November 2018 Outcrop

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Volume 67 • No. 11 • November 2018

JANUARY 30 & 31 2019 REGISTER ONLINE AT www.rmag.org Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists RMAG

Permian Basin Symposium & Core Workshop

General Registration $550 | Student $450 Sheraton Denver West 360 Union Blvd, Lakewood CO email: staff@rmag.org phone: 303.573.8621

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

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web: www.rmag.org follow: @rmagdenver

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

910 16th Street • Suite 1214 • Denver, CO 80202 • 303-573-8621 The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) is a nonprofit organization whose purposes are to promote interest in geology and allied sciences and their practical application, to foster scientific research and to encourage fellowship and cooperation among its members. The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the RMAG.

2018 OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT

2st VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

Terri Olson tmolson8550@gmail.com

Sophie Berglund sberglund@raisaenergy.com

RMAG STAFF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Barbara Kuzmic bkuzmic@rmag.org

PRESIDENT-ELECT

TREASURER

Tom Sperr tsperr@bayless-cos.com

Robin Swank robin.swank@gmail.com

1st VICE PRESIDENT

TREASURER-ELECT

David Katz davidkatz76@gmail.com

Eryn Bergin eryn.bergin@aec-denver.com

Kira Timm kira.k.timm@gmail.com

1st VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

SECRETARY

Heather LaReau heatherthegeologist@gmail.com

Anna Phelps aphelps@sm-energy.com

Courtney Beck Courtney.Beck@halliburton.com

2nd VICE PRESIDENT

COUNSELOR

Tracy Lombardi tracy.lombardi@inflectionenergy.com

Jim Emme jim_emme@yahoo.com

PROJECTS SPECIALIST

Kathy Mitchell-Garton kmitchellgarton@rmag.org CO-EDITORS

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Ron Parker ron@bhigeo.com DESIGN/LAYOUT

Nate Silva nate@nate-silva.com

ADVERTISING INFORMATION

Rates and sizes can be found on page 40. Advertising rates apply to either black and white or color ads. Submit color ads in RGB color to be compatible with web format. Borders are recommended for advertisements that comprise less than one half page. Digital files must be PC compatible submitted in png, jpg, tif, pdf or eps formats at a minimum of 300 dpi. If you have any questions, please call the RMAG office at 303-573-8621.

Ad copy, signed contract and payment must be received before advertising insertion. Contact the RMAG office for details.

DEADLINES: Ad submissions are the 1st of every month for the following month’s publication.

WEDNESDAY NOON LUNCHEON RESERVATIONS

RMAG Office: 303-573-8621 | Fax: 808-389-4090 | staff@rmag.org or www.rmag.org The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

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Outcrop | Novemeber 2018 OUTCROP

2018 Summit Sponsors Platinum Sponsor

Gold Sponsors

Silver Sponsors

NORTH RANCH RESOURCES

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Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

CONTENTS FEATURES

DEPARTMENTS

6 Rockbusters Bash: 2018 Live Auction Items

10 RMAG October 2018 Board of Directors Meeting

18 Lead Story: Models and Science

14 President’s Letter

26 Get Ready for a New Online Experience with RMAG

32 RMAG Luncheon programs: Keith Musselman, Ph.D.

28 Horseshoe Cirque Field Trip: August 25, 2018

34 RMAG Luncheon programs: William R. Drake

30 2022: Celebrating 100 Years of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists!

36 In The Pipeline

COVER PHOTO

38 Welcome New RMAG Members!

McCullough Gulch Cirque located on the east side of the Tenmile Range, south of Breckenridge. Pacific Tarn at top of image is the highest lake in the United States at an elevation of 13,425’.

Image captured from top of Fletcher Mountain by Stephen Sturm.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 2 RMAG Permian Basin Symposium & Core Workshop

40 Outcrop Advertising Rates 41 Advertiser Index 41 Calendar

4 RMAG 2018 Summit Sponsors 9 2018 Rockbusters Bash 11 Permian Basin - Call for Papers 26 Congratulations: Best presentation of the 2018 RMAG/DWLS Fall Symposium

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Rockbusters Bash 2018 Professional Awards Celebration

2018 Live Auction Items Join the RMAG for an evening of heavy hors d’oeuvres, drinks, a live auction, and8most importantly, November – 4:30pm -7:30pm honoring professional The Maven Hotel at Dairy Block award winners.

Ticket Price

$45/Person

11 08 18

Calcite

Axinite

Lepidolite

Calcite

4:30pm - 7:30pm | Zoisite The Maven Hotel at the Dairy Block Details and registration can be found online at www.rmag.org.

Lapis Lazuli

email: staff@rmag.org

phone: 303.573.8621

fax: 888.389.4090

910 16th Street #1214, Denver, CO, 80202

web: www.rmag.org

follow: @rmagdenver

Calcite OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

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Amethyst -brown

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

Axinite Desert Rose Calcite - Mexico

Lepidolite

Kyanite

Desert Rose Calcite - Mexico Desert Rose Calcite - Mexico

Zoisite

Desert Rose Calcite - Mexico

Lapis Lazuli

- Mexico

Smokey Quartz

Amethyst -brown

Selenite

Kyanite

Smokey Quartz

- Mexico

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz

Selenite

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Q

Selenite

Kyanite

Kyanite

Selenite

Selenite

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz

7

Smokey Quartz

Smokey Quartz

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

2018 Live Auction Items

Fluorite

Calcite - Dolomite Lapis Lazuli

Fluorite Quartz

Crocoite

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

Fluorite

Nepal Quartz

8

Quartz

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

Rockbusters Bash 2018 Professional Awards Celebration

Join the RMAG for an evening of heavy hors d’oeuvres, drinks, a live auction, and most importantly, honoring professional award winners.

Ticket Price

$45/Person

11 08 18 4:30pm - 7:30pm | The Maven Hotel at the Dairy Block Details and registration can be found online at www.rmag.org. email: sta@rmag.org phone: 303.573.8621 Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

910 16th Street #1214, Denver, CO, 80202

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fax: 888.389.4090 web: www.rmag.org OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

follow: @rmagdenver

RMAG OCTOBER 2018 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING

By Anna Phelps, Secretary aphelps@sm-energy.com

Happy fall y’all! The leaves are falling, the wood stove is smoking, and snow is quickly covering up the high mountain outcrops. It’s that time of year when we delve into the geology literature, start planning next summer’s field season, ogle at hand samples, and perhaps, if the itch is dire enough, escape down south to get on the outcrop. However you get your rock fix, stay warm and passionate out there!

The October meeting of the

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

RMAG Board of Directors was held on October 17, 2018 at 4:00 PM. All board members except Tom Sperr and Heather LaReau were present. Treasurer Robin Swank reported that RMAG is on track to be on budget for 2018.

Executive Director Barbara Kuzmic reported that membership is up to 1,789 members, an increase of approximately 260 members since April 2018.

The Continuing Education Committee is planning several 10

upcoming events including the Permian Basin Symposium in January and a mudrock petrology course in February. The Publications Committee is excited to announce another new Outcrop editor, Jesse Melick. A big welcome and thanks to Jesse for joining the editorial team! The On the Rocks Committee reported that the Permian Basin Fieldtrip went well and the upcoming fieldtrip to Picketwire Canyon October

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Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

Call Call For For Papers Papers ll For Papers Call Call For For Papers Papers

AG

RMAG RMAG RMAG RMAG

Permian Permian Basin Basin Symposium Symposium mian Basin Permian Permian Symposium Basin Basin Symposium Symposium Permian Basin Symposium & & Core Core Workshop Workshop ore Workshop & & Core Workshop Workshop &Core Core Workshop

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Day one willbase be oral presentations focused on the Bone Spring/Wolfcamp/Spraberry petroleum system.

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Core workshop sessions will be ~45 minutes and limited to 100’ of slabbed core.

Presentation Core workshop sessions will be ~45 minutes and limited to 100’ of slabbed core.

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Presentation topics may include, but are not limited to: topics may but include, but are notto: limited to: not limited topics topics topics to: may may may include, include, include, but but are are are not not not limited limited limited to: to: topics may include, but are not limited to: Geology/stratigraphy/Basin Modeling/Petroleum SystemSystem Geology/stratigraphy/Basin Modeling/Petroleum Modeling/Petroleum Geology/stratigraphy/Basin Geology/stratigraphy/Basin Geology/stratigraphy/Basin System Modeling/Petroleum Modeling/Petroleum Modeling/Petroleum System System System Geology/stratigraphy/Basin Modeling/Petroleum System Presentation topics may include, Formation Formation Evaluation/Petrophysics Evaluation/Petrophysics Formation Formation Formation Evaluation/Petrophysics Evaluation/Petrophysics Evaluation/Petrophysics Formation Evaluation/Petrophysics Please direct questions to Reservoir Reservoir Characterization/Resource Characterization/Resource inPlace/Recovery Place/Recovery in Place/Recovery but are not limited to: Reservoir in Reservoir Reservoir Place/Recovery Characterization/Resource Characterization/Resource Characterization/Resource ininin Place/Recovery Reservoir Characterization/Resource in Place/Recovery Place/Recovery any of the planning team:

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Geologists Geologists RMAG RMAG Geologists RMAG Geologists Geologists Geologists RMAG RMAG RMAG Geologists RMAG Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium:

Symposium: Robin Swank - robin.swank@gmail.com Please Please direct direct questions questions to any to of any the of planning the planning team: team: ny of the Please planning Please Please direct direct direct team: questions questions questions toto to any any any ofof of the the the planning planning planning team: team: team: Please direct questions to any of the planning team: • Formation Evaluation/Petrophysics Sophie Berglund - sberglund@raisaenergy.com Symposium: Symposium: Best Practices Best Practices Development Development Strategies Strategies Best Best Best Practices Practices Practices Development Development Development Strategies Strategies Strategies Modeling/Petroleum System Best Practices Development Strategies

Permian Permian Basin Basin Symposium Symposium n Basin Permian Permian Symposium Basin Basin Symposium Symposium Core Core Workshop Workshop Core Workshop &&& & Core Core Workshop Workshop • Reservoir Characterization/

Robin Swank Robin –robin.swank@gmail.com robin.swank@gmail.com – robin.swank@gmail.com @gmail.comRobin Robin Robin Swank Swank Swank – –robin.swank@gmail.com –Swank Core Workshop: Robin Swank – robin.swank@gmail.com robin.swank@gmail.com Resource in Place/Recovery Sophie Sophie Berglund Berglund sberglund@raisaenergy.com - sberglund@raisaenergy.com d@raisaenergy.com Sophie Sophie Sophie Berglund Berglund Berglund sberglund@raisaenergy.com sberglund@raisaenergy.com sberglund@raisaenergy.com Sophie Berglund - sberglund@raisaenergy.com Jenny LaGesse - jennylagesse@gmail.com Core workshop: Core workshop: • Development Core Core Core workshop: workshop: workshop: Core workshop: Strategies Tracy Lombardi - tlombardi61@gmail.com Jenny LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com Jenny LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com @gmail.com Jenny Jenny LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com Jenny LaGesse–jennylagesse@gmail.com •Jenny Best Practices Tracy LombardiTracy LombardiTlombardi61@gmail.com Tlombardi61@gmail.com 61@gmail.com Tracy Tracy Tracy LombardiLombardiLombardiTlombardi61@gmail.com Tlombardi61@gmail.com Tlombardi61@gmail.com Tracy LombardiTlombardi61@gmail.com

Abstract Submission Submission Form: Form: Permian Permian Basin Basin Symposium Symposium Oral –Presentations Presentations Oral Presentations m: Permian Abstract Abstract Abstract BasinAbstract Submission Symposium Submission Submission Form: –Form: Form: Oral Permian Presentations Permian Permian Basin Basin Basin Symposium Symposium Symposium ––Oral –––Oral Oral Presentations Presentations Abstract Submission Form: Permian Basin Symposium Oral Presentations Author(s) Author(s) and Company and Company Affiliation: Affiliation:

ation: Author(s) Author(s) Author(s) and and and Company Company Company Affiliation: Affiliation: Affiliation: Author(s) and Company Affiliation: Primary Primary Speaker Speaker Contact Contact Information: Information: rmation: Primary Primary Primary Speaker Speaker Speaker Contact Contact Contact Information: Information: Information: Primary Speaker Contact Information: Presentation Presentation Title: Title: Presentation Presentation Presentation Title: Title: Title: Presentation Title: Vol. Vol.Brief 67, 67, No. No. 11 10Abstract: | | www.rmag.org www.rmag.org Abstract: Brief Brief Brief Brief Abstract: Abstract: Abstract: Brief Abstract:

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OUTCROP OUTCROP | Novemeber | October 2018 2018

POSITIONED FOR GROWTH With a proud legacy and an exciting future, QEP Resources is an industry leader in crude oil and natural gas exploration and production.

We’re focused on some of the most prolific natural resource plays in the continental United States. These include two world-class crude oil provinces — the Permian and Williston Basins and two premier natural gas assets — the Haynesville Shale and the Uinta Basin.

Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, QEP is an S&P MidCap 400 Index member company (NYSE: QEP).

Learn more at www.qepres.com.

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

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RMAG OCTOBER 2018 BOD MEETING

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27 is sold out. The Science Education Outreach committee continues to gain momentum and welcomes a new Materials Coordinator, Jennifer Whittington. The Committee is reaching out to various schools and planning school presentations.

The Board also discussed the budget for 2019, which will be voted on in November. The RMAG Board of Directors Election is currently open.

Don’t forget to vote by November 15!

Last month’s Name the Formation was an iconic Montana mountain range, home to steeply-dipping, Precambrian through Cretaceous strata, mountain goats, and the Bridger Ridge Run. If you guessed the Bridger Range outside Bozeman, Montana, you are correct! I had the pleasure of doing my Master’s fieldwork in the Bridger Range and it is a geologically phenomenal range!

This month’s Name the Formation is for all you Rocky Mountain geologists working the Permian Basin. I visited this outcrop this week on a fieldtrip to the Franklin Mountains in West Texas (escaping down south to get some fall outcrop time). The outcrop is on the southern side of the mountain range on Scenic Drive in El Paso. These dipping beds include a thick section of Lower Ordovician dolomite and limestone which is capped by a 30-million-year unconformity surface associated with the Sauk Unconformity (where the geologist is standing). This formation is commonly extensively karsted at the unconformity surface.

Name the formation!

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

Come out of the Cold for PTTC Workshops Spotfire Workshop

Friday December 7, 2018, Location: Colorado School of Mines, Fee: $250, includes snacks, class notes, and PDH cert.

Instructor: Bryan McDowell, Colorado School of Mines

Carbonates of the Permian Basin: from Shelf to Basin

Thursday, December 13, 2018, Location: Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud Hall rm. 403 Fee: $250, includes snacks, class notes, and PDH certificate Instructors: Dr. Peter A. Scholle, and Dr. Dana Ulmer-Scholle, New Mexico Tech & Scholle Petrographic

The Permian Basin, one of the largest petroleum provinces in North America, is still a very active site for petroleum exploration. This class is designed to look petrographically at the various facies, including (in various times and places) open shelf, sabkha, lagoon, backreef, reef, forereef and basinal environments. It also involves identifying organisms, lithologies, porosity types, and diagenetic fabrics.

Since diagenesis has profound effects on the porosity and permeability of carbonate reservoirs, we need to understand how diagenetic changes affect these deposits through time (syndepositional to burial, as well as late-stage upliftrelated alteration). Such analysis provides valuable information on both the history of reservoir potential through time as well as the history of fluid flow through the units. Although many reservoirs produce mainly from primary or early-formed pores, there is a growing understanding that late-stage diagenesis can also form excellent productive reservoirs — thus we will look at examples of both.

Unlike most courses that consist of only lectures, this course provides participants with an opportunity to have hands-on experience using standard petrographic microscopes to better understand how diagenesis impacts carbonate reservoirs.

This class is for participants who have some fundamental knowledge of reservoir geology; in addition, some minimal petrographic experience would be useful but is not absolutely essential.

The course:

Integrating petrography into petrophysical or core studies of carbonate rocks provides unique and important information about their diagenetic history. The information garnered from petrographic analyses can be utilized to better understand reservoir trends, diagenetic effects that impact reservoir quality, and model fluid flow through these rocks. It is also essential in properly identifying and selecting material to be used for geochemical analysis. This course combines an overview lecture with hands-on petrographic observations of thin sections from a variety of cores and outcrop samples from the Permian Basin. Participants are also encouraged to bring their own thin section samples from that region to the class and play “stump-the-chump and chumpette” with the instructors. The morning will be lecture based and the afternoon will be spent doing hands-on petrography.

Geology of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: 5 days, 5 courses.

Friday, January 3-7, 2019, Location: Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud Hall rm. 243

Thursday January 3: VMS Deposits - Dr. Thomas Monecke Friday January 4: Orogenic Gold Deposits – Dr. Richard Goldfarb Saturday January 5: Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits – Dr. David Leach Sunday January 6: Porphyry & Skarn Deposits – Dr. Zhaochan Chang Monday January 7: Epithermal Deposits – Jeffrey W. Hedenquist

Class Descriptions and Register Online: www.pttcrockies.org For more information, contact Mary Carr, 303.273.3107, mcarr@mines.edu

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OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

PRESIDENT’S LETTER

By Terri Olson

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

The value and importance of collaboration between disciplines struck me as I absorbed the findings of numerous presenters at the RMAG/DWLS Fall Symposium in October. Speakers included geologists, petrophysicists, production engineers, and reservoir engineers. Scientific realms discussed in addition to geology and petrophysics included physics (of measurements and fluid flow), production engineering, reservoir engineering, completions, economics, and organic geochemistry. Kudos to the symposium committee for a great program, a good example of synergism between two local societies. The group was very ably lead by Sam Fluckiger (DWLS) and Ginny Gent (RMAG), with significant contributions from Katerina Yared and Patricia Rodrigues. Speakers hailed from operating companies (4), academia (1), technology companies (2), and consulting companies (2).

Only three of the nine papers presented had a single author. Even those speakers demonstrated the value of collaboration. Marsha French (CSM) built on previous work and engaged with other institutions to bring together a dataset based on multiple advanced analytical techniques to shed light on the development of microquartz and preservation of porosity in deep hot sandstone reservoirs. Mike Miller, a petrophysicist with geologic roots (like me), demonstrated the value of collaboration both by going to the source (George Asquith, for DEW plots) and interacting with other technical staff and managers to solve a problem with significant economic impact (predicting water cut in the Delaware Basin).

Three of the talks at the Fall Symposium were presented by two speakers. Those had the advantage of keeping audience interest high, and the expertise of both speakers available to respond to questions. And most of the talks were authored by multiple parties, often from different disciplines.

Collaboration among geologists, among reservoir engineers, and especially between members of different disciplines, all bore fruit in the results shown.

Terri with fluvio-glacial outwash on the west side of the Upper Arkansas Valley on the September On the Rock field trip.

During my 35-year career in the oil business, I’ve seen excellent examples of technical teamwork as well as some lost opportunities. When I started in the early 80’s, disciplines tended to be siloed in groups of geologists separate from geophysicists, separate from production and reservoir engineers, etc. Organizations evolved to be more integrated, often in asset teams, which lead to better communication and shared objectives. There remains a lot of variability in the degree to which technical integration is achieved—small companies are often the most integrated, out of necessity. From the outside, it can be difficult to evaluate how much

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Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

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www.tracerco.com/reservoir-characterisation 15

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

PRESIDENT’S LETTER other technical professionals who face the same challenges you have.

A lot of RMAG members are managers, so I have advice for them too (notwithstanding my own limited management experience). Promote technical discussions among your staff, especially between disciplines. Encourage participation in professional societies and attendance at workshops and technical talks. Reward results that are improved by collaboration and identify best practices in how integration is achieved. Lead by example—talk to managers in other disciplines to explore avenues for joint problem solving.

As the proud co-owner of a new Tesla (Model 3), I will close with some advice from Elon Musk: “I think it’s very important to have a feedback loop, where you’re constantly thinking about what you’ve done and how you could be doing it better. I think that’s the single best piece of advice: constantly think about how you could be doing things better and question yourself.”

—Terri Olson, 2018 RMAG President

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collaboration goes on, but when considering job opportunities, it would be high on my list of factors to try to evaluate. The jobs I’ve found most rewarding and exciting have been those with the most open exchange of ideas, especially when sharing technical as well as business goals. The co-workers I remember most fondly are those whose skills complemented my own and who were happy to share their knowledge and experience in pursuit of common objectives. They include geologists, reservoir engineers, petrophysicists, geophysicists, geochemists, and even the occasional landman.

So, my advice to technical staff: get out of your office and talk to your colleagues about both your obstacles and your breakthroughs. Don’t be afraid to ask for advice or insight from a different perspective. Consider how much integrated work is being done at companies you are considering working for, and how to improve that in your current job. Attend technical meetings and luncheons, both to garner ideas relevant to your work and to interact with

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

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Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION 2019 ANNUAL MEETING

September 15-18, 2019 Little America Hotel & Resort Conference Center - Cheyenne, Wyoming

Specific Support You can choose to sponsor specific portions of the conference

Website https://rmsaapg2019.com/

AND THE NOMINEES ARE…

_______ ICE BREAKER _______ HAPPY HOUR – MONDAY/TUESDAY _______ FIELD TRIPS

LIFTIME AWARD BEST PICTURE

_______ POSTER SESSIONS

$10,000 +

_______ REFRESHMENT BREAKS

$5,000 - $10,000

_______ SHORT COURSES BEST ACTOR/ACTRESS

$2,500 - $5,000 _______ SPEAKER SUPPORT

BEST DIRECTOR

$1,000 - $2,500

_______ STUDENT SUPPORT

BEST SUPPORTING ACTOR/ACTRESS $500 - $1,000

_______ TECHNICAL SESSIONS _______ OTHER

BEST ORIGINAL SCREENPLAY

$200 - $500

Company Name (for use in all convention materials):

___________________________________________

Address:______________________________________ _____________________________________________

Company Contact:___________________________ Email Address:________________________________

Phone Number:________________________________

___ Visa or ___ MasterCard

Payment:

CC#:______________________________

Check #:_______________________________

EXP:________________________________

Please make payable to “RMS-AAPG 2019 Meeting”

CVV:_________________________________

Send to: Wyoming Geological Association PO Box 545 Casper, WY 82602-0545 Tax ID: 83-6060963

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

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Contact Information: Rob Hurless - rhurless@uwyo.edu 307-315-6443 Ted Kendall – TedKendall@tribcsp.com 303-478-0564

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LEAD STORY

Models &Science

By Monty Hoffman, Safford Exploration, Inc., September, 2018

“All models are wrong; some models are useful”. This is an observation from George E. P. Box, one of the great statistical minds of the 20th century, and it very simply states something that is too often forgotten in the world of scientific modeling.

With the increase of computing power and the availability of large databases, the use of mathematical modeling is being integrated into all aspects of science. It is important to recognize that modeling is a tool that complements the scientific method, but it does not replace it. Models are useful when looking for trends and correlations, but need to be confirmed with experimental data.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The Oxford Dictionary defines the scientific method in the following way: “The scientific method is a process which begins with observations about the natural world, followed by the development of ideas (hypotheses) about why things are the way they are and predictions that can be tested. These hypotheses can be tested by carefully controlled and replicated experiments that gather empirical data. Depending on how well the tests match the predictions, the original hypothesis may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection”.

DESIGNING EXPERIMENTS

Properly designing experiments is a key to collecting data that can be analyzed

using the scientific method to obtain meaningful results. A valid scientific experiment is designed so that it tests only one variable at a time. After a hypothesis is developed, an experiment can be designed to test a variable. The experiment should be designed to determine if the variable is a controlling variable and whether its effect matches the prediction.

If it does so in a repeatable experimental manner, then the hypothesis is validated.

If a hypothesis proposes several controlling elements, experiments need to be designed so that only one varies in an experiment and the others are held constant. Only in this manner are we able to determine what the controlling elements are and if they match the prediction in a repeatable experimental manner.

INTRODUCTION

DATA FOR MODELING

Modeling differs from the scientific method because the data used in modeling are not collected in carefully controlled experiments. Instead, modeling uses data that are “real world” data. In this situation, the number of variables, what the variables are, which are controlling variables and which are dependent variables are all unknowns and uncontrollable. The analyst of the data has a set of numbers but no idea about what controls them because they have not designed the processes that generated the numbers in the first place to determine the controlling variables.

Typically, the analyst makes a “best guess” about variables in the data. They

“All models are wrong; some models are useful.”

—George E.P. Box

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LEAD STORY the paper over 40 years ago, it has only been in the last five years that the social sciences have taken the problem seriously and started to try to replicate some of the studies. Their failure rate has been 50 to 80%.

Using an adequate sample size is equally as important in the physical sciences. But sample size is often ignored in the haste to design a model that can be used to predict future outcomes. Below are two examples in which inadequate sample size and making assumptions regarding the relationships between two high-correlation variables have created problems with the modeling.

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then look for correlations between variables. The model is run and the results are studied. Adjustments are made to the model and the model is run again. This process is repeated numerous times until there are statistically significant correlations established between variables.

At this point, the analyst knows only which variables seem to correlate and to what extent. They still do not know if one of the variables is the controlling variable or if all the variables are controlled by another variable which has not yet been identified.

The proper sequence would then be to design an experiment that tests the cause and effect suggested by the modeling, but these experiments are not usually done. Rather, a high correlation coefficient is considered proof that the cause and effect are understood. This approach has several pitfalls that are often ignored when modeling is done.

SAMPLE SIZE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING

Climate modeling is currently being done with about 160 years of worldwide station-collected temperature data that are available (Figure 1). This is an extremely small sample size for a system, the Earth, which is 4.8 billion years old. There are data, including ice core data (about 850,000 years of data) and geologic data (540 million years of data since the beginning of the Cambrian) that give us insight into the process of climate change over much longer periods of time.

The Industrial Age, and the consumption of fossil fuels that provided the energy for it, started about 250 years ago. If climate change started with the start of the Industrial Age, then there is a good case for the increased emissions associated with consumption of fossil fuels being the cause of the current warming trend. However, climate change has been an on-going process on earth since at least the beginning of the Cambrian. Because of this, the current trend needs to be determined to be statistically different from previous trends to support the case that the current trend is a result of burning fuels.

Examination of the ice core data shows that climate change has been a continuous process during the time that the sampled ice was deposited. During this time, a series of glacial and interglacial periods have occurred, five of each in the last 450,000 years (Figure 2). The last glacial maximum was about 20,000 years ago and has been followed by

STATISTICAL VS EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS Data sets that are modeled are collected from “real world” situations. The size of the data set is usually determined by the statement, “This is all the data I have.” While this can be a valid statement, it does not qualify the data set as being statistically valid.

“Real world” data sets are also susceptible to aliasing because the processes that have generated the data are not known. That makes it difficult to determine the size of the data set required to avoid spatial or temporal aliasing of the data signal.

What is the sample size?

It is important to remember that modeling is a statistical exercise and must meet the statistical parameters to be valid. One of the major questions is, “What should the sample size be to have a statistically valid model?”

In 1971, Tversky and Kahneman published a paper called “Belief in the Law of Small Numbers” which pointed out that the sample size in many of the published studies in the social sciences were too small for the studies to be statistically valid.

While the data in any particular study may show a high correlation, the studies could not be replicated because of the small sample size.

Even though Tversky and Kahneman published

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Figure 1: Global Mean Surface Temperatures

Figure 2: Ice core data from Antarctica data from Antarcticglaciers.org

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LEAD STORY

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ASSUMPTIONS AND OIL RESERVOIR MODELS

the warming interglacial period that we are currently in.

A visual examination of the ice core data shows that the climate change cycles of warming and cooling are of a much greater duration than the 160 years of data that are currently being used. The current modeling uses data that are a temporal alias of the climate change signal and is inaccurate. At a minimum, the modeling needs to look at the last warming period and cooling cycle and see if the current warming is statistically different.

The last full climate cycle (warming and cooling) started about 140,000 years ago and ended about 20,000 years ago. A statistical analysis of this time period requires a random sample of 383 sample years taken over the 120,000 years for a 95% certainty and a ±5% confidence interval. If the 120,000-year interval is divided by these sample numbers, it shows that a random sample in every 313-year interval is needed. Given 160 years of data for the current modeling, the data set can’t provide a single random sample.

The current data set being used for climate modeling is temporally aliasing the climate change signal and does not provide a true representation of the signal. The data set is also too small to be statistically meaningful. Current climate change modeling is not a statistically valid exercise. Any relevant attempt to model climate change requires a larger data set than is currently being used.

In 2000, Bennion, et al., recognized that some reservoirs were not in equilibrium but were deficient in water. Between 2008 and 2017, this author has published several papers that show that this is a consequence of energy non-equilibrium in the reservoirs and that this is a result of geologic history (Hoffman, 2008a, 2008b, 2013). This non-equilibrium results in a much different type of reservoir damage and subsequent fluid flow in the reservoir than would be the case if the reservoir was in equilibrium.

Almost all reservoir modeling programs are derived with the assumption that the reservoir is in equilibrium. The main reason for this appears to be that the math is much simpler if the reservoir is in equilibrium. While this makes running the models easier, it does not make the models valid representations of the physics of the systems.

Almost all Rocky Mountain reservoirs are not in equilibrium. When the data are input and the models are run, the history matches are very poor. Typically, people will history match the oil but then the model will dramatically under-predict the amount of water that has been produced. The models are supposed to be mass-balanced history matches so the large mismatch in water production is a major flaw in the models.

Current reservoir modeling does not properly represent the physics of reservoir systems. No amount of history matching can correct this problem. Current reservoir modeling should be viewed as a rudimentary attempt to look for correlations in the data. It should not be viewed as the final description of fluid flow in an oil and gas reservoir.

ASSUMPTIONS IN MODEL CONSTRUCTION

Model construction usually starts with a “best guess” about cause and effect. It is presumed that the model will be refined as information is collected that reinforces or contradicts the assumptions that were used to derive the model. Unfortunately, the model and the math used to construct it often develop a life of their own and are separated from the physics that they are attempting to describe. An example of this is the reservoir modeling done by petroleum engineers.

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INABILITY TO DIFFERENTIATE DEPENDENT AND CONTROLLING VARIABLES The purpose of modeling is to determine, through statistical analysis of the data, what correlations occur between variables. The problem arises when the assumption is made that a high correlation automatically means that one of the variables is dependent and the other controlling. In fact, both variables may be dependent upon a third variable that

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Figure 3: (Hoffman and Crafton, 2017)

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LEAD STORY physics of the processes being analyzed. As the model is changed through history matching, each step needs to be analyzed with this in mind. Any modeling changes need to be validated by experimental work.

Correlations in models can occur when both variables that appear to show a correlation are dependent variables of a third controlling variable.

Data that would indicate the existence of this controlling variable may not even be present in the data set. The hypothesis suggested by the correlation needs to be tested by experimental work to be considered valid.

Remember, all models are wrong; some models are useful.

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 22

is the controlling variable. The “real world” data set may not even contain any information about the controlling variable. In this situation, it is impossible to determine what that variable is and that it is the controlling variable. Experimental verification of the hypothesis suggested by the correlation is the only way to determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not.

Examples of this problem are present in both reservoir modeling and climate change modeling.

In petroleum engineering, variables such as relative permeability and capillary pressure are considered dependent variables of fluid saturations.

However, the fluid saturations are not the controlling variable but are also a dependent variable. Relative permeability, capillary pressure, and fluid saturations are all co-dependent variables of reservoir architecture. Any attempt to analyze the physics of flow by assuming that fluid saturations are a controlling variable will be a failure.

In current climate modeling, temperature is considered a dependent variable of carbon dioxide concentration, the controlling variable. In fact, ice core data show that the increases in CO2 trail the increases in temperature (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core).

This would indicate that CO2 concentrations are not the controlling variable for temperature changes.

Instead, both temperature and CO2 concentrations may both be dependent variables of another controlling variable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Suggestions and editing by Raina Powell made this a more readable paper. Many of the ideas and insights in this paper came from discussions and conversations with Dr. James Crafton.

REFERENCES

Bennion, D.B., Thomas F.B., and Ma, T., 2000, Formation Damage Processes Reducing Productivity of Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs: Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper # 60325 Hoffman, M.E., 2008a, Sub-Capillary Pressure Equilibrium Reservoirs: Their Formation and Effect on Oil and Gas Production: The Mountain Geologist, Vol. 45, pp. 107-119.

Hoffman, M.E., 2008b, Damaging Relative Permeability by Drilling, Completion, and Production Operations: The Mountain Geologist, Vol. 45, pp. 99-105.

Hoffman, M. E., 2013, Reservoirs that are not in capillary pressure equilibrium: Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-14 August, Denver, Colorado, SPE-168888-MS, 10 p.

Hoffman, M.E. and Crafton, J. W., 2017, Multiphase Flow in Oil and Gas Reservoirs: The Mountain Geologist, Vol. 54, p.5-15.

Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D., 1971, Belief in the Law of Small Numbers: Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 76, No. 2, 105-110.

CONCLUSIONS

Properly used, modeling can be a useful tool in the scientific method. Models use real world data and there is no control on the number of variables or what the variables are. While modeling can show correlations that suggest relationships between variables, the relationships must be confirmed by experimental work.

Modeling is a statistical exercise and care needs to be taken that the data used are statistically valid.

Small data sets are susceptible to temporal or spatial aliasing of the data signal that is being analyzed.

Data sets also must be large enough to provide statistically valid answers.

Model construction must properly represent the

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Get Ready for a New Online Experience with RMAG e-communications and much more. Included with the AMS purchase from Accrisoft is a custom designed website, that will offer much more content than our current website.

The new website will be simple to navigate, with a content rich homepage and expansive menus, giving the user immediate access to all things RMAG. The website is still in the design phase.

We will keep you updated on our progress. In the meantime, please continue to renew your membership online and check our site regularly for RMAG happenings.

We are pleased to announce RMAG is getting a new website! In September, the 2018 Board of Directors approved the purchase of a new Association Management System (AMS) from Accrisoft Corporation. Our current provider, MemberClicks, no longer served the needs of our growing organization; this coupled with the technical difficulties we’ve experienced of late meant this purchase couldn’t be timelier.

AMS software, for those of you who don’t know, houses membership data bases, individual member records, event registration management, online publication access,

CONGRATULATIONS to Steve Cumella and Alan Byrnes whose presentation on “Investigation of the shale electrical resistivity reversal commonly observed at the wet- to dry-gas transition” with examples from 9 shale plays across the U.S was voted best presentation of the 2018 RMAG/DWLS Fall Symposium on Oct. 2.

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Horseshoe Cirque Field Trip August 25, 2018

By Bob Raynolds | Photos by Jeff Damp

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2) was rewarded with hands-on views of the top of the Sawatch (Photo 3) and an overview of a set of rock glaciers (Photo 4), still actively flowing into the cirque. The exposures of the lower Paleozoic strata are wonderful and Paul uses this locality as an outdoor laboratory for his Colorado College stratigraphy class.

A silicic dike with well-developed horizontal cooling joints intrudes along a minor fault (Photo 5) and was admired at the base of the cirque. Waning wildflowers were enjoyed before we bounced back down to Fairplay.

Paul Myrow, professor at Colorado College and his student Hannah Marshall, welcomed us to a spirited drive up to timber line in the Mosquito Range to see the Paleozoic epicratonic succession that is very well-exposed along the entire crest of this range.

At Horseshoe Cirque, the basal Cambrian near-shore marine Sawatch Formation lies on crystalline rocks, overlain by the Dotsero/Peerless, Manitou, Harding, Parting/Dyer, and Leadville formations (Photo 1). Â A scramble up the scree slope in the cirque (Photo

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2 22 Celebrating 100 Years of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists!

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we will organize a series of events to recognize the Centennial, possibly including dinner and luncheon programs, symposia, a historic/giant fields and/or reservoirs core workshop(s), field trips, and publications in the Outcrop and the Mountain Geologist. Everything culminates at the Rocky Mountain Section AAPG meeting in the anniversary year.

In fact, what we organize is only limited by your imagination, which is where you, dear reader, can weigh in and help! If you have ideas and/or would like to help out on these and new ideas, please contact Matt Silverman (msilverman@bayless-cos.com) or Donna Anderson (shalegal97@gmail.com).

The RMAG is celebrating its 100th birthday in 2022. It seems far off, but if you are planning a big celebration, four years is a short time.

Matt Silverman and Donna Anderson are co-chairing the RMAG Centennial Committee to make plans for a year-long celebration, kicking off with the AAPG ACE to be held in Denver in 2021 and culminating with the Rocky Mountain Section meeting, hosted by the RMAG, in summer/fall 2022. The concept is as follows: At the ACE in May/June 2021, we will start with a petroleum history session focusing on the Rocky Mountain region followed by a technical session (or two) in the weekday program. Then throughout the ensuing year

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Geological Wellsite Supervision Supervised Remote Geosteering Integrated Petrophysical Analysis Oil and Gas Geological Studies Conventional and Unconventional Expertise

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: Keith Musselman, Ph.D. | November 7, 2018

Snow water resources in a warmer American West

By Keith Musselman, Ph.D. periods, such as occurred in recent consecutive years in California. Long-term climate change further challenges efforts to ensure that our water resource systems remain effective and resilient to climate-driven trends.

In this talk, I’ll present ongoing research efforts in collaboration with Federal, State, and municipal water agencies to better monitor mountain snowpack and improve our predictive capacity with large-scale numerical models. Finally, I’ll present recent work showing historical trends in mountain snowpack over the last century and end-of-century predictions for the future of this critical water resource.

Across the American West, runoff from enhanced mountain precipitation and snow accumulation supplies freshwater that supports industry and growing populations.

Federal, public and private decision-makers from diverse water, climate, agricultural, municipal, industrial, and energy sectors have vested interest in mountain snowpack snow water resources. Societal and economic dependencies on the seasonal delivery of snowmelt runoff, and susceptibility to floods, motivate efforts to improve our ability to monitor and simulate mountain snowpack. The U.S. also faces challenges and bears high risk related to climate variability including droughts and abnormally wet

DR. KEITH MUSSELMAN is a hydrologist who conducts research on cold region land-atmosphere interactions including snow, micrometeorology, forest hydrology, hydrometeorology, and remote sensing. He has 12 years of fieldwork and numerical modeling experience across western North America designed to improve our understanding of mountain hydrology and water cycle sensitivity to forest cover change and climate variability. He holds a B.S. in Geology from the University of Vermont, an M.S. in Hydrology and Water Resources from the University of Arizona, and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from UCLA. He worked in Alberta, Canada for three years on the topics of forest hydrology and land surface change. Since 2015, his research at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the University of Colorado (since Oct. 2017) has helped to advance the capability of hydrologic models to simulate cold region processes. In addition, Keith has recently authored two high-profile papers using model simulations of snow to understand snowmelt dynamics and rain-on-snow flood risk in current and future climates.

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: William R. Drake | December 5, 2018

Regional Mapping of Organic Matter-Hosted Porosity An Exploration Tool Applied to the Woodford Shale, Permian Basin

By William R. Drake, QEP Resources, Denver CO tool to estimate and delineate OM porosity where well control is lacking. We introduce a methodology to calculate all mass-balance elements in map form rather than at well points in order to incorporate known geologic complexities and effectively highlight a source-rock reservoir fairway in map view.

In our example from the Woodford Shale of the Permian Basin, we provide first-order quantification of OM porosity and reveal its geographic extent within a regional petroleum system. Our results suggest that mass-balance calculation of OM porosity in map form can be used as a regional exploration tool for assessing resource potential of source rocks in frontier areas.

Organic matter (OM)-hosted porosity can be the dominant contributor to total hydrocarbon storage in unconventional source-rock reservoirs. These secondary organic pores form as a function of thermal maturation, and accurate characterization of their spatial variability is critical to petroleum exploration and play assessment. However, measuring OM porosity and mapping its areal distribution remain a challenge.

For example, using direct visual evidence to measure OM porosity has been contentious, and source rock data needed for mapping are commonly sparse in frontier areas of basins. One approach to overcoming these issues is to resourcefully apply organic carbon mass-balance analysis as a

WILLIAM R. DRAKE holds a B.S. in Geological Science from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his M.S graduate research at Northern Arizona University focused on extensional tectonics, structural analysis, stratigraphy, and isotope geochronology in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Following stints in environmental consulting in California and Arizona, and as a geologist with the Arizona Geologic Survey, he spent seven years with Pioneer Natural Resources in Denver involved with exploration of Cretaceous and Paleozoic systems in the Rockies and western Midcontinent. Bill is currently a geologist with QEP Resources in Denver working on a variety of petroleum systems in the Permian Basin.

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IN THE PIPELINE NOVEMBER 5-6, 2018

NOVEMBER 7, 2018

NOVEMBER 9, 2018

RMAG Core Workshop.

Speakers Ali Jaffri and Junaid Sadeque. “The Art of Core Description.”

USGS Core Research Center - Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO.

GPARMC Regional Conference.

Hyatt Regency Denver at the Colorado Convention Center.

GPA Midstream - Rocky Mtn. Chapter - Holiday Party.

(Rooftop) 2127 Larimer St., Denver, CO. Email: jpeterson@bcck.com.

NOVEMBER 7, 2018

DPC Speaker Series.

Denver Athletic Club,1325 Glenarm Pl., Denver, CO.

RMAG Luncheon.

Maggiano’s Little Italy in Denver. Contact: staff@ rmag.org

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NOVEMBER 8, 2018

NOVEMBER 8, 2018 Rockbusters Bash.

The Maven Hotel, 1850 Wazee St, Denver, CO.

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NOVEMBER 9, 2018 DIPS Luncheon.

Members $20 and Nonmembers $25.

For more information or to RSVP via email to kurt.reisser@gmail.com.

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 36

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IN THE PIPELINE

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 37 NOVEMBER 13, 2018 DWLS Luncheon.

NOVEMBER 14, 2018 COGA Annual Meeting & Luncheon.

RSVP Link. www.coga.org/ events/2018-annual-meetingluncheon/ NOVEMBER 14, 2018 DPC Social Event.

RSVP to: www.denverpetroleumclub. com/event-calendar1 NOVEMBER 14, 2018 SPE Monthly Happy Hour.

Email: mark.hinaman@gmail.com.

NOVEMBER 15, 2018 Oilfield Helping Hands Fall Fundraising Event.

Adam’s Mystery Playhouse, 2406 Federal Boulevard, Denver, CO. Email: RockyMountainOHH @gmail.com NOVEMBER 27, 2018 RMS-SEPM Luncheon Lecture.

Speaker: Kira Timm.

“Geochemical and Micropaleontological Evidence of Paleoenvironmental Change in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway from the Niobrara to the Pierre Shale Formation.” Wynkoop Brewing Co. Denver, CO.

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WELCOME NEW RMAG MEMBERS!

Formation Evaluation • Petra® Projects Reserve Reports • Drilling Engineering • Well Plans

Bill Donovan

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February 23 – March 2, 2019 A scientific field excursion to examine the geology and petroleum systems in outcrop of Western and Central Cuba and the relationships to the adjacent offshore tectonic, structural and depositional systems of the SE Gulf of Mexico and Proto‐Caribbean Highlights ‐ 7 day excursion across Western & Central Cuba viewing classic outcrops and selected subsurface data displaying the following: ‐ Proto‐Caribbean syn‐rift paleogeography, plate convergence and complex thrust structures, syn‐collisional olistoliths and ophiolite mélange and correlation between NE Yucatan, South America and GoM, ‐ Middle‐Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous clastic and carbonate petroleum sytems and reservoir analogs to the prolific fields of southern Mexico and the US GoM, ‐ K‐T boundary catastrophic mega‐event deposits.

Field Trip Leaders: Drs. Manuel Iturralde, Paul Crevello and James Pindell Endorsements Dr. James Lowell, renowned structural geologist “One of the best field trips I’ve ever attended, incredible and complex structures”.

Dr. John Decker, global exploration sedimentologist “ Excellent trip, opens up new thinking for opportunities in the Caribbean‐GoM region”.

Sponsoring Organization: GeoExplorers a US Nonprofit Corporation To register for this field trip or for further details: Contact Paul Crevello excursions@GeoExplorers.org This seminar conforms to the Department of the Treasury OFAC update of 11/10/2017, 31 CFR part 515.565 (b) 1‐6, p.23; https://federalregister.gov/d/2017‐24447

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Mark Winter

lives in Buena Vista, Colorado.

Jason Price

works at Ibex Exploration LLC in Lakewood, Colorado.

Noah Francis Vento

is a student in Fort Collins, Colorado.

Ronita Williams lives in Tempe, Arizona.

James Ford

is a Geologist at AECOM in Greenwood Village, Colorado.

David Godsey

is Sr. VP Exploration & Geology at Energen Resources in Littleton, Colorado.

Ellen Fehrs

is a student in Golden, Colorado.

Tyler Izykowski

is a Geoscientist at Schlumberger in Denver, Colorado.

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 38

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WELCOME NEW RMAG MEMBERS!

sm-energy.com

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 39

Alex Philipson

is an Associate Geologist at Tap Rock Resources in Denver, Colorado.

John Tellers

is Vice President of Engineering, Evaluation and Geology at MAP in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Jeffrey Williams

is CEO at Exum Instruments in Wheat Ridge, Colorado.

SM ENERGY IS A PROUD SUPPORTER OF THE

Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Jack Rosenthal

is VP Geoscience at DJR Energy in Denver, Colorado.

JoDana Swanson

is in Technical Sales, Geoscience Subject Matter Expert at Halliburton/ Landmark in Denver, Colorado.

Look beyond the obvious to see how our products make up your world

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Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists would like to invite you to submit your digital images that capture the geology of the Rocky Mountain region.

Are You a Photographer?

Pore Throat to Outcrop, Modern Analogs, Oilfield Activity (Rigs), Dinosaur Trackways.

These images will be used on the cover of the Outcrop and a select number will be used in a forthcoming RMAG Calendar.

• All images will be accredited to the photographer • A brief description of the image (location, formation, significance) • The file size must be 300dpi or greater and be in TIFF or JPEG format.

• Limit 10 images/person

Submit images to: Kira Timm at kira.k.timm@gmail.com, or Courtney Beck at Courtney.Beck@halliburton.com

OUTCROP ADVERTISING RATES 1 Time

2 Times

6 Times

12 Times

Full page (7-1/2” x 9-1/4”)

$330

$620

$1,710

$3,240

2/3 page (4-7/8” x 9-1/4”)

$220

$400

$1,110

$2,100

1/2 page (7-1/2” x 4-5/8”)

$175

$330

$930

$1,740

1/3 page horizontal (4-7/8” x 4-7/8”)

$165

$250

$690

$1,200

1/3 page vertical (2-3/8” x 9-1/4”)

$165

$250

$690

$1,200

1/6 page (2-3/8” x 4-7/8”)

$75

$120

$330

$600

Professional Card (2-5/8” x 1-1/2”)

$20

$34

$84

$144

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018

40

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

ADVERTISER INDEX

• AvoAvaz.com �������������������16

• GeoExplorers �������������������38

• Confluence Resources �����27

• Geomark ��������������������������27

• Crestone Peak Resources ������������������������35

• Geostar Solutions ������������16

• Schlumberger ������������������35

• FieldGeo Services ������������37

• AAPG �������������������������������17

• Sinclair Petroleum Engineering, Inc. ��������������16 • SM Energy �����������������������39 • Spancers & Associates ���26

• Goolsby Brothers �������������31

• Daub & Associates, Inc. ��16

• Sunburst Consulting ��������25

• Leeds Group (The) �����������31

• Denver Earth Resources Library ������������36

• Thomas L. Davis Geologist �������������������������26

• LMKR �������������������������������33 • PTTC ��������������������������������13

• Discovery Group Inc. (The) ���������������33

• Tracerco ���������������������������15

• QEP Resources ����������������12

• Donovan Brothers Inc. �����38

• Tracker Resource Development �������������������36

• Raisa Energy ��������������������25

CALENDAR | NOVEMBER 2018 SUNDAY

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

1 4

5

6

7 RMAG Luncheon.

GPARMC Regional Conference.

RMAG Core Workshop.

11

12

13 DWLS Luncheon.

14 COGA Annual Meeting & Luncheon.

DPC Social Event.

SPE Monthly Happy Hour.

18

19

20

21

8 DPC Speaker Series.

Rockbusters Bash.

15

26

27

28

SATURDAY

2

3

9

10

GPA Midstream Holiday Party.

DIPS Luncheon.

16

17

23

24

Oilfield Helping Hands Fall Fundraising Event.

22 THANKSGIVING DAY

25

FRIDAY

29

BLACK FRIDAY

30

RMS-SEPM Luncheon Lecture.

Vol. 67, No. 11 | www.rmag.org

41

OUTCROP | Novemeber 2018