPLES
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
Example 2
Figure 17 Example 2
Refer to Figure 17 to answer the following: a.
How many resistors are there in the circuit?
b.
How many transistors are there?
c.
What is CR4?
d.
How many power supplies are there feeding the circuit and its components?
e.
How many capacitors are in the circuit?
f.
1:2, will conduct when the output of LT,is a positive or negative voltage?
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and are they PNP or NPN transistors?
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Electronic Diagram and Schematics
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
EXAMPLES
Answers to questions on Figure 17 a.
Seven resistors, R11, R13, R14, R20, R12, R1, RL
b.
Two, both are NPN type transistors.
c.
Diode
d.
Two power supplies, a 1-5 VDC to the LT,amplifier and 24 VDC battery in the circuit.
e.
One, C,
f.
NPN transistors conduct when their base junction is positive
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Exercise Summary This chapter reviewed the material presented in this module through practice print reading exercises.
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EXAMPLES
DOE-HDBK- 1016/2-93
Electronic Diagrams anti Schematics
Intentionally Left Blank
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 5 Logic Diagrams
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Logic Diagrams
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
n
UST OF TABLES
Ill
REFERENCES OBJECTIVES
0
ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS
II
Introduction Symbology Time Delays Complex Logic Devices Summary
El
C
E E l0
TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
111
Truth Tables Reading Logic Diagrams Examples Example 1 Example 2 Summary
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11
13
g 14 16
20
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UST OF FIGURES
DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93
Logic Diagrams
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Example of a Pump Start Circuit Schematic Diagram
Figure 2 Example of Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram
Figure 3 Basic Logic Symbols Figure 4 Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs
Figure 5 COINCIDENCE Gate Figure 6 EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates
Figure 7 Type One Time Delay Device Figure 8 Type Two Time Delay Device Figure 9 Type Three Time Delay Device Figure 10 Symbols for Complex Logic Devices Figure 11 Truth Tables
Figure 12 Logic Gate Status Notation
Figure 13 Example 1
Figure 14 Example 2
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Logic Diagrams
DOE-HDBK-101612-93
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES NONE
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REFERENCES
DOEMDBK-101612-93
Logic Diagrams
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute.
Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1979.
Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.
Arne 11, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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Logic Diagrams
DOE-HDBK-101612-93
OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given a logic diagram, READ and INTERPRET the diagrams.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
AND gate NAND gate COINCIDENCE gate OR gate NOR gate EXCLUSIVE OR gate NOT gate or inverter
h. i.
j. k. 1.
m.
Adder Time-delay Counter Shift register Flip-flop Logic memories
1.2
EXPLAIN the operation of the three types of time delay devices.
1.3
DEVELOP the truth tables for the following logic gates: a. b. c.
AND gate OR gate NOT gate
d. e. f.
NAND gate NOR gate EXCLUSIVE OR gate
1.4
IDENTIFY the symbols used to denote a logical 1 tor high) and a logical 0 tor low) as used in logic diagrams.
1.5
Given a logic diagram and appropriate information, DETERMINE the output of each component and the logic circuit.
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Logic Diagrams
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Logic Diagrams
DOE-HDBK- I 016/2-93
ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS
ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS This chapter will review the symbols and conventions used on logic diagrams.
EO 1.1
IDENTIFY the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components: a.
b. c.
d. e. f. g.
EO 1.2
AND gate NAND gate COINCIDENCE gate OR gate NOR gate EXCLUSIVE OR gate NOT gate or inverter
h.
Adder
i.
Time-delay
j. 1.
Counter Shift register Flip-flop
m.
Logic memories
k.
EXPLAIN the operation of the three types of time delay devices.
Introduction Logic diagrams have many uses. In the solid state industry, they are used as the principal diagram for the design of solid state components such as computer chips. They are used by mathematicians to help solve logical problems (called boolean algebra). However, their principle
application at DOE facilities is their ability to present component and system operational information. The use of logic symbology results in a diagram that allows the user to determine the operation of a given component or system as the various input signals change.
To read and interpret logic diagrams, the reader must understand what each of the specialized symbols represent. This chapter discusses the common symbols used on logic diagrams. When mastered, this knowledge should enable the reader to understand most logic diagrams.
Facility operators and technical staff personnel commonly see logic symbols on equipment diagrams. The logic symbols, called gates, depict the operation/start/stop circuits of components and systems. The following two figures, which use a common facility start/stop pump circuit as an example, clearly demonstrate the reasons for learning to read logic diagrams. Figure 1 presents a schematic for a large pump, and Figure 2 shows the same pump circuit using only logic gates. It is obvious that when the basic logic symbols are understood, figuring out how the pump operates and how it will respond to various combinations of inputs using the logic diagram is fast and easy, as compared to laboriously tracing through the relays and contacts of the schematic diagram for the same information.
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Figure 1 Example of a Pump Start Circuit Schematic Diagram
1-11 ON NMOOLOHS ANN NO srm lONLNO0 AMON713 30 Mil NAL ON 1U10010H5 MOB NO SIM 1001003 "MOON 30 AMU
ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS
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ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS
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A-AUTO START
I-1S
STOP
82PULL TO LOCK
0
SAFETY INJECTION
-I...1
SIGNAL
NORMAL
V
V
XS
SHUTDOWN BD 113-8 VOLTAGE AVAILABLE
62-104 *AUXILIARY
- 0-
AUTO
_IBLACKOUT SHUTDOWN
STOP
START
BOARD 1B -8
-104C 52-104C
V
V IDX0.5 SEC
T
I-741- op
7
START
1_ V
HS
62-
STOP
WV
2 SEC
OIL PRESS r_LUBE < 8.5 MG LOSS OF SHUTDOWN. BOARD 1B-B VOLTAGE
20 SEC 1-
iLUBE OIL PRESS <8.0PSIG
PS-82-244
410 0 N F F
0
FROM LUBE OIL SUPPLY
AX LUBE
PUMP 1B-B
\fa
CENTRIFUGAL CHARGING
PUMP 1B-B
Figure 2 Example of Figure 1 Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram
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Logic Diagrams
Symbology There are three basic types of logic gates. They are AND, OR, and NOT gates. Each gate is a very simple device that only has two states, on and off. The states of a gate are also commonly referred to as high or low, 1 or 0, or True or False, where on = high = 1 = True, and off = low = 0 = False. The state of the gate, also referred to as its output, is determined by the status of the inputs to the gate, with each type of gate responding differently to the various possible combinations of inputs. Specifically, these combinations are as follows. AND gate - provides an output ton) when all its inputs are on. When any one of the inputs is off, the gate's output is off. OR gate - provides an output ton) when any one or more of its inputs is on. The gate is off only when all of its inputs are off.
NOT gate - provides a reversal of the input. If the input is on, the output will be off. If the input is off, the output will be on.
Because the NOT gate is frequently used in conjunction with AND and OR gates, special symbols have been developed to represent these combinations. The combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate is called a NAND gate. The combination of an OR gate with a NOT gate is called a NOR gate. NAND gate - is the opposite (NOT) of an AND gate's output. It provides an output ton) except when all the inputs are on. NOR gate - is the opposite (NOT) of an OR gate's output. It provides an output only when all inputs are off.
Figure 3 illustrates the symbols covering the three basic logic gates plus NAND and NOR gates. The IEEE/ANSI symbols are used most often; however, other symbol conventions are provided on Figure 3 for information.
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FUNCTION
IEEE/
AND
=-.
l',1-.
NAND
]=)째-
ED3-
ANSI
R1 13J
NEMA
MIL
ALLEN BRADLEY
JEC
=-
J
=13-
=-
2
I-
G.E.
1
Q-
H
OR
NOR
=13-
NOT
c-
째
'-
Till
3-
->.-
-1
2
-E10-
as-X- -X-
Figure 3 Basic Logic Symbols
The AND gate has a common variation called a COINCIDENCE gate. Logic gates are not limited to two inputs. Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of inputs a gate can have. But, as the number of inputs increases, the symbol must be altered to accommodate the increased inputs. There are two basic ways to show multiple inputs. Figure 4 demonstrates both methods, using an OR gate as an example. The symbols used in Figure 4 are used extensively in computer logic diagrams. Process control logic diagrams usually use the symbology shown in Figure 2.
Figure 4 Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs
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The COINCIDENCE gate behaves like an AND gate except that only a specific number of the total number of inputs needs to be on for the gate's output to be on. The symbol for a COINCIDENCE gate is shown in Figure 5. The fraction in the logic symbol indicates that the AND gate is a COINCIDENCE gate. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of inputs that must be on for the gate to be on. The denominator states the total number of inputs to the gate.
Two variations of the OR gate are the EXCLUSIVE OR and its opposite, the EXCLUSIVE NOR. The EXCLUSIVE OR and the EXCLUSIVE NOR are symbolized by adding a line on the back of the standard OR or NOR gate's symbol, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 5 COINCIDENCE Gate
EXCLUSIVE OR - provides an output (on) when only one of the inputs is on. Any other combination results in no output ( off). EXCLUSIVE NOR - is the opposite (NOT) of an EXCLUSIVE OR gate's output. It provides an output only when all inputs are on or when all inputs are off.
FUNCTION
IEEE/ ANSI
R113J
NEMA
9--->,_
EXCLUSIVE NOR
EXCLUSIVE OR
MlL
=n_
lEC
37:,
ALLEN BRADLEY
G.E.
AD
1
1
Figure 6 EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates
Time Delays When logic diagrams are used to represent start/stop/operate circuits, the diagrams must also be able to symbolize the various timing devices found in the actual circuits. There are three major types of timers. They are 1) the Type-One Time Delay Device, 2) the Type-Two Time Delay Device, and 3) The Type-Three Time Delay Device.
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Upon receipt of the input signal, the Type-One Time Delay Device delays the output (on) for the specified period of time, but the output will stop ( off) as soon as the input
signal is removed, as illustrated by Figure 7. The symbol for this type of timer is illustrated in Figure 7.
SYMBOL:
INPUT & OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
INPUT
OUTPUT INPUT OR
OR
431-
4 SEC THE ABOVE SYMBOL 3 USED WHEN 17 S REQUIRED TO DELAY THE OUTPUT SIGNAL FOR A SPECIFIED TIME DELAY AFTER THE twin
TIME
IS APPLIED
OUTPUT
TIME
4S
Figure 7 Type One Time Delay Device
The Type-Two Time Delay Device provides an output signal (on) immediately upon reciept of the input signal, but the output is maintained only for a specified period of time once the input signal (off) has been removed. Figure 8 demonstrates the signal response, and Figure 8 illustrates the symbol used to denote this type of timer.
INPUT & OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: SYMBOL:
INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
4 SEC
I THE ABOVE SYMBOL IS USED WHEN IT IS REQUIRED 70 MAINTAIN AN OUTPUT SIGNAL FOR A SPECIFIED TIME DEW' AFTER THE INPUT IS REMOVED. THERE 15 NO DELAY AT OUTPUT WHEN THE INPUT
TIME
OUTPUT
IS APPLIED.
TIME
4S
Figure 8 Type Two Time Delay Device
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Logic Diagrt2171.5
Upon reciept of an input signal, Type-Three Time Delay Devices provide an output signal for a specified period of time, regardless of the duration of the input. Figure 9 demonstrates the signal response and illustrates the symbol used to denote the timer.
SYMBOL:
INPUT
4 SEC
4 SEC
OUTPUT
OR
4 SEC
)-
OR
THE ABOVE SYMBOL IS USED WHEN AN OUTPUT OF SPECIFIED DURATION IS REQUIRED REGARDLESS OF DURATION OF INPUT.
NPU & OUTPUT C -A RAC TFRISTICS:
INPUT
TIME
OUTPUT
vv."
TIME
4S
Figure 9 Type-Three Time Delay Device
Complex Logic Devices In addition to the seven basic logic gates, there are several complex logic devices that may be encountered in the use of logic prints. Memoiy devices - In many circuits, a device that can "remember" the last command or
the last position is required for a circuit to function. Like the AND and OR gates, memory devices have been designed to work with on/off signals. The two input signals
to a memory device are called set and reset. Figure 10 shows the common symbols used for memory devices.
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ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS
FLIP FLOP:
BINARY COUNTER:
ADDER:
-O. HALF ADDER:
HALF ADDER
SHIFT REGISTER:
RETENTIVEMEMORY:
(r
OFFRETURN MEMORY:
RETENTIVE MEMORY WITH ACTUATION BLOCK:
L R
Figure 10 Symbols for Complex Logic Devices
Flop-flop - As the name implies, a flip-flop is a device in which as one or more of its inputs changes, the output changes. A flip-flop is a complex circuit constructed from OR and NOT gates, but is used so frequently in complex circuits that it has its own symbol. Figure 10 shows the common symbol used for a flip-flop.
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This device, although occasionally used on component and system type logic diagrams, is principally used in solid state logic diagrams (computers).
Binary counter - Several types of binary counters exist, all of which are constructed of
flip-flops. The purpose of a counter is to allow a computer to count higher than 1, which is the highest number a single flip-flop can represent. By ganging flip-flops, higher binary numbers can be constructed. Figure 10 illustrates a common symbol used for a binary counter.
Shift register - Is a storage device constructed of flip-flops that is used in computers to provide temporary storage of a binary word. Figure 10 shows the common symbol used for a shift register. Half adder - Is a logic circuit that is used in computer circuits to allow the computer to "carry" numbers when it is performing mathematical operations (for example to perform the addition of 9 + 2, a single lOs unit must be "carried" from the ones column to the tens column). Figure 10 illustrates the symbol used for a half adder.
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Engineering Logic Diagrams Summary This chapter reviewed the seven basic symbols used on logic diagrams and the symbols used for six of the more complex logic devices. There are three types of time delay devices: Type One - delays the output signal for a specified period of time
Type Two - only generates an output for the specified period of time
Type Three - receipt of an input signal triggers the device to output a signal for the specified time, regardless of the duration of the input
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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES Truth tables offer a simple and easy to understand tool that can be used to determine the output of any logic gate or circuit for all input combinations.
EO 1.3
DEVELOP the truth tables for the following logic gates: a.
b. c.
EO 1.4
EO 13
AND gate OR gate NOT gate
d. e. f.
NAND gate NOR gate EXCLUSIVE OR gate
IDENTIFY the symbols used to denote a logical 1 (or high) and a logical 0 ( or low) as used in logic diagrams.
Given a logic diagram and appropriate information, DETERMINE the output of each component and the logic circuit.
Truth Tables When a logic gate has only two inputs, or the logic circuit to be analyzed has only one or two gates, it is fairly easy to remember how a specific gate responds and determine the output of the gate or circuit. But as the number of inputs and/or the complexity of the circuit grows, it becomes more difficult to determine the output of the gate or circuit. Truth tables, as illustrated in Figure 11, are tools designed to help solve this problem. A truth table has a column for the input of each gate and column for the output of each gate. The number of rows needed is based on the number of inputs, so that every combination of input signal is listed (mathematically the number of rows is 2n, where n = number of inputs). In truth tables, the on and off status of the inputs and outputs is represented using Os and ls. As previously stated 0 = off and 1 = on. Figure 11 lists truth tables for the seven basic logic gates. Compare each gate's truth table with its definition given earlier in this module, and verify for yourself that they are stating the same thing.
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AND gcra
INPUT
NOR pots
INPUT
OUTPUT
A
B
o o
o
OUTPUT
r
1
0 o
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
I
I
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
OR pot
EXCLUSIVE OR A
INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
A A
C
F
0
0
0
1
0 0 1 1
1 1
0
1
1
1
NAND
ate
EXCLUSIVE NOR A
INPUT
OUTPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
A
A
C
0 1
0
1
0
1
1 1
1
0
1
->
NOT gals
A
INPUT
OUTPUT
A 0 1
0
Figure 11 Truth Tables
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Reading Logic Diagrams When reading logic prints the reader usually must decide the input values to each gate. But occasionally the print will provide information as to the normal state of each logic gate. This is denoted by a symbol similar to the bistable symbol, as shown in Figure 12. The symbol is drawn so that the first part of the square wave indicates the normal state of the gate. The second part of the square wave indicates the off-normal state of the gate. Figure 12 also illustrates how this notation is applied.
NORMALHIGH
NONNORMALLOW
NORMALLOW NONNORMALHIGH
Figure 12 Logic Gate Status Notation
Reading a logic diagram that does not provide information on the status of the gates is not any more difficult. It simply requires the reader to choose the initial conditions, determine the response of the circuits, and modify the inputs as needed. The following exercises will illustrate how to read some simple logic diagrams.
Examples To aid in understanding the material presented in this module, practice reading the following logic diagrams by answering the questions. The answers are on page 18.
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Example 1 Refer to Figure 13 to answer the following questions. Figure 13 illustrates a logic diagram of a simple fan start circuit.
10 MINUTES SAFETY SIGNAL
0
'
AUTO
SIGNAL ON WHEN HANDSWITCH IS
I PLACED IN "AUTO" POSITION. START I SIGNAL ON WHEN HANDSWITCH IS PLACED g IN "START" POSITION, SWITCH SPRING RETURNS TO "AUTO" POSITION.
SIGNAL ON WHEN HANDSWITCH
IS PLACED IN "STOP' POSITION, SWITCH SPRING RETURNS TO "AUTO" POSITION
"...
STOP
V
0
0
N
F F
1 B-B FAN FLOIn < 20,000 CFM T=45 SEC
9e
0
-Pr ii.
ALARM
A LOW < 20,000 CFM
EMERGENCY FAN 1A-A
Figure 13 Example 1
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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
Identify by number the following logic symbols: a.
AND
b.
OR
c.
Time delay
d.
Retentive-Memory
2.
How long must the safety signal be present before the time delay (1) will pass an output ton) signal to Gate 2?
3.
Under what conditions will Gate 2 turn on?
4.
Under what conditions will the low flow alarm (5) sound?
5.
Since the control switch is always in the AUTO position ( due to the spring return feature), what logic gate keeps the continuous on signal that is generated by the control switch being in the AUTO position from starting the fan? What signal must also be present to allow the AUTO signal to start the fan?
6.
If 12 minutes after first receiving a safety signal, with the fan control switch in the AUTO position, the safety signal is removed toff), what will happen to the fan? Why?
7.
How many ways can the fan be started? How many ways can the fan be stopped?
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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
Example 2 Refer to Figure 14 to answer the following questions. Figure 14 illustrates a simple valve control circuit. Flow control valve (FCV) 1-147 is an air-operated valve, with its air controlled by flow solenoid valve (FSV) 1-147, which is shown in its de-energized position.
FCV-1-147 FULLY OPEN
SAFETY SIGNAL,
TRAIN A
-L.
SIGNAL ON, WHEN HAND SWITCH IS IN THE OPEN POSITION, SWITCH IS SPRING RETURN TO AUTO FROM OPEN POSITION.
AUTO
...SIDNAL ON, WHEN HAND SWITCH IS IN THE AUTO POSITION.
OPEN
I
SIGNAL ON, WHEN HAND SWITCH IS IN THE CLOSED POISTION CLOSED
X速
T
....)
0
1-147
3
Figure 14 Example 2
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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
Identify by number the following logic symbols. a.
AND
b.
OR
c.
NOT
2.
As drawn, with the hand switch in the AUTO position and no safety signal present, what is the status of the two inputs to Gate 4, on or off?
3.
Since electrical components are drawn in their de-energized state, and using the answer from Question 2, is the flow solenoid valve (FSV-1-147) in its correct position? Why?
4.
How many ways can FSV-1-147 be energized? De-energized?
5.
If a safety signal is present, can FCV-1-147 (valve FSV-1-147 energized) be opened? Why?
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Logic Diagrams
Answers to example 1. 1.
a. 2 b. 3 c.
1
d. 4 2.
The safety signal must be received for greater than 10 minutes before it will pass through the time delay. If the safety signal is removed before 10 minutes has elapsed no signal will be passed to Gate 2.
3.
Gate 2 will turn on when the hand-switch is in the AUTO position and a safety signal has been received for greater than 10 minutes.
4.
If flow switch (FS) 30-38 senses less than 20,000 cfm, 45 seconds after the fan has started, or the same condition exists on the 1B-B fan, the alarm will sound.
5.
AND Gate 2 prevents the on signal from passing until a safety signal is also received (>10 minutes).
6.
Ten minutes after receiving the safety signal, the fan started. At 12 minutes, removing
the safety signal only removes the continuous start signal to the fan. The fan will continue to run until the hand switch is placed in the stop position. Further, with the removal of the safety signal, the fan will remain stopped when the hand switch spring
returns to the AUTO position. Note that if the hand switch is placed in the stop position while the safety signal is present, the fan will stop, but will restart as soon as the switch spring returns to the AUTO position. 7.
It can be started by two signals - START and AUTO plus a safety signal. It can be stopped by one signal - STOP (but will only remain stopped if no safety signal is present or the switch is held in the stopped position).
Answers to example number 2. 1.
a. 1 & 4
b. 2 c. 3 2.
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Right input is - on - this is because the hand control switch is in the AUTO position, and the AUTO switch contacts are made up, resulting in an on signal. Therefore the handswitch CLOSE position contacts are open, resulting in an off signal. The off signal is reversed in the NOT gate and becomes an on signal.
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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES
Left input is - off -. To determine this, the status of the gates feeding the left input must be determined.
Looking at the OR gate (2) above it The right input to the OR gate is - off - because the hand control switch is in the AUTO position. The OPEN position contacts are not made up, resulting in an off signal. The left input to the OR gate comes from the AND gate ( 1) above it.
Looking at the three inputs to the AND gate. The bottom input is - on - because the hand control switch is in the AUTO position and the AUTO contacts are made up, resulting in an on signal. The middle input to the AND gate is - on - because the NOT gate reverses the off safety signal.
The top input is - off - because the valve is not fully open, resulting in the generation of an off signal. Note this is the signal that, once the valve has traveled to the fully open position, allows
the valve to remain open after the hand switch is allowed to spring return to the AUTO position.
Now that all the inputs are known, we can work back through the circuit to determine the status of the left input to the AND gate (4). Because the one input, the top, to the AND gate (1) is off, the output of the AND gate is off. Therefore, the left input into the OR gate (2) is off. Therefore, because both the left and right inputs to the OR gate (2) are off the output of the OR gate (1) is off. 3.
Yes, de-energized is correct because the left input of the AND gate (4) is off and its right input is on. But because it is an AND gate and both its inputs are not on, it will not pass an on signal to the solenoid to energize it.
4.
It can be energized one way - the hand switch can be momentarily placed in the OPEN position. It can be de-energized two ways - the hand switch can be placed in the CLOSE position, or, if the valve is open and a safety signal is received, the valve will automatically close.
5.
Yes, the valve can be opened, but it will not remain open when the hand switch is allowed to spring return to the AUTO position. This is because the safety signal's NOT gate removes the on signal that allows the AND gate (1) to output an on signal and energize the solenoid.
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Logic Diagrams
Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Truth Tables and Exercises Summary The normal and off-normal status of each logic gate can be symbolized by the use of a symbol similar to the bistable.
The first part of the square wave indicates the normal state of the gate. The second part of the square wave indicates the off-normal state of the gate.
This chapter presented the truth tables for each of the seven basic logic gates. This chapter reviewed several examples of how to read logic diagrams of simple pump and valve circuits.
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Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook
ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 6 Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and A rchitecturd Drawings
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
ii
LIST OF TABLES
71T1
REFERENCES
iv
OBJECTIVES
ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS Introduction Dimensioning Drawings Dimensioning and Tolerance Symbology, Rules, and Conventions Summary ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, EXAMPLES Examples Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Summary
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13 13 13
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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Example of a Fabrication Drawing Figure 2 Example of a Construction Drawing
3
Figure 3 Example of an Architectural Drawing Figure 4 Types of Dimensioning Lines Figure 5 Example of Dimensioning Notation Figure 6 Symbology Used in Tolerancing Drawings Figure 7 Examples of Tolerance Symbology
TT1
Figure 8 Example of Tolerancing
11
Figure 9 Example 1
Figure 10 Example 2
14
Figure 11 Example 3
15
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Engineering Fabrication, construction, and Architectural Drawings
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES NONE
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REFERENCES
Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
REFERENCES ANSI Y14.SM - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American National Standards Institute.
Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos, California, 1976.
Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1979.
Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia, 1972.
Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1968.
Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.
Arne 11, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.
George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.
Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1968.
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DOE-HDBK-101612-93 Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE 1.0
Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing, READ and INTERPRET basic dimensional and tolerance symbology, and basic fabrication, construction, or architectural symbology.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1
STATE the purpose of engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.
1.2
Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing, DETERMINE the specified dimensions of an object.
1.3
Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing, DETERMINE the maximum and minimum dimensions or location of an object or feature from the stated drawing tolerance.
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Intentionally Left Blank.
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DOE-HDBK-I 016/2-93 ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS This chapter describes the basic symbology used in the dimensions and tolerances of engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. Knowledge of this information will make these types of prints easier to read and understand.
EO 1.1
STATE the purpose of engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.
EO 1.2
Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing, DETERMINE the specified dimensions of an object.
EO 1.3
Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural
drawing, DETERMINE the maximum and minimum dimensions or location of an object or feature from the stated drawing tolerance.
Introduction This chapter will describe engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. These three types of drawings represent the category of drawings commonly referred to as blueprints. Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings differ from P&IDs, electrical prints, and logic diagrams in that they are drawn to scale and provide the component's physical dimensions so that the part, component, or structure can be manufactured or assembled. Although fabrication and construction drawings are presented as separate categories, both supply
information about the manufacture or assembly of a component or structure. The only real difference between the two is the subject matter. A fabrication drawing provides information on how a single part is machined or fabricated in a machine shop, whereas a construction drawing provides the construction or assembly of large multi-component structures or systems.
Fabrication drawings, also called machine drawings, are principally found in and around machine and fabrication shops where the actual machine work is performed. The drawing usually depicts the part or component as an orthographic projection ( see module 1 for definition) with each view containing the necessary dimensions. Figure 1 is an example of a fabrication drawing. In this case, the drawing is a centering rest that is used to support material as it is being machined.
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Figure 1 Example of a Fabrication Drawing
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Construction drawings are found principally at sites where the construction of a structure or system is being performed. These drawings usually depict each structure/system or portion of a structure/system as an orthographic projection with each view containing the necessary dimensions required for assembly. Figure 2 provides an example of a construction print for a section of a steel roof truss.
Figure 2 Example of a Construction Drawing
Architectural drawings are used by architects in the conceptual design of buildings and structures. These drawings do not provide detailed information on how the structure or building is to be built, but rather they provide information on how the designer wants the building to appear and how it will function. Examples of this are location-size-type of doors, windows, rooms, flow of people, storage areas, and location of equipment. These drawings can
be presented in several formats, including orthographic, isometric, plan, elevation, or perspective. Figure 3 provides an example of an architectural drawing, of a county library.
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Engineering Fabrication, Construction, anti Architectural Drawings
Figure 3 Example of an Architectural Drawing
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ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
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Dimensioning Drawings For any engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing to be of value, exact information concerning the various dimensions and their tolerances must be provided by the drawing. Drawings usually denote dimensions and tolerances per the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards. These standards are explained in detail in Dimensioning and Tolerancing, ANSI Y14.5M - 1982. This section will review the basic methods of denoting dimensions and tolerances on drawings per the ANSI standards. Dimensions on a drawing can be expressed in one of two ways. In the first method, the drawing is drafted to scale and any measurement is obtained by measuring the drawing and correcting for the scale. In the second method, the actual dimensions of the component are specified on the drawing. The second method is the preferred method because it reduces the chances of error and allows greater accuracy and drawing flexibility. Because even the simplest component has several dimensions that must be stated (and each dimension must have a tolerance), a drawing can quickly become cluttered with dimensions. To reduce this problem, the ANSI standards provide rules and conventions for dimensioning a drawing. The basic rules and conventions must be understood before a dimensioned drawing can be correctly read.
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Dimensioning and Tolerance Symbology, Rules, and Conventions When actual dimensions are specified on a print, the basic line symbols that are illustrated by Figure 4 are used.
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Figure 4 Types of Dimensioning Lines
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Figure 5 provides examples of the various methods used on drawings to indicate linear, circular and angular dimensions.
DECIMAL INCH DIMENSIONS
APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONS
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ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
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Figure 5 Example of Dimensioning Notation
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When a drawing is dimensioned, each dimension must have a tolerance. In many cases, the tolerance is not stated, but is set to an implied standard. An example is the blueprint for a house. The measurements are not usually given stated tolerances, but it is implied that the carpenter will build the building to the normal tolerances of his trade (1/8-1/4 inch), and the design and use of the blueprints allow for this kind of error. Another method of expressing tolerances on a drawing is to state in the title block, or in a note, a global tolerance for all measurements on the drawing. The last method is to state the tolerance for a specified dimension with the measurement. This method is usually used in conjunction with one of the other two tolerancing methods. This type of notation is commonly used for a dimension that requires a higher level of accuracy than the remainder of the drawing. Figure 6 provides several examples of how this type of tolerancing notation can appear on a drawing.
Tolerances are applied to more than just linear dimensions, such as 1 + 0.1 inches. They can apply to any dimension, including the radius, the degree of out-of-round, the allowable out-ofsquare, the surface condition, or any other parameter that effects the shape and size of the object. These types of tolerances are called geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances state the maximum allowable variation of a form or its position from the perfect geometry implied on the drawing. The term geometry refers to various forms, such as a plane, a cylinder, a cone, a square, or a hexagon. Theoretically these are perfect forms, but because it is impossible to produce perfect forms, it may be necessary to specify the amount of variation permitted. These tolerances specify either the diameter or the width of a tolerance zone within which a surface or the axis of a cylinder or a hole must be if the part is to meet the required accuracy for proper function and fit. The methods of indicating geometric tolerances by means of geometric characteristic symbols are shown in Figure 6. Examples of tolerance symbology are shown in Figure 7.
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Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
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Figure 6 Symbology Used in Tolerancing Drawings
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Figure 7 Examples of Tolerance Symbology
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Because tolerances allow a part or the placement of a part or feature to vary or have a range, all of an object's dimensions can not be specified. This allows the unspecified, and therefor nontoleranced, dimension to absorb the errors in the critical dimensions. As illustrated in Figure 8 (A) for example, all of the internal dimensions plus each dimension's maximum tolerance adds up to more than the specified overall dimension and its maximum tolerance. In this case the length of each step plus its maximum tolerance is 1 1/10 inches, for a maximum object length of 3 3/10 inches. However the drawing also specifies that the total length of the object cannot exceed 3 1/10 inches. A drawing dimensioned in this manner is not correct, and one of the following changes must be made if the part is to be correctly manufactured. To prevent this type of conflict, the designer must either specify different tolerances for each of the dimensions so that the length of each smaller dimension plus its maximum error adds up to a value within the overall dimension plus its tolerance, or leave one of the dimensions off, as illustrated in Figure 8 (B) (the preferred method). FIGURE A 3+
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Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings Summary The purpose of a fabrication drawing is to provide the information necessary to manufacture and machine components. The purpose of construction drawings is to provide the information necessary to build and assemble structures and systems. The purpose of architectural drawings is to provide conceptual information about buildings and structures.
This chapter reviewed the basic symbology used in dimensioning engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.
/
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DOE-HDBK-I 016/2-93 ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS, EXAMPLES
ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, EXAMPLES The information presented in the previous chapter is reviewed in this chapter through the performance of reading drawing examples.
Examples To aid in understanding the material presented in this module, practice reading the following prints by answering the questions. The answers are on the page following the last example.
Example 1
Figure 9 Example 1
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What is the overall height of the structure?
2.
What is the width ( front-to-back) of the structure?
3.
What is the difference between the width (front-to-back) and the width ( side-to-side) of the base of the structure?
Example 2
Figure 10 Example 2
1.
What is the geometric characteristic being given a tolerance?
2.
What is the maximum diameter of the shaft?
3.
What is the minimum diameter of the shaft?
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Example 3
Figure 11 Example 3
1.
What is the geometric characteristic being given a tolerance?
2.
What is the maximum length of the cylinder?
3.
What is the minimum length of the cylinder?
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Answers to example 1. 1.
5'6"
1.
4' 1"
3.
9" (4' 10" side-to-side distance - 4' 1" front-to-back distance)
Answers to example 2. 1.
Using Figure 6, the straight line in the geometric characteristic box indicates "straightness." This implies that the surface must be straight to with in 0.02 inches.
2.
16.00 inches
3.
15.89 inches
Answers to example 3. 1.
Using Figure 6, the circle with two parallel bars in the geometric characteristic box indicates "Cylindricity," or how close to being a perfect cylinder it must be (in this case 0.25 inches).
2.
4.15 inches. The nominal length of 4.1 plus the tolerance of 0.05.
3.
4.05 inches. The nominal length of 4.1 minus the tolerance of 0.05.
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Summary The important information in this chapter is summarized below.
Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawing Exercise Summary This chapter reviewed the material on dimensioning and tolerancing engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.
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end of text.
CONCLUDING MATERIAL Review activities:
Preparing activity:
DOE - ANL-W, BNL, EG&G Idaho, EG&G Mound, EG&G Rocky Flats, LLNL, LANL, MMES, MAU, REECo, WHC, WINCO, WEMCO, and WSRC.
DOE - NE-73 Project Number 6910-0022
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