The Brick Kiln-an adaptive reuse | Thesis Report

The Brick Kiln an adaptive reuse

The Brick Kiln an adaptive reuse THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE by RIZUL GUPTA

CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH (INDIA)

July 2021

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture, submitted to Chandigarh College ofArchitecture, is an authentic record of my work carried out during the period from January 2021 to July 2021 under the supervision of Ar. Anjali Sagar.

The matter contained in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.

Rizul Gupta

This is to certify that the above statement mady by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

Ar. Anjali Sagar (Thesis Guide)

Prof. Sohan Lal Saharan (Thesis Coordinator)

Dated: July 9, 2021

Dr. Sangeeta Bagga Mehta (Principal)

PREFACE The thesis is an urban edge development project which aims to make use of under-utilised / abandoned land.

India is among the largest producers of brick and is home to more than 100,000 traditional brick kilns. Due to raising environmental concerns, many traditional kilns have been shut down throughout the country leaving many such land parcels abandoned, largely affecting the economy of the concerned regions.

Continuous urban sprawling has resulted in the exploitation of fertile agricultural land while ignoring the available land resource.

The trilogy of the dying land, weak rural economy and crowded urban infrastructure will benefit from this study. The aim is to understand how an

old brick kiln can be rethought, designed and accentuated post its manufacturing phase through adaptive reuse.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is a reflection of my passion and dedication and to bring this project to fruition, I was lucky enough to have the support of a few individuals. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to them.

I would begin by thanking my thesis guide, Ar. Anjali Sagar, for taking time for some of the most valuable discussions amidst your busy schedule. From always pushing me forward to helping me get back on track when I go off the rails, you have been extremely motivating throughout this journey and I could not have asked for more.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our thesis coordinator, Prof.

Sohan Lal Saharan for being so supportive and accommodating during the submission days. I would like to thank our mentor, Ar. Anudeep Bhandari, for taking interest in understanding my topic and for the insightful discussions.

My deep thanks to the hardworking team of juniors who made it worth all the sweat. Pankaj, thankyou for always being there with your positive attitude. Amanjot, Jaskirat, Yogesh, Yashi and Kanchan for taking an interest and stepping forward whenever help was needed.

In these tough times with the pandemic, I want to thank my friends, Anmol and Ashna for keeping me sane and helping me through tough times. Nalin and Shivam, thank you for always being by my side and for all the fun times.

Pallavi, for being a constant source of motivation. Thank you for the unwavering support every time I found myself in doubt. Further, I want to thank my family, especially Bhamya and Eddy, who made staying at home more than just bearable.

A huge thanks to my seniors for being more than just constant support. Chai sir, your dedication and work ethic has been very inspirational. Thank you for all the discussions and brainstorming sessions. Ashish sir, thank you for guiding me through things I thought were beyond my capacity.

Lastly, a huge thanks to the owners of Nonita Brick Kiln and to the caretaker, Mr. Prem Chand for taking the time to show me around and help me understand the working of the kiln.

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CONTENTS

Introduction Validity Methodology Objectives Inspirations Scope Challenges

3.

Pg. 39- 65 Prototype study and Case study

Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow Visitors centre, Auroville Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, China India Habitat Centre, New Delhi Dilli Haat, INA, Delhi Comparative analysis

2.

Pg. 11- 38 Literature study

Conceptual vision Brick as a material Long span structure systems Roof coverings Architectural language Earth contamination Landscaping Standards Bye - laws

4.

Pg. 66-76 Site analysis

Location Context Existing kiln Ecology / Climate Topography Development norms

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

1.

Pg. 1- 10 Synopsis

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6.

Pg. 81 - 90 Concept

Learnings Area Statement

Design criteria Concept Zoning Reinterpretation of the Kiln

7.

8.

Pg. 91 - 92 Concluding Statements

Pg. 94 References and Bibliography

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

5.

Pg. 77-80 Area programme

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Introduction no brick production

large scale and concentrated brick production - BTK Bull Trench Kiln based ( old technology - closing down)

Bricks have been in use since the Indus Valley civilization and continue to be one of the most predominantly used building materials.

small scale and scattered brick production - clamp based (oldest and equally polluting as BTK)

Hoffmann kiln based ( relatively newer, less polluting)

Fig 1. the map of India showing the distribution and scale of brick production and manufacturing technology used. Area in red indicates the most affected region

Over the past few years, these traditional methods of brick production have raised environmental concerns globally.

The fertile topsoil is used up in the manufacturing process and the water table of the region drops. This effects the productivity of this land and makes it a brownfield.

Due to revised norms by NGT (National Green Tribunal), the government has ordered the owners to shift from the present carbon emitting technology to the high draft zigzag technology where bricks are produced through a low-emission burning process.

This shift requires huge investments and not all the kiln owners can afford it. In this case, the land remains abandoned or under - developed.

What do we do with this land ?

Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse (also called building reuse) refers to the repurposing of an existing structure for new use. As the populations of cities continue to increase, it’s important that the existing resources fulfill modern uses.

This thesis will be a study into how an old brick kiln can be rethought, designed and accentuated post its manufacturing phase through adaptive reuse.

01

SYNOPSIS | INTRODUCTION

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Brick production is a very large and traditional industry in Asia.

India has more than 100,000 brick kilns most of which have been constructed with the old methods.

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Validity Project Since over the past few years, a lot of brick kilns have been closed down throughout the country, there is a need to realise the potential of such land parcels.

This adaptive reuse project will help create possibilities of infrastructural development and bring about awareness and realization regarding the fact that -

Fig 2. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, Kunshan, China adaptive reuse of a former kiln as a workshop

This project would be a prototypical solution for the reuse of a former brick kiln as a habitable space.

Depending on the location of the site, it could have other functions like

Fig 3. The Kiln Building at Evergreen Brick Works, Toronto, Ontario - corridors being used as art galleries

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02.

03.

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08.

09.

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Retail and commercial centre Resort or Hotel Primary school Healthcare centre Cultural centres Museum Kisaan Kendras Police Station Skill centres Banquet Hall

Since the chosen site lies on the outskirts of both urban and rural centres, this locational characteristic can be used to the advantage of the two user groups and help strengthen the urban-rural relationship.

Fig 4. The Kiln Building at Evergreen Brick Works, Toronto, Ontario - used as a multipurpose space with a cafe

02

SYNOPSIS | VALIDITY

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

former kiln sites are not merely degraded areas, but can add value to the site and act as a catalyst for development of the neighbouring regions.

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Fact

Inference

1. Shifting to the new zig zag technology is not easy as it requires huge investments and not all can afford it.

This land becomes a wasted resource and requires development.

2. This land is not contaminated to the extent of abandonment and has the potential to be revitalised.

Using appropriate and sustainable measures, this land can be used as a habitable space.

Fig 5. Picture taken on site showing the present condition of the kiln structure.

Fig 6. Picture taken on site showing the abandoned shelters of the labourers

3. This under developed land parcel not only affects the economical condition of the owner but also impacts the regional economy.

The infrastructural development would help create employment opportunities for the surrounding villages and contribute to the economical growth.

4. Instances of criminal activities are often reported to take place on such ignored land parcels. This creates an unsafe and daunting environment.

With a monitored built structure, the neighbourhood would feel safer and more approachable to the public.

5. The urban population is losing touch with their cultural roots.

Establishing a comon ground for both the user groups would help provide the desired experience and foster a close knit community.

While on the other hand, the rural population has to travel long distances to experience the liveliness and chaos of cities.

03

SYNOPSIS | VALIDITY

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Why Brick Kiln ?

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Site Validity The site is located in Baagwali, Haryana and falls under Panchkula district. It lies on the main National Highway 7.

Neighbouring working kilns National Highway 7 Abandoned Kiln site

Toda

04

Fig 7. The map indicates a few major areas and cities marked in blue and surrounding villages in brown

Fig 8. The map indicates the site marked in pink and the neighbouring functioning kilns on the NH7

Parameter

Site Condition

1. Accessibility Since brick kiln industry is a polluting industry, it is usually located far from rural or urban settlements or in the middle of agricultural fields which may or may not be conveniently accessible .

The abandoned kiln site is located on the National Highway 7 and is easily accessible to the passers by - both visually and physically.

2. Proximity The distance of the site from major towns and cities as well as the villages would highly affect the footfall which in turn would determine the performance of the site according to the proposed use.

The site is located in close proximity to major cities as stated Chandigarh|Distance : 51km Ambala|Distance : 32 km Naraingarh|Distance : 17 km Morni|Distance 50 km Rajpura|Distance : 17 km

SYNOPSIS | VALIDITY

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

SITE

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Methodology

05

Brick as a material

Hard Landscape gardens

To explore vast potential of bricks and using the material extensivley since it is the womb of the kiln. Understanding the possibilities of modern innovation with bricks.

Understanding the landscaping potential of a brownfield and creating outdoor spaces that will have a positive impact experiential for the users and ecological for the context

Architectural language

Steel and glass structures (large span structure systems)

An understanding of how the lifestyle of people impacts the planning and design of their buildings and incorporatingthese features would attract the urban population for a unique experience.

Study and incorporate modern contruction techniques and large span systems to allow commercial activity and functional flexibility.

Earth contamination and its effect on built and open spaces

Building standards and circulation patterns for retail/community centres

To understand the factors responsible for contamination and study the architectural possibilities in order to mitigate this brownfield.

This would help formulate the area statement and provide a comfortable habitable space

SYNOPSIS | METHODOLOGY

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Literature studies

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Case Studies Open Retail Spaces

Retail Spaces in built forms

To explore the informal and intimate facet of market places and derive flexible methods of organization.

To understand the more formal and regulated attribute of marketplaces

Expectations of Urban/ Rural users

Urban, Rural footfall

To determine the spatial requirements and help formulate a programme by understanding the typology of built and open spaces required.

To understand peak occupancy, area requirements and derive a proportion for urban centric and rural centric functions

Site Visit and Analysis

06

Documentation of existing structure

Context study

To understand the reuse potential of the existing structure and develop prospective planning features.

To study climate, topography of the region and impact of the neighbouring cities and villages

SYNOPSIS | METHODOLOGY

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Surveys and Interviews

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Objectives Intangible

Tangible

1. After exhaustion of an industrial land, it is deemed to be contaminated and is therefore left to no use.

1. Since the Former kiln land becomes unfit for agricultural production, it is important to realise the potential of this land and put it to better use.

Developing this essential natural resource that is “Land”, even when it is degraded while retaining the existing structure would contribute to a more sustainable future.

Using sustainable methods of design, the aim is to help revive the land from degradation and contamination and use it as an improved habitable space.

07

2. To generate awareness among the people regarding mitigation strategies for brownfield land.

2. By providing infrastructure for retail activities - both for the promotion of local handicrafts and for high end multinational brands, the urban as well as the rural user group would benefit.

3. Developing the land would in turn boost the infrastructural growth of the region and with time.

3. Since food is a common interest among the people of Punjab and Haryana, food courts - open and closed to be provided.

4. By creating job opportunities for the people of neighbouring cities, the economy of the area would prosper.

4. To strengthen community spirit, common architectural platform as gathering spaces, event venues like open air theatres and community centres can be a part of the programme.

5. Bridging the gap between the two user groups and providing them with the required experience and infrastructure, would promote communal participation.

This would aid the place-making process.

5. To improve the ecological condition of the land by providing landscaping elements.

SYNOPSIS | OBJECTIVES

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

A win-win situation.

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Inspirations The brick vault structure with interesting punctures in the roof brings just the right amount of light into the space

Fig 9. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, Kunshan, China adaptive reuse of a former kiln into a recreational space Source: Archdaily The chimney of the former kiln building being used as an observation tower

Fig 11. Botanic art centre, Hengshui, China- adaptive reuse of a defunct kiln

08

SYNOPSIS | INSPIRATIONS

Fig 10. Imperial Kiln museum, China - Source: Archdaily

Integrating modern retail design features, interior layout and material palette with the existing rustic condition of the structure is eye catching and gives a high end feel to it

Fig 12. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, Kunshan, China adaptive reuse of a former kiln into a retail space Source: Archdaily

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

The roof of the structure has been retained and interesting pattern of artificial lighting

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Scope 1. On the basis of the population of surrounding major cities and villages, the proposal will be based on the assumption that the peak occupancy of the site is 1000 people.

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35 30

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Fig 13. Population of the neighbouring major cities

Fig 14. Population of the neighbouring villages

2. The land is an industrial wasteland and there is no possibility of agricultural activity.

However, it is fit for commercial/ recreational infrastructural development.

3. The existing structure of the brick kiln will not be demolished. By providing appropriate functions, it will be reused, aiding the development process and in turn creating various opportunities for the locals as well as for the people of neighbouring villages.

4. Since brick is a locally available material and is present in abundance, the true potential of the material will be exploited and its innovative applications will be explored.

Fig 15. Defunct Kiln site at Baagwali, Haryana during

The reutilisation capacity of bricks will also be studied. This will not just be a sustainable measure but will also be a reflection of the architectural language of Haryana.

5. Providing communal spaces and bringing people of multi-hued lifestyles together by providing them with the required experience will help build a unique identity for the region and consequently assist the development process.

09

SYNOPSIS | SCOPE

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

BICHPARI - 6.03K

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BAGWALI - 1.3 K

DERABASSI - 27K

RAJPURA - 92K

NARAINGARH - 29K

AMBALA - 11.3 LAKHS

TRICITY - 16 LAKH

5

15

BARWALA - 33K

20

10

SHAHZADPUR - 7.3K

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Challenges To establish a balance between the requirements and expectations of both the user groups is an important challenge and must be approached mindfully, keeping in mind their lifestyles.

To evaluate and aid the replenishing potential of the site by providing appropriate landscape features. Since the project deals with a vulnerable state of a natural resource, taking cautious measures of construction is important.

The world will not evolve past its current state of crisis by using the same thinking that created the situation - Albert Einstein

Possible Case Studies 1. To study the possibilities of construction with brick Auroville Earth centre Works of Lauri Baker 2. To study Long span multi use spaces Habitat centre, Delhi 3. To study marketplaces ( Retail activity) Elante, Chandigarh Dilli Haat, Delhi Kalagram, Chandigarh Baradari, Jaipur 4. Recreational/ Communal spaces Auroville Vistior’s centre Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow

10

SYNOPSIS | CHALLENGES

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

The ultimate goal is to convert all the research and contextual understanding into tangible architectural interventions.

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Literature Study | Structure 1. Conceptual vision / pg 2

5. Architectural Language / pg 15

concept program

historical influence vernacular features visual features

2. Brick as a Material / pg 3

types of bonds flooring patterns columns/ arches/ domes/ vaults fenestrations aesthetics

Brick kilns as brownfields problems remedial strategies 7. Landscaping / pg 20

3. Long Span Structure Systems / pg 9

usable profiles Steel / flexible arrangement

hard landscape soft landscape 8. Standards / pg 24

4. Roof coverings / pg 12

solar panels glass sheets

11

LITERATURE STUDY | STRUCTURE

general design considerations open spaces commercial / retail community/ recreational spaces 9. Bye Laws / pg 28

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

6. Earth Contamination / pg 18

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1. Conceptual Vision / This would help determine the parameters of my study /

What makes a great public space ?

Intended program

“If we could combine Starbucks spirit with the spirit of the artisan, we know we could achieve something special.” - Kengo Kuma

The three basic activities that will form part of the programme will be

To make an under-performing space into a vital "place", physical elements must be introduced that would make people welcome and comfortable.

2. recreational - food courts, entertainment areas 3. community gatherings/ events - OATs, multipurpose halls.

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Intent The intent is to retain the existing structure on the site, The Brick Kiln, post its production phase and use the abandoned land resource.

By providing a unique experience to the urban and rural user groups, the aim is to foster a strong sense of community.

This conceptual vision of the project has helped determine the following parameters of the literature study.

12

LITERATURE STUDY | CONCEPTUAL VISION

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Great public spaces are those places where celebrations are held, social and economic exchanges occur, friends run into each other, and cultures mix.

1. retail - formal + informal local handicrafts, artisan shops, high end brands, displays for building materials.

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2. Brick as a material / Brick work would be extensively used since it is the heart of a brick kiln /

Types of Bonds 1. Rat Trap bond This bond enhances the thermal comfort and keeps the interiors cooler or warmer compared to the outside.

The walls consume less bricks due to the internal cavity.

2. English Bond

It is mainly used to construct strong one brick thick wall.

3. Flemish Bond This bond has each header centered on a stretcher above and below and every alternate course begins with a header in the corner.

Walls with Flemish Bond are complex to erect and demand greater skills but are aesthetically beautiful and has many possibilities of making designs in brickwork.

English bond

4. Stack Bond In a stack bond, all the bricks are plainly loaded on top of each other and held with mortar where all bonds are perfectly aligned.

This bond is a non-structural bond, hence not suitable for walls which require to transfer loads.

5. Stretcher Bond / Running Bond

Stack bond

Stretcher bond is suitable when walls of half brick thickness need to be constructed.

Stretcher bonds are not very suitable for stand-alone structural walls, but very useful for construction of walls with less thickness.

inference The above-mentioned brick bonds will be used extensively according to their strengths.

Running bond 13

LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Wall with rat trap bond - project by Laurie Baker

This bond has alternating courses of headers and stretchers.

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Flooring Patterns Brick is a versatile material and can be used in flooring to create beautiful patterns.

Because of its storied history brick flooring often has a familiar feeling and a strong emotional bond with people that causes it to be associated with simple spaces.

Some most common brick bonds for flooring are: 1. Running bond 2. Herringbone bond 3. Basketweave Bond 4. Stacked Bond Types of Brick Flooring 1. Pavers (Standard thickness 1 ¼” – 1 3/8”) These are thinner than construction grade materials. They place a significantly lower weight load on the subfloor.

2. Engineering Bricks (Standard size: 7 5/8” x 3 5/8” x 2 ¼” thick) They place a lot of weight on the subfloor and are relatively durable and resistant to stains and wear.

3. Recycled Brick Flooring Such bricks can be reclaimed from old houses and residences. This process is eco-friendly as it does not require the manufacture of new materials.

4. Hand Made Bricks The appeal of these materials is that each brick represents a unique work of human craft, with its own individual characteristics.

Benefits of Brick Flooring Durability Brick is one of the most durable flooring materials available. It requires little to no maintenance.

Slip Resistant Unless it is polished and or sealed with oil, brick is slip resistant.

Running brick bond used for exterior flooring. combination of brick, plaster wall and greens provides interesting textures and colours to the space

Cost Brick flooring is relatively economical and is less expensive than natural stone alternatives.

inference Since brick is low maintenance, durable and available in many forms, it can be used to create interesting flooring patterns. Also, an eco friendly and cost effective alternative to other flooring materials.

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LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Stack brick bond used for exterior flooring in different orientations.

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columns/ arches/ domes/ vaults

Brick - a versatile material can be used for various structural systems also.

1. Columns The column constructed by masonry can be reinforced or unreinforced.

The constructed brick columns can either be round, rectangle or square or elliptical in cross-section.

Brick masonary column / These can be constructed to the needful height.

The construction of brick columns is fast and easy with less tools and labour compared with the concrete column construction.

2. Arches Brick arches are ornamental ways of bridging openings which are comprised of small units bonded together around a curve or series of curves.

They are used to cover openings of door and windows and transfer the above loads to the side of walls.

Types of arches a. Flat Arch It is suitable only for small spans and light load. The square shape of this arch is non load bearing. Generally, it is used to cover reinforced lintel which bears the load.

Construction of round arch in brick

b. Round Arch This arch is suitable for long spans and can take heavy loads.These arches were constructed over bridges. They can be found in many places in North India. c. Segmental Arch Considered one of the strongest arches available, it is able to resist thrust. It also must have a rise equal to a minimum of one-eighth of the span’s width in order to prevent failure..

Construction of a segmental arch at the Visitor’s Centre, Auroville 15

LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

These columns can act as corner pillars, porch columns, boundary gate pillars or free-standing columns.

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3. Domes A dome can be thought of as an arch which has been rotated around its vertical axis. As such, domes have a great deal of structural strength.

Domes can be built on round, square, rectangular rooms, etc.

Rohtak Domes These are shallow brick domes that are used as a conventional roofing technique in villages in Rohtak.

An attractive feature of this construction technique is that it uses no shuttering and is hence simple and highly economical, depending heavily on knowledge, intuition and skill.

4. Vaults A vault is an arch-shaped structure, usually of masonry, used as the ceiling of a room or other enclosed space.

A temporary supporting structure must be erected within the vaulted area during construction, because a masonry vault does not become self-supporting until the central voussoirs or keystones are put in place.

Vaults and domes always manifest a high reverberation. This reverberation is due to 2 factors: a. The size of the volume created by the vaulted structure, which is generally larger than other ones. b. The shape of the structure, which tends to hold the sound within itself.

inference Local skilled masons can help make use of arches, domes and vaults. They can help provide character to the space and reflect the local culture.

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LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Ordinary bricks are used. A rich cement mortar of 1:2.5 or 1:3 is used and the bricks are used dry to ensure better initial adhesion

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fenestrations 1. Brick Jaalis Jaali is one of India’s oldest methods of letting into a building filtered light and ventilation but maintaining privacy and security.

A jaali is a commonly used element of architecture to combat a hot climate even today. It is a sheet or surface with small or large perforations.

Jaalis are a great replacement or accompaniment

Jaali patterns used by Laurie Baker for windows as they block off the glare but

Brick Jaali can function either as panels or as a complete load bearing wall.

2. Doors / Windows The most inexpensive way of spanning a hole in a brick wall is the simple ‘corbel’ arch.

Jaali wall as part of the load bearing structure Each row of bricks projects two and a quarter inch

beyond the course below until the bricks meet together in the ‘middle’. No formwork or shuttering is necessary.

Door frames cost a lot of money and are often not actually necessary. This picture shows how a door carried by ‘hold fasts ’ can be built into the wall, thus eliminating the outer door frame altogether.

inference sketches by Laurie Baker

Jaalis are an an excellent way to accommodate natural light and ventilation into a built structure.

During the day, the perforations create intricate patterns of light and shadows.

This element will be used extensively in the hot weather of Haryana.

Frameless doors and windows are a great way to cut down the cost of construction. Instead of doors, arched openings can be used. This would be aesthetically pleasing as well as a cost effective measure

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LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

welcome the much-needed filtered daylight without fully obstructing the view outside.

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aesthetics 1. Gallery House, Bansberia, West Bengal Cladding The building is clad with exposed brick masonry.

The walls are inlaid with ceramic blocks that were rejected by their manufacturer and terracotta bricks that were produced locally.

Collaborating with a ceramic artist, the team collected rejected ceramic blocks which had been produced for industrial use.

These two materials were combined by local craftsmen into a hybridization of masonry patterning.

Combination of brick, ceramic blocks and white plaster creates very simple and interesting finishes.

2. Pirouette House, Trivandrum Wallmakers design team introduces its breezy and luminous design influenced from famous architect Laurie Baker.

They made use of similar passive cooling strategies and a perforated brick material palette. The team employs a masonry strategy known as the ‘rat trap bond’ technique.

The slanting walls converging at the top creates interesting spaces. The bricks jutting out of the wall surface creates an aesthetic visual.

inference Aesthetics are a vital part of a design as it affects the user experience. It is important to create spaces and elements which stand out.

This can consequently be a factor affecting the footfall on site.

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LITERATURE STUDY | BRICK AS A MATERIAL

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Flooring has also been done with brick pavers arranged in stack bond pattern.

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3. Long Span structure systems / To study the different profiles and design flexibility of steel structures /

usable profiles 1. Vector active systems ( trusses )

(a)

These are systems of short, solid, straight linear members in which the redirection of forces is effected through vector partition i.e. through multidirectional splitting of forces.

These trusses can be made from both wood as well as steel depending upon the required span .

(b)

(b). Arched space trusses in steel can cover a span of 25m-100m. (c). Flat space trusses can cover a span of 25m-100m.

(c)

2. Form active systems ( arched structures ) These are structural systems of flexible, non rigid matter in which the redirection of forces is effected through particular form design and characteristic form stabilization. (a)

These can be constructed with reinforced concrete, wood, textile+metal/concrete or completely metal. (a). arched profiles made in steel can cover a span of upto 90m. (b). arched profiles - thrust lattice system/ arch curvature mesh angles determine the shape

(b)

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LITERATURE STUDY | LONG SPAN STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

(a). Curved trusses made in steel can cover a span of 50m-150m.

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3. Hybrid systems Hybrid structures are systems in which the redirection of forces is effected through the coaction of two or several different mechanisms from different structure families.

The coaction is being performed by two possible kinds of systems namely superposition or coupling. (a) Coupling of form active and vector active systems/ arches upon truss cantilevers

By superposition of systems with opposing deflective behaviour, deformation of one system can be held by the other.

(b) Coupling of form active and vector active systems/ trusses upon cable suspended beams

The longer length of an average sized brick kiln chamber is around 75m.

The long span system would act as a protective covering to the heart of the site i.e. the brick kiln.

(c) three hinged frame with restraining cables

The structural systems mentioned above - form active, vector active or hybrid, if made in metal (steel) can span upto 100m.

These systems are therefore viable for providing flexible spaces for various public functions.

Among the three mentioned systems, I would like to work with hybrid systems because of the interesting form and design possibility.

(d) cable supported beam grid

(d) central truss connected withlateral beam grid combination 20

LITERATURE STUDY | LONG SPAN STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

inference

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steel / flexible arrangement Steel has become a universal building product due to its strength, versatility, durability and economic value.

1. Flexible Designs Steel allows us to enjoy design flexibility and ensures that architects can introduce long spans and unique curves to the structural design while maintaining the functional aspect of the building.

The versatility of the metal allows for the inclusion of open, light and airy spaces in the design of a structure.

2. Time frame Flexibility Since steel buildings are quick to erect, the constraint of time is minimal. Frame, wall and roof made from steel can be erected quickly and easily, saving time and stress.

Off-site pre-fabrication ensures dimensional accuracy and on-site erection and fixing to be fast and simple.

3. Flexibility to Reuse and Relocate At times, designers use this flexibility for new projects with new look using old material. This not only saves cost, it also reduces impact on natural resources. reuse of an existing form as required

4. Flexibility to Expand When you erect a metal building today, you have the benefit of cost efficiency, design flexibility, and the predictability of on-time construction deadlines.

Tomorrow, benefits continue with minimal maintenance requirements. In the future, as you need change, the building is comparatively easy to expand and update.

inference modular steel construction project by Jindal steel and power in Delhi

21

Buildings using steel as structure systems offer both unique and conventional styling. Due to its long span and architectural flexibility, it can accomodate multiple functions like food courts and retail activity.

LITERATURE STUDY | LONG SPAN STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Innovative arched large span structure

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4. Roof coverings / To understand various roofing materials in combination with steel structures /

solar panels Solar Energy is a plentiful, reliable and renewable energy source and is also the cleanest type of energy known to man since it is pollution free and contributes to the reduction of a country’s carbon emissions.

Solar energy for commercial buildings is a clear choice as rooftop solar power can meet up to 20% of an office building’s electricity requirements in India.

In-roof solar panels - photovoltaic tiles that sit within the plane of the roof system - have been developed as an alternative to the more traditional on-roof systems.

Solar Tiles The primary difference between them lies in their assembly: whereas photovoltaic panels are attached to an existing roof, solar tiles are part of the roof's construction from the start, taking the place of regular tiling.

Advantages of integrated solar systems

solar panels installed on a space truss

1. Cohesive design Integrated solar tiles are more visually appealing than on-roof systems. They look like a planned part of the structure, rather than having been tacked on as an afterthought.

2. Increased safety Since in-roof solar tiles are fixed to rafters and battens, there are no gaps for wind to get underneath and so they are extremely secure.

3. Faster and cheaper installation Because roof-integrated solar panels act as a roof covering, fewer roof tiles are required, speeding up installation times and reducing costs.

inference solar tiles - an integrated roofing solution

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LITERATURE STUDY | ROOF COVERINGS

Solar panels will form a major energy source for the project. Also, solar panels will be used as roof covering in some places to make the project sustainably viable.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

solar panels or photovoltaic panels as roof covering

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glass

Reichstag dome, Berlin Parliament is a glass dome providing a view of the interior of the cupola. The cupola, symbolic of rebirth, drives the building’s natural lighting and ventilation strategies.

Instead of traditional roofing materials such as clay tiles or concrete, one can install glass or other clear materials to invite natural light into the interiors.

What are the pros and cons of using glass roofing ?

Pros · It increases the natural light and ventilation indoors. · It’s an eco-friendly alternative compared to air-conditioning to regulate the temperature in a space.

Cons

A glass roof allowing natural light to enter an atrium space

· Although it helps with ventilation, one cannot control the temperature or light that comes in through skylights. · Skylights need to be cleaned regularly to keep them dust-free and clean. · If it isn’t installed properly, glass roof brings with it the risk of leakage when it rains.

inference Given the Indian climatic conditions, the following points should be kept in mind:

The glass skin that covers the entire great hall is a 478-ton steel structure, which supports 315 tons of glass. It creates the largest enclosed public space in Europe.

1. Since sunlight entering through the transparent roof can heat up the room, it’s vital to choose a glass sheet that has low emissivity. Laminated safety glass is the best type of glass for skylights.

2. Another option for fixed glass roofs is installing fabric shades to control the amount of light that enters the room and to protect it from getting overheated.

3. Ideally, if the design permits, the transparent roofing should be openable so that it can let the trapped heat out and cool down the interiors.

A glass roof covering on a long span structure with openable members to let out the trapped heat 23

LITERATURE STUDY | ROOF COVERINGS

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

· It improves the aesthetics of a space.

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sheets Roofing materials not only contribute to the drainage and protect the lower layers from solar radiation and wear, but also have an important aesthetic function.

Polycarbonate roofing on long span structure

The roof covering should be determined by the type of roofing, the location of the project, and its future maintenance.

2. Acrylic For a clear panel, acrylic is the better option, whereas if one is looking for a material that is impact-resistant, then polycarbonate is the ideal solution.

Acrylic roofing in combination with trusses

Zinc metal roofing

3. Metal roofing sheets The roofing sheets made of metal usually comprise Zinc, Aluminium, Copper and Tin. They can be customized to create rooftops varying on the basis of their price, durability, style, energy efficiency, longevity and aesthetic value.

4. Plastic roofing sheets These sheets are the least preferred option for roofing applications in most places in the country.

As they are less durable than other types of roofing sheets, they are mainly used as garden sheds or for covering temporary structures.

Trending There has been a considerable rise in the quality of clip-on systems, fasteners, trimmings and hardware fixings to make roofing structures.

Tiles and shingles are trending too; thereby making fibreglass and metal roof an important part of commercial setups in India.

inference

Plastic roofing over a cycle shed

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LITERATURE STUDY | ROOF COVERINGS

For skylights in domes and vaults, polycarbonate sheets will be used due to their flexible nature. To further cut down cost, plastic sheets can be used as roof covering over spaces like cycle sheds.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

1. Polycarbonate It weighs less than even half the weight of glass, meaning it is easy to carry and transport (hassle-free installation) and is known for its flexibility that can help make various different forms like curved designs and domes.

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5. Architectural Language / To enhance the experience for the urban crowd by familiarising them with the historical art and architectural elements /

historical influence Lying across the route of overland incursion into India, Haryana has experienced many conquests over the millennia.

The impact on traditional architecture of seventeenth century by Mughals was powerful.

Arches, jaalis, jharokas, mouldings, cornices, cladding, etc. were easy to create due to the small shape and slim size of lakhori bricks.

Several famous structures of Mughal India, are made of lakhori bricks, including 1. fort palaces (such as Red Fort), 2. pavilions, temples and gurudwaras (such as in Maharaja Patiala's Bahadurgarh Fort), 3. bridges (such as Mughal bridge at Karnal), Left- A railway bridge constructed with brick Right- Kos minar (milestone) BHARJA

4. Kos minar road-side milestones (such as at Palwal along Grand Trunk Road) and other structures.

Due to Mughal influence, columns made in sandstone, were carved in motifs inspired from the Mughal style.

inference The unique arches made with Lakhori bricks have no visible capstone. These arches can be replicated to reflect the language of Haryanvi architecture.

Bridges made with brick can be used as pedestrian pathways.

Kos minars can be used as guiding landmarks and focal points.

Columns made in sandstone with motifs and carved petals of lotus and acanthus 25

LITERATURE STUDY | ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

The motifs and carvings on the columns would be an eye catching elements.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

structure made in Lakhori bricks / arches - typical elements of Mughal Architecture

Lakhori bricks or Badshahi bricks or Kakaiya bricks, are flat thin red colored burnt clay bricks, that became increasingly popular element mainly because these bricks were used to construct typical elements of Mughal architecture.

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vernacular features The chaukbands (a house with a central courtyard) of Haryana, has thick brick walls (400-500 mm) with a high-density thermal mass and serves as an ideal heatbalancing device.

The hierarchical positions of courtyard, veranda and inner spaces, influenced from Mughal buildings provide an organization of activities in relation to climate.

A central courtyard provides and controls daylight and regulates the movement of air inside the house.

Typical spatial organisation with a central courtyard to regulate natural light and ventilation.

These small courtyards will form a part of the design and will be used for public gatherings and as food courts reflecting the rich culture of rural areas.

Pucca burnt bricks - by virtue of their porous quality - help in balancing humidity during monsoons.

The dwelling form also maintains a cordial relationship with the neighbouring dwellings.

The projecting ‘Chajja’ locally known as bharja, provides space for guests to move around and plays a vital role in building up the character of the street.

The chajja also acts as a shading device for rooms on first floor.

inference A series of small courtyards would form a part of the planning process in order to regulate the winds and provide ample light in the complex. These courtyards will also act as focal points to meet.

Brick as a construction material would not only be aesthetically pleasing but would also be a climate responsive material.

Chajjas would be an essential element for providing character to the internal spaces reflecting the architecture of Haryana.

The intricately carved chajjas can be an interesting element in the design of open spaces.

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LITERATURE STUDY | ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

A roof with a wooden beam structure gives adequate insulation from direct solar radiation.

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visual features The Vedas, the most ancient manuscripts of the Vedic religion, stem from the area that is now known as Haryana.

4th century CE The Mughal empire was different, and art reached its zenith during this time. Jahangir was a patron of art, and during his reign the influence of the Persian painting style was happily married to the Indian style.

15th century CE

1100 B CE During Harsha’s reign art and painting received special attention for some time as the king himself was a painter of sorts. After his death, painting flourished under the Rajputs, but the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate put an end to this.

7th century CE Painters decorated temples with with landscapes, dances, hunting expeditions, wrestling bouts, birds, bees, and love scenes.

Lord Krishna was a big hit in the villages – walls, doors, windows all bore his likeness with the Mughal and Kangra styles merging with the Rajput style.

Women folk preparing for the king’s welcome

The Asthal Bohar paintings are also in the Rajput style, and their influence can be seen even in the Shiva temples in Panchkula and Pinjore.

18th century CE

The technique used in the making of wall-paintings was mainly Fresco secco technique, where a mixture of pigment (obtained from herbs) and water was applied on the freshly plastered surface of the wall .

Blue colour or neel - Neelbari Green colour - harbhata or hiramzi Red - lead oxide Ochre - geru Orange - kesar Yellow colour - turmeric.

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LITERATURE STUDY | ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

inference The traditional fresco secco technique will be used extensively for wall painting over plastered walls.

It would add colours and texture to the space and reflect the skill and artistic values ofthe people of Haryana.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Discoveries of earthen ware and designs painted on them in black and white in Siswal district in Haryana are the first impressions of art in this state.

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6. Earth contamination / To understand the factors responsible for land degradation and choose appropriate measures for remediation /

Brick kilns as brownfields Brownfields are abandoned or underused industrial and commercial facilities with the potential for re-use.

Obsoletion of technology and ending for demand of an industrial product causes closure of an industry leaving a brownfield.

Over the past few years, due to revised norms by NGT, a large number of traditional brick kilns are globally closing down in case they fail to adopt the new technology.

problems with brick kilns Data analysis on the brick fields reveal that a considerable amount of productive and potential agricultural lands have been given to brickfields.

Unfortunately, brick fields are mostly situated on river line fertile agricultural land, as it needs clayish, silty, and loamy soil with good texture.

Removal of fertile top soil for making bricks leaves the land infertile.

The negative impact of topsoil removal results in reduction in agricultural output and increases land degradation due to removal of topsoil cost of replacing the nutrients lost.

Release of harmful gases from the brick kilns to the environment alters the natural cycles which results in decreasing fertility and nutrients in soil.

During a study, soil, dust, and plant samples were collected from an agricultural area and heavy metal concentrations of Cr and other metals were found to reduce the water holding capacity of the soil.

inference

Brick kiln industry is a polluting industry and affects the productivity of the land, making it illegal excavation deteriorating land quality unfit for natural landscapes. It is not contaminated to the extent of abandonment.

Interventions can be done to introduce fresh vegetation, trees, shrubs and other landscape elements.

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LITERATURE STUDY | EARTH CONTAMINATION

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

an abandoned kiln site in Bagwali, Haryana

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remediation strategies

exisiting site condition

excavation

1. Excavation If soil is to be excavated, it will be replaced by clean soil. The backfilled clean soil is either soil from other sources or treated contaminated soil.

To help plants grow well, a layer of loam is added on top.

Excavation is a large project that will be expensive, noisy and there is risk of safety.

A stabilizer is applied on the site to avoid infiltration into underground water and a geotextile barrier is added to separate the contaminated layer with surface runoff. A layer of clean soil can be added on top of the barrier.

In this process, contaminants still exist on site and a lot of maintenance is required.

3. Phytoremediation If the soil is slightly contaminated but relatively safe for human beings, the soil can be kept on site and treated with phytoremediation.

phytoremediation

Plants have both remedial and aesthetic values.

Remediation can be done by planting appropriate vegetation.

inference Complete cleanup of the site is a very expensive, time consuming and at times, a risky process.

In the case of a brick kiln, where the concentration of contaminants as compared to other industries is relatively lower, phytoremediation is a possible solution.

Plants with remedial properties (like amla trees) can be used to improve the quality of land with time and also add to the aesthetical value of the site.

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LITERATURE STUDY | EARTH CONTAMINATION

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

encapsulation/stabilization

2. Encapsulation/Stabilization Keeping the contaminated soil on site is cheap, but the soil should be encapsulated.

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7. Landscaping / To understand various landscaping features for brownfields, which will enhance the microclimatic value and provide a better user experience /

Hard Landscaping The term "hardscape" refers to all of the non-living elements in landscaping, such as a brick patio, a stone wall, or a wooden arbor.

1. Hardscaping adds to the aesthetic beauty of the space.

2. Growing of grass is troublesome in some places due to poor condition of soil and hence hardscaping can be a solution in such places.

4. In hardscaping, much maintenance is not required as compared to other landscaping features.

1. Pavements Pavement in construction is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering used on sidewalks, road surfaces, patios, courtyards, etc.

Landscaping project by PENDA - A combination of hard and soft landscape adds texture to site

Paving materials include asphalt, concrete, stone such as flagstone, cobblestone, setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood.

Porous Pavements Porous pavements are a class of pavements structured to allow precipitation runoff to drain freely though the pavement surface and aggregate base.

Unit Pavers A unit paver is a paving stone, tile, brick or brick-like piece of concrete commonly used as exterior flooring.

They are applied by pouring a standard concrete foundation, spreading sand on top, and then laying the pavers in the desired pattern.

Pavers can be used to make roads, driveways, patios, walkways and other outdoor platforms.

Unit pavers- cobblestones and stone pavers

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LITERATURE STUDY | LANDSCAPING

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

3. Use of hardscaping materials like gravel instead of grass helps avoid the need for mowing, watering, fertilizing, etc.

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2. Site furniture a. Seating Depending on the site conditions like temperature, precipitation, seats can be made or metal, timber, bamboo, wicker, rope (hammock) and concrete.

Prototype shelter components

b. Gazebo A shelter or a gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal or turret shaped, often build in a park, garden or spacious public area.

3. Sculptures

4. Retaining Wall Bricks can be used establish a boundary or just to divide up the greens. They can also have function such as retaining a soil bank, raising a planting bed and provide a level site for patio.

Retaining walls as soil banks, can be used as seating

Stone is another lightweight, versatile, durable and affordable material.

5. Lighting For pedestrian areas, the light source should be relatively low to the ground while vehicular lights must have a greater height and must illuminate the road more uniformly.

inference Depending on the type of movement, suitable paving materials can be used to add interest to the flooring.

Since the chosen site is a brownfield and not fit for natural landscape, retaining walls of the required height can be constructed to create a soil bank.

This will not only help improve the aesthetical value of the site but also provide a better user experience and help create a microclimate i.e. cooler outdoor spaces for people to roam around comfortably.

Photo taken at Dilli Haat in the evening. The well lit space attracts the crowd even after sunset 31

LITERATURE STUDY | LANDSCAPING

A well lit space will not only be a safety feature but will help create a more lively space where people can come and experience the vibe of a marketplace and relax while having a meal.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Sculptures are representatives or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plastic. They provide a focal point and placed in selected positions can add that element of surprise with expression and bringing art to daily life.

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Soft Landscaping Softscape comprises the animate (living), horticultural elements of landscape design.

When the term soft landscaping is used it is often describing elements such as trees, shrubs, turf, mulch and soil.

Finding a balance with hard and soft landscaping elements in an outdoor space adds texture, character and structure.

Types of soft landscape

soft landscape enhances the beauty of a building

1. To provide shade in the parking and pedestrian areas.

2. To reduce solar radiations received by the buildings and to exercise glare control 3. To improve the micro-environmental value 4. To demarcate boundaries, guide the eye through the landscape and ergonomically directs traffic (either by foot or by vehicle) through an area.

Aesthetic value of trees 1. Trees can provide a contrasting and changing panorama of forms, textures and colours.

2. Trees can create pleasant sounds.

3. Trees can create wildlife attraction.

4. Trees can create unique patterns through reflections and shadows.

thoughtful landscape adds colours and textures creates interesting spaces

Trees with short root system Trees with extensive root systems like the neem tree need substantial soil space.

There are trees with small root systems that can be grown even in one or two ft soil spaces alongside compound walls.

Left - Champa Right - bottle brush

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LITERATURE STUDY | LANDSCAPING

A few examples of short root ornamental trees are 1. Gulmohar 2. Mahogany 3. Champa 4. Morpankhi 5. Fishtail Palm

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

1. Trees Functional value of trees

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Medicinal trees

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Kachnar

2. Shrubs A shrub is a woody plant that grows hardly up to four metre. It enhances the ornamental beauty of the place and acts as a wind and visual barrier.

A few medicinal shrubs/ herbs are Aloe vera Sadabahar Lemon grass Japanese mint 3. Groundcover Generally the term is used for all kind of grasses. They are used to reduce soil erosion and retain moisture while also providing colors and textures to the whole building.

Ashwagandha

inference Thoughtful soft landscape in combination with hard landscape can enhance the aesthetic value of the site.

Using appropriate trees, shrubs and herbs we can help improve the condition of the degraded land.

Since deep root plant systems are not possible on my site, I will make use of plants with a small root system in order to provide ample green cover on the site and consequently provide a positive experience to the users.

Sadabahar

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LITERATURE STUDY | LANDSCAPING

This project focuses on experiences for both urban and rural user.Hence different kind of landscapes will play an important part in the design.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Ashwagandha Kachnar Henna Gooseberry trees (amla) Lemon trees Pomegranate trees.

These trees that can be grown for their shade, fruits, flowers, or just to keep the natural ecosystem alive in the city.

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8. Standards / To study the general considerations during design in order to provide comfortable spaces for a better user experience /

General considerations in built environment

1) Pedestrian access into site; 2) Designated vehicular parking near the main Heights of various lighting fixtures - pedestrian and vehicular entrance; 3) Accessible path to the entrance; 4) Appropriate external/interior lighting; 5) Accessible external furniture (seats, bins, etc); 6) Suitable drop-off point near main entrance; 7) Reduced travelling distances; 8) Level entrances and exits; Heights for easy accesibility of bins 9) Simple and logical layouts; 10) Easy access to information desks, lifts and toilet compartments for disabled persons; 11) Spacious lifts; 12) Slip-resistant walking surfaces; 13) Wide door openings and easy door operation, sufficient space around doors that makes it possible to open and close them when seated in a wheelchair; Heights for convenient access for different activities 14) Good signage Ease of access 4.5 Access from Highways/Important Roads No premises other than highway amenities like petrol pumps, motels, etc, shall have an access direct from highways.

appropriate signages

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LITERATURE STUDY | STANDARDS

For all other buildings, the access to the plot from the highway shall be only through a service road/lane as per the stipulation of the highway authority.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

13.3.3 Key Accessibility Issues Entering, using and evacuating buildings should be safe and easy for individuals, families and groups which include persons with disabilities.

The main considerations are as follows:

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Open Spaces 8.1 Every room intended for human habitation shall abut on an interior or exterior open space or an open Verandah open to such interior or exterior open space.

In the case of buildings abutting on streets in the front, rear or sides, the open spaces provided shall be sufficient for the future widening of such streets. barrier free movement Movement in open spaces should be barrier free.

Unavoidable free standing posts or columns within access routes on pathways shall leave at least unobstructed walking width of 1000 mm and be clearly marked with visual indicators.

White lighting at average 35 to 40 lux is recommended to ensure colour contrast of tactile blocks and to ensure visibility at night to persons with low vision.

For up to 200 parking spaces, six designated accessible parking spaces shall be provided for differently abled.

Slip resistant materials to be used for pavements.

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LITERATURE STUDY | STANDARDS

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

8.1.1 The open spaces inside and around a building have essentially to cater for the lighting and ventilation requirements of the rooms abutting such open spaces.

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Community/ Recreational Spaces E-4.6 The use (to the extent possible) of locally available building materials and cost effective substitutes for scarce building materials should be deployed. Appropriate technology inputs shall be introduced for improving the local materials or conventional or traditional practices for improved efficiency.

E-4.7 The concept of aided self-help shall be ensured for active participation of the prospective users and association in the construction and development of dwelling units and other community building.

5.2 No recreational space shall generally be less than 450 m2.

5.2.2 In such recreational spaces, a single storeyed structure as pavilion or gymnasia up to 25 m2 in area may be permitted (excluded from FAR).

5.3 Each recreational area and the structure on it shall have an independent means of access.

Further, the building line shall be at least 3 m away from the boundary of recreational open space.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

E-4.9 Protecting and promoting our cultural heritage, architecture and traditional skills should be given due importance.

5.1.1 The community open spaces shall be provided catering to the needs of area of layout, population for which the layout is planned and the category of dwelling units.

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LITERATURE STUDY | STANDARDS

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commercial / retail commercial kitchens 12.3 Kitchen The height of a kitchen measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom slab) shall not be less than 2.75 m, except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the upper floor.

inference H of pedestrian lighting = 3.6m H of vehicular lighting = 10.2m unobstructed pathways = 1m (width) Parking for disabled = 6 Shopping area = 6000 sqm Food Court = 2000 sqm

layout of a cafe / bakery

37

LITERATURE STUDY | STANDARDS

layout of a clothing store

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

(a) Layout of a commercial kitchen

The storage is to be provided accordingly like cold storage, vegetable store, wine and beer store etc.

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9. Bye Laws / To study the applicable bye laws related to change of land use from industrial to commercial /

Haryana bye laws Government has taken a decision for not allowing the industrial units in the agriculture zone of Hyper/High Potential Zone.

No commercial Change of Land Use permissions for small commercial activities for Departmental Store, Cyber Café, Banquet Hall etc.

Government has recently approved the policy for the following activities: For Agriculture Zone along National Highway with provision of Service Road and Scheduled Roads Ground coverage Maximum - 30% site area = 9.6acres

30% i.e.

2.88 acres

It is pertinent to mention here that department grants 150% to 175% FAR for the commercial use in the Urbanizable Zone.

Maximum Height of the habitable area is 60 mtrs.

Three level basement is permitted for providing parking and services . No storage is allowed in the basement.

setback line - 4.5m Area of the site = 9.6 acres permissible ground coverage=30% =2.88 acres building setbacks = 4.5m (front), 4m (rear) Parking for 2.88 acres (11655 sqm) = 155

The minimum front setback is 4.5m and minimum rear setback is 4.

The parking norms are one car space for every 75 sq. mtrs covered area.

inference Area of site = 9.6 acres Ground coverage = 30% = 2.88 acres Setbacks 4.5m front, 4m rear Parking required = 155 According to NBC, disabled parking = 6

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LITERATURE STUDY | BYE LAWS

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

The map indicates the position of the site on the NH 7 abutting the main road.

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1. Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow

2. Visitors Centre, Auroville

/ prototype study / page 2

/ prototype study / page 8

formal and informal retail activity, layout of amphitheatre and exhibition space

formal retail, food court and factors responsible for footfall

3. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, China

4. India Habitat Centre, New Delhi

/ prototype study / page 13

/ case study / page 18

formal retail and flexible community / multipurpose space

amphitheatre, foodcourts and open landscaped spaces

5. Dilli Haat, INA, Delhi / case study / page 23 informal retail character and open food court

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PROTOTYPE AND CASE STUDY | STRUCTURE

Comparative Analysis page 26 To compare and analyze the chosen studies on various parameters

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Structure - Prototype and Case Study

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1. Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow / To study the planning layout and organic evolution of the crafts centre from the commercial, cultural, social and leisurely interactions of people /

about Awadh Shilpgram is a 20 acre site designed by Archohm design team.

It accommodates around 200 craft shops, of which some are air conditioned (from around the region and beyond), alongside craft courts for hosting workshops, an amphitheatre, an exhibition hall and a a view of the awadh shilpgram food court.

SITE

The site is in a rapidly developing area of Uttar Pradesh region's capital city.

Charan singh international airport (11.8km) Charbagh railway station (13.3 km) Transport nagar metro station (10.6 km) Awadh shilpgram 2 bus stand (3.3 km)

location and context of the site

validity The aim was to provide local craftspeople with a place where they can share ideas, teach, learn and sell their work directly to customers.

Major cities like Kannauj, Khurja, Bhadohi, Moradabad, Varanasi and Firozabad each with distinct handicrafts, makes it a relevant place to host a socio-cultural institution as the Awadh elliptical form of the shilpgram and the streets showing the Shilpgram. character of the Lucknowi markets

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

proximity

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form and concept Form An elliptical form - enables a smooth corner-free circulation.

The ellipse narrows down while spiralling inward, and emulates the density and vibrancy of traditional Lucknowi bazaars, which have streets that get progressively narrower.

The architecture of urban bazaars works on a scheme of a mélange- paces and experiences that are controlled and enhanced through architectural forms and materiality.

Planning concept Traffic from all arteries lead to a congestion point at a certain point- marked with red dot.

Idea was to give visitors a certain path and a certain point to lead to. For that, An elliptical form was adopted which enables a smooth corner-free circulation. traffic concentration by virtue of elliptical form

materials 1. Perforated stone jaali screens traditionally used to channel cool air into the rooms of Indian buildings are incorporated into the steel frames.

2. The main buildings are clad with red Agra sandstone that helps to unify their diverse forms and functions and act as cooling agent.

3. Glass used for the shop front.

4. The double-height arches, which allow entry to the circulation space at ground-floor level for vast open feel.

cladding with red Agra sandstone 41

PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

streets that get progressively narrower

Concept Intended to form a collage of shapes and materials that references the chaotic composition of the urban bazaars found throughout the region.

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site planning Public entry

VIP, Service Entry

1. Entrance Court 2. Admin, indoor kids zone and service block 3. A.C. Shops 4. Craft Shops 5. Platform Shops 6. Dorm and Amphitheatre

7. Sitting 8. Food street 9. Craft courts 10. Food Court 11. Water body 12. Exhibition hall 13. Outdoor dining 14. Service courtyard 15. Sunken plaza 16. Outdoor kids zone 17. Parking 18. Service block 19. Open banquet 20. Green area 21. DG and Transformers 22. Banquet 23. Garbage dump and common washing area 24. Handicap Parking

Entry for banquet and multipurpose hall

Accessibility Entry/exits for 1. Public (north west side) 2.VIP and service (west side) 3. Banquet and multipurpose hall (south east side)

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

Parking Analysis No. of cars-1000 No. of two wheelers- 2000 No. of handicapped parking- 12 No. of service trucks- 04

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Legend

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

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architectural features The built environment is an interpretative collage, a gesture saluting the unique traditional architecture of the Roomi Darwaza and the Imambaras.

The double height nature lets one experience the grand feeling of arches like in the Buland Darwaza at Agra.

The zig-zag form of jaali arches is derived by modifying the basic lines of traditional mughal arches from which one can pass through in the corridors.

Some main features are elaborated further:

Being an important architectural element of the architecture of the city of Lucknow, is introduced as a skin to the inner face of the buildings, but is given a make-over in a contemporary style with continuous access beneath it.

Each arch allows entry into the corridor at the ground-floor level.

2. Perforated stone jali screens Traditionally used to channel cool air into the rooms of Indian buildings are incorporated into the steel frames of the double-height arches, which allow entry to the circulation space at ground-floor level.

The intricate patterns carved into the jalis are based on traditional Chikan kari embroidery. jaalis with chikankari pattern Terraces formed by the craft court

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Narrow galleries on 1st floor

PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

1.The arch

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landscaping Grass-roofed arches and planted terraces bring nature into this modern bazaar in India.

To balance the paved surfaces, the architects added large amounts of landscaping, from the green space that hugs the outer rim of the spiral to the planted terraces in the amphitheater and the grass-covered arched workshop spaces.

Pros 1. Proper natural ventilation and inlets for natural light.

2. Solar street lights are provided throughout the entire site to reduce the energy consumption.

4. Seating provided for visitors to observe working craftsmen.

5. Completely eco-friendly with no use of chemical paints.

6. Good landscaping with well thought green areas+ buzz streets.

Cons 1. Lack of seating space under shading 2. Narrow space for gallery on 1st floor.

3. Insecure play area for kids on 1st floor.

4. Lack of proper signage boards along with suitable plans.

5. Less spaces for drinking water.

6. Less room space due to elliptical plan of building.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | AWADH SHILPGRAM, LUCKNOW

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

inferences

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2. Visitors Centre, Auroville / To study how local climate, materials and building skills influence design. The use of arches, domes and vaults to limit the use of concrete /

about Auroville's Visitor's centre is a reception and information centre for the hundreds often thousands - of tourists and visitors coming here daily.

On normal days around 2,000 visitors visit per day and over 10,000 visitors during holidays and weekend.

program The project was started in 1988 and continues to grow; they keep adding more spaces and facilities to the centre as Auroville develops.

Today it houses 2 large exhibition space that have interactive exhibitions There is an audio-visual room to view short documentaries on the various activities within Auroville There are 3 boutiques cum exhibition spaces for all the handicrafts that are produced within Auroville 2 cafeterias that also sell the organic products from the Auroville farms.

Along with all these facilities, we have galleries, book shops, open air walk through expo on green technologies and plant nurseries.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | VISITORS CENTRE, AUROVILLE

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

It is a popular and pleasant complex specifically designed for tourists from all over the world and has become well-known for its architecture and energy-saving construction materials.

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planning layout kiosk toilets entrance

exhibition hall kalki boutique

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

video hall

book shop mira boutique

auro boutique

cafe and sitout

video hall exhibition hall

mira boutique

cafe and sitout

kiosk

book shop

toilets

kalki boutique entrance

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | VISITORS CENTRE, AUROVILLE

auro boutique

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design principles “When one uses minimum steel and concrete and stabilised compressed blocks, one goes back to the age old solutions of arches, vault and domes.

We have tried using these features to give a more contemporary interpretation, with an eye to achieve maximum floor space.

The building follows the same principles as a beam and column structure, except that the beams are arches and the columns are brick pillars.

Adapted from an article by Anupama Kundoo, Architect, Auroville / Published in 'Indian Architect & Builder', December 1991

Salient features Integrated site planning for effective management of surface and roof run-off to recharge the aquifer.

Landscaping with indigenous “tropical deciduous evergreen forest” – reduced water needs.

Urban agriculture to grow fruits.

Solid waste management with segregation / recycling / composting and wind mill for water pumping.

Solar passive design; natural ventilation / lighting / solar chimneys.

Energy efficient fixtures for lighting and appliances.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | VISITORS CENTRE, AUROVILLE

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

This way, we could have flexibility in the floor plan, large openings and maximum usable floor space”.

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construction techniques and materials A 4m grid using load-bearing pillars and arched or corbelled openings was made with stabilised compressed earth blocks to reduce costs.

Solar, wind and biomass energy, water management and recycling techniques, mud and ferrocement technology, and reclamation and afforestation were all integrated in the process.

It was felt the resulting sequence of arcaded and semi-covered spaces would give a clear sense of direction to people.

A composite type of foundation in stabilised mud mortar was used.

The use of fired bricks was eliminated and locally mined rough granite blocks were used instead. This foundation was cheaper and less time consuming than the conventional fired brick foundation, and most of it could be done using unskilled labour.

The excavations for pillar foundations were always made up to the clay and gravel strata, which varied between 75cm and 120cm below ground level.

The plinth surface was evened with a normal cement plaster bed and then given a primer of bitumen and kerosene followed by a layer of hot bitumen as a damp-proof course and anti-termite barrier.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | VISITORS CENTRE, AUROVILLE

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Stabilised soil blocks for domes and prefabricated ferrocement channels were considered as the best solution to roofing.

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inferences 1. Earth and locally produced bricks are a vernacular element and add to the sustainibility factor.

2. The production of the building components like arches, vaults and domes requires a lot of semi skilled labour.

3. Since the local people are involved in the entire process - from production to construction - there is a very strong sense of community ownership among them.

Very bold architectural vocabulary Locals take pride.

5. Thermal comfort and quality of spaces is in general more comfortable and provides a very unique experience.

6. The environmental costs are much lower.

7. Regular maintenance and organization is required.

8. The ratio of built to open with a scattered layout and thoughtful landscaping elements provide a very strong character.

9. Due to its unique character, there is a heavy influx of tourist which aids the local economy of Auroville.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | VISITORS CENTRE, AUROVILLE

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

4. The technology and methodology is easily adaptable and transferable.

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3. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, China / To study the reuse possibility of a brick kiln in terms of function and form /

about Located in the village of Zhujiadian, where more than ten kilns were used for the production of Jinzhuan—Gold Bricks—for the Forbidden City, the architects write the city bears an unforgettable history.

An architecture firm based in China renovated and converted an old brick making factory into the Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum and a B$B.

program The B&B is also a school to teach how to build a B&B. These new buildings are located in front of the Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum.

As part of the museum, there are shops, a cafe and a workshop space.

The biggest modification to the kiln building is the terrace to the lake where people can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Changbai Lake.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | ZHUJIADIAN BRICK KILN MUSEUM, CHINA

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

With the degradation of traditional technology, people lookout outside the village to find work, and soon there weren’t enough workers to fire the kilns.

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concept So, when the point works, it can attract people to comprehend the history of Bricks and create opportunities for villagers such as shops, a café or a small inn.

According to the situations, a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering, suggest a conception about “Micro intervention”, which uses an intervention point to change the whole village.

Therefore, they chose an abandoned factory in the west of the village as the intervention point, for a brick museum followed by the development of a B&b for promoting cultural tourism.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

2.

1.

open courts overlooking the 1. Brick kiln museum lake Parking space

1. Brick kiln Museum 2. B&B site

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | ZHUJIADIAN BRICK KILN MUSEUM, CHINA

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design development 1. The existing structure of kiln factory To renovate the factory, an idea about “Safety core” was proposed, which can keep the old appearance of the brick factory.

1. 3 safety cores

We just put 3 cores on the upper floor inside the factory to replace the old structures, which is an exciting and daring idea.

To reduce the weight of roofs, we design a new product named transparent tile, which is very light.

3. Roof with transparent tile + clay tile

Plan of the Brick Kiln Museum

Furthermore, the new tiles can simulate the scene when we see the interior variegated space in this building at the first glance.

Inside the new building, we adopt module design methods.

All the floor blocks, furnish blocks, metal blocks and equipment blocks can be exchanged to offer deferent kinds of space in a small rural building. And now, the users change the function almost every month.

new addition steel staircase

viewing terrace

existing ramp of kiln

To protect the old descents where workers carried coals and water into the upper floor, we designed new steel stairs with independent basement which did no influence to the old. On the stairs, the old ramps can be seen clearly.

Section of the Brick Kiln Museum

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | ZHUJIADIAN BRICK KILN MUSEUM, CHINA

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Between the cores, two reflected boxes are designed to accommodate restrooms and equipment.

2. 2 cores to accomodate restroom

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planning features Newly built B&B structure This B&B project is also a school to teach how to build a B&B. These new buildings locate in front of the Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum.

A branch of Changbai Late lays between the B&B and the museum, where the bricks can be shipped to anywhere along the water.

From the opposite side, we image a beautiful view of water town to south of the Yangtze River.

As a school，it can inform the villagers that with the modem technology houses conform to the traditional buildings and can also be built according to the contemporary lifestyle.

There are 4 yards, each is made up with 3 rooms. The guests can order rooms one by one or just choose 1 yard.

In every yard there is a dining room, where visitors can meeting friends or have a party.

Plan of the B&B

To reduce the load of the houses, they customized the metal tiles, which are lighter than clay tiles.

Longitudinal Section

Shorter Section

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | ZHUJIADIAN BRICK KILN MUSEUM, CHINA

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

We regard the water as a river, where are quays, terraces and houses with white walls, black tiles and square windows.

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To keep the rural life, we use the grass mud wall on the ground floor and bamboo block walls on the upper floor. All these methods show how to build a house harmless to nature.

From the side of Changbai Late, or from the side of village bus stop, various facades can be seen. It is a cross point of traditional appearance and modern life, which we try to find.

It is a B&B with ports, yards and streets, where we can return to the original condition of the country life, the water life and the poetic life.

1. The main kiln building has been provided a modern and formal character while maintaining the rawness and rustic nature of the existing structure.

2. The flexible use of spaces on the upper floor allows it to be used as a multipurpose space and might maintain the functionality even in the long run.

3. The use of transparent roofing in combination with normal clay tiles creates interesting shadows in the interior and brings in sufficient amount of natural light.

4. The site has been segregated on the basis of various activity zones but is visually Integrated.

5. The B&B is a later addition to the site. It attracts the passers by who can stay there for a short time and get to learn about the rich culture of the village and the history of brick making.

6. The materials used in the B&B go very well with the context and almost merge with nature. The huge terraces let the users enjoy the openness of rural life and enjoy the view of Changbai lake.

7. Users can come here to relax and take a break from the chaos of city life.

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PROTOTYPE STUDY | ZHUJIADIAN BRICK KILN MUSEUM, CHINA

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

inferences

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4. India Habitat Centre, New Delhi / To study long span structure, various landscaping features, open spaces and detailing of various brick elements /

about India Habitat Centre (IHC) was conceived to provide a physical environment, which would serve as a catalyst for a synergetic relationship between individuals and institutions working in diverse habitat related areas.

Spread over nine acres amidst beautifully landscaped environment at the Capital's finest location, India Habitat Centre was designed and conceived as an ideal physical environment in complete harmony with the habitat.

program IHC is programmed as a moderately dense complex with institutional and office work spaces, conference and library facilities, including a diverse range of facilities for the members.

1. 40,000 sqm of office accomodation 2. conference rooms, cafeteria, restaurants and private dining rooms can handle around 1500 people at a time.

3. 420 capacity auditorium, 250 capacity amphitheatre.

4. Parking for 933 cars and 2000 two wheelers 5. 25% of total area goes into landscaped courts 6. 700 sqm. of exhibition space 7. 60 guest rooms, 5 suites, 5 service apartments.

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CASE STUDY | INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

It is perhaps most successful as a work of urban design, a place that handles transportation and an enormous variety of public and private activities, and wonderful outdoor spaces that are comfortable even in summer.

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spatial organization The habitat centre is organized as a series of four to seven storey blocks around linked shaded courtyards. The built forms are grouped around climate tempered courts, shaded by overhead sunscreens and are enlivened by vertical gardens.

Spaces are segregated on the basis of their publicness. All areas which are expected to experience large and regular inflow of public have been placed close to the entrances.

Given the heat of the Indian summer, many of the exterior spaces are shaded by delicate blue patio covers, casting intricate shadows and further blurring the distinction between inside and out.

This sunshade provided between two buildings in court helps maintain a comfortable environment and has a cooling effect.

The building is planned in such a way that maximum part of the floor enjoys sunlight.

landscaping Vertical Gardens Vertical gardens give a feeling of being near to the nature even when you are above the ground level.

These vertical gardens are a very important part of Joseph Allen stein’s designing aspect.

These gardens being created at different levels creates a cool atmosphere make you feel cooler inside the campus even when it is hot outside.

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CASE STUDY | INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

long span structure - space frame

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Climbers spread over the whole campus.

They make the whole lush green campus a very eco-friendly construction.

Brackets are used at different places on the walls to complete the composition. The brackets are covered with tiles and with the change of the space the color of the tiles also changes.

Vertical gardens are created over these brackets. These are also termed as planter boxes.

Sculptures Stein has used sculptures at many places to complete the architectural vocabulary of the whole unbuilt spaces.

All the sculptures that are present there are based on some theme.

Sit outs Different kind of sit out is provided at different places. All the sit outs are very finely detailed out and relate with the place where they are made.

Water Bodies Addition of various kinds of water bodies relieves one from the surrounding heat and creates a soothing atmosphere.

amphitheatre In classical antiquity in Greece, open air amphitheatres were used for entertainment, performances and many other cultural activities.

At IHC, the amphitheatre is an unconventional space used for cultural activities such as music, theatre, talks, poetry reading, documentary screenings, art competitions and other events.

The amphitheatre has a capacity of 250 people.

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CASE STUDY | INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

All the sculptures are depicting something and they add to the beauty of whole ambience.

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Material detailing at IHC India habitat centre is basically a concrete structure standing and over it cladding is done of brick, tiles and stones.

The pattern and size of brick differ very much. At different spaces there is different course of brick present.

Courses vary from one block to another as well as on the different sides of a same block also.

Jali work made in harmonious composition Stein’s use of jaali is one of the most characteristic features of his Indian work.

These jaali concepts have been taken from the mughal style.

Jaalis are used in places where less heat and light is required like dining area for convention centre and there it provides shade in summer and welcomes the winter sun.

He respects the traditional architecture when he uses traditional elements like jaalis to filter in light, provided an acoustical screen and at the same time gives protection from the harsh summer climate.

Flooring Stein has thought of the paved area very intricately.He has worked very finely on the sizes of the tiles that are used in paved areas.

The pattern that he has created with these tiles is so expressive that it itself guide an observer to his destination.

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CASE STUDY | INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

At spaces cladding is also done with stones

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inferences Pros 1. Just when you walk from one space to another, the whole scenario changes with the brick cladding turning into stone cladding. This changes the whole skyline and gives a very different kind of feeling to the viewer while being in the same space.

3. A lot of attention has been paid to the detailing of materials like the flooring, jaalis and the varying brick patterns on the facade. This adds a lot of character to the space and lends it a more humanising scale.

4. The space truss creates interesting shadows throughout the day and keeps the open areas shaded keeping the space cooler than the actual temperature.

5. The green courtyards and water features further enhance this experience creating a micro climate, consequently facilitating outdoor activity.

6. The retaining wall of the landscaped soil banks has been used as a seating space throughout the complex.

7. In all, the material palette, landscaping, attention to detail and the addition of a space truss creates a very unique ambience and act as tools for placemaking.

Cons There is limited engagement between the office workers and the activity in the courtyard due to the height of the blocks and horizontal orientation of windows.

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CASE STUDY | INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

2. Each courtyard/ open space is connected through ramps making the entire complex disabled friendly.

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5. Dilli Haat, INA, Delhi / To study the spatial configuration, extensive use of brick in various forms and landscaping features /

about Transforming left over spaces within contemporary urban environments into better, safer and valuable public spaces remains a continuous challenge.

Evolved from an open left over space with storm water drain, garbage dump and a line of some vegetation, Dilli Haat has emerged as an active and engaging public space with an over growing demand and high footfalls.

program As a result the spatial program includes an entrance plaza, raised to block vehicular access and bring a new spatial identity for pedestrian circulation and ticketing services for entry to Dilli Haat.

It is followed by a linear spine of movement flanked by stalls on both sides in cluster patterns showcasing the local and the regional crafts of India.

To transform Dilli Haat into a successful public experience, the food plazas and a performance arena culminate this spatial journey.

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CASE STUDY | DILLI HAAT, INA, NEW DELHI

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Dilli Haat is a unique example of urban transformation of a left over space in New Delhi.

circulation

landscaping

From the entrance to the end of the complex, the circulation is entirely pedestrian.

Soft Landscape The landscape of the area incorporates colorful flowering shrubs and trees thus the entire complex is in harmony with the environment.

By the use of ramps and steps, lots of levels have been created to define activity zones.

Circulation in front of the permanent shops is through a verandah with a covered arcade 1.5m wide.

The spaces also get varied character because the plaza changes from a large entrance area to an oblong open space.

2 service entrances have been provided on the periphery.

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CASE STUDY | DILLI HAAT, INA, NEW DELHI

The verandah of shops have creepers put in tendrils.

The vegetation at delhi haat includes gulmohar, pine, Neem, plumeria, eucalyptus and Bombay ebony.

Hard Landscape The hard landscape comprises of kota stone and cobblestone flooring.

In some areas, brick flooring in herringbone pattern gives a very raw and village like vibe to the place.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

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Marble has been used on surfaces used for seating purpose.

Other notable features Brick arches The permanent stalls are made up of masonary walls and timber roof structure.

The front of each shop has an arched opening.

The counters of some stalls have also been made out of brick.

inferences

Pros 1. The site lies very close to institutional and residential buildings which is a major reason for the footfall.

2. The used of materials for flooring gives a very raw feeling to the space.

3. The food courts which serve dishes of various states, attract a lot of young crowd. Every stall has a different type of seating and shading element.

4. Appropriate lighting makes the space feel secure even after sunset. A lot of people come late in the evening to enjoy the vibe.

Cons 5. There is not enough parking space considering the heavy footfall. It varies from 3000 on weekdays to 7000 on weekends.

6. There is not enough space for seating in front of the stage meant for holding events.

7. The provision of drinking water has been provided but it is very close to the toilets.

8. The number of ramps are very less and at far distances. The complex is not entirely disabled friendly.

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CASE STUDY / DILLI HAAT, INA, NEW DELHI

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

To cut down on the cost of roofing, bamboo sheets have been used as roofing material.

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Comparative Analysis / To compare and analyse the chosen case studies on various parameters /

1. Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow

2. Visitors Centre, Auroville

3. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum, China

4. India Habitat Centre, New Delhi

5. Dilli Haat, INA, Delhi

1. Area

20 acre

3 acre

3 acre

9 acre

6 acre

2. Climate

Warm and temperate

Hot and Humid

Warm and Temperate

Subtropical

Subtropical

3. Typology

Cultural centre, museum

Community centre, educational

Museum, B&B - cultural tourism

Mixed use, offices, assembly building

Commercial, informal market, community

B&B- grass mud wall and bamboo block wall + metal tiles and clay tiles for roofing

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

common column and locally produced bricks Museum- existing brick Column and beam brick pillars, steel frame beam structure with for pillars (columns) kiln structure+steel structure, steel girders with bamboo or timber roof brick infill and arches (beams) structure to support skybridges

4. Structure

5. Materials

Red sandstone, steel, stone, glass

Stabilised soil blocks, Red bricks, stone, glass bricks, stone, ceramic mud mortar, and white plastered tiles ferrocement walls

brick, kota stone, red sandstone, bamboo

6. Character

Monumental (Mughal influence), traditional, geometric

Organic, peaceful, vernacular, minimal

Informal, organic, village like, lively, chaotic

7. Light and ventilation

open and porous

through arched openings, open

8. Thermal comfort

outside - not enough extensive landscaping shaded space and materials balance inside - perforated jaalis the heat - comfortable and stone cool down the interior

9. Sustainability

passive techniques used, solar street lights

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local materials, solar power and passive techniques, self sufficient

Modern with a touch of traditional, peaceful, formal

Formal, organized, modern, lively

limited openings, huge open courtyards for terrace to bring in light, limited openings enough light in office blocks

open and porous layout

Shaded corridors and Materials used for Space truss with food courts, construction maintain sunshades keeps the comfort inside, no courtyards shaded, gazebos to take shelter from heat. shaded structures water elements and outside landscaping help create microclimate use of sustainable materials

PROTOTYPE AND CASE STUDY | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

solar energy, landscaping microclimate

locally sourced materials, reuse of degraded land

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1. Location Since the brick kiln industry is a polluting industry, it is usually located on the periphery of a rural or an urban area away from the residential settlements.

Chandigarh Panchkula

The site is located in Baagwali, Haryana in the district Panchkula.

40 min

Derabassi

The total geographical area of the village is 310 hectares ( 766 acres ) and has a total population of 1,289 people.

NH7 35 min

Site

Rajpura

Naraingarh

It lies on the NH7 which begins from Punjab and ends in Uttrakhand.

41 min

64 min

Ambala

The map shows the proximity of major cities around the site and the travel time from the respective areas.

It experiences traffic of religious tourists travelling to Kedarnath, Badrinath, Gangotri and Yamunotri.

Other tourists travelling to Nainital, Dehradun, Mussoorie and other hill stations of Uttrakhand will also take this route.

Proximity The site is located in close proximity to major cities as stated Location | distance | travel time | population

Chandigarh| 51km | 56 min | 11,48,000 Ambala| 32 km | 41 min | 12,12,186 Naraingarh| 17 km | 22 min | 1,32,359 Derabassi| 32 km | 35 min | 2,41,780 Rajpura| 55 km | 55 min | 1,89,399 Within a 15 min drive from the site, there are a few villages namely

The area in purple demarcates the site boundary

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SITE ANALYSIS | LOCATION

1. Kakkarmajra | 7 km | 7 min | 3246 2. Rampur | 12 km| 14 min | 1121 3. Bichpari | 8 km | 11 min | 6032 4. Samanwa | 9 km | 14 min | 436 5. Bagwala| 5 km | 11 min | 891 6. Golpura | 11 km | 12 min | 861

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

56 min

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inferences 1. The locational characteristic of the site can be used to the advantage of this project.

unique architectural character

2. Since this is a developing area, there is no local architectural character of this place.

employment oppurtunities leading to economical and infrastructual development

4. This will consequently boost the infrastructural and economical growth of the region by creating employment for the people of neighbouring villages (mentioned above) located within a radius of 3km.

5. Based on the population census, the site is expected to get major footfall of the youth population.

6. The site will cater to about 1000 - 1200 users per day.

Major footfall from neighbouring cities and villages. Young population expected to dominate

7. It would be important to understand the lifestyles and occupation of people to understand the expected footfall.

8. Since there are industries like Bharat Bricks, which manufacture building/ construction materials, display areas will be provided for them to showcase their product range.

display areas for the industries in the vicinity 66

SITE ANALYSIS | LOCATION

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

3. The intervention will therefore act as a catalyst and provide a unique character to the region.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

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Steel industry 67

SITE ANALYSIS | CONTEXT

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2. Context 1. Agricultural land The brick kilns in this region have been set up in the middle of agricultural fields.

This land is taken on lease and the fertile soil is used up as raw material for the production of bricks.

2. Surrounding kilns

2

On a stretch of 1km (starting from my site), there are about 10-12 kilns on both the sides of the highway, out of which 5 are defunct.

3

3. Barren land The surroundings are mostly characterised by barren land because after utilising the topsoil of the agricultural fields, the degraded land is left under developed or simply abandoned.

4. Industries 1. Poultry farm 2. Inflame appliances 3. Steel industry There are other industries in close proximity to the site, which manufacture construction materials like bricks, lime and steel.

Site Access The site is accessible through a kachha road which is 7ft wide and can be accessed through the 30 feet wide road.

Dimensions The site has an area of 9.6 acres i.e.

38,850 sqm.

Steel industry 68

SITE ANALYSIS | CONTEXT

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

1

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The TheBrick BrickKiln Kiln- an - anadaptive adaptivereuse reuse

Poultry Farm

Agricultural fields

Barren Land Working Kiln

69

SITE ANALYSIS | CONTEXT

Steel industry

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3. Existing Kiln

The kiln is at a walkable distance of 200m from the NH7 road.

202

203

The Brick Kiln structure on the site was functioning for 4 years i.e. from 2010-2014 and has been abandoned since then.

The brick walls of the kiln are 10ft high with punctures on all sides.

6 15

The chimney is 60 feet high.

A

B

204

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Key Plan

On the west, there is a staircase leading to the top of the 10ft high wall.

The kiln occupies a total area of 1,166 sqm. on the site.

inferences The existing kiln will act as a focal point for the site and a point of termination for the visitors since it is the heart of the project.

The chimney will act like a visual element and a landmark for the site due to its height.

The existing structure will also decide the scale of the built up mass.

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SITE ANALYSIS | EXISITING KILN

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

There is a structure of steel trusses on the top of the kiln.

GSPub

RIZUL GUPTA | 32/16 2.7

6.8

2.6

10.2

2.7

3.9

2.7

punctures in the wall

3.6

2.5

11.9

3.7

8.7

A 2.4

1.1

1.5

2.5

B

4.8

2.8

4.9

4.9

4.9

2.7

7.0 1.9

3.6 4.9 44.1

2.4

6.1 4.6

9.8

2.6

10.3

2.6

3.4

2.5

a

5.8

6.9

22.6

4.9

4.9

4.3

4.8

2.5

7.6

1.1

4.8

2.6

4.9

4.9

2.6

9.6

2.5

2.5

4.6

4.9

6.1

4.8

1.6

4.9

3.6

4.9

2.6

7.6

B

2.7 4.1

21.5

2.6

7.4

3.0

2

4.5

5.6 4.5

15 risers landing 27X27 cm

6.3

5.5

12.3

3m high, 2.5m thick brick wall

3.0

6.1

steel truss structure

60 ft high chimney

18.2

steps leading to top of the 10 ft high wall

0.0.100.100

6.1

1

Plan ( as documented)

Elevation 1

3.0

6.1

steel truss structure

Elevation 2

The inside structure with arches on the walls acts as an exhaust system for a working kiln.

This is connected to the chimney through an underground pipeline.

Elevation a All dimensions are in metre 71

SITE ANALYSIS | EXISITING KILN

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

52.7

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Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

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72

SITE ANALYSIS | EXISITING KILN

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4. Ecology / Climate Climate Temporary structures for the labour

Existing trees on site

Most of the year, the climate of Haryana is of a pronounced continental character, very hot in summer and markedly cold in winter. In between are the pleasant months of spring.

The rainfall in the region is low and erratic except in parts of Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala Districts.

The maximum rainfall is 216 cms and the minimum rainfall ranges from 25 to 38 cms.

wild bushes and plants on the site

Orientation Wind direction Northwest - Southeast

Ecology A row of eucalyptus trees is planted along the NH7 on both sides.

Trees along NH7

There are 4 trees present on the site with wild bushes growing everywhere.

inferences Since there is not much landscaping on the site, a combination of hard and soft landscaping will be provided to enhance the existing condition and consequently the user experience.

The site experiences strong winds.

Terraces will be provided in suitable directions.

Meandering pathways will be provided to allow winter winds in the complex.

Existing trees on site

73

SITE ANALYSIS | ECOLOGY / CLIMATE

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Access from the secondary road

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5. Topography Site Profile NOTE - The levels mentioned here are in reference to the sea level.

Direc

tion o

f drain

LVL + 313m

age

LVL + 312m LVL + 311m LVL + 310m LVL + 309.5m LVL + 309m

Slope Road Level LVL + 313m

LVL + 308.5m LVL + 309m LVL + 309.5m LVL + 310m

LVL+310m

The site has a gentle slope.

There is a gentle dip around the existing structure average slope - 1.3% maximum slope - 4.4%

LVL + 311m

Elevation LVL + 312m LVL + 312m

LVL + 313m

LVL + 311m

LVL + 312m

74

SITE ANALYSIS | TOPOGRAPHY

Total elevation - 4.5m LVL + 310m

Drainage The maximum slope i.e. the direction of drainage is towards the highway.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

LVL + 308.5m

2

3

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1

4

Poultry Farm

Agricultural fields

Road Level LVL + 313m

2

3

1

4

Barren Land

Working Kiln Chimney

Trees along NH7

Brick kiln

Poultry farm

Section 1 Chimney

Trees along NH7

Brick kiln

Poultry farm

Section 2

Poultry farm

Chimney

Trees along NH7

Brick kiln

Section 3 Chimney Trees along NH7 Steel industry

Brick kiln

Section 4

75

SITE ANALYSIS | TOPOGRAPHY

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Steel industry

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6. Development Norms Haryana bye laws According to NBC, for a plot on the National Highway, access must be provided through a service road.

Maximum ground coverage - 30%

site area = 9.6acres

It is pertinent to mention here that department grants 150% to 175% FAR for the commercial use in the Urbanizable Zone.

Maximum Height of the habitable area is 60 mtrs.

Three level basement is permitted for providing parking and services.

The minimum front setback is 4.5m and minimum rear setback is 4.

setback line - 4.5m 60 m

The parking norms are one car space for every 75 sq. mtrs covered area.

For up to 200 parking spaces, six designated accessible parking spaces shall be provided for differently abled.

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

30% ground coverage i.e. 2.88 acres

ECS for surface parking - 25 sqm.

ECS for basement parking - 35 sqm.

inference

18.3 m

A service road will be provided to allow access from the National Highway.

Permissible covered area = 30% = 2.88 acres or 11,655 sqm.

Height of chimney and permissible height - an idea of proportions

Parking required = 155 out of which 6 will be designated parking spaces for differently abled.

Area required for surface parking = 3,875 sqm.

76

SITE ANALYSIS | DEVELOPMENT NORMS

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Learnings In order to understand the need of functions and the working of the programme, various case studies and prototype studies were done which included the Awadh Shilpgram, Visitor’s centre at Auroville and a museum/B&B in China.

It further aided the understanding of certain fundamentals and elements which can enhance the experience of a user and assist the overall process of placemaking.

Considering the location of the chosen site, a survey was conducted in order to get an opinion of the expected user group. calm quality time good food

destination oriented (leisure time)

greens shopping

relaxing

dynamic evening activities

contruction related guidance

hangout

interactive

fun stressfree

music, dance

openness

out of the normal

Expected user group

more if worthy

upto 60 minutes

What sort of activities / environment would you enjoy ?

more than 5 hours

an hour

upto 90 minutes upto 30 minutes

How much time would you spare on travel to enjoy a day trip with friends and family

77

PROGRAM | LEARNINGS

upto 5 hours

2-3 hours

In a given environment, how much time would you be willing to spend in order to get away from the regular ......

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

people travelling on the highway

healthy

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Area Statement A

Function

No. of NBC standards ( sqm ) units

Source

Areas provided (sqm)

Reasons for change

Highway complex QSR ATM

4 1

Retail

3

Toilets

10

Case study - 2 6

NBC 5.5.7

50 6

Case study - 2

12 Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

As per case study As per standard As per case study Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

Total Circulation B

200 6

25

management and organization 1

Souvenir shop

1

11

Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates Case study - 2 Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates

As per standard

11

First point of information and discussion

50

As per case study

50

Retail outlet, exhibiting the history and character

5.5

As per standard

5.5

easily accessible

5.5

As per standard

5.5

3.5

As per standard

3.5

36

As per standard

36

22

As per standard

22

36

As per standard

36

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

5

Manager's office 1

5.5

Director's office

1

5.5

Accountant

1

3.5

Staff working area

1

36

Meeting room

1

22

Break room, pantry

1

36

2

Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

Ministry of Urban Development, Directorate of Estates

Total Circulation Retail

a

Informal market street

Quick service restaurant and small scale retail cafetarias and fast food chains

266 40

Reception / information

C

Experiential character

36

Administration

Toilet

124.5 18 Formal / informal shopping

Handicraft Stalls 30

Toilets

6

Drinking water

1

Service area

1

Ministry of Housing and 6 Urban Affairs 4.4 Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2 on public and 0.67 community toilets 6

Case study - 5 25-50%

Total

78

Total area (sqm)

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Sr. No.

PROGRAM | AREA STATEMENT

Ernst_Neufert_Architect s data

6

As per standard Larger than specified - to accomodate basins As per case study As per standard

180

Providing the character of rural bazaars

12

6 90 288

To get energy in the hot weather

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30

Toilets

6

Drinking Water

1

Service area

1

100

Ernst_Neufert_Architect 100 s data

Ernst_Neufert_Architect 30 s data Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets 10

Case study - 5 25-50%

6

Ernst_Neufert_Architect s data

As per standard

1000

An organised retail for nearby industries to showcase their product range

As per standard

300

For various high end brands

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins As per case study As per standard

Total Total area for retail Circulation

15

6 500 1820 2100 210

D

Food courts

a

Cafetarias

1

Dining area for 250 people

1

Preparation area 1

Relaxation zone Grab a snack and a cup of coffee 1.2/P 45 ( 15% of total area)

Ernst_Neufert_Architect 300 s data Ernst_Neufert_Architect 45 s data

As per standard

300

As per standard

45

Services Pantry Store room

1 1

Staff room

1

Public toilets

2

2

25-50% of total Ernst_Neufert_Architect area s data 10 10 25 25 Ministry of Urban Development, 36 36 Directorate of Estates Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

As per standard

36

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

5

Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

5

10 25

Total b

425 Dining experience inside the massive kiln

Restaurant

1

Kitchen

1

165 ( 15% of total area)

Ernst_Neufert_Architect 165 s data

As per standard

165

Dining area closed

1

1100

Area of the brick kiln as 1100 documented

As documented

1100

Dining area open

1

250

-

Service area Storage

3

Staff area

1

Staff toilets

2

Public toilets

4

250

25-50% of total Ernst_Neufert_Architect area s data 9 27 Ministry of Urban Development, 36 36 Directorate of Estates Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

Total

79

enjoy the view of the kiln

sitout space to enjoy the meal and the views

Spill out

Staff toilets

To get energy in the hot weather

PROGRAM | AREA STATEMENT

250

27 As per standard Larger than specified - to accomodate basins Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

36

5

10 1600

dine inside the old brick kiln with its original raw character To enjoy the view of the kiln from outside

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

b

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15

Public toilets

6

Common area

-

Ministry of Housing and 6 Urban Affairs 4.4 Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2 on public and 0.67 community toilets 6

-

-

-

As per standard

90

As per standard

12

thoughtfully designed public services

-

-

for the people to sit and enjoy the meals

Total Total area for food courts Circulation E

102 2130 315

Community Multipurpose hall 4 50 people

1.2/P

Ernst_Neufert_Architect 2 sq.m. Due to Covid, s data /P more spacious

Toilets

2

Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets

Pavilion

1

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

60 5,500 + Parking and services Background management 1 1

Security room ATM

50 200

50 200

Ministry of Urban Development, 11 Directorate of Estates 6 NBC 5.5.7 6 Ministry of Urban Development, 36 36 Directorate of Estates Ministry of Housing and 0.9 X 1.2 Urban Affairs (Advisory Urinals - 0.55 X 2.5 on public and 0.67 community toilets 11

1

Workers' area

Toilets

2

As per standard

11

As per standard

6

As per standard

36

Larger than specified - to accomodate basins

5

Total Circulation G

5

400

Total built up area Services Electrical room Water treatment

400

300 30

Nodes

Essential event spaces common focal points spread throughout the site

Courtyards Landscaped gardens Amphitheatre H

Parking Service Parking Visitor's Parking Total area for parking

Places of interaction A modular/ flexible space to hold events like birthday parties

For exhibits, playing zones and informal meetings

Total area for community Circulation

F

Enjoy the openness and clean air Steet food character like the redi - walas in villages

for relaxation of mind for music / folk dances and other events

1

11 155

3.5 X 7.5 28

NBC Part 3 - 10.7 NBC Part 3 -10.3

290 28

As per standard As per standard

290 4,340 4680

Note - The areas mentioned above are the minimum areas according to certain standards and are subject to change according to further design requirements.

Permissible Ground coverage - 30% i.e. 2.88 acres or 11,655 sq.m.

Achieved ground coverage - 5,500 sq.m.

Height limit - 60m F.A.R. - 1.75 which implies that upto 6 storeys can be constructed 80

PROGRAM | AREA STATEMENT

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

c

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User Pattern User 1|Zone 1

User 2|Zone 2

User 3|Zone 3

User 4|Zone 4

User 5|Zone 5 User 2 - Building material / retail users

User 1 - Highway Complex users spaces to showcase building materials, artisan shops.

Zone 1 - Highway complex users | travellers on NH7, rural, urban

Zone 2 - Building material, retail users | rural, urban, architects, vendors User 4 - Informal market users

User 3 - Retail, community hall users

communal activities for urban / rural people to hold small scale events Zone 3 - community hall users | urban, rural

informal retail and food placed along the contours near an intended O.A.T. Zone 4 - Informal market users | urban, rural

User 5 - Complete experience users

Zone 1

agricultural fields

poultry farm

Zone 2

Zone 3

Brick Kiln set deep on site acting as the focal point

Zone 4

steel industry

Zone 5 - Complete experience of Kiln users

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81

DESIGN CRITERIA

barren land

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Zone placed in the NW to block view of the poultry farm

zone placed close to the NH7 for ease of access, QSR and public facilities

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Sun/Wind Pattern agricultural fields

poultry farm

Winter winds trees planted in the NW to block the chilling winds Winter winds bigger masses to prevent strong winter winds Summer winds bigger built masses to block the summer winds

Shaded region suitable for open air activities

barren land GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

Summer winds trees planted in the SE to block the hot and dry loo (summer winds)

Program Pattern

poultry farm agricultural fields Zone 2 Building material showrooms Zone 4 Informal retail, artisan shops, food street

Zone 1 QSR and food courts Zone 1 highway retail facilities Zone 3 cafetaria Zone 3 multipurpose hall Zone 4 restaurant / food court

steel industry barren land

82

DESIGN CRITERIA

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

steel industry

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Circulation Pattern Exit Vehicular Circulation vehicular movement restricted to zone 1

poultry farm

NH7 30 feet wide road used as access to the site

Major Axis axis governing circulation

Entry agricultural

Service road existing 7 feet wide road used as service road

Pedestrian Circulation pedestrian pathways connecting the zone 2, zone 3 and zone 4, leading to The Brick Kiln steel industry

barren land

Parking Pattern

poultry farm

Zone 1 30 minutes - 1 hour

Zone 2 | 2 - 3 hours, Zone 4 | 4 - 5 hours

agricultural

Zone 3 | 3 - 4 hours, Zone 4 | 4 - 5 hours

fields

steel industry

barren land 83

DESIGN CRITERIA

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Avenue to provide a clear view of The Brick kiln

fields

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Landscaping Pattern Shape of the site due to the shape of site, this acute angled corner becomes good for landscaping

poultry farm

Gulmohar trees to catch the eye of the passers by Existing row of trees along NH7

North, West edges To block the smell from the poultry farm and avoid undesirable views Jacaranda - ornamental trees Mango trees to agricultural bring in a native character and fields provide shade

Amaltas - medicinal properties can treat soil

Existing trees on site

Ficus on the avenue because they can be trained according to requirement steel industry barren land

Service Pattern circulation paths drainage pattern water supply pattern

poultry farm

Maximum slope (Direction of surface runoff) Rainwater harvesting system

agricultural fields

Service Road services for food courts and retail

Direction of drainage arrows indicating surface runoff

steel industry

barren land GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

84

DESIGN CRITERIA

Service Area rear part of the site, inaccessible

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

East edge To block the view of the industry and block the summer winds

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Truthfulness

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Concept

Elements designed to achieve truthfulness to site, material, user and community

85

CONCEPT | INTRODUCTION

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Adaptive reuse is the process of recycling abandoned structures. The best is preserved in the project and by developing it in a modern and usable way, one can give a fresh useful purpose to the structure. It may be called sustainability at its best.

With the belief that change is constant, vacant properties that are a burden on communities should be repurposed and used as an opportunity.

Before 2010 once an agricultural land

2010 - 2014 Land taken over to make Brick kiln and increase profit

2014 - 2020 Land left abandoned due to obsoletion of technology

Present day Intended reuse of the land to prevent wastage

Timeline of Land use

As adaptive reuse focuses on building communities and enriching neighborhoods, this project will be a truthfully designed space to provide exciting experiences for the users.

A truthful experience!

Therefore, every design decision will be guided by 1. Truthfulness to Site by Reinterpretation of the kiln and minimum interventions 2. Truthfulness to material by the celebration of Brick 3. Truthfulness to user by creating exhilarating experiential spaces 4. Truthfulness to the community by the integration of rural and urban

86

CONCEPT | INTRODUCTION

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

In this case, “The Brick Kiln” is the womb of the most used material BRICK. A space where thousands of bricks are fired and become a resource to build structures that fulfill the dreams of many.

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Avenue wide walkway leading to The Brick Kiln and providing direct, clear views of the structure

Entrance

Exit

Zone 2 Building material users i.e. architects, vendors and buyers. A place to showcase various materials Zone 4 Informal market area with a food street to create a rural experience and encourage local artists and artisans to participate

Zone 1 Highway complex users to use public amenities like toilets and quick service restaurants

Zone 3 Community hall users for small events like birthday parties. A flexible space for a gathering of 50 - 200 people with closed, semi open and open areas Zone 5 Complete experience of The Brick Kiln.

Dining area inside the kiln would be a very exciting experience for both the urban and rural users 87

CONCEPT | ZONING

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Public Plaza Various public plazas acting as meeting and activity points.

Parking provided at comfortable distances from all zones

RIZUL GUPTA | 32/16

Zoning

EXIT

Highway complex Public plaza Vehicular pathway

Zone 2,3 parking

Zone 1 parking

Building material showrooms Cafetaria

Organic pedestrian pathways Public plaza

Admin

Informal retail and food courts

Zone 3,4 parking Public plaza Community hall

Avenue leading to the Kiln Public plaza

Brick Kiln experience

Gulmohar trees Jacaranda trees

Mango trees Amaltas trees

Highway complex Building material showrooms

88

CONCEPT | ZONING

Informal market area

Brick kiln experience

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

ENTRANCE

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1. Dismantle the existing roof Due to the poor condition of the existing roof, it must be dismantled

Thick walls to create a walkway for people to experience The Brick Kiln

2. Remaining structure The remaining structure - 2.4m - 2.7m thick outer walls of the kiln, the inner solid chamber, chimney

enclosed structure to create an accessible garden

voids leading to the interior of the kiln - used as a dining area

3. Walkways and Gardens using the thick walls of the kiln to create public spaces and break down the huge solid mass by creating green spaces

4. New Roof covering creating a see - through covering to protect the kiln and let the users have a clear view of the site and the surroundings 89

CONCEPT | REINTERPRETATION OF THE BRICK KILN

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

Reinterpretation of The Brick Kiln

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5. Reimagining the Chimney used as the focal point and landmark for the site.

6. Creating avenues and vistas to draw attention to The Brick Kiln structure and provide clear views.

7. Organically developed shaded paths built masses placed along the contours to reduce the costs of cutting and filling developing oraganic walkways covered with pergolas to ensure comfortable temperature for the visitors.

90

CONCEPT | REINTERPRETATION OF THE BRICK KILN

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

Providing activities like wall climbing, slides for all age groups, observation platforms it will become a hotspot for the site.

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CONCLUDING STATEMENTS....

1. Achieved the rural - urban interaction - an important aspect of urban edge development.

2. Creating a landmark reinterpretation of the kiln.

on

NH

7

by

The chimney rises above the horizon and the rotating sphere on it will become a milestone and an eye-catcher for people travelling on the highway.

The brick vault roof form on the kiln in contrast to the existing context of The Brick Kiln rises above in an effort to touch the heights and makes a strong impression on the mind.

3. Celebrated Brick As this project was an adaptive reuse of The Brick Kiln, it was but natural to make creative use of humankind’s one of the oldest building material.

Vaults, arches, domes, bonds, jaalis, corbelling, flooring and columns were manipulated to create an architectural style that did justice to this versatile building material.

91

CONCLUSIONS

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

The market street, showrooms, food courts, street food, handicraft retail, community centre and Open-Air theatre provides a platform to generate a rural-urban mutual exchange system of sevices.

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4. Improved quality of land As the brick kiln’s nature is to destroy the land, it was imperative to repair the soil for sustainabililty and stretching a hand towards nature.

5. Retained most of the structure of The Brick Kiln Truthfulness of the structure of the brick kiln was maintained on the periphery, retaining even the partially broken walls making it a design element.

Some modifications inside the structure were made to incorporate kitchens.

6. Integrated Haryana

architectural

language

of

Recognizing the wish of every common man to become modern and rise above his current status, modern innovations of the architectural language of Haryana was created.

Laser shows depicting the culture of Haryana on the vaulted roofs will become a major attraction making the local communities proud.

92

CONCLUSIONS

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

A very important lesson learnt in covid times.

Medicinal trees were planted throughout the complex and ornamental trees with short root systems like ficus were planted in soil banks.

This repairing process takes about 7 years to restore the land to its original state.

Chandigarh College of Architecture | BArch Thesis 2021

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REFERENCES 1. LAURIE BAKER | Life, Works and Writings by Gautam Bhatia 2. Structure systems with a preface by Ralph Rapson 3. Auroville Architecture | towards new forms for a new consciousness 4. A Pattern Language | Towns . Buildings . Construction 5. Trees of Chandigarh by Chhatar Singh, Harjit Singh Dhillon and Rajnish Wattas 6. The timeless way of building by Christopher Alexanders

1. Technical Notes 30 - Bonds and Patterns in Brickwork [March 1999] 2. BARREL-VAULTED ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IMPERIAL KILN MUSEUM [February 24, 2021] 3. BRICK KILN FOLK INN & MUSEUM | Divisare 4. Revival of Earthen Architecture: Auroville | RTF Journal 5. Zhujiadian Brick Kiln Museum / Land-Based Rationalism D-R-C | Archdaily 6. Icons: Laurie Baker by Anamika Butalia 7. Roofing Guide: 26 Types of Tiles, Sheets and Membranes to Cover Architectural Projects Written by 8. Fabian Dejtiar | Translated by José Tomás Franco 9. How Does Photovoltaic Energy Work? Written by Eduardo Souza 10. Solar Design: How Architecture and Energy Come Together Written by Eric Baldwin 11. MANUAL OF COST CUTS FOR STRONG ACCEPTABLE HOUSING - LAURIE BAKER (1999) 12. The Shallow Masonry Domes – Alternative Traditions in Roofing Systems, by Hunnarshala Foundation 13. FLOWERING TREES & SHRUBS IN INDIA by D.V. Cowen 14. https://www.indiahabitat.org/page?view=aboutihc Image Sources 1. Archdaily 2. Designboom 3. Divisare 4. Dezeen 5. Architizer

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Brick Kiln - an adaptive reuse

BIBLIOGRAPHY