April 2015 Outcrop

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Volume 64 • No. 4 • April 2015

The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

2015 Summit Sponsors E x clus ive Lu nc he o n Sp o nso r

G o ld Sp o nso rs

Student Sponsor

Silver Sponsors GEOMARK

Bronze Sponsors

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Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

910 16th Street • Suite 1214 • Denver, CO 80202 • 303-573-8621 The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) is a nonprofit organization whose purposes are to promote interest in geology and allied sciences and their practical application, to foster scientific research and to encourage fellowship and cooperation among its members. The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the RMAG.

2015 OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS

RMAG STAFF

PRESIDENT

SECRETARY

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Marv Brittenham president@rmag.org

Stephanie B. Gaswirth sgaswirth@usgs.gov

Carrie Veatch, MA cveatch@rmag.org

PRESIDENT-ELECT

1st YEAR COUNSELOR

John Ladd john.ladd@discoverynr.com

Jane Estes-Jackson Jane.Estes-Jackson@mcelvain.com

MEMBERSHIP & EVENTS MANAGER

TREASURER-ELECT

TREASURER

Tom Sperr tsperr@bayless-cos.com

Paul Lillis plillis@usgs.gov

2nd VICE PRESIDENT

2nd YEAR COUNSELOR

Chris Eisinger chris.eisinger@state.co.us

Terri Olson tmolson8550@gmail.com

1st VICE PRESIDENT

Mel Klinger melklinger@eurekageologicalconsulting.com

Hannah Rogers hrogers@rmag.org PROJECTS SPECIALIST

Emily Tompkins Lewis etompkins@rmag.org ACCOUNTANT

Carol Dalton cdalton@rmag.org MANAGING EDITOR

Will Duggins will.duggins@i-og.net

ADVERTISING INFORMATION

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Rates and sizes can be found on page 17. Advertising rates apply to either black and white or color ads. Submit color ads in RGB color to be compatible with web format. Borders are recommended for advertisements that comprise less than one half page. Digital files must be PC compatible submitted in png, jpg, tif, pdf or eps formats at a minimum of 300 dpi. If you have any questions, please call the RMAG office at 303-573-8621.

Holly Sell holly.sell@yahoo.com Greg Guyer Greg.Guyer@halliburton.com

Ad copy, signed contract and payment must be received before advertising insertion. Contact the RMAG office for details.

Cheryl Fountain cwhitney@alumni.nmt.edu

DEADLINES: Ad submissions are the 1st of every month for the following month’s publication.

Andre Scheinwald aschein33001@gmail.com

WEDNESDAY NOON LUNCHEON RESERVATIONS

RMAG Office: 303-573-8621 | Fax: 303-476-2241 | staff@rmag.org or www.rmag.org

DESIGN/PRODUCTION

Nate Silva nate@nate-silva.com

The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

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OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

CONTENTS FEATURES

DEPARTMENTS

28 Lead Story: Where It All Began: Induced Seismicity and Colorado

6 RMAG February 2015 Board of Directors Meeting

ASSOCIATION NEWS

18 RMAG Luncheon Programs: Speaker – Jeremy Boak

2 RMAG 2015 Summit Sponsors 33 RMAG Symposium Hot Plays

10 President’s Letter

21 RMAG Luncheon Programs: Speaker – Daniel A. Krygowski

34 RMAG Foundation

24 Welcome New RMAG Members!

35 RMAG Night at the Zoo

27 In The Pipeline

37 RMAG Short Course

41 Advertiser Index

38 RMAG & AAPG ACE Events

41 Calendar

COVER PHOTO The Baker’s Bridge Unconformity approximately 15 miles north of Durango, CO.

39 2015 Award of Excellence for Teaching of Earth Science

Silicified McCracken Member Sandstone of the Upper Devonian Elbert Formation lies on 1.7 Ma Precambrian Baker’s Bridge Granite. The unconformity represents 1.2 - 1.3 billion years’ missing time.

40 RMAG Annual Golf Tournament

Photo Copyright © Carl F. Brink 2015

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RMAG FEBRUARY 2015 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING

By Stephanie Gaswirth, Secretary sgaswirth@usgs.gov

popular luncheons so you don’t get turned away!

In publication news, The Mountain Geologist and Outcrop are utilizing a new web host, so please take a look if you haven’t already; the Outcrop is now online back through 2013, so you can reread articles you enjoyed or perhaps read them for the first time. The recent 3D Seismic Symposium was a success, and the 2016 Symposium is already in the planning stages.

If you have ideas, suggestions, or would like to help make the 2016 symposium a notable event, please contact Carrie Veatch (cveatch@rmag.org) or Chris Eisinger (chris.eisinger@state.co.us).

Registration is open for the 2015 AAPG ACE meeting in Denver, May 31-June3. The adult-only special event on June 2 at the Denver Zoo featuring ® PetroFecta from Scott Sampson will provide an opportunity to buy a copy of his new book: How to Raise a Wild Child: The Fluid Inclusion Art and Science of Falling in Love with Nature.

Technologies Registration for the RMAG Spring short-course,

The February meeting of the RMAG Board of Directors was held on February 18, 2015 at 4 p.m.

Treasurer Paul Lillis reported that RMAG had another solid month financially, with numbers from Summit Sponsorships, RMAG luncheons, and general fund contributions exceeding expectations. Speaking of the luncheons, RMAG hosted another sold-out event in February at Maggiano’s, with speaker Paul Lillis. Make sure you sign up in advance for these

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RMAG February 2015 Board of Directors Meeting

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“Seismic Interpretation for Explorationists,” taught

by Bruce Trudgill on April 16, 2015 is also open. We are aware that the downturn in oil prices has meant economic hardship for some of our members, therefore RMAG will be offering a special discounted rate to both students and those who are currently unemployed for the spring short-course. If you are interested in taking advantage of the discounted rate, please call the RMAG office for details.

Enjoy the last few weeks of winter, and all of the fun upcoming RMAG events!

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OUTCROP | April 2015

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Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

“Producers will work hard to improve efficiency and lower costs” Daniel Yergin, Who will Rule the Oil Market?, New York Times Op-Ed Online, Jan 23, 2015

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PRESIDENT’S LETTER

By Marv Brittenham

Career Paths… and the 800 pound gorilla

of the background. Since then I have had a number of people ask for advice.

As I have watched the news unfold at the beginning of March, with my column deadline looming, I abandoned the draft I had started. That subject, the strategic plan, can wait.

The biggest issue facing RMAG and its members, the majority

employed in energy industry activities, continues to be the stress of low oil prices. Some of you have lost jobs; others are concerned with budget cuts or for their jobs and students nearing graduation are concerned about their ability to get jobs and sustain a career. Last month I covered some

THE 800 POUND GORILLA – UPDATED

THE PROBLEM

Not much has changed over a month as you can see from the EIA spot price chart; except that the price has leveled for a few weeks in the $50 to $60 per barrel range. Unfortunately though, there is still more negative news than positive regarding the near

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STUDENT PICK AWARDS Join us at the RMAG May Luncheon where the Student Pick Awards will be handed out.

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May PTTC Workshops GeoGraphix Training: An Overview and Refresher Course

Tuesday, May 19, 2015, 8:30 am – 5 pm, Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud Hall Rm. 201 Fee: $250, includes food at breaks, workbook, and PDH certificate.

Instructor: Fred Poland, Littleton, CO

This full-day hands-on computer training course is designed for the person who has had some past experience with GeoGraphix and would like to get some basic training in the functionality of the newest version. It may also serve as a demo for those considering the purchase of GeoGraphix. GESxplorer and PRIZM modules will be utilized. New users will acquire tips and tricks to create projects, maps and cross sections, employ zone manager, perform multi-well log analysis, and more

PETRA – Intermediate Mapping

Thursday, May 21, 2015, 8:30 am – 5:00 pm Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud Hall room 201 Fee: $250, includes food at breaks, workbook, and PDH certificate. Limit 20 people Instructor: Jewel Wellborn, Hydrocarbon Exploration & Development, Inc.

The Intermediate Mapping class is designed for those participants who have completed the Petra Introductory course and are ready to advance their use of mapping features, gridding, and computational options available in the PETRA Map module.

Workflows using contouring algorithms, gird to grid manipulations, computations, residual and curvature processes will be discussed. Map options such as directional well posting, drainage radii, rose diagram and lineament analysis, dip and strike calculation and presentation, 3D visualization, and posting of engineering data may be offered as class participants request. A discussion of overlay options and management may also be reviewed. (This class is designed with professional Geoscientist in mind).

PETRA – Intermediate Cross-sections

Friday, May 22, 2015, 8:30 am – 5:00 pm Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud Hall room 201 Fee: $250, includes food at breaks, workbook, and PDH certificate. Limit 20 people Instructor: Jewel Wellborn, Hydrocarbon Exploration & Development, Inc.

The Intermediate Cross Section class is for those participants who have completed the Petra Introductory course and are familiar with the basic uses of the Petra Cross Section Module. Workflows designed for detailed structure and stratigraphic analysis, correlations, fault placement, color fill and log displays will be discussed. Raster log review, maintenance, ad display options will be covered. Exercises using the Raster Correlation tool, Log Correlation Module, Directional Well Module and the Slip Log option will be used. (This class is designed with the Professional Geoscientist in mind).

Come Join PTTC at the AAPG Convention – http://ace.aapg.org/2015 Carbonate Depositional Systems and Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy

Saturday and Sunday, May 30-31, 2015, 8:30 am – 5 pm, Denver Athletic Club, Petroleum Room Fee: $600, course notes, lunch and PDH certificate (16 hrs) Instructors: Dr. John Humphrey and Dr. Rick Sarg

Confessions of a Frac Engineer:

200 Field Studies Prove our Frac Jobs are Not Optimized Thursday June 4, 2015, 8:30 am – 5:00 pm Denver Athletic Club, Petroleum Room Fee: $300, course notes, lunch and PDH certificate (16 hrs) Instructor: Mike Vincent, Fracwell, LLC

Class Descriptions and Register Online: www.pttcrockies.org For more information, contact Mary Carr, 303.273.3107, mcarr@mines.edu

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President’s Letter the EIA spot price chart, late 1998 to early 2010, was below $80 per barrel for seventeen months. That was mostly related to the recession while this is a more fundamental oversupply situation. I can’t tell you how deep or long this cycle will be. My best advice is to be knowledgeable yourself and make your own judgment.

It’s not hard in the modern world to follow the news or to get the relevant data.

Advice and strategies during a career transition are personal and vary with your situation. This month I’ll illiterate the top ten steps for survival and success in a career in the energy industry. Most of these are common to any career, but

future. Crude oil stocks in early March indicate a million barrel per day oversupply as shown in the U.S. Crude Oil Stocks chart.

Although that may mean that refiners and traders think crude at $50 is now a good buy implying support for a $50 floor, oversupply and a glut in crude stocks is more likely a harbinger of further erosion of the price.

We all know the energy industry is cyclical from history.

Some of us have experienced it.

Others have at least the benefit of the historical knowledge. Unfortunately it only becomes real when you experience it. Many young geologists haven’t. Long cycles tend to be a decade or more. The last cycle as seen on

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 10

IT’S PERSONAL

My concern and willingness to give counsel is for the affected geoscientists, RMAG members or not. RMAG has some programs in place and the board is considering further action.

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 15

How the RMAG supports job seekers: - Search through resumes on the RMAG Job Board - Post your resume on the RMAG Website - Post your business card in The Outcrop for just $20 (see The Outcrop media kit online for more price points)

- Connect with other members via the online Membership Directory - Network at RMAG Monthly Luncheons as a walk-in for $10 OUTCROP | April 2015

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The science of geomechanics - the evaluation of the interplay between stress, pressure, mechanical properties and strength in rock and soil - has become a critical, go-to technology in the characterization and engineering of Unconventional Plays. But why has geomechanics become so important for Unconventionals? Equally important, how is the non-expert supposed to make sense of the confusion, gaps, and controversial opinions on the application of geomechanics to Unconventionals?

The focus of this course is geomechanics and its importance to Unconventionals - specifically, the role of stress, pore pressure, temperature, and mechanical properties in petroleum operations and, in particular, tight and shale gas/oil hydraulic fracturing operations.

Stress Shadows from a single hydraulic fracture (above) and two hydraulic fractures (below – without, left, and with natural natural fractures, right)

The common geomechanical issues for Unconventionals (i.e., brittleness, complexity, SRV, etc.) will be addressed as well as a review of the important geomechanical aspects of the characterization and engineering optimization processes (i.e., stage spacing, landing location, etc.) in Unconventionals.

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President’s Letter

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 12

particularly those that are commodity-based and cyclical by nature.

Generally students considering a career in the energy industry have foresight and could use of all the tips for their success and survival. Those of you who are employed in the industry are now experiencing the stress factors. You have either planned well or will need to make adjustments.

1. Take care of yourself and your colleagues –keep a positive forward view; interact regularly with your family, colleagues, mentors, advisors; networking is critical!

2. Conduct regular self assessments – is petroleum geoscience your passion; are your skill sets and your track record desirable and marketable; are you contributing to the team; are you indispensible to your employer?

3. Plan for the best, prepare for the worst – build a one year rainy day fund; have a plan to cut expenses; continuously explore alternative employment opportunities; keep your resume and contact list Established 1927 updated; use the social media.

4. Be patient – that’s difficult, but WWW.LARIOOIL.COM your career is not a ten second ¼ mile drag race, it’s a 24 hour endurance race; this price stress will abate, there are good times ahead.

5. Have an agenda for success in your career - if you’re laid off it’s important to re-establish a daily work routine; the job now is you!

6. Find a mentor – someone who can advocate for you, advise you and help you through good and bad times.

7. Training and education – the basics, like job hunting skills Proud sponsor of the come first; consider further Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists educational opportunities,

Lario Oil & Gas Company

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 16

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President’s Letter

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 15

BRINGING ENERGY TO TOMORROW’S MOST PROMISING RESOURCES.

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advanced degrees, business training.

8. Take control – to own your career you need to be more than a geologist; understand the business; develop your educated view of the risks and opportunities including the company that employ’s you.

9. Be flexible – employer, salary, job, location, even a different career; even if only to buy some time to get back on track.

10. Consider transitioning to another career – those answers to step 2, if not positive may indicate that you need a major change.

Next month I’ll expand on these ten points. I would appreciate any feedback. If you have questions I’m available at president@rmag.org and at most RMAG events.

UPCOMING

May 31st though June 3rd we have the honor of hosting the 2015 AAPG ACE meeting. This is an excellent international venue for networking with an incredible technical program. Be sure to treat yourself to A Night at the Zoo and Dr. Scott Sampson’s lecture hosted by RMAG Tuesday evening June 2nd. It will be a fun night! If you haven’t registered for AAPG ACE, now is the time!

Feel free to contact me if you have any ideas to make RMAG better. We want to be The Best Place for Rockies Geoscience.

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

What is this?

What is this?

To find out, attend the On-the-Rocks Field Trip on May 16, 2015. Space is limited; go to the RMAG website to register now. Look for a feature article in the next issue of the Outcrop.

To find out, attend the On-the-Rocks Field Trip on May 16, 2015. Space is limited; go to the RMAG OUTCROP RATES website to registerADVERTISING now. Look for a feature 1 Time 2 Times 6 Times 12 Times article in the next issue of the Outcrop.

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: Jeremy Boak — April 1, 2015

Oil shale and shale oil: Some myth busting, some crosscutting ideas, and the state of oil shale development in the world

By Jeremy Boak, Director, Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research, Colorado School of Mines, Golden CO

OUTCROP | April 2015

for future progress in developing this multi-trillion barrel resource. In addition, the talk will discuss what we know and don’t know about the formation of the richest source rock in the world, the Eocene Green River Formation, and what these rocks may be able to tell us about the formation of organic rich sources

Oil shale is the Rodney Dangerfield of the petroleum family. Starting with its name, myths surrounding oil shale and production of shale oil from it are legion. This talk will address some of these common myths, talk about oil shale projects, prospects, technology, barriers and concerns in the Western United States and the world, and offer a cautious prognosis

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POSITIONED FOR GROWTH With a proud legacy and an exciting future, QEP Resources is an industry leader in crude oil and natural gas exploration and production. We’re focused on some of the most prolific natural resource plays in the continental United States. These include two world-class crude oil provinces – the Williston Basin and Permian Basin; two prominent liquids-rich gas plays – the Pinedale Anticline and the Uinta Basin; and a premier dry gas asset – the Haynesville Shale.

Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, QEP Resources, Inc. (NYSE: QEP) is an S&P 500 Index member company.

Learn more at www.qepres.com.

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS

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rocks beyond the confines of this complex lacustrine system. Drawing on the work of the Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research over the past seven years, the talk will highlight mineral and chemical evolution of the Green River Formation, primarily in Colorado.

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Jeremy Boak is the Director of the Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research (COSTAR) at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Co-Chair of the Oil Shale Symposium, 2006-2014, and a member of the Board of San Leon Energy.

Before CSM, he was a project manager in environmental and nuclear materials management at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and project manager for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) for performance assessment of Yucca Mountain in Nevada. Boak also served as the DOE’s representative to the Performance Assessment Advisory Group of the Radioactive Waste Management Committee of the OECD’s International Energy Agency. Prior to working for DOE, Boak was an exploration geologist at ARCO Oil and Gas, Inc., in Anchorage, Denver, and Bakersfield. Dr Boak received his doctorate in Geological Sciences from Harvard University in 1983, for work on some of the oldest shale on earth, the 3.8 billion year old Isua supracrustal suite, West Greenland.

He received MS degrees from Harvard and the University of Washington, and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, all in Geological Sciences.

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: Daniel A. Krygowski — May 6, 2015

Pattern Recognition in a Digital Age: A Gameboard Approach to Determining Petrophysical Parameters Daniel A. Krygowski, Robert M. Cluff The Discovery Group, Denver, CO, USA determine the parameters needed in Archie’s water saturation equation(1942), so that the parameters and associated well log data can be used to calculate water saturation in much more detail and with more precision than before.

An extension of those graphical techniques is shown here, where Hingle, Pickett, and Buckles (1965) plots (Morris and Biggs, 1967) are displayed simultaneously. In this “gameboard” display in Excel (© Microsoft), data is displayed on all the plots.

The selection and modification of computational

Graphical pattern recognition interpretive techniques have been part of petrophysics since quantitative interpretation began, as a way to quickly determine properties of interest with a minimum of calculations. When calculators and computers were introduced to petrophysics, the focus of the techniques changed from determining the quantities themselves to determining the parameters needed to calculate those quantities. As an example, Hingle plots (1959) and Pickett plots (1966, 1973), first used to quickly determine water saturation for a few points in a reservoir, can now instead be used to

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Daniel A. Krygowski is a Senior Petrophysical Advisor at The Discovery Group, in Denver, Colorado, USA. In this role, he has worked petrophysical interpretation projects in a variety of international and US domestic locations.

Currently he is spending the majority of his time providing and developing courses in basic and intermediate openhole petrophysics. The courses include the common instructor-led formats, as well as longer-term, lower intensity formats that allow participants to spend more time with the course material while delving deeper into areas of personal interest.

Since the late Cretaceous, Dan has taught the AAPG Basic Well Log Analysis course with Dr. George Asquith.

In 2004, the AAPG published Basic Well Log Analysis, co-authored by Dan and George, with Steve Henderson and Neil Hurley, the second edition of George’s similarly-named book which was one of AAPG’s all-time best sellers.

Dan earned a BA in Physics from the State University of New York at Geneseo. He then earned MS and Ph.D. degrees in Geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines, where he focused on petrophysics under George R. (Dick) Pickett.

After completing his formal education, Dan worked for Cities Service Company (now part of Occidental Petroleum), Atlantic Richfield (now part of bp), Petrophysical Solutions, Landmark Graphics (a Halliburton company), and Chevron. At several of those companies, he held positions in petrophysics and petrophysical software development, with both technical and management responsibilities. He joined The Discovery Group in late 2006.

Dan has been active in the Denver Well Logging Society, serving two terms as Director, and terms as Vice-President Technology, and Vice-President Membership. Dan is a member of SPWLA, AAPG, SPE, SEG, DWLS, and RMAG. Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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RMAG Luncheon programs R

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mj systems

parameters is immediately reflected all plots, leading to a more coherent prediction of those parameters than from the same plots used independently.

The Pickett plot, with bulk volume water lines added as suggested by Greengold (1986), Hingle plots with additional bulk volume water lines, and Buckles plots (both linear and logarithmic scales) can predict in a common environment the following parameters: Matrix parameters to derive porosity from density or sonic logs, Archie porosity (cementation) exponent, m, saturation exponent, n, and water resistivity,Rw, and irreducible bulk volume water, BVWirr.

The display uses three common plots (Hingle, Pickett, and Buckles) not commonly displayed simultaneously, adds bulk volume water lines to the Hingle plot, and has the plots linked so that changes made to the parameters displayed in one plot are reflected in the other plots and the computations derived from those plots.

By being able to change the values of any of the parameters while seeing how those changes impact the other parameters and the calculated porosity, water saturation, and bulk volume water, the user can quickly try different interpretive scenarios and determine which results best honor all the data at hand.

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Our helpi oppo cont

WELCOME NEW RMAG MEMBERS!

Sloan Anderson

is a Geologist for Devon Energy in Oklahoma City, OK

Greg Camera

is a US Land Manager for EPI Group US in Denver, CO

Katharine Compton lives in Fort Collins, CO

Raymond Critser

is an Operations Manager for Terra Guidance, LLC in Oxford, MS

Nathan Cumella lives in Evregreen, CO

Kiyoto Futa

is retired from USGS in Lakewood, CO

Wilson Groen

is the President for TPA in Denver, CO

Christopher Guidry

is the CP Exploration in Lafayette, LA

Korey Harvey

lives in Bakersfield, CA

Pat Hearne

is a Sr. Geological Tech for Samson Resources in Denver, CO

Marcus Hinricher

is a Geologist in Lakewood, CO

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 26

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-

WELCOME NEW RMAG MEMBERS!

Stay in the Zone

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 24

Alissa James

Premier geonavigation/geosteering services since 1995

lives in Edmonton, AB

Kate Schwehr

Maximize Target Penetration Maximize Production Avoid Costly Redrills Senior geosteering staff on call 24/7 to keep you in-zone and respond to structural stratigraphic changes www.horizontalsi.com Denver, Colorado

KC Oren 303.249.9965

works for Sunburst Consulting, Inc. in Billings, MT

John Sinclair

is a Reservoir Engineer for Sinclair Petroleum Engineering in Cody, WY

F. Steadman

is a Manager for Lyon Oil Company, LLC in Parker, CO

Carrollton, Texas 972.416.1626

Joe Teff

nr Great Western a rocky mountain operator

works for Devon Energy in Oklahoma City, OK

Olivia Turner

is a Geologist for Anadarko in Evergreen, CO

Brian Whitfield

lives in Wheat Ridge, CO

Kelly Williams lives in Golden, CO

GreatGreat Western Western O I L & G A S COOI LM & PAGNAYS C O M PA N Y

303-398-0302 303-398-0302 info@gwogco.com info@gwogco.com www.gwogco.com www.gwogco.com

OUTCROP | April 2015

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Umit Yildiz

Great

is a PhD Student at South Dakota School of Mines in Rapid City, SD

Kim Zielinski

is an Applications Manager for Anschutz Exploration in Denver, CO Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

OIL & G

303-398 info@gw www.gw

IN THE PIPELINE MARCH 31- APRIL 2, 2015

APRIL 16, 2015

APRIL 28, 2015

Hart DUG. Bakken and Niobrara.

Denver, CO.

RMAG Short Course.

Speaker Bruce Trudgill.

“Seismic Interpretation for Geoscientists.”

RMS-SEPM Luncheon.

APRIL 1, 2015 RMAG Luncheon.

Speaker Jeremy Boak. “Oil Shale & Shale Oil, Some Myth Busting, Some Crosscutting Ideas, and the State of Oil Shale Development in the World.”

APRIL 10, 2015 DIPS Luncheon.

For reservations, RSVP to aeglerd@directpetroleum.com or 303-285-9136.

APRIL 21, 2015 DWLS Luncheon.

Speaker Wes Ingram from Weatherford Labs. “MultiMineral Modeling Using New Core Scanning Technology.”

MAY 6, 2015 RMAG Luncheon.

Speaker Daniel A. Krygowski.

“Pattern Recognition in a Digital Age: A Gameboard Approach to Determining Petrophysical Parameters” MAY 31 – JUNE 3, 2015

APRIL 22, 2015

AAPG ACE Denver

Oilfield Christian Fellowship.

For reservations, RSVP to OCFDenverChapter@pxd.com or 303-675-2602.

JUNE 2, 2015 AAPG ACE & RMAG Night at the Zoo

APRIL 15-17, 2015 NAPE East. Pittsburgh, PA. APRIL 16, 2015 DWLS Spring Workshop.

“Integrated Disciplines Using Petrophysics for Completions, Productions & Optimizations.”

CSM, Golden, CO.

Sponsorship opportunities for the annual RMAG Golf Tournament are available!

Visit www.rmag.org to learn more.

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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LEAD STORY

By Bill Barnhart

WHERE IT ALL BEGAN: Induced Seismicity and Colorado

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S

eismologists are buzzing in the United States. Not just over the August earthquake in Napa Valley, nor over the next “Big One” that will shake Los Angeles, San Francisco, or Seattle.

No, seismologists are buzzing about Colorado and Oklahoma because Colorado and Oklahoma are buzzing with earthquakes.

As noted in a recent article in Outcrop, Oklahoma has become ground zero for earthquakes in the continental United States. Over 34 years from 1975 to 2009, Oklahoma experienced 45 earthquakes of magnitude (Mw) 3 or greater.

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ON LEFT: A semi pump truck works at a header and storage tank at the Rangely Oil Field in Colorado. Scientists conducted a landmark experiment here from 19691974. Fluid was injected into a known fault, allowing researchers to monitor the magnitude of added pore fluid pressures.

Photo by David Parsons/iStock.com

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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Lead Story

LOCATION we’ll lease it, permit it, gather it and sell it

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rdan, Myths of the lletin,

your ideas - we make them happen LEASING - PERMITTING - DAMAGES - ROW

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tures, sal of G.S., Years ogical

From 2009 to 2015, there were 857 events of at least Mw3, with 500 of those occurring in 2014 alone. As I write this article on February 23rd, there have already been 129 such events in 2015. If these recent increases in seismicity do not convince you that something is amiss, then consider this: the vast majority of earthquakes happen along plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault in California. Oklahoma does not sit on a plate boundary, yet until the August Napa earthquake, Oklahoma was the most seismically active state in the continental U.S. for 2014.

In Colorado seismic activity has also increased since 2001, including the 2011 Mw5.3 earthquake near Trinidad (Barnhart et al., 2014; Rubinstein et al., 2014). The recent jump in earthquake numbers across the central U.S. is largely attributed to “induced seismicity”: earthquakes triggered by human activity (Ellsworth, 2013). An earthquake requires a specific set of ingredients to occur: a frictionally-locked

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 31

Lario Oil & Gas Company Established 1927

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Proud sponsor of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists OUTCROP | April 2015

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December 2014

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Lead Story

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

mechanism behind induced seismicity.

In recent years, the energy industry adopted new techniques to stimulate oil and gas reservoirs through the large volume addition of fluids to the subsurface. One technique is hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) which entails pumping large volumes of fluids into rock units to create fractures. The generation of these fractures alone can be considered a type of earthquake. Fortunately, the vast majority of fracking-induced earthquakes are very small, imperceptible to a human standing right on top of the induced earthquake. A secondary process is likely the culprit behind larger, and potentially damaging, earthquakes: wastewater disposal. During oil and gas recovery, large volumes of fluids may be produced as

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 30

fault that slips to produce shaking-inducing seismic waves, and strains across that fault that would cause it to slip. Faults exist everywhere (even under this author’s home in Iowa), and all faults are strained.

But faults in California are much more strained than faults in Oklahoma, which is why California is more commonly thought of as earthquake country.

The strength holding a fault tightly locked can be weakened if the fault is forced open. Clasp your hands together tightly. In this situation, a lot of shear strain is needed for your hands to slip past each other (try sliding them and see). Now imagine a garden hose between your hands with the water turned on. The water forces your hands open, allowing them to slide past each other easily. This is the basic

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Lead Story

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a result of normal operations. These naturally and anthropogenically contaminated fluids are then sequestered in deep, porous geological units through injection by EPA-regulated disposal wells. In many locations, injection occurs in sedimentary units that are proximal to naturally occurring stressed faults in the continental crystalline basement. Over time, fault-weakening pore pressures induced by injection migrate into adjacent geological units, onto faults, and, potentially induce an earthquake. The largest suspected induced earthquake in the U.S. occurred in November 2011: an Mw5.6 in Oklahoma; the second largest induced earthquakes to date occurred in August 2011, an Mw5.3 event in the Raton gas basin near Trinidad, Colorado, and another Mw5.3 in August 1967 at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Numerous studies have attributed all of these earthquakes to wastewater injection.

While Oklahoma is currently ground zero for induced seismicity, Colorado is the birthplace of the

Injection induced earthquakes were first recognized in the 1960s at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, just west of the new Denver airport (Evans, 1966).

phenomenon in the U.S. Even though induced seismicity has only recently entered the public lexicon, scientific understanding of the process originated in the 1960s and 1970s just outside of Denver and in the Rangeley Oil fields of northwest Colorado. Recent induced earthquakes outside of Trinidad and Greeley merely mark the return of a process that calls the Centennial State home, even though it never really left.

Injection induced earthquakes were first

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 34

Project Planning | Acquisition | Permitting | Surveying | Safety Compliant | Results All crews utilizing OYO GSX Wireless System and AHV-IV 364 Commander Vibrators or Shothole

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The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists presents: RMAG Fall Symposium

Hot Plays of the Rocky Mountain Region

October 8th, 2015 At the Denver City Center Marriott With all the unconventional activity occurring across the globe, it is time to review what is driving the technical quality of the “Hot Plays” in the greater Rocky Mountain region. Please mark your calendars for what is sure to be the “HOTTEST” event of the Fall 2015 Technical Season. Geological, Geophysical, Geochemical, Petrophysical, and Structural technical drivers will be presented, describing what the RMAG membership has determined to be the Hottest Plays in the Rocky Mountains.

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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S A V E T H E D A T E

Lead Story

Paradox Valley in western Colorado is one of the most famous loci of induced earthquakes globally.

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recognized in the 1960s at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, just west of the new Denver airport (Evans, 1966). In 1961, a well was drilled into fractured Precambrian basement to dispose chemically contaminated water, and injection began a year later. From 1962 to 1965, 710 earthquakes occurred, ranging in size from Mw0.7 to 5.0. In August 1967, 16 months after injection ceased, an M5.3 struck followed by an M5.2 three months later. This earthquake activity began shortly after the start of injection, decreased in frequency substantially during a yearlong hiatus in injection, resumed with resumed injection, then finally ceased altogether within two years of when the well was permanently shut down (Evans, 1966).

The strong spatial and temporal correlation between the onset and cessation of fluid injection and earthquakes provided the first indication that wastewater injection could induce earthquakes.

Following up on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal

earthquakes and the hypothesis that wastewater injection could lead to earthquakes, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a landmark experiment in the Rangely oil fields of northwestern Colorado from 1969-1974, appropriately named “An Experiment in Earthquake Control at Rangely, Colorado” (Raleigh et al., 1976). In this experiment, fluid was injected into a known fault, allowing researchers to monitor the magnitude of added pore fluid pressures. As predicted, the experiment produced a series of small earthquakes that followed increased

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 36

RMAG FOUNDATION

2013-14 +

SCHOLARSHIPS CONTRIBUTIONS

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CONTRIBUTIONS

mineral sets

Contibutions can be made at https://www.rmag.org/i4a/ams/publicLogin.cfm for RMAG members RMAG Foundation | 910 16th Street Mall, Suite 1214 | Denver, CO 80202

OUTCROP | April 2015

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Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

Speaker: Dr. Scott Sampson

Recipient of the AAPG Geosciences in the Media Award

Rewilding Revolution

Reconnecting Humanity & Nature in the 21st Century

Registration will be handled through AAPG Vol. 64, No. 4 |

Prices Ticket: $75 www.rmag.org Student Ticket: $50

Buses departing from Conoco Zoo Gardens at the and returning to the 35Zoo

OUTCROP Hyatt will be provided Denver

| April 2015

Lead Story

Induced seismicity has now been identified in Colorado, Oklahoma, California, Kansas, Arkansas, and Ohio.

through high-pressure wells into deeper geological units where they have led to substantial low magnitude seismicity since injection began in 1996. The largest earthquakes to date included an Mw4.3 in 2000 and an Mw3.9 in 2004. Paradox Valley is particularly prudent because it reminds us that induced seismicity can occur within many contexts, not just oil and gas exploration.

Induced seismicity has

now been identified in Colorado, Oklahoma, California, Kansas, Arkansas, and Ohio. As this phenomenon proliferates throughout portions of the central U.S., it is useful to understand the sources of these earthquakes and to recognize that the rudimentary science behind this process has been well understood since the 1960s and1970s from observations made throughout Colorado. Still, our understanding of induced seismicity remains rudimentary.

Induced seismicity is a particularly enticing process for earthquake scientists as these events can be thought of as small, controlled earthquake experiments.

Lessons learned in such experiments could be invaluable to the Earth science community as a whole in elucidating the physics, mechanics, and ability to forecast the next natural “Big One” that will inevitably happen along a major plate boundary (and there will be more than one “Big One”). As the scientific community moves forward on induced seismicity, the lessons that have and that will continue to be learned in Colorado will help us gain a more complete understanding of the specific factors that drive induced seismicity, including the complex interplay between existing faults, local

pore fluid pressure gradients.

This experiment confirmed definitively that earthquakes could be induced through wastewater injection. (Imagine the headlines if such an experiment were to take place today: “Scientists trigger earthquakes…on purpose!”).

The Rangeley oil field experiment did not mark the end of induced seismicity in Colorado.

Paradox Valley in western Colorado is one of the most famous loci of induced earthquakes globally. Here, natural salty runoff from the Paradox Valley salt formation is captured to prevent over salination of the Colorado River. Brines are then injected

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 34

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 38

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April 16, 2015 The RMAG and PTTC Present a 1-Day Short Course Held at Newfield Exploration 1001 17th Street #2000, Denver, CO 80202

Seismic Interpretation for Explorationists

Instructor: Bruce Trudgill

Associate Professor at the Colorado School of Mines PhD in Structural Geology from Imperial College, London This course is aimed at petroleum geologists and engineers seeking an introduction to the interpretation of seismic reflection data. The basic concepts of the seismic reflection method will be addressed, but the course will focus on the practical geological interpretation of seismic reflection data, applying structural and stratigraphic concepts to a number of seismic interpretation exercises.

Outline of Topics covered • The seismic reflection method: Advantages and Pitfalls • Key geophysical concepts for seismic interpretation • A geological approach to seismic interpretation • Methodologies for interpreting faults in seismic data • Rift systems: Seismic packages and evolution • Salt Systems: Key concepts and strategies • Fold and Thrust Systems and Foreland Basin: interpretation strategies in structurally complex regions • Inverted Basins: rifting followed by shortening • Passive margins: large-scale evolution of linked systems

Teaching Currently Professor Trudgill teaches both undergraduate and graduate classes at CSM in applied structural geology as well as field and seismic interpretation courses for industry through Nautilus.

Research Professor Trudgill’s main research interests are in the evolution of geological structures through time and how this influences depositional systems. Currently he is working on both sub-surface and field-based projects from around the globe.

Registration Closes April 9th at 4:30 PM

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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Lead Story

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 36

geology, hydrology, and the pore pressures exerted by wastewater injection wells. These lessons in turn will better guide hazard and risk assessment in regions that are not prepared for earthquakes, ideally allowing scientists and policy makers to properly balance the risks of a preventable catastrophe with the nation’s and world’s increasing energy needs.

REFERENCES

RMAG & AAPG ACE Events Short Courses The Bakken and Exshaw Petroleum Systems in the Williston and Southern Alberta Basins with an Emphasis on the Phronghorn Member and the Three Forks Formation

5/31 8 am - 12 pm 5/31 1 pm - 5 pm

Field Trips Toward an Understanding of Denver’s Mountain Front Structure and Petroleum Potential

5/30 7:30 am - 6 pm

Unconventional Reservoirs and Stratigraphy of Southern Denver Basin: Graneros, Greenhorn, Carlile and Niobrara Formations

5/30, 7 am 5/31, 5 pm

Laramide Basin Evolution and Drilling Activity in the North Park - Middle Park Basin, Colorado

5/30, 7 am 5/31, 5 pm

4D Laramide Crustal Detachment and Thrust Tectonics, With Applications to Natural Fractures in Resource Plays

6/4 7 am - 6 pm

Barnhart, W.D., Benz, H.M., Hayes, G.P., Rubinstein, J.L., Bergman, E., 2014. Seismological and geodetic constraints on the 2011 Mw5.3 Trinidad, Colorado earthquake and induced deformation in the Raton Basin. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 119, 2014JB011227. doi:10.1002/2014JB011227 Ellsworth, W.L., 2013. Injection-Induced Earthquakes. Science 341. doi:10.1126/science.1225942 Evans, D.M., 1966. The Denver Area Earthquakes and The Rocky Mountain Arsenal Disposal Well. Mt. Geol.

Raleigh, C.B., Healy, J.H., Bredehoeft, J.D., 1976. An Experiment in Earthquake Control at Rangely, Colorado. Science 191, 1230–1237. doi:10.1126/ science.191.4233.1230 Rubinstein, J.L., Ellsworth, W.L., McGarr, A., Benz, H.M., 2014. The 2001–Present Induced Earthquake Sequence in the Raton Basin of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. doi:10.1785/0120140009

For Pricing and Registration please visit ace.aapg.org/2015 OUTCROP | April 2015

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Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

2015 Award of Excellence For Teaching of Earth Science Sponsored by the

Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists THE WINNER RECEIVES A Plaque and a $1000 Cash Award If you teach earth science in K-12 and think you qualify, contact the RMAG office at 303-573-8621 for an application.

Deadline is May 1. Previous winners were also selected to receive the Teacher of the Year Award from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists at the national and regional level.

The RMAG is a professional organization representing over 2000 earth scientists working in the Denver and Rocky Mountain area. In its capacity as the leading geologic organization in the Rocky Mountain area, each year the RMAG Foundation provides funding for an annual award presented to a teacher in recognition of his or her commendable efforts in introducing young minds to the earth sciences.

Check out the RMAG website at www.rmag.org.

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

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• Great Western Oil & Gas Company ������������������������������������������������������������� 26

• Stratochem Services ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25

• Horizontal Solutions Intl. ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8, 26

• Tracker Resources ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24

• iBall Instruments ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

• T-Rex Oil Inc. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

• James C. Karo Associates ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30

• William W. Little, Ph. D. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8

CALENDAR | APRIL 2015 SUNDAY

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

1

2

3

4

9

10

11

RMAG Luncheon Hart DUG. Bakken and Niobrara

5

6

7

8

DIPS Luncheon

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

24

25

RMAG Short Course DWLS Spring Workshop NAPE East

19

26

20

27

21

22

DWLS Luncheon

Oilfield Christian Fellowship

28

29

23

30

RMS-SEPM Luncheon

Vol. 64, No. 4 | www.rmag.org

41

OUTCROP | April 2015