EVALUATION OF POST DISASTER TEMPORARY SHELTER

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector - 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110078

DISSERTATION 2023-2024 Post disaster temporary shelter Evaluation

B.ARCH FOURTH YEAR ( SEMESTER 8 )

SUBMITTED BY

RITIK SHAH - 05317301619

SUBMITTED TO

GUID - Asst Prof. Dilip Singh Kushwaha

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector - 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110078

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Research Paper title : Post disaster temporary shelter evaluation The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the Bachelor of Architecture program.

It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Date: June 14 2023 Submitted by :Ritik Shah

- 05317301619 Signature of the Author

Guide : Asst. Prof. DILIP Singh Kushwaha Signature of the Guide

Prof. (Dr.) Neeraja Lugani Sethi Asst. Prof. Parvesh

Seminar Co-ordinators

Signature of the Juror

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to the individuals who have contributed to the completion of this academic dissertation. Without their unwavering support, guidance, and encouragement, this work would not have been possible.

We would like to express my token of gratitude to my guide Asst Prof. DILIP SINGH KUSHWAH for their guidance and constant supervision in completing the paper. Their valuable insights, constructive feedback, and constant encouragement have been instrumental in shaping and refining this dissertation.

Their dedication and commitment to academic excellence have truly inspired me.

I am deeply indebted to the faculty members at University school of architecture and planning vc whose teachings and contributions have broadened my intellectual horizons and enriched my understanding of the subject matter. Their passion for knowledge and dedication to research have set a high standard for academic pursuits.

My sincere appreciation also goes to my family, friends, and loved ones for their unwavering support and understanding throughout this demanding endeavor. Their patience, encouragement, and belief in my abilities have provided me with the motivation and strength to overcome challenges and persevere.

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TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction..............................................................................................................5 1.1 Background study..................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Significance and rationale for conducting the study............................................................................. 7 1.3 AIM....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research objective............................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION..................................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Scope and limitation..............................................................................................................................8 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 What is post disaster ?........................................................................................................................9 2.2 THE ROLE OF SHELTER..............................................................................................................10 2.3 After a disaster spontaneous shelters and provided shelters............................................................10 2.4 Types of shelters.............................................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Living space requirement................................................................................................................ 14 2.6 Common problem in shelters...........................................................................................................16 2.7 Current post disaster shelter........................................................................................................... 17 2.8 Modern experience to build temporary shelter fast......................................................................... 19 2.9 Design approach for temporary shelter........................................................................................... 20 2.10 Role of NGOs and government agencies in post disaster temporary shelters...............................21 2.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 22

Case study ........................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Selection of shelter........................................................................................................................... 23 1. Ashiyana temporary shelter by NCPDP.............................................................................................24 2. In situ temporary shelter and paper log house in india by architect shigeru ban............................... 27 3. THE LIVING SHELTER, MALAYSIA............................................................................................ 29 METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................32 3.1 Literature review ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Secondary data collection ............................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Primary data collection ................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Quantitative analysis ....................................................................................................................... 33 3.5 Sample selection criteria ................................................................................................................. 33 Results and findings .................................................................................................................................. 35 4.1 Comparative analysis ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 Questionnaire .................................................................................................................................. 38 4.3 Feedbacks......................................................................................................................................... 39 Analysis and discussion ............................................................................................................................40 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................41

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List of figure 1. FIGURE 1 - SHELTER OPTION AFTER DISASTER …………………………………. 10 2. FIGURE 2 - CONTAINER HOUSING , JAPAN ………………………………………… 11 3. FIGURE 3 - UNHCR TENTS TO ACCOMMODATE SURVIVORS…………………………… 12 4. FIGURE 4 - STAGES OF POST DISASTER RELIEF ………………………………….. 13 5. FIGURE 5 - TENTS USED IN NEPAL ………………………………………………….. 15 6. FIGURE 6 - THE FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING METHOD……………………… 17 7. FIGURE 7 - DESIGN APPROACH FOR TEMPORARY SHELTER …………………….19 8. FIGURE 8 - CARE SHELTER PROJECTS OVERVIEW …………………………………20 9. FIGURE 9 - STAGES OF SHELTER ………………………………………………………21 10. FIGURE 10 - UTTRAKHAND TEMPORARY SHELTER ………………………………..22 11. FIGURE 11 - PAPER LOG SHELTER ……………………………………………………..22 12. FIGURE 12 - ASHIYANA SHELTER BY NCPDC……………………………………….. 25 13. FIGURE 13 - UTTARAKHAND TEMPORARY SHELTER……………………………….25 14. FIGURE 14 - UTTRAKHAND TEMPORARY SHELTER…………………………………25 15. FIGURE 15- BHUJ SHELTER …………………………………………………………… 26 16. FIGURE 16 - MODULE SIZE AND VIEW, MALAYSIA…………………………………. 27 17. FIGURE 17 - STATICS OF LIVING STYLE SHELTER ………………………………….29 18. FIGURE 18 - CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF SHELTER ………………………………..29 19. FIGURE 19 - FLOW DIAGRAM OF METHODOLOGY ………………………………….30 20. FIGURE 20- QUESTIONNAIRE GRAPHS ……………………………………………… 31

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Evaluation of different technology and materials of post disaster shelter

Abstract When disasters strike, people often need quick housing solutions to help them transition from emergency situations back to their normal lives. Temporary shelters play a crucial role in providing these solutions.

These shelters are designed to be lightweight, transportable, and easy to assemble, making them ideal for use in disaster situations. They provide displaced individuals and families with a safe, secure space to sleep, eat, and live while they work to rebuild their lives. Temporary shelters may be made from a variety of materials, ranging from wood and metal to plastic and canvas. Their design often focuses on providing basic amenities such as shelter, warmth, and privacy while also ensuring durability and sustainability in the long term. Overall, temporary shelters are an essential part of disaster relief efforts, helping people to maintain a sense of normalcy and stability during times of crisis.

After a disaster, it can take a considerable amount of time for everyone to stabilize, especially if the disaster was severe and caused the collapse of buildings, as seen in the Gujarat earthquake of 2001.

Providing temporary shelters becomes crucial in such situations so that people have a stable place to stay while the process of permanent housing construction is underway. Earlier, people used to make temporary shelters using whatever materials they could find, but this often led to problems such as leaks during rains and lack of space. However, with advancements in technology and construction materials, it is now possible to provide high-quality temporary shelters in a short period. These shelters are designed to be safe, comfortable, and easy to assemble in a short amount of time, enabling people to return to a sense of normalcy sooner. This dissertation will explore the different technologies and construction materials available and how they can be effectively utilized for the rapid provision of temporary shelters in post-disaster situations. keyword :- post-disaster, shelters, temporary shelters , technologies , material,

Introduction 1.1 Background study In the aftermath of a disaster, whether it be a natural calamity like an earthquake, flood, or hurricane, or a human-made crisis such as armed conflict, one of the most pressing challenges faced by affected communities is the need for immediate and suitable shelter. Disasters often result in the displacement of individuals and communities, leaving them vulnerable and in need of safe and secure housing solutions.

Post-disaster temporary shelters play a critical role in addressing these urgent needs and providing a semblance of stability during the recovery process, However, the context surrounding post-disaster temporary shelter presents several complex problems that need to be addressed effectively. These challenges include the scale and magnitude of displacement, limited resources and disrupted infrastructure, time sensitivity, safety and resilience considerations, cultural and social factors, and the need for long-term sustainability. The scale and magnitude of displacement are often immense in the wake of a disaster. Entire communities or even regions can be uprooted, leading to a massive demand for temporary shelter solutions. The challenge lies in providing immediate housing to a large number of

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people in a timely manner.Limited resources and disrupted infrastructure further complicate the provision of post-disaster temporary shelter. Disasters often lead to the destruction or damage of critical infrastructure, including transportation networks, utilities, and communication systems. This limits the availability and accessibility of resources necessary for temporary shelter construction. Delivering construction materials, skilled labor, and support services to remote or inaccessible disaster-affected areas becomes a logistical challenge.

Time sensitivity is another significant factor in post-disaster temporary shelter. Immediate response and swift action are crucial to ensure the safety, well-being, and dignity of the affected population. Delays in providing shelter can exacerbate the suffering and increase the risks faced by displaced individuals and communities. However, constructing temporary shelters within a short time frame can be challenging due to logistical constraints, resource limitations, and the need for thorough planning and design.

Safety and resilience are paramount in temporary shelter solutions. Disasters often leave affected areas prone to environmental and physical hazards, such as extreme weather conditions, seismic activity, flood-prone regions, or conflict zones. Temporary shelters must be designed to withstand these challenges, ensuring the safety and well-being of occupants. Resilience is equally important, as the shelters should be able to withstand aftershocks or secondary disasters, offering a level of protection and stability for the displaced populations.

Cultural and social considerations play a crucial role in post-disaster temporary shelter. Communities affected by disasters have diverse cultural backgrounds, social norms, and demographic characteristics.

Temporary shelter solutions should be sensitive to these factors, providing spaces that respect cultural practices, gender-specific needs, privacy requirements, and communal living arrangements. Failure to address these considerations can lead to the marginalization or exclusion of certain groups within the affected population.

Additionally, long-term sustainability is a crucial aspect to consider in post-disaster temporary shelter.

While these shelters are intended to be temporary, they need to be sustainable and support the transition to permanent housing solutions. Sustainable materials, design principles, and community engagement are vital for minimizing the environmental impact, ensuring the efficient use of resources, and fostering community resilience in the face of future disasters.

Addressing the complex problem context in post-disaster temporary shelter requires a comprehensive understanding of the specific challenges faced in each disaster scenario. It necessitates coordination among various stakeholders, including humanitarian organizations, government agencies, local communities, and experts in architecture, engineering, and disaster management. By acknowledging and proactively addressing these challenges, it becomes possible to develop effective and context-specific solutions that provide safe, dignified, and sustainable temporary shelter for the affected populations.

1.2 Significance and rationale for conducting the study Its potential to address the urgent need for quick and effective housing solutions in post-disaster situations. Temporary shelters are an essential part of disaster relief efforts, but they often face challenges such as lack of availability, suitability, durability, and sustainability. By exploring the different technologies and construction materials available for temporary shelters, this study aims to fill a gap in

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the existing literature and provide new insights and perspectives on how to improve the quality and efficiency of temporary shelter provision. This study also has practical relevance for disaster management practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders who can benefit from the findings and recommendations of this study to make informed decisions and implement best practices for temporary shelter provision.

Furthermore, this study has broader implications for society and the environment, as it can contribute to enhancing the well-being, dignity, and resilience of disaster-affected communities and reducing the negative impacts of temporary shelters on natural resources and ecosystems.

1.3 AIM ● Evaluation of different technology and materials of post disaster shelter This study evaluates different technology and materials of post disaster shelter based on their speed, cost, environmental impact, and technical performance, using a multiscale analysis of constructive technology, shelter unit, and post-disaster temporary shelters,

1.4 Research Objective ●

To Study about the different technology and local materials that are commonly used or have a potential for use in temporary shelter for modern and existing

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To review the successful and innovative temporary shelter,and extract best practice for future design and implementation .

To understand the living requirement in tem

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1.5 Research Objective ●

What is the future of modern construction in post disaster housing/shelters construction like prefabrication , modular , 3d printing, kit of part technology in indian context ?

In the Indian context, where the frequency and impact of natural disasters are significant, leveraging these modern construction techniques can greatly enhance the speed, efficiency, and effectiveness of post-disaster shelter construction efforts. These methods can help provide immediate and durable housing solutions, reduce costs, promote sustainability, and enable customization to cater to the specific needs and cultural contexts of affected communities

1.6 Scope and limitation My study is limited to post disaster temporary structure and doesn’t concern the pre- disaster measure This study doesn’t look at the psychological impact of the design on the afflicted population.

In other research paper that were referenced, mostly the researcher focused on studying guidelines that are proposed for design of temporary shelter for architectural and urban design point of view - the type of

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spatial setting ( linear, central, and hybrid) of shelters, the situation of neighboring texture ( regarding the orientation and form consideration ) and access way are among the issues which are discussed.

Internal setting of spaces by consideration of behavioral patterns of the stricken community, the location of open areas, and the users, expectation will be briefly mentioned but none will be the focus when analyzing the case studies.

The analysis is not restricted to the Indian subcontinent because it is important to realize the difference between what’s happening in India and internationally when it comes to transitional shelters.

Due to time constraints and for including variation the case study will be internet based Also, the study will be limited to only development and the analysis of its effects on architecture.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is post disaster ?

Post disaster is a term that refers to the period after a disaster has occurred, when the affected community tries to recover from the impacts and losses caused by the disaster. A disaster is a sudden and extreme event that disrupts the normal functioning of a society or an ecosystem and causes human, material, economic or environmental damages that exceed the coping capacity of the affected community. Disasters can be natural or man-made, and they can have different types, scales and durations.

The post disaster period can be divided into three overlapping phases: response, recovery and reconstruction. The response phase involves the immediate actions taken to save lives, protect property and provide relief to the survivors of the disaster. The response phase usually lasts from a few hours to a few days after the disaster. The recovery phase involves the restoration of essential services and functions, such as water, electricity, health, education and communication. The recovery phase also aims to reduce the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of the affected community to future disasters. The recovery phase can last from a few weeks to a few months after the disaster. The reconstruction phase involves the long-term rebuilding of physical infrastructure, social systems and economic activities that were damaged or destroyed by the disaster. The reconstruction phase also seeks to address the root causes and underlying risks of the disaster and promote sustainable development. The reconstruction phase can last from a few months to a few years after the disaster.

(Elsevier B.V,(2015). managing post-disaster housing reconstruction.sciencedirect.com)

The post disaster period is a critical time for the affected community, as it offers opportunities and challenges for achieving rapid and durable recovery. The post disaster period requires effective coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, such as governments, humanitarian agencies, civil society organizations, private sector and local communities. The post disaster period also requires adequate resources, capacities and information to support the recovery and reconstruction efforts. The post disaster period is influenced by various factors, such as the type and magnitude of the disaster, the pre-disaster conditions and preparedness of the affected community, the availability and accessibility of external assistance, and the political and socio-cultural context of the affected area.

The post disaster period is an important part of disaster management, which is a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, respond to, recover from and reconstruct after disasters. Disaster management aims to reduce the

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human and environmental impacts of disasters and enhance the well-being and resilience of individuals and communities. Disaster management also contributes to achieving sustainable development goals and building a safer world for all.

(Elsevier B.V,(2015). managing post-disaster housing reconstruction.sciencedirect.com)

2.2 The role of shelter Shelter is essential for people’s safety, security and protection during and after a disaster. People may need to find shelter in different places, such as their own homes, other people’s homes, vehicles, public shelters or temporary shelters, depending on the situation and availability. Shelter is more than just a place to sleep or rest. It also provides a sense of security, personal safety and protection from poor weather conditions, a place to store personal belongings and valuables, and access to food, water and medical treatment for the affected community composed of families and individuals Shelters have different roles and forms depending on the disaster timeline. Before a disaster strikes, a shelter is a safe place to stay. These shelters can be one’s own home, a public emergency shelter, or another person’s home. After a disaster, a shelter is a place to start recovery and aim for normalcy as soon as possible. There are three shelter options available: 1) emergency shelters, 2) temporary shelters, and 3) permanent housing.

(Daniel Felix(2021) The Role of Temporary Accommodation Buildings for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction,Journal of Housing and the Built Environment)

2.3 After a disaster spontaneous shelters and provided shelters There are numerous examples of spontaneous shelters organized by disaster survivors and their relatives and friends. These examples range from purchasing building materials and services after receiving remittance gifts or loans from relatives or friends to staying with host families or in mass shelters to constructing improvised shelters by disaster survivors themselves. Some affected families or individuals can temporarily stay with family members or friends if the disaster has impacted their homes. This option allows for a quicker response before emergency agencies arrive and long after they leave. This also reduces the need for emergency accommodations. However, other families and individuals do not have that option available. Therefore, they stay in their damaged homes or try to repair them as a means of survival and safety before receiving emergency aid. Ian Davis and David Alexander have observed an astonishing array of ingenuity by disaster survivors as they improvise shelters and reconstruct their dwellings, often using debris they have salvaged. In addition, survivors do so to manage their own shelter needs.

Figure 1 : Shelter Options After a Disaster Source: Recovery from Disaster by Ian Davis and David Alexander)

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While there are spontaneous shelter options, there are also provided shelters. The first option is hotel accommodations, which may be convenient if sufficient capacity is available. However, this option is the most expensive and may be far from one’s previous residence or workplace. The second option is caravans, mobile homes, or containers. For example, Japanese architect Shigeru Ban designed blocks of three-story container housing in Onagawa in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Shipping containers were converted to provide temporary accommodations with approximately 189 apartments in the six three-story and three two-story apartment blocks. These provided shelters offer a more structured and organized approach to temporary housing, providing individuals and families with a safer and more stable living environment during the post-disaster recovery period

Figure 2: Container Housing, Shigeru Ban Architects, Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan (Source: Architectural Record, photo by Yasushi Takeuchi) ●

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The third option for post-disaster shelter is the use of tents provided by emergency agencies such as the UNHCR. These tents serve as temporary shelters and are typically set up in designated campsites.

Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a large number of campsites were established to accommodate the affected population.

Approximately 1.5 million survivors were living in tents on these campsites just one month after the disaster.

However, it is important to note that many individuals remained in these camps for several years, facing significant hardships.

The provision of campsites and tents is a crucial immediate response to provide shelter to displaced individuals.

However, it highlights the long-term challenges of post-disaster recovery and the time it takes to restore normalcy.

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Sustainable solutions for housing and livelihood restoration are essential to support individuals in transitioning out of temporary shelters.

The recovery phase after a catastrophic event like an earthquake can extend for years before affected communities can fully rebuild and resume their lives.

Comprehensive efforts are needed to address the complex needs of displaced populations and facilitate their transition to more permanent housing solutions.

Regenerate response

Figure 3 : UNHCR Tents to Accommodate Survivors in the Tacloban Area of the Philippines After Hurricane Haiyan (Source: Recovery from Disaster by Ian Davis and David Alexander, photo by David Alexander )

Two additional options for post-disaster shelter include providing plastic sheeting, materials, and tools.

Local governments often leave these supplies on the sides of roads, allowing the community to collect them free of charge. This enables individuals to make repairs to their homes or construct improvised shelters using their creativity and skills. Despite the damage caused by the catastrophic disaster, these resources empower displaced communities to create livable conditions and restore a sense of shelter and security. It showcases the resilience and resourcefulness of the affected population in utilizing available materials to rebuild their homes and ensure their basic needs are met.

(Oggioni, Chiara,(2019),Challenges and Opportunities for Pre- disaster Strategic Planning in Post-disaster Temporary Housing Provision.)

2.4 Types of shelters The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) recognizes that the design of post-disaster shelters should not only focus on the physical structure but also consider the overall shelter process. The terminology used to describe these shelters reflects an approach rather than a specific response phase. It acknowledges that the affected population themselves often play a crucial role in

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constructing, improving, and maintaining the shelters. The IFRC emphasizes the importance of involving the community and empowering them to actively participate in the shelter-related activities, highlighting the self-reliance and resilience of the affected individuals in rebuilding their lives after a disaster.

Figure 4: Overlapping Stages of Post-Disaster Relief Shelters (Source: Post-disaster Shelter: Ten Designs by IFRC (2013))

2.4.1 Emergency Shelter Short term shelter that provides life- saving support, the most basic shelters support that can be provided immediately after the disaster,

2.4.2 T- shelters A term often used to mean either temporary shelter or transitional shelter

2.4.3 Temporary shelters Post disaster household shelters designed as a rapid shelters solution. By prioritising speed and limiting costs of the construction, the lifetime of the shelter may be limited

2.4.4 Progressive shelters Post disaster rapid household shelter planned and designed to be later upgraded to a more permanent status this is achieved by integrating future transformation and alteration possibilities in structural basis of the unit

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2.4.5 Core shelter / One room shelters Post disaster household shelters planned and designed as permanent dwellings, to be the part of future permanent housing , allowing and facilitating the future process of extension by the household, following its own means and resources. The aim of a core shelter is to create one or two rooms, providing safe post-disaster shelter that reaches permanent housing standards, and facilitates development, but not completing a full permanent house.

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.5 Living space requirment ●

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Living space is a fundamental human need and right, providing a place for individuals and families to dwell, feel safe, and carry out essential domestic activities.

Adequate living space should cater to daily activities such as sleeping, food preparation, eating, washing, dressing, and storage of food and possessions.

Living spaces should be designed in a manner that respects and aligns with local cultural and social norms.

Privacy and separation between sexes, age groups, and families should be ensured within the living space.

Living spaces contribute to individuals' overall well-being by providing a conducive environment that supports their physical, emotional, and social needs.

Access to suitable living spaces promotes dignity and quality of life for individuals and families.

Designing living spaces that meet the requirements of individuals and their communities contributes to sustainable and inclusive development.

Provision of adequate living spaces is essential for disaster-affected populations during the recovery and reconstruction phases.

Consideration of cultural and social factors in living space design helps foster a sense of belonging, identity, and cultural continuity within communities.

Access to safe and adequate living spaces is a key element in promoting social justice and equality for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic background.

The Sphere Handbook, along with the UNHCR Emergency Handbook and the Humanitarian Shelter Guidelines, establishes a minimum standard for living space in shelters. These guidelines, reflected in Table, are applicable during the emergency phase and for temporary or transitional shelter solutions. They specify the minimum requirements for shelter size and height. However, it is important to note that meeting the minimum requirement does not necessarily ensure adequate living conditions, and these guidelines do not mandate a fixed amount of space in all circumstances. It is crucial to carefully consider the implications of adopting minimum calculated spaces, as they significantly influence shelter design,

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logistics requirements, and costs. Balancing these factors is essential in providing suitable living spaces for disaster-affected populations.

Table 1 : A Comparison of Selective Demographics between Dominica, Indonesia, and Oʻahu (2020) Source: The Sphere Handbook (2018 edition) and UNHCR (4th edition)

In addition to the minimum space requirement, living spaces in shelters should consider several other factors. These include: 1. Functionality and division: The design of living spaces should take into account how families or individuals gather within the space and how different areas are divided inside and outside the shelter. It should consider the changing use of space during different times of the day.

2. Enclosed spaces for various activities: Shelters should provide enclosed spaces with adequate floor area for activities such as sleeping, playing, cooking/eating, washing, and other daily tasks.

This ensures the community's dignity, security, and privacy.

3. Risk of overcrowding: The risk of overcrowding should be carefully assessed and managed to avoid an increase in illnesses or the potential spread of diseases. Sufficient space should be provided to maintain a healthy and hygienic living environment.

4. Accessibility: It is important to consider accessibility within the living spaces, especially for individuals with disabilities. Additional space may be required to accommodate their specific needs and ensure equal access to all facilities.

When designing a temporary shelter, it is important to begin with the minimum standard space requirement and then adjust the size based on the specific needs of the local community. For example, families with a larger number of members or extended relatives, typically three or more individuals, should be provided with more space or square footage compared to individuals or couples. This allows for sufficient sleeping space, larger dining areas, and additional storage capacity, which are essential for families during a disaster. By considering the specific requirements of different household sizes, the design of temporary shelters can better meet the needs of the affected population and provide a more comfortable and functional living environment.

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By considering these aspects, shelter designs can enhance the quality of living spaces, promote community well-being, and provide a safe and inclusive environment for those affected by disasters.

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.6 Common problem in shelters Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in developing various solutions and strategies for temporary shelters to assist vulnerable regions and communities in times of need. However, despite these advancements, there are still persistent challenges that have not been effectively addressed in the context of temporary shelters. These issues include: 2.6.1 Lack of local and cultural considerations: One of the primary challenges with temporary shelters is the lack of local and cultural considerations. This stems from a lack of understanding about the post-disaster circumstances experienced by affected communities. In many cases, shelter solutions are developed in a different region by governments, organizations, or international aid agencies who are not familiar with the local area. The local community is often not consulted to understand their specific needs and expectations. This disconnect between professionals and the local community can lead to misunderstandings and inadequate solutions that may be culturally inappropriate and unsuitable for the affected population.

To address these issues, it is crucial to involve the local community in the design process, considering their cultural norms, preferences, and specific contextual requirements. Emphasizing locally appropriate and culturally sensitive designs can result in more effective and sustainable shelter solutions that better meet the needs and expectations of the affected population.

2.6.2 High costs: The second challenge pertains to the high costs associated with temporary shelters. This issue arises because shelters are often produced in foreign countries and then imported and transported to the disaster site. The transportation process significantly increases the overall price of each shelter, including external production costs, transportation expenses, and material costs. This problem persists because shelters do not utilize the readily available local resources in the affected region or country. In addition to the financial burden, transportation also leads to delays in shelter deliveries and distributions, leaving the affected community in critical conditions without proper shelter. To address this challenge, it is important to explore local resources and construction methods that can reduce costs and expedite the shelter response in disaster-affected areas.

2.6.3 Future use of units: The final challenge associated with temporary shelters is their lack of future use and the resulting environmental impact. Many temporary shelter units remain in good condition even after they are no longer needed, but they are often dismantled without consideration for their potential future use. This results in a significant waste of resources and materials. Moreover, the sites where these units were located are often left polluted and not restored to their original condition before the disaster.

These cultural, economic, and environmental issues are particularly prevalent in temporary shelters due to longer-than-anticipated usage periods and the need for additional infrastructure and resources during challenging times. To address this challenge, it is essential to explore options for repurposing or reusing

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temporary shelters after their initial use and to implement proper site restoration practices to minimize the environmental impact.

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.7 Current post disaster shelter 2.7.1 Tents Tents are portable and temporary shelter structures. ● They are typically made of fabric or flexible materials. ● Tents are constructed by stretching the material over a framework of poles or ropes. ● They provide basic protection from the elements, such as rain, wind, and sunlight. ● Tents come in various sizes and designs to accommodate different numbers of occupants and ● specific needs.

They are commonly used for outdoor activities, camping, and emergency situations. ● Tents offer a simple and affordable solution for temporary shelter needs. ● They can be set up quickly and easily without the need for extensive construction. ● Tents can be used individually or combined to create larger living areas. ● They are portable and can be easily transported and stored when not in use. ● But tent as post-disaster housing has many disadvantages such as :Tents may not provide adequate protection for property and food storage. ● They often lack facilities for lighting and energy production, making it challenging to meet basic ● needs.

Tents may not be resistant to various weather conditions, such as heavy rain, strong winds, or ● extreme temperatures.

The lack of insulation can result in water infiltration during rainy conditions. ● Insufficient ventilation in tents can lead to poor air circulation and discomfort. ● Tents may not withstand strong winds, posing a risk to the occupants. ● The limited space in tents can make it difficult to store belongings and supplies adequately. ●

Figure 5. Tents being used in nepal post-earthquake Source :- nationalobserver.com

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2.7.2 Shipping container Shipping containers are widely used for transportation and storage purposes, but they can also be reused as temporary shelters for people who have been displaced by disasters. Shipping containers have some advantages as temporary shelters, such as their strength, durability, portability, and availability. They can also be modified and adapted to suit different needs and preferences of the users, such as adding insulation, windows, doors, partitions, and utilities. However, shipping containers also have some challenges and limitations as temporary shelters, such as their size, shape, weight, cost, and environmental impact. They may not be suitable for all contexts and climates, and they may require expert support and additional resources to install and maintain. Therefore, shipping containers should be carefully evaluated and compared with other shelter options before being used as temporary shelters in post-disaster situations. (ling,philip,(2018),Shipping Container as Shelter ProvisionSolution for Post-Disaster Reconstruction)

2.8 Modern experience to build temporary shelter fast 2.8.1 3D printing technology The process of 3D printing starts with creating a digital 3D model using specialized software. This model is then sliced into layers, generating a file that can be read by a 3D printer. The printer uses various materials based on the design and chosen 3D printing technique. There are different types of 3D printing methods, including liquid-based (SLA), powder-based (SLS), and solid-based techniques. One popular technique is Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), which involves extruding material through a nozzle layer by layer. FDM is widely used due to its affordability, versatility in material options, and its development by S. Scott Crump in 1989. It is a stable and common 3D printing method in the industry today.

Figure 6 . The Fused Deposition Modelling method. (FDM). Source: (Russell, 2015)

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The use of materials in 3D printing has expanded to include plastics, metals, ceramics, and sand, which are commonly used in industrial prototyping and production applications. The availability of materials for 3D printing has significantly improved over time, with a wide range of options offered in different forms such as powder, filament, pellets, granules, and resins. In the construction industry, there is a growing emphasis on reducing raw material consumption to enhance economic and environmental efficiency. In line with this, the proposed research aims to explore the use of local and sustainable materials, particularly earth materials (soil), for constructing temporary housing after disasters. Earth materials have the advantages of being readily available, having low embodied energy, being easily recyclable, and adaptable to the specific requirements of temporary or permanent housing solutions.

(BOOK,Subramanya, Karthik,(2021),Exploring Utilization of the 3D Printed Housing as Post-Disaster Temporary Shelter for Displaced People)

2.9 Design approach for temporary shelter

Figure 7 : What Shelter Provides (Source: The Sphere Handbook (2018 edition)

The functions of appropriate shelters, as defined in "What Shelters Provide" from The Sphere Handbook (2018), encompass critical aspects that address the needs of individuals and families in times of crisis.

These functions include: 1. Protection from the weather: Shelters offer a safe and secure space that shields occupants from the elements, ensuring their physical well-being.

2. Health: Shelters should provide a healthy environment that supports hygiene practices, sanitation facilities, and access to clean water, promoting the overall health of the residents.

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3. Support for family and community life: Shelters serve as a platform for maintaining family and community bonds, allowing individuals to connect, share experiences, and support one another during challenging times.

4. Dignity: Shelters should uphold the dignity of individuals by providing a space that respects their privacy, cultural practices, and individual rights.

5. Security: Shelters offer a sense of safety and protection, mitigating risks and vulnerabilities that individuals may face in post-disaster situations.

6. Livelihoods: Shelters can play a role in supporting individuals' livelihoods by providing a base from which they can access resources, employment opportunities, and regain economic stability

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS)

2.10 Role of NGOs and government agencies in post disaster temporary shelters

Figure 8: Overview of the CARE shelter projects source:careindia.org

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NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) play a crucial role in post-disaster shelters by providing support and assistance to affected communities. Here are some key roles that NGOs fulfill: 1. Emergency Response: NGOs are often among the first responders in disaster-affected areas. They provide immediate relief and emergency shelter to displaced individuals and families. This includes distributing tents, blankets, hygiene kits, and other essential items to meet the basic needs of survivors.

2. Coordination and Collaboration: NGOs work closely with government agencies, international organizations, and other stakeholders to coordinate efforts and ensure a comprehensive response.

They collaborate with local communities, conducting needs assessments and engaging in participatory planning to design and implement effective shelter solutions 3. Shelter Design and Construction: NGOs contribute to the design and construction of post-disaster shelters. They utilize their expertise and knowledge to develop innovative and sustainable shelter models that are safe, durable, and culturally appropriate. This involves considering factors such as local building practices, climate resilience, and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, such as women, children, and people with disabilities.

(Barenstein, Duyne(2008),From Gujarat to Tamil Nadu: Owner-driven vs. contractor-driven housing reconstruction in India,irec,)

2.11 CONCLUSION Different types of disasters have varying impacts on populations. While some disasters like floods may cause temporary displacement, allowing families to return home after a few weeks, others like hurricanes or tsunamis can destroy entire communities, leaving them without a physical place to return to. In such cases, temporary shelters play a crucial role in bridging the gap between the aftermath of a disaster and the resumption of daily activities for the affected community.

Temporary shelters are deployed during the early recovery phase and are designed to last longer than emergency shelters. They serve as a transitional solution, providing the affected community with basic needs and a sense of normalcy during the post-disaster period. While they are not permanent housing, it is important to acknowledge that the term "temporary" can extend for a considerable period, depending on the time required for recovery. Displaced survivors may reside in these shelters for months or even years.

Considering the extended duration of stay, temporary shelters should prioritize comfort, privacy, and security to ensure the well-being and stability of the affected community. These shelters should provide adequate amenities to promote good health and a stable living environment, acknowledging the potential long-term nature of their occupancy.

Figure 9: different stage of shelter

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CASE STUDY 3.1 Selection of shelter The shelter have been selected from location that suffered high magnitude disasters, In these region the possibility of re- building at the same site was an issue because of large amount of debris of flooding They were provided at a place where accessibility could have been an issue and the help would have poured slowly over time. They needed a quick disaster response to house the victim.

These shelters were provided in a place where land rights were yet to be allocated in new places, where the victims were to be rehabilitated. The whole reconstruction of permanent shelter would have taken some time hence the temporary pattern of life was adopted for a short time period.

These allotted temporary shelters were transactional in nature in one way or the other. The Cases where tents were provided for temporary shelters were not taken into consideration because that is an early stage of the disaster reconstruction phase and does not concern the topic of this research paper.

So i have chosen the following disaster and shelter association with them 1. Flood in uttarakhand , 2013 2. Earthquake in bhuj gujarat, 2001 3. The living style malaysia

Figure 10: making of the shelter

- Ashiyana shelter by NTPDC - paper tube shelter by shigeru ban - module / collapsible shelter

figure 11:.bhuj gujarat shelter paper tube

source:foundation.amarujala.com

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Ashiyana temporary shelter by NCPDP

Figure 12: self made temporary shelter Source: reliance foundation

Disaster : flash flood in uttarakhand 2013 ( and kashmir - 2010, 2013) It’s an earthquake and wind resistant house built with most easily available materials and vernacular architecture of the hilly area.

In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the north india state of uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides becoming the country’s worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.

In Uttarakhand and kashmir, the need for the mid-term shelter arose before long. People needed something where they could stay warm and with minimum discomfort since winter was not too far away.

Later when the permanent houses get built this house could be easily dismantled and all the materials reused in the extension to the new construction.

Using this design in Uttarakhand three organizations had built more than 300 semi- permanent houses for the affected people. Now more than 15 months after the disaster as people are getting ready to move into their permanent houses many are refusing to dismantle their midterm houses since they are earthquake and cyclone resistant, and are spacious.

(Ashiyaanaa' for Disaster Affected Kashmir.(n.d.),ncpdp india.org)

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LOCATION

Pithoragarh

PROJECT STATUS

Built

YEAR COMPLETED

October 2013

TYPE

Recyclable

PROJECT TYPE

self-built temporary shelter, n0 technical support required

NO. OF SHELTER CONSTRUCTED

300

SHELTER SIZE

192 sq ft

TOTAL COST OF SHELTER

Rs. 86,000/-

They do not feel like tin sheds, but feel like a house. We call this house ashiyana. This house could be easily made more comfortable by installing a wooden floor and insulation under the tin roof.

Mid- term shelter (single room ) - construction sequence STEP 1 - Excavation for foundation STEP 2 - Installation of main timber post STEP 3 - Masonry for foundation plinth and walls STEP 4 - Installation of timber wall plate wall plate and its stiffeners STEP 5 - Installation of ridge beam STEP 6 - Installation of rafters and purlins and CGI sheet roofing STEP 7 - Installation cladding and door and window on end walls STEP 8 - Finishing by the beneficiary (Ashiyaanaa' for Disaster Affected Kashmir.(n.d.),ncpdp india.org)

Note : Figure 13: making of shelter

figure 14 : shelter overall structure

This mid-term shelter is specifically designed to accommodate beneficiaries for an extended duration, typically ranging from one to two years. It is constructed with the understanding that

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once a permanent shelter is established, the occupants will relocate, dismantling this structure and repurposing its components for future use, minimizing material waste and promoting sustainability.

However, it is worth noting that this shelter offers more than just a temporary solution. In the event that a beneficiary wishes to transform it into a permanent structure, the design allows for adaptability. By extending the walls to a height of 7 or 8 feet and incorporating a concrete band and wire reinforcement, the shelter can be upgraded to provide increased structural stability and durability, offering the possibility of a longer-term or even permanent housing option.

This approach not only facilitates a smooth transition for individuals and families as they rebuild their lives, but it also promotes resourcefulness and resilience in post-disaster scenarios. By providing the flexibility to adapt the shelter according to evolving needs and preferences, it empowers beneficiaries to create a living space that meets their specific requirements and fosters a sense of stability and continuity in their daily lives.

2. temporary shelter and paper log house in india by architect shigeru ban Disaster : Bhuj earthquake, Gujrat, January 2001 Background On January 26th, 2001, a devastating earthquake measuring magnitude 6.9 struck, resulting in a significant loss of life and extensive damage. Tragically, around 20,000 people lost their lives, while an additional 167,000 individuals were injured. The earthquake left over one million people homeless, impacting 7,633 villages and completely destroying 450 villages. The destruction was widespread, with 344,000 houses completely destroyed and 888,000 houses reporting damages.

In the aftermath of the earthquake, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and contractors worked collaboratively with affected villages to provide ready-made temporary shelters on the victims' own properties. These shelters served multiple purposes: they offered families a safe and secure living space, allowing them time to recover from the trauma they experienced. Additionally, the provision of temporary shelters granted planners and victims the opportunity to thoroughly assess and study their reconstruction options, ensuring that the subsequent permanent solutions would meet the long-term needs of the affected communities.

The temporary shelters were constructed using locally available materials such as bricks, wood, and tiles.

This approach facilitated the recycling and repurposing of materials for the improvement of future housing. Owners had the flexibility to reuse the materials from the temporary shelters to enhance their newly constructed houses. For instance, the temporary shelter could be transformed into a kitchen, a storage room, or an additional habitable room, based on the specific needs of the households.

While these temporary shelters provided immediate relief and a sense of security, they were not intended as permanent solutions due to their limited size and capacity. The focus was on providing a transitional living space that would facilitate the recovery process and allow communities to plan for long-term reconstruction. The flexibility of the shelter design, allowing for material recycling and adaptation,

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empowered the affected individuals to gradually improve their living conditions as they moved towards permanent housing solutions.

This approach not only addressed the immediate needs of the earthquake-affected populations but also fostered resilience and community participation in the reconstruction process. By utilizing locally available materials and incorporating the input and preferences of the homeowners, the temporary shelter initiative contributed to the sustainable recovery and reconstruction efforts, allowing communities to rebuild their lives on their own terms.

(Shigeru Ban Architect(n.d.), Paper Log House,shigeruban.net)

LOCATION

Bhuj

PROJECT STATUS

Built

YEAR COMPLETED

2001

TYPE

Reusable

Figure 15 : bhuj shelter Source: shigerubanarchitects.com

PROJECT TARGET POPULATION

180,536 Completely

Destroyed 913,297 partially damaged SHELTER SIZE

Approximately 3m x 2.5m

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Post- earthquake relief project based on previous settlement designed for kobe and turkey

Construction ●

Paper tubes which are erected in galvanized iron channels and held firmly in places by plaster of paris, are used for the walls of the 3 by 4.8 meter, water-resistant structure.

●

The floor is made of mud mixed with cow dung, and locally available bamboo is used for the vault and roof.

●

Criteria for the houses include the use of inexpensive and recyclable materials, simple construction method and satisfactory insulation properties.

●

Rubble from destroyed building. Was used for the foundation instead of beer crates, Which could not be found in this area. It was coated with a traditional mud floor

●

For the roof, split bamboo was applied to the rib vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge beams. A locally woven cane mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear plastic tarpaulin to protect against rain, then another cane mat.

●

Ventilation was provided through the gables, where small holes in the mats allowed air to circulate. This ventilation also allowed cooking to be done inside, with the added benefits of repelling mosquitoes.

●

Ban incorporates many local materials, such a plastic beer boxes from local beer companies to use as the foundation

●

His approach to temporary housing is to create a home like environment for a temporary period of time.

●

In his paper shelter he teaches the people of the community to build these houses, which results in these buildings being able to build these structures in a relatively quick amount of time.

(Shigeru Ban Architect(n.d.), Paper Log House,shigeruban.net)

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY 3. THE LIVING SHELTER, MALAYSIA ●

The Living Shelter is an affordable collapsible capsule designed by WY-TO.

●

It is easy to ship and assemble, requiring no tools for setup.

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●

The shelter is specifically designed for Southeast Asia's climate, geography, and cultural habits.

●

Inspired by traditional 'kampung' houses, it features openings for natural ventilation.

●

The engineering system ensures sturdiness and adaptability to hot and humid weather conditions.

●

All components and systems can be easily dismantled and reused in new buildings.

●

The shelter provides privacy, security, and basic needs such as electricity, water, and furniture.

●

It includes a water bag for collecting water, a built-in solar panel for charging phones and providing light, and foldable furniture like beds, hammocks, and shelves.

●

The shelter aims to ease the burden of affected populations during disaster relief efforts.

●

It is ergonomic, safe, and durable, fulfilling the basic needs of dwellers.

Figure 16 : module size and view Source:Living Shelter, A Solution for Disaster Relief

MORE THAN JUST A SHELTER ● ● ●

The Living Shelter responds to both emergency and transitional phases in disaster relief.

All components and systems of the shelter can be easily dismantled and reused in new buildings for long-term durability.

The shelter provides privacy, security, and basic needs such as electricity, water, and furniture.

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● ● ● ● ●

It includes a water bag for water collection and a built-in solar panel on the roof for phone charging and lighting.

The shelter features built-in foldable furniture like beds, hammocks, and shelves, as well as portable furniture.

All the necessary amenities are conveniently packed in a flat pack design.

The Living Shelter aims to alleviate the challenges faced by affected populations during disaster relief efforts.

Its adaptability, ergonomic design, and inclusion of essential resources make it a safe and durable solution for those in need.

Figure 17 - statics

Source - divisare.com The Living Shelter effectively reduces the burden on affected populations during disaster relief by meeting their basic dwelling needs. This shelter is designed to be ergonomic, safe, and durable, providing a secure and comfortable living space. By fulfilling these essential requirements, it greatly alleviates the challenges faced by those affected by disasters.

figure18: Drawing of shelter, Source:diviare,com

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3. METHODOLOGY

Figure 19 Flow diagram of methodology Source :- author

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW We did literature review to identify, select, process, and analyze information about our research proposal.

We have done a literature review of 10 to 12 research papers and understand the process of temporary shelter , its types, problems, case study and how fast we can make temporary shelter .

3.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Some part of understanding the process of post disaster temporary shelter is done from the articles associated with it online. The stats and numbers supporting the research are also collected from the internet and are therefore parts of the secondary data collection.

3.3 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

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We conducted a primary data collection process for post-disaster temporary shelters using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to gather information from architects and students of architecture regarding existing technologies, construction methods, and the best materials for fast construction.

The questionnaire included targeted questions to assess the current technologies used in temporary shelter construction, including innovative solutions and advancements. It also aimed to identify efficient and time-effective construction methods suitable for post-disaster situations.

Additionally, we sought insights into the best materials for temporary shelter construction, considering factors such as durability, cost-effectiveness, ease of procurement, and adaptability to different environmental conditions.

The questionnaire was distributed online to a diverse sample of architects and students of architecture, chosen based on their expertise and practical experience in the field. Ethical considerations were taken into account to ensure the confidentiality of participants' responses.

By employing this questionnaire-based approach, we collected valuable primary data on post-disaster temporary shelters. The information obtained from experts in the field will contribute to our analysis and evaluation of various approaches to temporary shelter construction.

3.4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ● ● ●

Closed end questionnaire ( Architect & Architect students ) The quantitative analysis is purely based on secondary data collected from the internet. Other data has been used to do quantitative analysis.

Existing data ( part of secondary data )

3.5 SAMPLE SELECTION CRITERIA In the research methodology of my dissertation, I applied specific selection criteria and determined the sample size for the case studies conducted.

1. Relevance :- The cases selected were directly relevant to the topic of post-disaster temporary shelters. They represented real-world examples of temporary shelter projects implemented in different disaster-affected areas.

2. Diversity :- I aimed to include a diverse range of cases to capture variations in geographical locations, types of disasters, and cultural contexts. This ensured a comprehensive understanding of temporary shelter practices in different settings.

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3. Availability of Data :- The selected cases had sufficient data available, including documentation, reports, and other relevant sources. This ensured that I could access and analyze the necessary information to conduct a thorough study.

4. Variation in Construction Methods and Materials :- I sought cases that exhibited a variety of construction methods and materials used in temporary shelter projects. This allowed for a comprehensive assessment of different approaches and their effectiveness.

The sample size for the case studies was determined based on the principle of saturation, which aims to achieve data saturation, where further data collection does not yield substantially new insights or information. The specific sample size may vary depending on the nature of the research, the complexity of the cases, and the amount of available data.

For this study on post-disaster temporary shelters, I determined that three case studies would be appropriate to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. This sample size allowed for in-depth analysis and comparison while maintaining feasibility within the scope of the research.

The selection of the case studies was carried out meticulously, considering the established selection criteria. These criteria were designed to ensure that the selected cases aligned with the research objectives and provided valuable insights. By adhering to these criteria and determining an appropriate sample size, I aimed to enhance the credibility and reliability of the findings and ensure a comprehensive analysis of post-disaster temporary shelters.

4. RESULTS AND FINDING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY ( TABULAR ANALYSIS )

Design parameter

PITHORAGARH

BHUJ

Rectangular with rib vault

MALESIA LIVING SHELTER Rectangular

FORM

Rectangular structure with pitched roof

AREA

196 sq ft

3 x 2.5m

2.7x3.2m

VENTILATION ACCESS

1 Window 1 door

Through gables perforation in cane mat 1 door

1 window 1 door

Cultural fit

Yes

Yes

No

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MATERIALS

NO. OF UNIT REPLICABILITY

● ● ● ● ●

TIN Roof CGI Roof Wooden flooring Timber framing Random rubble masonery

300

Paper tube, erected in galvanized iron channels held firmly in place by plaster of paris, are used for the walls of the 3 by 4.8 meter

113

● Structural insulated panel for roof ● Hollow aluminum lightweight structure ● Structural insulated wall ● Solar panel ● Folded bed ● Folded furniture ● gutter to channel rain water —

COST

86,000

1,45,000

Undisclosed

TIME TO CONSTRUCT

1 month

15 days

Less than 24 hours

CONSTRUCTION TEAM,

5 people Vernacular style people participation possible

7 people

2 people

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Vernacular style people participation possible

Yes , simple construction methods

No

STRUCTURE LIFE SPAN

10 years easily

2-3 year easily

10-15 year easily

Maintenance required

Yes

Yes

No

PRIVACY

Yes

Yes

High privacy

MATERIALS PROCURED

Locally available materials

Locally available materials

Modular construction

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STRUCTURE FOUNDATION

Supported on rubble foundation coated, mud on top

Beer crates use as a foundations

Retractable and adjustable legs

ASSEMBLY METHOD

IN- SITU

KIT- OF- PIT

MODULE

STRUCTURE FLOORING AND ROOFING MATERIALS

Timber frame

Galvanized channel and bamboo frame

Structural insulated panel for roof With solar panel

FLOOR MATERIALS

-

Mud mixed with cow dung

Insulated panels

AFTER SHIFTED TO PERMANENT HOUSING THEN SHELTER CAN BE USE AS

Still being used as permanent house some upgrade and re-used the materials

Still being used as permanent house some upgrade and re-used the materials

Used as storage area or move to other disaster prone area

Source:- author

LESSON LEARNED ( From table ) ● Shelters that locally procured materials are cost effective over time and provide good opportunities for scale-up, ● Shelters with area around 3.5 sq m per person, they provides better living space and livelihood opportunities; ● The time of making shelter in india context is higher than malaysia project and the amenities are better provided to full fill the daily usage ● In the context of India, the potential for allowing temporary shelters to be used as permanent houses is a significant consideration in post-disaster scenarios. However, it is important to note that currently, the concept of temporary shelters transitioning into permanent houses is not widespread in India. This indicates a gap between the existing practice and the potential for utilizing well-designed temporary shelters as permanent housing solutions.

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QUESTIONNAIRE ( Results and responses )

Figure 20 : question graph Source: author

Figure 21: Graph of responses Source:author

35

FEEDBACKS ●

For instance, it's actually how fast can the temporary shelters be put up and also how cheap they are to put up that I think are the most important aspects.. the choice of material is actually secondary

●

Temporary shelter material is ok but as post disaster situation victims want shelter on his head as soon as possible so the how rapid construction happen in this field is thinkable

●

Shipping container and LGS technology can be good for fast construction

●

Temporary shelters should be designed with portability and ease of assembly in mind.

The materials and technology used should be lightweight and easy to transport.

●

Evaluate the materials' ability to repel water and their resistance to leakage. Waterproof or water-resistant materials

ANALYSIS AND FINDING ( QUESTIONNAIRE )

36

●

The conclusion could be that prefabricated modular units and 3D printing technology are highly regarded as effective and efficient methods for fast construction of temporary shelters post-disaster.

●

lightweight composite materials are seen as a favorable technology due to their strength, durability, and potential for rapid construction. Modular construction is also highly regarded for its flexibility, scalability, and ease of assembly. Shipping containers, although selected by a smaller number of participants, can still be a viable option due to their availability and potential for repurposing. 3D printing, while receiving fewer responses, is a technology with promising potential for on-site construction of temporary shelters using various materials.

●

timber and bamboo are preferred due to their abundance, sustainability, and ease of construction. High-strength composite materials are also considered favorable for their strength, durability, and versatility. Steel and aluminum, although chosen by fewer respondents,

●

The responses indicate a diverse range of perspectives. While a majority believe that modern technology and materials can provide improved durability and resilience, others emphasize the suitability of traditional methods or acknowledge the importance of considering the specific context and available resources.

●

the responses highlight the multiple benefits that modern materials can bring to post-disaster temporary shelters, including faster construction, improved energy efficiency, enhanced safety, and reduced maintenance requirements. Incorporating these materials can contribute to more effective and efficient shelter solutions for affected communities.

In conclusion, incorporating modern technologies and materials in post-disaster temporary shelters can greatly improve their effectiveness and efficiency. These advancements offer benefits such as enhanced structural stability, improved insulation and energy efficiency, faster construction and assembly, and reduced maintenance requirements. While traditional materials and techniques may still have relevance, the use of modern materials, such as lightweight composites, can provide durable and resilient shelter solutions. However, the specific context and available resources should be considered when making decisions about technology and material choices for post-disaster shelters.

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MATERIALS FINDING (For foundation )

( for wall )

(For framing) (For roofing )

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CONCLUSION The duration required for permanent housing solutions, as stated, can be quite long, ranging from 3-5 years. Sometimes it can be more. However, immediately after a disaster, it becomes essential to provide temporary shelter to meet the immediate needs of the affected population.

Subsequently, NGOs and government agencies work towards developing permanent housing solutions.

In the Indian context, people often view temporary shelters as a potential permanent solution due to the prolonged duration required for permanent housing. However, the lack of availability of materials poses a challenge in making temporary shelters meet the minimum requirements.

3d module and 3d printed technology is generally fast in making temporary shelter but not proper apply in most the state in india, but in the future 3d module temporary shelter will be the immediate need for post disaster shelters, if a major disaster were to occur, it may be necessary to utilize new technology for prompt rapid response and action. Because the permanent reconstruction may be took long time to construct the houses , in the tents not proper amenities available to live life Module and prefabrication become the unavoidable demand in post disaster shelter early stage tents and textile shelters are not an a option for long term wait for permanent house ,

Evaluation of materials and technologies ( conclusion ) Based on the evaluation of materials and technologies for post-disaster temporary shelters, several key findings and conclusions can be drawn : ●

Different materials were assessed for their suitability in terms of availability, cost-effectiveness, durability, and environmental impact.

●

Local and salvageable materials showed potential as they fostered a sense of community ownership, reduced costs, and minimized environmental impact

●

Various construction technologies were analyzed, including prefabrication, modular systems, and 3D printing.

Prefabrication techniques demonstrated benefits such as faster construction time, improved quality control, and standardization of components.

However, technological constraints, affordability, and scalability need to be addressed for widespread implementation in the Indian context.

The consideration of cultural aspects in shelter design and construction is crucial to ensure the acceptance and appropriateness of the shelters in the local context.

● ● ●

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●

Self-build shelter approaches allow for the incorporation of cultural values and community participation in the construction process.

REFERENCES Assaf, S., Al-Hejji, S., 2006. Causes of Delay in Large Construction Projects. International Journal of Project Management 24(4), 349-357. Barakat, S., 2003. Housing Reconstruction after Conflict and Disaster. Hum Pol Group, Network Papers 43, 1-40.

Barenstein, J. D., 2006. Housing Reconstruction in Post-Earthquake Gujarat: A Comparative Analysis.

Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Humanitarian practice network (HPN).

Benson, C., Twigg, J., 2007. Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction: Guidance Notes for Development Organisations. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Ashiyaanaa' for Disaster Affected Kashmir.(n.d.),ncpdp india.org (Elsevier B.V,(2015). managing post-disaster housing reconstruction.sciencedirect.com (Daniel Felix(2021) The Role of Temporary Accommodation Buildings for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction,Journal of Housing and the Built Environment) (Oggioni, Chiara,(2019),Challenges and Opportunities for Pre- disaster Strategic Planning in Post-disaster Temporary Housing Provision.)

(Krisen Moodley,(2014) , AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS) (ling,philip,(2018),Shipping Container as Shelter ProvisionSolution for Post-Disaster Reconstruction) Sphere project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response 2011.

Perrow R.W. What Is A Disaster? The Handbook of Disaster Research. Rodriguez H.; Enrico L.Q. eds.

Springer: New York, Biswas, A. 2008. “Research techniques in housing.” J. Indian Inst. Architects 78: 1–8. puriya,ansul (n.d.) Comparative Strategies,reasearchgate

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Davidson, C. H., Johnson, C., Lizarralde, G., Dikmen, N., Sliwinski, A., 2007. Truths and Myths about Community Participation in Post-Disaster Housing Projects. Habitat International 31(1), 100-115

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The Sphere Handbook (2018 edition) and UNHCR (4th edition) Barenstein, J. D., 2006. Housing Reconstruction in Post-Earthquake Gujarat: A Comparative Analysis.

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“Living Shelter, A Solution for Disaster Relief,” Divisare, accessed October 15, 2021, https://divisare.com/projects/316552-wy-to-living-shelter-a-solution-for-disaster-relief.

Daniel Felix et al, “The Role of Temporary Accommodation Buildings for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction,” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 30 (4). pp 683-699, accessed October 01, 2021, DOI

Montreal, Que(n.d.),Impacts of prefabricated temporary housing after disasters: 1999 earthquakes in Turkey,Canada H3C 3J7 Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224

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