+The People's House

the people’s

HOUSE PERFORMATIVE PRACTICE FOR ARCHITECTS OF EQUITY

A MANIFESTO by rizal ambotang P1

CONTENT

04.Architecture is a fallacy / 10.Social Architecture / 14. Case Study 1 / 18.

Social sustainability / 24. Case Study 04 2/ 28. Social Responsibility / 28. Case Study 3/ 28. Social capital / 28. Case Study 4/ 28. Case Study 5/ 28. Nine Tenets of Performative Practice/ 28. Conclusion / 28.

References | Notes | Photo credits

01

CaseStudy

10

CaseStudy

14

10

CaseStudy

16

CaseStudy

20

CaseStudy

16

Conclusion

28

14

24

20

References Notes Photo Credits

28

28

P3

Lack of social inclusion in architectural practice

1

Architecture is a

fallacy !

“I believe the first test of a truly great man is in his humility” — john ruskin

The role of architecture and architectural practice as an agent of social change has been diluted by commercialisation, the rise of digital technology, globalisation and mass production which absolves the profession from its social obligation. Architecture now is more about commercial image and economic benefits than about spaces and functions. Architects have reached a stratospheric pedestal which subjugates the need of the masses and only serves the select few and the privileged, with beauty and aesthetics, but condemns the remainder to banal design, undeserving of the architect’s attention.

Contemporary architecture thrives on creating spectacle and high drama and as a result, architects become “celebrities”, while their buildings are regarded as pop icons due to overexposure, through traditional media and the internet. The buildings are accepted because of they are popular, yet serve little purpose to the inhabitants and its surroundings.

Buildings and urban masterplans are now icons the power and influence of corporation and patrons.

P5

starchitecture in media

2

fallacy !

Architecture is a

3

The contemporary phenomenon of “starchitecture” may have enhanced the profile of certain architects. However, architecture itself has failed to become the tool for social change. Will the contemporary phenomenon of ‘starchitecture”, reflect the excess and decadence of today’s society which parallels Ruskin’s idea of Gothic architecture representing the superior morals of the period?

P7

98% of what gets b 4

built today is

SHIT - Frank Gehry

P9

“art of the people for the people”

5 The failure of architecture to respond to social needs is a recurring theme. Architecture was affected by the new technology and mechanization during the first Industrial revolution. During such time there are critics such as William Morris who was concern about the impact of industrialization on artistic standards.

He believed the change contributed to social and moral decline1 and that architecture should be “art of the people for the people”2 instead catering only for the privileged few.

fallacy !

Architecture is a

“I do not want art for a few, any more than education for a few, or freedom for a few.”

— william morris

In the twentieth century, Claude Schnaidt in his 1967 lecture at the Hamburg Academy of Fine Art, raised the issue of modern architecture as

“confusion and injustice”

3

Architecture of that period was a struggle between commercialism (serving the select few) and social aspiration, which produced the idea of minimum dwelling and urban conglomeration, as a criticism of the capitalist society4.

P11

INEQUALIT Y The rise of digital revolution in the twentieth century has changed architecture and its practice again.

Unlike previous times, it’s characterized by complexity, diversity and rapidity of change.

Innovations in robotics, artificial intelligence, material science, 3D printing and the ubiquity of connected devices, they are now changing architecture in a more pervasive way.

There is no historical precedent to this change according to Klaus Schwab, the Founder of World Economic Forum 5.

These advances are accompanied by inequality. The rise of digital technology contributes to the digital gap, with problems which include wage and wealth inequalities and underemployment. In light of this massive upheaval in the socioeconomic environment, the role of architecture and its profession is in dire need of relevance and to act as a positive agent of change in society and the environment.

Therefore, architecture needs to be in the forefront of the fight for social equity and sustainability in order to regain its moral obligation.

This conclusion is in accord with Wilson’s claim of that architectural practice is socially inclusive, fulfilling the needs of all stakeholders; patrons, users and community 6.

6

Yas Island Marina Circuit , Abu Dhabi, UAE

7

Rio Favela, urban slum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

P13

Social architecture, social sustainability and equity.

8

accessibility

=

Traditional architectural practice is built on a fee-forservice operating model which predominantly serves wealthy patrons and those with power. Social architecture however, according to Cuff, defies the traditional model of single authorship related to creative design to fulfil the need of the patron7 . She contends that

BAMBÚ SOCIAL, a project to build sustainable social housing in Nicaragua. The bamboo model house was built by local studenbt and craftmen using local resources mainly, bamboo. http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/ project.php?id=468

“the production of places is a social process” 8, and involves communal participation. With the digital technology and the internet, architectural practice can be inclusive by reaching the masses directly, as part of the design process. Equally, be accessible to the masses, without being exclusive to the select few. This process establishes the relationship between architecture and social equity through accessibility.

=

social equity

P15

philanthropy & universal access

equality

acc

9

CASE STUDY

“connect -tivity is human right�

ssibility

— mark zuckerberg

With the digital technology and the internet, architectural practice can be inclusive by reaching the masses directly, as part of the design process. Architecture must also take advantage of efforts such as social philanthropy of Internet.org by Mark Zuckerberg/Facebook. com and by AHumanRight.com to bring universal access to the masses. Such efforts acknowledge the empowerment of internet as an agent of social change.

10

Architecture can mirror or jointly participate in such efforts by completing the universal access to internet with open source architecture resources to enable social projects such as affordable housing, homeless shelters and schools. By giving access to the open source resources, it will empower those below the poverty line and rural areas to change their life for the better. This can truly establish the relationship between architecture and social equity through accessibility.

11

12

P17

social sustainability in the context of architectural practice, according to the Berkeley group, combines the design of the built environment, with the emphasis in creating the spaces for the inhabitants which can

enable social interactions to function as a community. The design and infrastructure must support social and cultural life, community engagement and opportunity for the space and community to evolve9. Thus the relationship between architecture, social sustainability and equity are intrinsically linked together.

The Abu Hindi Primary School is a rehabilitation project of a primary school in the Bedouin camp of Wadi Abu Hindi in Occupied Palestinian Territory. An international cooperation project between an NGO and the community to build a school in a political tension zone that is climate sensitive. The project requires simple construction with minimal cost and using unskilled local labour.

The social responsibility of architects is partially the belief that architecture can create functional spaces which are more habitable for the community. Although architects cannot directly solve major problems such as health, economy, education or even homelessness, architects can

influence social conditions and raise public awareness of critical social and environmental issues.

13

Homelessness Affordable housing Classless public spaces Schools

P19

internet.org starchitect & social sustainability

14

CASE STUDY

MVRDV &

social agenda MVRVD reinvent affordable housing though heterogeneity while making affordable high quality homes for the masses. Innovative approach in varying typologies allows for diversity in demographic creating a true village like environment with integrated public spaces and garden. House designs are inherently flexible for future expansion10.

Architects can have social agenda while pursuing designs for the select fews.

P21

SOCIAL

15

RESPONSIBILITY mHS, a social enterprise working for homeless in India began the 100 Shelter Project to provide shelters for homeless families in New Delhi. They created innovative tent design using local materia l and can be easily assemble. A group of multidisciplinary members works together with NGOs to create socially inclusive cities.

Architects can make a difference by incorporating social and environmental aspects in their design of habitable spaces, or may choose to participate in a non-profit organization which supports social causes.

However, architects can make a greater impact by establishing a formal effort and contribute a portion of their time, to performative practice that focuses on local grassroots community efforts, in solving local spatial problems such as homelessness, affordable housing for the masses and the democratization of public spaces.

16

P23

sustainable wikihouse social housing internet.org starchitect & social justice

ARCHI Quinta Monroy Social Housing Project - Incremental housing Alejandro Aravena, a Pritzker Prize Laureates, in 2016 Venice Architecture Biennale, put forward a range of issues which architecture is expected to respond to; social, political, economical and environmental influences. Architects as creative problem-solver, according to Aravena, should not separate “creativity, intuition, expression and poetry� from social function. Aravena criticized starchitects that impress the public with their designs without specifically knowing what those designs are for. He also criticized architects as being overwhelmed by the reality of contemporary environment which they can only criticize with no action taken.

17

CALLS FOR

CASE STUDY

TECT

of equity 18

19

Aravena, in his Quinta Monroy social housing project, introduces he idea of “incremental housing�. The design offers flexible design that grows organically with family affordability. The homes were transformed from low cost housing to a more desirable homes over time.

20

Villa Verde incremental housing.

ACTION

P25

SOCIAL

“ netw ” The concept of a networked performative practice shares the idea of the OECD’s definition of social capital. It’s defined as:

21

together wi norms, va understandi facilitate co within or groups 11

Reclaiming Heritage (Fundación Recupera Herencia), a global collective team focuses on using reclaimed building material for a sensitive post-disaster reconstruction.

CAPITAL With internet and digital technology, a unit of performative practice can act and implement local social initiatives and have a global reach in resources and expertise. Similarly, if many architectural practices were to adopt performative practice, they could become part of larger network of global virtual practices. In a virtual community of socially-responsible architects, they would share the same values creating a virtual bond with a common

w o r k s ith shared

alues and ings that o-operation r among objective and cooperate intellectually or economically in social oriented projects.

The Silicon Valley’s start-up culture is a prime example of social capital which provide the bond that facilitate cooperation and knowledge exchange.

Such endeavour instigates proliferation of design innovations12 which performative practice can emulate.

This may appear to be utopian, but the internet technology and its collaborative nature has empowered many other organizations to scale up to the global reach from the web of smaller virtual presences.

P27 // SECTION NAME

internet.org open source architecture Paperhouses, using the open source platform publishes free downloadable blueprints for the masses. It brings together top-tier architects around th world working together with a network of building partners for reduced bulk pricing construction.

22

Sporaachitects - The Folk House - Paperhouses LLC - Open source house plan

CASE STUDY

23

25

24

Through his idea of an open source construction kit, the Wiki House, Alastair Parvin aspires making architecture accessible to the general population. Open source project like the Wiki House demonstrate the democritization of architecture which go against the stereotypical 20th century architecture of big buildings for big clients.

By using internet and digital technology (3D printer and CNC machine) couple with opensource software, archit ects can complete the last mile by offering open source designs. The design team is no longer just architects but everyone that contribute to the open-source environment.

P29

wikihouse internet.org sustainable social housing

26

Permutation of different designs and expansion possibllity over time.

CASE STUDY

27

Tatiana Bilbao, a young architect, reinvent the concept of social housing for her home country, Mexico. The design offers different but flexible material selection for future expansion and adaptable to different contexts. Design allows for future expansion of family and affordability over time.

P31

PERFORMATIVE PRACTICE a social architecture in practise

28

// SECTION NAME

Architect Francis KĂŠrĂŠ work with LafargeHolcim Foundation to build a secondary school in Gando, Burkina Faso using a revived traditional building methods and materials which are combined with contemporary building technologies.

0.1 To undertake the design of socially sustainable architecture, a redefinition of the traditional architectural practice it is necessary to adapt and to take advantage of the new medium of internet and digital technology, as well as aligning the motivation towards social and environmental causes.

P33

Digital

Web

29

1 A performative practice operates virtually with the use of the internet and web technology. It’s an extension of a traditional architectural practice, as a mean to express the corporate philanthropy and to fulfil its moral obligation to society.

P35

Design Context

Alvaro Siza’s prime example on how he reconciled his careful deisgn with the context .Leça Swimming Pools was built on the Leça de Palmeira beaches situated on the northern coastline of Matosinhos, a small town to the north of Porto, as well as Siza’s birthplace.

30

31

2 Leça Swimming Pools / Alvaro Siza

A performative practice

is defined as an architectural practice which focuses on the relationship between the design and its context (the environment).

This relationship not only covers the environmental performance, but also the cultural, historical and distinctive local “character” of the place; genius loci or the “spirit of place” 13. The data is collected, correlated and analysed. This is an ongoing feedback loop which begins with the community and returns to the community.

P37

Consensus

32

3 A performative practice

will use the consensus design approach which empowers the community to participate in the design process. Through the collaborative and participatory engagement of the internet, consensus design take account of to everyone’s contribution, which promotes social fairness in projects14. While architects look at the larger issues of a project, the community provides day-to-day experience, creating a bond of mutual respect and trust between stakeholders.

P39

Enablers

MADWORKSHOP has collaborated with the University of Southern California School of Architecture (USC) to establish the MADWORKSHOP Homeless Studio.

The coursework explores the architect’s role in helping to solve the Los Angeles homeless crisis.

33

4 A performative practice

enables community members to be involved in the solution of social spatial problems such as homelessness, affordable housing and democratizing the public spaces within their community. The practice will provide local mentoring, design templates, experts feedback and tools which enables the building lifecycle (design, production and maintenance) to be implemented by the community as a whole or in parts.

P41

Collaboration

Wikihouse Farmhouse by Alex Whitecroft, digitally fabricated building system with mass customisation with collaborated ipen sourced design.

34

n

5 A performative practice

will include open source architecture coupled with a network of pro-bono consulting members, as well as the internet masses, to participate and contribute towards social architectural projects. Open Source Architecture provides open access to blueprints of sustainable social designs through collaborative review by peer architects, community leaders and the public15 . Its objective is to provide comprehensive procedures for building lifecycle involving “design, construction and operation� 16 of architectural spaces.

P43

OPEN

Standard

35

6 A performative practice

practice will develop and use open standards such as OpenBIM, open-source parametric scripts and tools. The engagement of micro-development of tools and template from the community of participating experts will reduce the operational cost of the practice.

However, tools and templates are vetted and crowd tested to ensure fit for purpose when used. By using open standards any design and innovation can be used across the network of virtual practices.

P45

legal

36

7 A performative practice

offers the resources without any licensing or monetary requirements, nor would they have any cover from liabilities. To allay any fear of risks and liabilities, performative practice would establish a local legal framework adapted to local rules and regulations, with enough flexibility to conform to a larger framework, as part of the global network of performative practices.

P47

Funding

37

8 A performative practice

can fund social architecture projects, using the internet funding models, such as micro donation and crowdfunding engine such as Kickstarter17 . However, performative practice also uses its virtual presence as an in-kind service which can be bartered for other services or material exchange

P49

Pro

volunteer

helping

heartfelt

kind architect

giving

pro non do-g

pay

a

sharing-th

donati

9

o-bono n-billable charity gooder giving-back voluntee r A performative practice

uses the concept of “Pro bono, for the public good�. A pro bono work in architecture can be defined as providing design or professional services without charged or reduced fee, to disadvantaged members of community18 . Unlike the legal profession, which acknowledges its responsibility to undertake pro bono work, as an integral part of legal practice, pro bono work in architecture is limited by the issues of authorship, risks, responsibilities and the scope of architectural services provided19 .

However, these issues are operational in nature. There are web system ( web based system of procurement) to organize and exchange services in kind

ying-it-forward sharing

caring selfless ot he r s

architect

paying-it-forward

he-love

ing

thoughtful

P51

38

Architects must learn to share or relinquish authorial responsibility in a collaborative environment .

20

P53

Architecture can redeem itself from the accusation of negligent of its role and obligation to society, as an agent of change, by committing architectural practice to the idea of performative practice.

Performative practices collectively can make a difference, through socially sustainable architecture, locally and globally, by harnessing the power of the internet and digital technology.

!

It is time for architects to be inclusive and be enablers social change.

Per formative practice is for architects of equity.

P55

References

(ed.), Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford (2012), Design like you give a damn. building change from the ground up (New York : Abrams, 2012.).

Carpo, Mario (2011), The alphabet and the algorithm (Writing architecture series: Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2011.).

Centre, Australian Pro Bono (2016), 'What is Pro Bono?', <http://probonocentre.org.au/information-on-pro-bono/definition/>, accessed 05/10/2016.

Cuff, Dana (1991), Architecture : the story of practice (Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1991.).

Day, Christopher and Parnell, Rosie (2003), Consensus design : socially inclusive process (Oxford : Architectural Press, 2003.).

Edmonds, Natasha Palich and Angelique (2013), 'Social sustainability: creating places and participatory processes that perform well for people ', Environment Design Guide (Novmbr 2013: Australian Institute of Architects.).

Keeley, Brian (2007), Human Capital. [electronic resource]: How what you know shapes your life (OECD Insights: Paris : OECD Publishing, 2007.).

Keskeys, Paul (2016), 'Saving Suburbia: MVRDVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan to Redefine Our Urban Outskirts', Opinion (updated 20/04/2016) <http://architizer.com/blog/savingsuburbia-mvrdv/>, accessed 10/11/2016.

Morris, William (1979), Hopes and fears for art (Connoisseurship, criticism, and art history in the nineteenth century: 12: New York : Garland Pub., 1979.).

Owen, Ceridwen (2016), 'Pro bono publico', The Economic Paradigm [Web], (updated 17/07/2012) <http://architectureau.com/articles/the-service-of-architecturefor-the-public-good-can-be-a-gift-without-expectation-of-reward/>, accessed 05/10/2016.

Ratti, Carlo and Claudel, Matthew (2015), Open-source architecture (London : Thames & Hudson, 2015.). and political commitment', Schnaidt, Claude (2016), 'Architecture <https://thecharnelhouse.org/2013/09/25/architecture-and-politicalcommitment/#more-12208>, accessed 04/10/2016.

Schwab, Klaus (2016), 'Welcome to The Fourth Industrial Revolution', Rotman Management, 18-24.

Wilson, Barbara B. (2008), The Architectural Bat-Signal: Exploring the Relationship between Justice and Design, ed. Bryan and Wakeford Bell, Katie (Expanding architecture : design as activism; New York: Metropolis Books).

P57

Notes

1 William Morris, Hopes and Fears for Art (Connoisseurship, Criticism, and Art History in the Nineteenth Century: 12: New York : Garland Pub., 1979., 1979).

2 Ibid.

3 Claude Schnaidt, 'Architecture and Political Commitment', <https://thecharnelhouse.org/2013/09/25/architecture-and-political-commitment/#more-12208>, accessed 04/10/2016 2016.

4 Ibid.

5 Klaus Schwab, 'Welcome to the Fourth Industrial Revolution', Rotman Management, (Fall2016 2016), 18-24.

6 Barbara B. Wilson, The Architectural Bat-Signal: Exploring the Relationship between Justice and Design, ed. Bryan and Wakeford Bell, Katie (Expanding Architecture : Design as Activism; New York: Metropolis Books, 2008).

7 Dana Cuff, Architecture : The Story of Practice (Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1991., 1991).

8 Ibid.

9 Natasha Palich and Angelique Edmonds, 'Social Sustainability: Creating Places and Participatory Processes That Perform Well for People ', Environment Design Guide (Novmbr 2013: Australian Institute of Architects., 2013).

11 Paul Keskeys, 'Saving Suburbia: Mvrdvâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan to Redefine Our Urban Outskirts', Opinion (updated 20/04/2016) <http://architizer.com/blog/saving-suburbia-mvrdv/>, accessed 10/11/2016 2016.

12 Brian Keeley, Human Capital. [Electronic Resource]: How What You Know Shapes Your Life (Oecd Insights: Paris : OECD Publishing, 2007., 2007), ibid. p.103.

13 Ibid.p.104 14 Christopher Day and Rosie Parnell, Consensus Design : Socially Inclusive Process (Oxford : Architectural Press, 2003., 2003).p.76 15 Ibid. p.13 16 Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford (Ed.), Design Like You Give a Damn. Building Change from the Ground Up (New York : Abrams, 2012., 2012).

17 Carlo Ratti and Matthew Claudel, Open-Source Architecture (London : Thames & Hudson, 2015., 2015).

18 Ibid.

19 Australian Pro Bono Centre, 'What Is Pro Bono?', <http://probonocentre.org.au/information-on-probono/definition/>, accessed 05/10/2016 2016.

20 Ceridwen Owen, 'Pro Bono Publico', The Economic Paradigm [Web], (updated 17/07/2012) <http://architectureau.com/articles/the-service-of-architecture-for-the-public-good-can-be-a-gift-withoutexpectation-of-reward/>, accessed 05/10/2016 2016.

21 Mario Carpo, The Alphabet and the Algorithm (Writing Architecture Series: Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2011., 2011).

P59

Photo

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Photo

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