ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to the individualswhohavecontributedto the completion of this academic dissertation Without their unwavering support, guidance, and encouragement,thisworkwouldnothavebeenpossible

We would like to express my token of gratitude to my guide Asst Prof. DILIP SINGH KUSHWAH for their guidance and constant supervision in completing the paper. Their valuable insights, constructive feedback, and constant encouragement have been instrumental in shaping and refining this dissertation. Theirdedicationandcommitmenttoacademicexcellencehavetrulyinspiredme.

I am deeply indebted to the faculty members at University school of architecture andplanningvcwhose teachings and contributions have broadened my intellectual horizons and enriched my understanding of the subject matter Their passion for knowledge and dedication to research have set a high standard for academicpursuits.

My sincere appreciation also goes to myfamily,friends,andlovedonesfortheirunwaveringsupportand understanding throughout this demanding endeavor Their patience, encouragement, and belief in my abilitieshaveprovidedmewiththemotivationandstrengthtoovercomechallengesandpersevere.

Abstract

When disasters strike, people often need quick housing solutions to help them transition from emergency situations back to their normal lives Temporary shelters play a crucial role in providing these solutions These shelters are designed to be lightweight, transportable, and easy to assemble, making them ideal for use in disaster situations. They provide displaced individuals and families with a safe, secure space to sleep, eat, and live while they work to rebuild their lives Temporary shelters may be made from a variety of materials, ranging from wood and metal to plastic and canvas Their design often focuses on providing basic amenities such as shelter, warmth, and privacy while also ensuring durability and sustainability in the long term Overall, temporary shelters are an essential part of disaster relief efforts, helping people to maintain a sense of normalcy and stability during times of crisis

After a disaster, it can take a considerable amount of time for everyone to stabilize, especially if the disaster was severe and caused the collapse of buildings, as seen in the Gujarat earthquake of 2001 Providing temporary shelters becomes crucial in such situations so that people have a stable place to stay while the process of permanent housing construction is underway Earlier, people used to make temporary shelters using whatever materials they could find, but this often led to problems such as leaks during rains and lack of space. However, with advancements in technology and construction materials, it is now possible to provide high-quality temporary shelters in a short period These shelters are designed to be safe, comfortable, and easy to assemble in a short amount of time, enabling people to return to a sense of normalcy sooner. This dissertation will explore the different technologies and construction materials available and how they can be effectively utilized for the rapid provision of temporary shelters in post-disaster situations keyword:-post-disaster,shelters,temporaryshelters,technologies,material,

Introduction 1.1Backgroundstudy

In the aftermath of a disaster, whetheritbeanaturalcalamitylikeanearthquake,flood,orhurricane,ora human-made crisis such as armed conflict, one of the most pressing challenges faced by affected communities is the need for immediate and suitable shelter. Disasters often result in the displacement of individuals and communities, leaving them vulnerable and in need of safe and secure housing solutions. Post-disaster temporary shelters play a critical role in addressing these urgent needs and providing a semblance of stability during the recovery process, However, the context surrounding post-disaster temporary shelter presents several complex problems that need to be addressed effectively These challenges include the scale and magnitude of displacement, limited resources and disrupted infrastructure, time sensitivity, safety and resilience considerations, cultural and social factors, and the need for long-term sustainability The scale and magnitude of displacement are often immense in the wake of a disaster. Entire communities or even regionscanbeuprooted,leadingtoamassivedemandfor temporary shelter solutions. The challenge lies in providing immediate housing to a large number of people in a timely manner.Limitedresourcesanddisruptedinfrastructurefurthercomplicatetheprovision of post-disaster temporary shelter. Disasters often lead to the destruction or damage of critical infrastructure, including transportation networks, utilities, and communication systems This limits the availability and accessibility of resources necessary for temporary shelter construction. Delivering construction materials, skilled labor, andsupportservicestoremoteorinaccessibledisaster-affectedareas becomesalogisticalchallenge

Time sensitivity is another significant factor in post-disaster temporary shelter Immediate response and swift action are crucial to ensure the safety, well-being, and dignity of theaffectedpopulation Delaysin providing shelter can exacerbate the suffering and increase the risks faced by displaced individuals and communities However, constructing temporary shelters withinashorttimeframecanbechallengingdue tologisticalconstraints,resourcelimitations,andtheneedforthoroughplanninganddesign. Safety and resilience are paramount in temporary shelter solutions. Disasters often leave affected areas prone to environmental and physical hazards, such as extreme weather conditions, seismic activity, flood-prone regions, or conflict zones. Temporary shelters must be designed to withstand these challenges, ensuring the safety and well-being of occupants Resilience is equally important, as the shelters should be able to withstand aftershocks or secondary disasters, offering alevelofprotectionand stabilityforthedisplacedpopulations.

Cultural and social considerations play a crucial role in post-disaster temporary shelter. Communities affected by disasters have diverse cultural backgrounds, social norms, and demographic characteristics. Temporary shelter solutions should be sensitive to these factors, providing spaces that respect cultural practices, gender-specific needs, privacy requirements, and communal living arrangements. Failure to address these considerations can lead to the marginalization or exclusion of certain groups within the affectedpopulation

Additionally, long-term sustainability is a crucial aspect to consider in post-disaster temporary shelter. While thesesheltersareintendedtobetemporary,theyneedtobesustainableandsupportthetransitionto permanent housing solutions Sustainable materials, design principles, and community engagement are vital for minimizing the environmental impact, ensuring the efficient use of resources, and fostering communityresilienceinthefaceoffuturedisasters

Addressing the complex problem context in post-disaster temporary shelter requires a comprehensive understanding of the specific challenges faced in each disaster scenario It necessitates coordination among various stakeholders, including humanitarian organizations, government agencies, local communities, and experts in architecture, engineering, and disaster management By acknowledging and proactively addressing these challenges, it becomes possible to develop effective and context-specific solutionsthatprovidesafe,dignified,andsustainabletemporaryshelterfortheaffectedpopulations.

1.2 Significanceandrationaleforconductingthestudy

Its potential to address the urgent need for quick and effective housing solutions in post-disaster situations. Temporary shelters are an essentialpartofdisasterreliefefforts,buttheyoftenfacechallenges such as lack of availability, suitability, durability, and sustainability. By exploring the different technologies and construction materials available for temporary shelters, this study aims to fill a gap in the existing literature and provide new insights and perspectives on how to improve the quality and efficiency of temporary shelterprovision.Thisstudyalsohaspracticalrelevancefordisastermanagement practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders who can benefit fromthefindingsandrecommendationsof this study to make informed decisions and implement best practices for temporary shelter provision. Furthermore, this study has broader implications for society and the environment, as it can contribute to enhancing the well-being, dignity, and resilience of disaster-affected communities and reducing the negativeimpactsoftemporarysheltersonnaturalresourcesandecosystems.

1.3AIM

● Evaluationofdifferenttechnologyandmaterialsofpostdisastershelter

Thisstudyevaluatesdifferenttechnologyandmaterialsofpostdisastershelterbasedontheirspeed,cost, environmentalimpact,andtechnicalperformance,usingamultiscaleanalysisofconstructivetechnology, shelterunit,andpost-disastertemporaryshelters,

1.4 ResearchObjective

● To Study about the different technology and local materials that are commonly used or have a potentialforuseintemporaryshelterfor modernandexisting

● Toreviewthesuccessfulandinnovativetemporaryshelter,andextractbestpracticeforfuture designandimplementation.

● Tounderstandthelivingrequirementintem

1.5 ResearchObjective

● What is the future of modern construction in post disaster housing/shelters construction like prefabrication,modular,3dprinting,kitofparttechnologyinindiancontext?

In the Indiancontext,wherethefrequencyandimpactofnaturaldisastersaresignificant,leveragingthese modern construction techniques can greatly enhance the speed, efficiency, and effectiveness of post-disaster shelter construction efforts. Thesemethodscanhelpprovideimmediateanddurablehousing solutions, reduce costs, promotesustainability,andenablecustomizationtocatertothespecificneedsand culturalcontextsofaffectedcommunities

1.6 Scopeandlimitation

Mystudyislimitedtopostdisastertemporarystructureanddoesn’tconcernthepre-disastermeasure

Thisstudydoesn’tlookatthepsychologicalimpactofthedesignontheafflictedpopulation.

Inotherresearchpaperthatwerereferenced,mostlytheresearcherfocusedonstudyingguidelinesthatare proposed for design of temporary shelter for architectural and urban design point of view - the type of spatial setting ( linear, central, and hybrid) ofshelters,thesituationofneighboringtexture(regardingthe orientationandformconsideration)andaccesswayareamongtheissueswhicharediscussed.

Internal setting of spaces by consideration of behavioral patterns of the stricken community,thelocation of open areas, and the users, expectation will be briefly mentioned but none will be the focus when analyzingthecasestudies

The analysis is not restricted to the Indian subcontinent because it is important to realize the difference betweenwhat’shappeninginIndiaandinternationallywhenitcomestotransitionalshelters. Due to time constraints and for including variation the case study will be internet based Also, the study willbelimitedtoonlydevelopmentandtheanalysisofitseffectsonarchitecture

Literaturereview

2.1Whatispostdisaster?

Post disaster is a term that referstotheperiodafteradisasterhasoccurred,whentheaffectedcommunity tries to recover from the impacts and losses caused by the disaster A disaster is a sudden and extreme event that disrupts the normal functioning of a society or an ecosystem and causes human, material, economic orenvironmentaldamagesthatexceedthecopingcapacityoftheaffectedcommunity Disasters canbenaturalorman-made,andtheycanhavedifferenttypes,scalesanddurations

The post disaster period can be divided into three overlapping phases: response, recovery and reconstruction The response phase involves the immediate actions taken to save lives, protect property and provide relief to the survivors of the disaster. The response phase usuallylastsfromafewhourstoa fewdaysafterthedisaster.Therecoveryphaseinvolvestherestorationofessentialservicesandfunctions, such as water, electricity, health, education and communication The recovery phase also aims to reduce the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of the affected community to future disasters. The recovery phase can last from a few weeks toafewmonthsafterthedisaster Thereconstructionphaseinvolvesthe long-term rebuilding of physicalinfrastructure,socialsystemsandeconomicactivitiesthatweredamaged ordestroyedbythedisaster.Thereconstructionphasealsoseekstoaddresstherootcausesandunderlying risks of the disaster and promote sustainable development The reconstruction phase can last from afew monthstoafewyearsafterthedisaster

(Elsevier B.V,(2015). managing post-disaster housing reconstruction.sciencedirect.com)

The post disaster period is a critical time for the affected community, as it offers opportunities and challenges for achieving rapid and durable recovery The post disaster period requires effective coordination and collaboration among variousstakeholders,suchasgovernments,humanitarianagencies, civil society organizations, private sector and local communities The post disaster period also requires adequate resources, capacities and information to support the recovery and reconstruction efforts The post disaster period is influenced by various factors, such as the type and magnitude of the disaster, the pre-disaster conditions and preparedness of the affected community, the availability and accessibility of externalassistance,andthepoliticalandsocio-culturalcontextoftheaffectedarea

Thepostdisasterperiodisanimportantpartofdisastermanagement,whichisacontinuousandintegrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, respond to, recover from and reconstruct after disasters. Disaster management aims to reduce the human and environmental impacts of disasters and enhance the well-being and resilience of individuals and communities. Disaster management also contributes to achieving sustainable development goalsand buildingasaferworldforall

(Elsevier B.V,(2015). managing post-disaster housing reconstruction.sciencedirect.com)

2.2 Theroleofshelter

Shelter is essential for people’s safety, security and protection during and after a disaster People may need to find shelter in different places, such as their own homes, other people’s homes, vehicles, public sheltersortemporaryshelters,dependingonthesituationandavailability.Shelterismorethanjustaplace to sleep or rest It also provides a sense of security, personal safety and protection from poor weather conditions, a place to store personal belongings and valuables, and access to food, water and medical treatmentfortheaffectedcommunitycomposedoffamiliesandindividuals

Shelters have different roles and forms depending on the disaster timeline Before a disaster strikes, a shelter is a safe place to stay. These shelters can be one’s own home, a public emergency shelter, or another person’s home. Afteradisaster,ashelterisaplacetostartrecoveryandaimfornormalcyassoon aspossible Therearethreeshelteroptionsavailable:

1)emergencyshelters,

2)temporaryshelters,and

3)permanenthousing

(Daniel Felix(2021) The Role of Temporary Accommodation Buildings for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction,Journal of Housing and the Built Environment)

2.3Afteradisasterspontaneoussheltersandprovidedshelters

There are numerous examples of spontaneous shelters organized by disaster survivors and theirrelatives and friends These examples range from purchasing building materials and services after receiving remittance gifts or loans from relatives or friends to staying with host families or in mass shelters to constructing improvised shelters by disaster survivors themselves. Some affected families or individuals can temporarily stay with familymembersorfriendsifthedisasterhasimpactedtheirhomes Thisoption allows for a quicker response before emergency agencies arrive and long after they leave. This also reduces the need for emergency accommodations However, other families and individuals do not have that option available Therefore, they stay in their damaged homes or try to repair them as a means of survival and safety before receiving emergency aid. Ian Davis and David Alexander have observed an astonishing array of ingenuity by disaster survivors as they improvise shelters and reconstruct their dwellings, often using debris theyhavesalvaged.Inaddition,survivorsdosotomanagetheirownshelter needs.

While there are spontaneous shelter options, there are also provided shelters The first option is hotel accommodations, which may be convenient if sufficient capacity isavailable.However,thisoptionisthe most expensive and may be far from one’s previous residence or workplace The second option is caravans, mobile homes, or containers For example, Japanese architect Shigeru Ban designed blocks of three-story container housing in Onagawa in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami Shipping containers were convertedtoprovidetemporaryaccommodationswith approximately 189apartmentsinthesixthree-storyandthreetwo-storyapartmentblocks Theseprovided shelters offer a more structured and organized approach to temporary housing,providingindividualsand familieswithasaferandmorestablelivingenvironmentduringthepost-disasterrecoveryperiod

● Thethirdoptionforpost-disastershelteristheuseoftentsprovidedbyemergencyagenciessuch astheUNHCR

● Thesetentsserveastemporarysheltersandaretypicallysetupindesignatedcampsites.

● Followingthe2010Haitiearthquake,alargenumberofcampsiteswereestablishedto accommodatetheaffectedpopulation

● Approximately1.5millionsurvivorswerelivingintentsonthesecampsitesjustonemonthafter thedisaster

● However,itisimportanttonotethatmanyindividualsremainedinthesecampsforseveralyears, facingsignificanthardships.

● Theprovisionofcampsitesandtentsisacrucialimmediateresponsetoprovideshelterto displacedindividuals.

● However,ithighlightsthelong-termchallengesofpost-disasterrecoveryandthetimeittakesto restorenormalcy

● Sustainablesolutionsforhousingandlivelihoodrestorationareessentialtosupportindividualsin transitioningoutoftemporaryshelters.

● Therecoveryphaseafteracatastrophiceventlikeanearthquakecanextendforyearsbefore affectedcommunitiescanfullyrebuildandresumetheirlives.

● Comprehensiveeffortsareneededtoaddressthecomplexneedsofdisplacedpopulationsand facilitatetheirtransitiontomorepermanenthousingsolutions

● Regenerateresponse

Two additional options for post-disaster shelter include providing plastic sheeting, materials, and tools

Local governments often leave these supplies on the sides of roads, allowing the community to collect them free of charge. This enables individuals to make repairs to their homes or construct improvised shelters using their creativity and skills Despite the damage caused by the catastrophic disaster, these resources empower displaced communities to create livable conditions and restore a sense ofshelterand security. It showcases the resilience and resourcefulness of the affected population in utilizing available materialstorebuildtheirhomesandensuretheirbasicneedsaremet

(Oggioni, Chiara,(2019),Challenges and Opportunities

Post-disaster Temporary Housing Provision.)

2.4Typesofshelters

for Pre- disaster Strategic Planning in

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) recognizesthatthedesign of post-disaster shelters should not only focus on the physical structure but also consider the overall shelter process. The terminologyusedtodescribethesesheltersreflectsanapproachratherthanaspecific response phase It acknowledges that the affected population themselves often play a crucial role in constructing, improving, and maintaining the shelters. TheIFRCemphasizestheimportanceofinvolving the community and empowering them to actively participate in the shelter-relatedactivities,highlighting theself-relianceandresilienceoftheaffectedindividualsinrebuildingtheirlivesafteradisaster

2.4.1EmergencyShelter

Short term shelter that provides life- saving support, the most basic shelterssupportthatcanbeprovided immediatelyafterthedisaster,

2.4.2T-shelters

Atermoftenusedtomeaneithertemporaryshelterortransitionalshelter

2.4.3Temporaryshelters

Post disaster household shelters designed as a rapid shelters solution By prioritising speed and limiting costsoftheconstruction,thelifetimeofthesheltermaybelimited

2.4.4Progressiveshelters

Post disaster rapid household shelter planned and designed to be later upgraded to a more permanent status this isachievedbyintegratingfuturetransformationandalterationpossibilitiesinstructuralbasisof theunit

2.4.5Coreshelter/Oneroomshelters

Post disaster household shelters planned and designed as permanent dwellings, to be the part of future permanent housing , allowing and facilitating thefutureprocessofextensionbythehousehold,following its own means and resources. The aim of a core shelter is to create one or two rooms, providing safe post-disaster shelter that reaches permanent housing standards, and facilitates development, but not completingafullpermanenthouse (Krisen

Moodley,(2014)

, AN

OVERVIEW OF

THE

DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.5 Livingspacerequirment

● Living space is a fundamental human need and right, providing a place for individuals and familiestodwell,feelsafe,andcarryoutessentialdomesticactivities.

● Adequate living space should cater to daily activities such as sleeping, food preparation, eating, washing,dressing,andstorageoffoodandpossessions.

● Living spaces should be designed in a manner that respects and aligns with local cultural and socialnorms

● Privacy and separation between sexes, age groups, and families should be ensured within the livingspace.

● Living spaces contribute toindividuals'overallwell-beingbyprovidingaconduciveenvironment thatsupportstheirphysical,emotional,andsocialneeds.

● Accesstosuitablelivingspacespromotesdignityandqualityoflifeforindividualsandfamilies

● Designing living spaces that meet the requirements of individuals and their communities contributestosustainableandinclusivedevelopment.

● Provision of adequate living spaces is essential for disaster-affected populations during the recoveryandreconstructionphases.

● Consideration of cultural and social factors in living space design helps foster a sense of belonging,identity,andculturalcontinuitywithincommunities

● Access to safe and adequate living spaces is a key element in promoting social justice and equalityforallindividuals,regardlessoftheirsocio-economicbackground

The Sphere Handbook, along with the UNHCR Emergency Handbook and the Humanitarian Shelter Guidelines, establishes a minimum standard for living space in shelters These guidelines, reflected in Table, are applicableduringtheemergencyphaseandfortemporaryortransitionalsheltersolutions They specify the minimum requirements for shelter size and height. However, it is important to note that meeting the minimum requirement does not necessarily ensure adequate living conditions, and these guidelines do not mandate a fixed amount of spaceinallcircumstances.Itiscrucialtocarefullyconsider the implications of adopting minimum calculated spaces, as they significantly influence shelter design, logistics requirements, and costs. Balancing these factors is essential in providing suitable living spaces fordisaster-affectedpopulations.

Table1:AComparisonofSelectiveDemographicsbetweenDominica,Indonesia,andOʻahu(2020)

Source: The Sphere Handbook (2018 edition) and UNHCR (4th edition)

Inadditiontotheminimumspacerequirement,livingspacesinsheltersshouldconsiderseveralother factors.Theseinclude:

1. Functionality and division: The design of living spaces should take into accounthowfamiliesor individuals gather within the space and how different areas are divided inside and outside the shelter Itshouldconsiderthechanginguseofspaceduringdifferenttimesoftheday

2. Enclosed spaces for various activities: Shelters should provide enclosed spaces with adequate floor area for activities such as sleeping, playing, cooking/eating, washing,andotherdailytasks Thisensuresthecommunity'sdignity,security,andprivacy

3. Risk of overcrowding: The risk of overcrowding should be carefully assessed and managed to avoid an increase in illnesses or the potential spread of diseases Sufficient space should be providedtomaintainahealthyandhygieniclivingenvironment.

4. Accessibility: It is important to consider accessibility within the living spaces, especially for individuals with disabilities Additional space may be required to accommodate their specific needsandensureequalaccesstoallfacilities.

When designing a temporary shelter, it is important to begin with the minimum standard space requirement and then adjust the size based on the specific needs of the local community For example, families with a larger number of members or extended relatives, typically three or more individuals, shouldbeprovidedwithmorespaceorsquarefootagecomparedtoindividualsorcouples Thisallowsfor sufficient sleeping space, larger dining areas, and additional storage capacity, which are essential for families during a disaster. By considering the specific requirements of different household sizes, the design of temporary shelters can better meet the needs of the affected population and provide a more comfortableandfunctionallivingenvironment.

By considering these aspects, shelter designs can enhance the quality of living spaces, promote communitywell-being,andprovideasafeandinclusiveenvironmentforthoseaffectedbydisasters.

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.6Commonprobleminshelters

Over the past decade, considerable progresshasbeenmadeindevelopingvarioussolutionsandstrategies for temporary shelters to assist vulnerable regions and communities in times of need. However, despite these advancements, there are still persistent challenges that have not been effectively addressed in the contextoftemporaryshelters Theseissuesinclude:

2.6.1 Lack of local and cultural considerations: Oneoftheprimarychallengeswithtemporaryshelters is the lack of local and cultural considerations. This stems from a lack of understanding about the post-disaster circumstances experienced by affected communities. In many cases, shelter solutions are developed in a different region by governments, organizations, or international aid agencies who are not familiar with the local area.Thelocalcommunityisoftennotconsultedtounderstandtheirspecificneeds and expectations This disconnect between professionals and the local community can lead to misunderstandings and inadequate solutions that may be culturally inappropriate and unsuitable for the affectedpopulation.

To address these issues, it is crucial to involve the local community in the design process, considering their cultural norms, preferences, and specific contextual requirements. Emphasizing locally appropriate and culturally sensitive designs can result in more effective and sustainable shelter solutions that better meettheneedsandexpectationsoftheaffectedpopulation.

2.6.2 High costs:Thesecondchallengepertainstothehighcostsassociatedwithtemporaryshelters This issue arises because shelters are often produced inforeigncountriesandthenimportedandtransportedto the disaster site The transportation process significantly increases the overall price of each shelter, including external production costs, transportation expenses, and material costs This problem persists because shelters do not utilize the readily available local resources in the affected region or country. In addition to the financial burden, transportation also leads to delays inshelterdeliveriesanddistributions, leaving the affected community in critical conditions without proper shelter. To addressthischallenge,it is important to explore local resources and construction methods that can reduce costs and expedite the shelterresponseindisaster-affectedareas

2.6.3 Future use of units: The final challenge associated with temporary shelters is their lack of future use and the resulting environmental impact Many temporary shelterunitsremainingoodconditioneven after they are no longer needed, but they are often dismantled without consideration for their potential future use. This results in a significant waste of resources and materials. Moreover,thesiteswherethese units were located are often left polluted and not restored to their original condition before the disaster These cultural, economic,andenvironmentalissuesareparticularlyprevalentintemporarysheltersdueto longer-than-anticipated usage periods and the need for additional infrastructure and resources during challenging times To addressthischallenge,itisessentialtoexploreoptionsforrepurposingorreusing temporary shelters after theirinitialuseandtoimplementpropersiterestorationpracticestominimizethe environmentalimpact.

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.7 Currentpostdisastershelter

271Tents

● Tentsareportableandtemporaryshelterstructures.

● Theyaretypicallymadeoffabricorflexiblematerials

● Tentsareconstructedbystretchingthematerialoveraframeworkofpolesorropes

● Theyprovidebasicprotectionfromtheelements,suchasrain,wind,andsunlight.

● Tentscomeinvarioussizesanddesignstoaccommodatedifferentnumbersofoccupantsand specificneeds.

● Theyarecommonlyusedforoutdooractivities,camping,andemergencysituations.

● Tentsofferasimpleandaffordablesolutionfortemporaryshelterneeds

● Theycanbesetupquicklyandeasilywithouttheneedforextensiveconstruction.

● Tentscanbeusedindividuallyorcombinedtocreatelargerlivingareas.

● Theyareportableandcanbeeasilytransportedandstoredwhennotinuse Buttentaspost-disasterhousinghasmanydisadvantagessuchas:-

● Tentsmaynotprovideadequateprotectionforpropertyandfoodstorage

● Theyoftenlackfacilitiesforlightingandenergyproduction,makingitchallengingtomeetbasic needs.

● Tentsmaynotberesistanttovariousweatherconditions,suchasheavyrain,strongwinds,or extremetemperatures.

● Thelackofinsulationcanresultinwaterinfiltrationduringrainyconditions.

● Insufficientventilationintentscanleadtopooraircirculationanddiscomfort

● Tentsmaynotwithstandstrongwinds,posingarisktotheoccupants.

● Thelimitedspaceintentscanmakeitdifficulttostorebelongingsandsuppliesadequately

2.7.2Shippingcontainer

Shipping containers are widely used for transportation and storagepurposes,buttheycanalsobereused as temporary shelters for people who have been displaced by disasters. Shipping containers have some advantages as temporary shelters, such as their strength, durability, portability,andavailability.Theycan also be modified and adapted to suit different needs and preferences of the users, such as adding insulation, windows, doors, partitions, and utilities. However, shipping containers also have some challengesandlimitationsastemporaryshelters,suchastheirsize,shape,weight,cost,andenvironmental impact They may not be suitable for all contexts and climates, and they may require expertsupportand additional resources to install and maintain. Therefore, shipping containers shouldbecarefullyevaluated and compared with other shelter options before being used as temporary shelters in post-disaster situations.

(ling,philip,(2018),Shipping Container as Shelter ProvisionSolution for Post-Disaster Reconstruction)

2.8Modernexperiencetobuildtemporaryshelterfast

2.8.13Dprintingtechnology

The process of 3D printing startswithcreatingadigital3Dmodelusingspecializedsoftware Thismodel is then sliced into layers, generating a file that can be read by a 3D printer. The printer uses various materials based on the design and chosen 3D printing technique Therearedifferenttypesof3Dprinting methods, including liquid-based (SLA), powder-based (SLS), and solid-based techniques. One popular technique is Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), which involves extruding material through a nozzle layer by layer FDM is widely used due to its affordability, versatility in material options, and its development by S. Scott Crump in 1989. It is a stable and common 3D printing method in the industry today

The use of materials in 3D printing has expanded to include plastics, metals, ceramics, and sand, which are commonly usedinindustrialprototypingandproductionapplications.Theavailabilityofmaterialsfor 3D printing has significantly improved over time, with a widerangeofoptionsofferedindifferentforms such as powder, filament, pellets, granules, and resins. In the construction industry, there is a growing emphasis on reducing raw material consumption to enhance economic and environmental efficiency In line with this, the proposed research aims to explore the use of local and sustainable materials, particularly earth materials (soil), forconstructingtemporaryhousingafterdisasters.Earthmaterialshave the advantages of being readily available, having low embodied energy, being easily recyclable, and adaptabletothespecificrequirementsoftemporaryorpermanenthousingsolutions

(BOOK,Subramanya, Karthik,(2021),Exploring Utilization of the 3D Printed Housing as Post-Disaster Temporary Shelter for Displaced People)

2.9Designapproachfortemporaryshelter

(Source: The Sphere Handbook (2018 edition)

The functions of appropriate shelters, as defined in "What Shelters Provide"fromTheSphereHandbook (2018), encompass critical aspects that address the needs of individuals and families in times of crisis

Thesefunctionsinclude:

1 Protection from the weather: Shelters offer a safe and secure space that shields occupants from theelements,ensuringtheirphysicalwell-being.

2 Health: Shelters should provide a healthy environmentthatsupportshygienepractices,sanitation facilities,andaccesstocleanwater,promotingtheoverallhealthoftheresidents.

3. Support for family and community life: Shelters serve as a platform for maintaining family and community bonds, allowing individuals to connect, share experiences, and support one another duringchallengingtimes

4. Dignity: Shelters should uphold the dignityofindividualsbyprovidingaspacethatrespectstheir privacy,culturalpractices,andindividualrights

5 Security: Shelters offer a sense of safety and protection, mitigating risks and vulnerabilities that individualsmayfaceinpost-disastersituations.

6 Livelihoods: Shelters can play a role in supporting individuals' livelihoods by providing a base fromwhichtheycanaccessresources,employmentopportunities,andregaineconomicstability

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) play a crucial role in post-disaster shelters by providing supportandassistancetoaffectedcommunities HerearesomekeyrolesthatNGOsfulfill:

1 Emergency Response: NGOs areoftenamongthefirstrespondersindisaster-affectedareas They provide immediate relief and emergency shelter to displaced individuals and families This includes distributing tents, blankets, hygiene kits, and other essential items to meet the basic needsofsurvivors

2 Coordination and Collaboration: NGOs work closely with government agencies, international organizations, and other stakeholders to coordinate efforts andensureacomprehensiveresponse. They collaborate with local communities, conducting needs assessments and engaging in participatoryplanningtodesignandimplementeffectivesheltersolutions

3. Shelter Design and Construction:NGOscontributetothedesignandconstructionofpost-disaster shelters They utilize their expertise and knowledgetodevelopinnovativeandsustainableshelter modelsthataresafe,durable,andculturallyappropriate.Thisinvolvesconsideringfactorssuchas local building practices, climate resilience, and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, such as women,children,andpeoplewithdisabilities

(Barenstein, Duyne(2008),From Gujarat to Tamil Nadu: Owner-driven vs. contractor-driven housing reconstruction in India,irec,)

2.11CONCLUSION

Different types of disasters have varying impacts on populations. While some disasters like floods may cause temporary displacement, allowing families to return homeafterafewweeks,otherslikehurricanes or tsunamis can destroy entire communities, leaving them without a physical place to return to In such cases, temporary shelters play a crucial role in bridging the gap between the aftermath of a disaster and theresumptionofdailyactivitiesfortheaffectedcommunity

Temporary shelters are deployed during the early recovery phase and are designed to last longer than emergency shelters. They serve as a transitional solution, providing the affected community with basic needs and asenseofnormalcyduringthepost-disasterperiod Whiletheyarenotpermanenthousing,itis important to acknowledge that the term "temporary" can extend for a considerable period, depending on thetimerequiredforrecovery.Displacedsurvivorsmayresideinthesesheltersformonthsorevenyears. Considering the extended duration of stay, temporary shelters should prioritize comfort, privacy, and security to ensure the well-being and stability of the affected community. These shelters should provide adequate amenities to promote good health and a stable living environment,acknowledgingthepotential long-termnatureoftheiroccupancy