University of Leicester Engineering Building Study

AR6004 - Precedent Study Brief Studio 3.6 University of Leicester Engineering Building by James Stirling Mamta Patel - K1423531 Fluke Chotphuang - K1417814 Reem Bashawri - K1354763 Riya Salvi - K1423978 Doruntina Ymeraj - K1327357

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Photograph by Fluke Chotphuang

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University of Leicester Engineering Building James Stirling and James Gowan Leicester University, Leicester, England 1963 Academic Park campus Modern architecture 6200sqm

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The Grade II* listed Leicester engineering building was one of the seminal buildings of the century. Opening up post-modernism to the architectural world, architects James Stirling and James Gowan created a design of immediate circumstances. The solution truly reflected its time without any obstructions but dealing with the demands of the client. The mandatory workshop and other spaces were to be lit by the northern light but the delicate machinery would cause an interference. With regards, Stirling approached this by designing a geometric skylight roof for the lower and upper workshop which required a 45-degree angle. The positioning of the roof allowed the northern light to flow but meant the machinery was not in direct sunlight. Another restriction they were given was to have no exposed concrete surfaces on the exterior. The building compromises of a tower and adjacent workshops and laboratories, with a glass room sitting on triangular struts running at an acute angle to the face of the building.

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Figure 1

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Figure 2&3

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Location Plan Scale 1/2500 @ A1 11

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Site Plan Scale 1/1000 @ A1

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Male w/c 4. Staff w/c 5. Female w/c 6. Ventilation Plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10. Hydraulics lab 11. Heat lab 12. Structures lab 13. Electrical plant 14. Boilers

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1/200 @ A1

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Students Lavs(m) 4. Staff lavs 5.Student lavs(f) 6. Ventilation plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10.Hydraulics Lab 11.Heat Lab 12.Structures Lab 13.Electrical Plant 14.Boilers

Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester Ground FLoor PLan 1:100

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15. Small lecture theatre 16. Terrace 17. Lobby 18. Upper entrance hall 19. Upper workshop/labs 20. Paint shop 21. Upper boiler room 22. Instruction boiler

First Floor Plan Scale 1/200 @ A1

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15. Small Lecture Theatre 16. Terrace 17. Lobby 18. Upper Part of entrace Hall 19. Upper part of workshops/labs 20. Paint shop 21. Upper part of Boiler Room 22. Instruction Boiler

Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester First FLoor PLan 1:100

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Section A Scale 1/200 @ A1 Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester Section 1:100

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Faculty of Engineering Building, Section 1:100

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Section B Scale 1/200 @ A1

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Figure 4

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South West ElevationScale 1/200 @ A1

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Structure

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Workshop trusses

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Roof Plan Scale 1/200 @ A1

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The building is a concrete frame building add pictures Pictures of steel trusses which bear windows.

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Students Lavs(m) 4. Staff lavs 5.Student lavs(f) 6. Ventilation plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10.Hydraulics Lab 11.Heat Lab 12.Structures Lab 13.Electrical Plant 14.Boilers

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Primary Structure Scale 1/200 @ A1

As this is an educationcal building which requires a workshop and laboratory space, the entire architecture has 1m 3m 8m been constructed using a reinforced concrete frame structure. The workshop is built using in-situ reinforced concrete beams and columns in support of the steel trusses for the skylight roof. Whereas, the laboratory block uses pre-cast concrete inverted through units, with an additional in-situ concrete topping. Although the concrete frames of the two blocks are immediately adjacent to one another, they are both independent structures. However, movement joints are provided at the points where the two frames meet, maintaining the independence of the two structures. Overall this achieves a very robust structure which is required to support the dynamic steel roof structure. Moreover, the exposed concrete core for the circulation routes are positioned in towards the entrance of the workshop and laboratory spaces which adds stability to the podium tower as it is a structure of its own.

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Photographs by Mamta Patel

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Students Lavs(m) 4. Staff lavs 5.Student lavs(f) 6. Ventilation plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10.Hydraulics Lab 11.Heat Lab 12.Structures Lab 13.Electrical Plant 14.Boilers

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Secondary Structure Scale 1/200 @ A1 There are several secondary structures as part of the workshop and laboratory space. The concrete beams which span across the length of the workshop rests upon the primary columns. These beams provide support for the equipment and machinery required for the function of the space.

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Figure 6

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Load bearing Elements Scale 1/200 @ A1 The Leicester engineering building is constructed by a load bearing concrete frame. The structural beam around the perimeter of the workshop supports the steel roof structure along with the internal and external brick cladding. Overall, the primary framing is supported by the pile foundation. By creating this load bearing grid Stirling and Gowan managed to design an interior space that would both contribute in supporting the building and adding to the stylistic A quality of it.

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Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester Section 1:200

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The architectural expression of the Stirling and Gowan’s engineering building has been expressed as ‘essentially a semi-solid tower hovering over a sea of glass’. The visible concrete beams and columns from the interior creates a separation of spaces as well as being a base to fix required equipments to. The character of the architecture is forcefully expressed from the bones of the structure in relation to the function it shelters. Although the client requested to have no visible concrete from the exterior, the mandatory beam around the workshop and laboratory is clearly evident on the façades. The justification of this was made to present the structural juxtaposition between the roof structure and the wall. Alongside this, the external masonry wall at ground level runs around the two blocks giving the impression of a singular space.

Structural Contributions Scale 1/200 @ A1 31

From investigating the soil type around the University to Leicester engineering building we have come to a conclusion that it is Soilscape 8 which consists of a slightly acid loamy and clayey soil with impeded drainage. As a result, pile foundation has been successfully used to stabilise the building as the current soil type is suitable for it.

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Primary aluminium beam Steel truss (55mm) Aluminium framing In-situ concrete beam (223mm) Concrete column (223mm) Load bearing path Concrete ground beam Concrete pile foundation

Foundation Scale 1/20 @ A1

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Fabric

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The fabric of the engineering building plays a fundamental part of the structure. The typical envelop of the building plays with the different forms of the building in relation to the skylight roof. ‘The completely tiled interior of the landings within the tower, the continuous glazing of the brick laboratory block, the extensive use of translucent glass, the glazed bridge links and finally the brick podium that embraces the entire complex’. The general use of the podium block has an effect on stressing the potential of the horizontal character of the workshop block through emphasising its roof.

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Elevation Scale 1/20 @ A1

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Primary aluminium beam Tube lights Fiberglass sandwiched between plyglass Box section truss Aluminium framing Primary steel Trusses (55mm) Aluminium Angles Aluminium framing Steel T-beam Bolts/fixings Precast concrete gutter units with precast concrete overflows In-situ concrete beam (223mm thickness) Brick coping 13inch cavity wall Mortar Semi-engineering brickwork Vertial concrete column Force flow convector heating Damp proof course Red clay tile drainage channel Engineering brick edging to drainage channel Asphalt Hardcore ground Drainage pipes Concrete ground beam faced with Brick slips laid vertically Damp proof membrane Precast concrete slabs Concrete pile foundation Electrical ducts

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Primary aluminium beam Tube light Fiberglass sandwiched between plyglass Box section truss Aluminium framing Steel Truss (55mm) Aluminium angles Aluminium framing Steel T-beam Bolts/fixings Precast concrete gutter units with precast concrete overflows In-situ concrete beam (223mm) Brick coping 13inch cavity wall Mortar Semi-engineering brickwork Concrete column (223mm) Force flow convector heating Damp proof course Red clay tile drainage Channel Asphalt Hardcore ground Drainage pipe Concrete ground beam Brick slips laid vertically Damp proof membrane Precast concrete slabs Concrete pile foundation Electrical ducts

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Model Photographs Scale 1/100

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Model Photographs Scale 1/100

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Thermal Envelope Scale 1/200 @ A1

The purpose of a thermal envelope is mainly to prevent hear transfer from the interior spaces to the exterior in winter and vice versa in summer, and that is achieved by strictly enclosing the internal space of the building as a whole. The main elements are the outer walls, roof and floors, and foundation. The exterior of the building is a bold combination of red engineering brick wrapping around the building and glazed panels forming the geometric roof. The glazed roof in the workshop spaces was not substantial enough to prevent thermal loss as the temperature would rarely exceed 6 degrees in the winter, before the installation of the heating systems, and could reach up to 45 degrees in the summer; causing the glass panels to eventually fall out. The basic palette of the low cost materials and technology used to achieve the original design has now reached the end of its serviceable life. Thus, the University of Leicester is currently undertaking works to replace the glazed façades of the iconic roof and the vertical glazed panel system to serve a good standard of weather tightness and thermal performance as B well as preserving the power of the original design.

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Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester Section 1:200

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Services/MEP

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Photograph taken by Mamta Patel

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Labratory ceiling tube lights Lobby spot lights

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15. Small Lecture Theatre 16. Terrace 17. Lobby 18. Upper Part of entrace Hall 19. Upper part of workshops/labs 20. Paint shop 21. Upper part of Boiler Room 22. Instruction Boiler

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Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Leicester First FLoor PLan 1:250

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Artificial Lighting Scale 1/200 @ A1 The interior of the workshop and laboratory delivers an overwhelming surrounding created by the glowing translucent light resulted from the glazed roofing. The diamond shaped skylight roof is situated at a 45 degrees angle in order for the equipment to be sheltered from the south facing light. This efficient solution maximises the use of natural lighting however, there are tube lights placed of the steel beams across the spaces creating a luminous roof sculpture when seen at night. Alongside this, each workspace in the room has a desk lamp. This gives the impression of minimizing the use of artificial lighting. Moreover, the lobby and hallway area consists of spot lights which creates a mundane environment but leads to the spacious workshop area.

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Students Lavs(m) 4. Staff lavs 5.Student lavs(f) 6. Ventilation plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10.Hydraulics Lab 11.Heat Lab 12.Structures Lab 13.Electrical Plant 14.Boiler 15.Outlet

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The Leicester engineering school buiding is heated with heating convectors which heat up the laboratry space.

These pipes run along the walls of the building.

Heating Distribution Scale 1/200 @ A1

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Hot water Cold water

Heating Distribution Scale 1/200 @ A1 The engineering building is heated using heat convector which runs vertically through the building alongside the stairwells. Additionally, the convector are located underneath the work benches around the perimeter of the space, since the glazed roof panels do not contribute to prevent heat transfer, it would be ideal to change the glass panels as it is a poor insulator. Nevertheless, the upper laboratory space suffers from an efficient heating system as the convector are positioned underneath the window openings therefore the heat is immediately transferred outwards. To improve the heating system within the spaces, the roof would require double glazed panels to be more efficient for the future of the building and to seal the building from thermal loss.

Heat convectors warm up the space from the top to bottom in a circular motion. It uses the natural movement of air which rises when warm and cools down as it drops.

Hot Water Cold Water

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Faculty of Engineering Building, Un Section 1:100

Photograph by Fluke Chotphuang

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Heating Distribution

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1. Ventilation plant room 2. Overhead ventilation ducts 3. Boiler flue 4-5. Doors The workshop space in the Leicester Engeneering building is ventilated mainly by overhead ducts that blow out fresh air coming from the ventilation plant room while the chimney filters the space by taking away the polluted air.

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There are no windows in the workshop space however there are two main doors opening into the area and they could acts like natural ventilators as they bring in fresh air as they open.

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Ventilation Scale 1/200 @ A1 The workshop in specific is ventilated by overhead ducts which dispenses fresh air from the ventilation plant room. Alongside this, the chimney filters the space by taking away the polluted air. There are no accessible windows within the space however, there are two main door opening which act as natural ventilation.

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Vertical Ventilation Scale 1/200 @ A1

Looking at the building as a whole, different spaces is ventilated differently; the tower block has awning windows on both sides so they provide cross-ventilation to the rooms within and the upper part of the workshop also has openings which are sliding glass panels in the roof structure providing natural ventilation as well.

The chimney is elevated from the main workshop space and it takes the polluted air away..

1. Boiler flue 2. Sliding window panels 3. Awning windows 4. Ventilation duct

The ventilation through the building is varied depending on the different spaces. The tower block is surrounded by awning windows allowing there to be cross-ventilation within the rooms. The B natural ventilaupper floor of the workshop has sliding glass panels as part of the roof providing tion. The chimney is elevated from the main workshop space which frees the polluted air.

Overall, it is impressive to see the exposed ventilation ducts which forms a part of its architectural qualities. Nonetheless, it is hard to justify why there is only one opening within the workshop space as personally, a workshop should have more openings for natural ventilation 1. Boiler flue 2. Sliding window panels 3. Awning windows for cross ventilation 4. Ventilation duct

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Photograph by Mamta Patel

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1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom 3. Students Lavs(m) 4. Staff lavs 5.Student lavs(f) 6. Ventilation plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10.Hydraulics Lab 11.Heat Lab 12.Structures Lab 13.Electrical Plant 14.Boilers

1. Entrance hall 2. Cloakroom N Faculty of Engineering Building, University of3.

Leicester Male w/c Ground FLoor PLan 1:100 4. Staff w/c 1m 3m 8m 5. Female w/c 6. Ventilation Plant 7. Store 8. Porter 9. Workshops 10. Hydraulics lab 11. Heat lab 12. Structures lab 13. Electrical plant 14. Boilers

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Ground Floor Plan Scale 1/200 @ A1

Heating pipes Electrical pipes

Services Distribution Scale 1/200 @ A1

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Drainage Diagram Scale 1/200 @ A1 The continuous brick wall around the workshop and laboratory spaces includes U shaped gutters which have been positioned directly above the drainage channel. In addition, there are long gutters placed in between each row of the geometric roof which drain the water away. The gutters hide in between two diamond shaped roof structures thus contributing to the buildings architectural value as it does not hinder the architect’s desired design. It is interesting that this engineering elements is being deliberately exposed, it is well connected with the architectural qualities of the building; forming part of its bold expression.

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Underground Ducts

Photograph by Fluke Chotphuang

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Underground Ducts Scale 1/200 @ A1 To store the electrical components within the building the workshop and laboratory includes several underground ducts across the space. The ducts store the main heating and electric pipes throughout the building. Also, there are secondary pipes running under the benches of the laboratory space. The ducts store fan coil units which allows hot and cold air transfer through the space.

The ducts are hidden but easy to access.

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Sustainability

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Photograph by Fluke Chotphuang

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Materials

The University of Leicester Engineering building by James Stirling and James Gowan is a structure that is defined by the materials that it is constructed from. The main materials used for the building are engineering brick and glass.

Engineering brick is often used for its physical functions rather than its appearance due to its high compressive strength and low water absorption. The engineering brick in the Leicester Engineering Building has been used in a way to support the weight of the building, especially the vertical weight of the tower block. As well as physical functions, brick has been used for visual terms as well as the client did not want any concrete to show on the exterior. Moreover, according to the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), clay bricks ; from excavation to moulding to drying to firing; measure high on the sustainability index as it is made from locally abundant materials; clay, sand and water, using low technology compression equipment, solar energy or kilns. In addition, the use of bricks has been successful in the engineering building as it is a versatile and durable material, with good load-bearing properties, high thermal mass and potential low energy impact in the long run. Thus, the building is one that maintains internal temperature in a convenient way. Glass is used for the rhombus shaped roof design over the workshop spaces, slightly rotated on a 45-degree angle to face the northern day light as the machinery are so delicate and might be affected by direct sunlight. The glass is a mixture of Ply-glass on the exterior and Fibre-glass on the interior, with a delicate aluminium frame that supports it. Like any product, glass has an environmental impact where greenhouse gases are emitted during its production. However, glass as an end product is biodegradable and fully recyclable by the end of its life cycle; it can be used as raw material for other products after its working life cycle , which meets the Cradle to Cradle design.

To conclude, embodied energies in brick; 2, and in glass; 3, makes the two chosen materials relatively sustainable as the cumulative energy consumed by the process of the production of the materials; including mining, manufacturing, transport and delivery, is fairly low, which creates a sustainable lifespan for the building in the long term.

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Social Sustainability

The University of Leicester is currently carrying out a carbon reduction program thus; it focuses on reducing the number of cars travelling to the University. It aims at increasing services, facilities, discounts and other initiatives that make students and staff members more interested to choose sustainable travel options. The university area has several bus stops situated around its campus, which promotes easy accessibility to the different university buildings as shown in the diagram. It is thus giving creativities and infrastructure facilities to promote sustainable travel to the site by reducing private parking spaces and aiding easier ways for public transports, walking and cycling. Also, measures have been taken in almost all buildings around the campus to provide convenient access to the disabled. There are bookshops, parks, banks around the campus to provide a communal atmosphere. The Leicester University- Engineering building is one of the first post-modernist masterpiece of architecture. Due to the building’s architectural character it invites many admirers of Sterling’s and Gowan’s work making it entirely accessible to public. The vast green spaces around the campus maintains an environmental balance, providing a space for staff, students and the local community to hold events, sports, environmental teams and curricular activities. Employability is another program carried out by the university. It is crucially surrounded by all happening activities and events carried out in the university which are tactically connected to its AGR Award Winning Career Development Journey. In the last 3 years the university, has placed nearly 100 graduates into paid internships with both large and small enterprises across the UK.

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Winter

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Sun path Diagram

Ecological Sustainability

Ecological sustainability supports a balance that integrates the protection of ecological processes and natural systems of living organisms on site with the built environment. The Leicester Engineering building is situated close to Victoria Park, which is mainly dominated by recreational sports pitches having limited ecological value due to the fact that it is regularly mowed and maintained as short grass. However, there are spaces broken down by a series of mature trees, which provide habitat for insects, and in turn food and shelter for some birds and bats.

The building location is critical in this case because it provides a sense of place as if it is within the park premises because it is located so close to the park, but in fact it is not. So it technically fits in with the surrounding context.

However, the fact that the building is an engineering campus, discharging an amount of pollution especially out of the chimney, results in the damage of the habitats in the neighbouring park. Furthermore, with bats living around the area, the building provides so much light pollution through the huge glass roof structure as well as the glass facade of the tower structure, which might affect the bats. Generally, bats tend to come out at night to feed as they don’t like the light, and the light pollution might hinder their movement or search of food, badly affecting their living. On top of that, the building does not provide any strategies or elements to accommodate or preserve ecological habitat and species living around the immediate context.

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Context and Orientation

The engineering building by James Stirling and James Gowan is located within the university campus. Towards the north-west it is surrounded by other educational buildings including cafés, shops and the student union. Whereas on the north-east, there is a massive park. The university campus and Victoria Park has been divided by a wide walkway allowing transportation to be made from the frantic London Road to the campus. This path in particular is always being used by students from the university, students from QE College which sits towards the south-west of the engineering block, and locals who come to access the park. Towards the center of the path there is an Arch of Remembrance located just on the park where the community/city comes together during Remembrance Day. The park is also used for various events such as concerts/marathons, used by university students. The engineering students can experience incredible views in and out of the building from the tower block as the location of the campus in on a hill. In between the park and the university buildings in a ribbon surrounding the park which is one of the main pathways to and from the university campus. In terms of orientation, the engineering building has been taken into consideration as the positioning of the 45 degrees’ diamond glass roof has been designed so that the south facing light is not in direct contact with the machinery within the laboratory. In addition, the north facing light does help to keep the building warmer which is beneficial during winter.

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Sunlight Diagram

Contextual Buildings

Photograph by Fluke Chotphuang Taken from Victoria Park Memorial

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Renewable Energy & Resources

The skylight roof structure conserves energy by bringing in natural daylight enabling this to illuminate the inhabited area. With this in mind, there are considerably huge amount of -artificial lights. The bulbs which have been used are long lasting fluorescent bulb (CFL). Below, by using CFL reduce the number of watts by four times and can even last up to ten times longer than incandescent. However, constantly turning on and off, this can reduce the lifespan of the bulb. As a learning environment this suggest that the type of light is most suitable efficiently reducing the cost but also the lifespan of the bulb by leaving it on for longer periods.

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Cfb(Maritime Temperature Climate) described the climate in Leicester by Köppen-Geiger system. As a low carbon building, the climate plays an essential process in the way the building was designed. Like the roof, this was orientated at 45° to bring in the north light. However, the material process may have not been thought out carefully due to temperature problems. Poor insulation in the glass during winter meant that it rarely exceeded 6° and got up to 45° during summer. This meant that more energy was being generated to keep the inhabited area to a suitable temperature.

Due to the type of building it is the exposed structure and features integrates form and functions together displaying raw forms. The bulbs are exposed appropriately to the building. The zigzag of the symmetrical repetition of the roof reflects in which a saw blade is designed juxtaposed with the modern roof light.

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Figure 17&18

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Bibliography: Printed Sources: McKean, John, Leicester University Engineering Building, 1st Edition,( London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1994) Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Online Sources: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_soil#Clays http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/# http://www.e-architect.co.uk/england/david-wilson-library-leicester http://www.e-architect.co.uk/england/university-leicester-engineering-department http://www.edonq.org.au/documents/Fact_Sheets_(Active)/Planning%20-%20Overview/11.03-Factsheet2%20(Matilda).pdf https://www.leicester.gov.uk/media/177448/victoria-park-mp-2011.pdf http://www.about-bats.com/bats-help-gardens.html Footnotes: University of Leicester, University of Leicester (2016) <https://le.ac.uk/> [accessed 14 November 2016].

University of Leicester, University of Leicester- Sustainability(2016) <https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/inss/what-is-social-sustainability/> [accessed 14 November 2016].

University of Leicester, University of Leicester- Maps (2016) <http://www.le.ac.uk/maps/> [accessed 14 November 2016].

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Photographs: Figure 1 - http://www.bdonline.co.uk/jon-buck-and-dominic-cullinans-inspiration-leicester-engineering-building/5023761.article Figure 2 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 3 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 4 - https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/aug/31/castles-in-the-sky-the-worlds-best-unsung-buildings-in-pictures Figure 5 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 6 - http://quintinlake.photoshelter.com/image/I0000omCmNKXbKTE Figure 7 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 8 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 9 - https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/08/james-stirling-gowan-engineering-building-university-of-leicester-19-5-million-pound-renovation-skylights-england-uk/ Figure 10 - https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/08/james-stirling-gowan-engineering-building-university-of-leicester-19-5-million-pound-renovation-skylights-england-uk/ Figure 11 - https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/08/james-stirling-gowan-engineering-building-university-of-leicester-19-5-million-pound-renovation-skylights-england-uk/ Figure 12 - Frampton, Kenneth, Labour, Work and Architecture: Collected Essays on Architecture and Design, 1st edition (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2002) Figure 13 - https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/08/james-stirling-gowan-engineering-building-university-of-leicester-19-5-million-pound-renovation-skylights-england-uk/ Figure 14 - https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/08/james-stirling-gowan-engineering-building-university-of-leicester-19-5-million-pound-renovation-skylights-england-uk/ Figure 15 - https://www.google.co.uk/maps Figure 16 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number Figure 17 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate Figure 18 - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.chartahir.agricorner&hl=en Model Photographs - Reem Bashawri Sun path diagram - Fluke Chotphuang 1/100 Model - Doruntina Ymeraj 1/10 Model - Fluke Chotphuang Drawings/Descriptions - Mamta Patel, Reem Bashawri, Riya Salvi, Fluke Chotpuang, Doruntina Ymeraj

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