Violence Risk - References

References Validated Tools COVR Doyle, M., Shaw, J., Carter, S. & Dolan, M. (2010). Investigating the validity of the classification of violence risk in a UK sample. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(4), 316-323. Access Here.

Fujii, D. E. M., Takioka, A. B., Lichton, A. & Hishinuma, E. (2005). Ethnic differences in prediction of violence risk with the HCR-20 among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Services, 56(6), 711-716. Access Here.

Kennedy, J., Bresler, S., Whitaker, H. & Masterson, B. (2007). Assessing violence risk in psychiatric inpatients: Useful tools. Psychiatric Times, 24(8). Access Here.

McClusker, P. J. (2007). Issues regarding the clinical use of the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) assessment instrument. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51(6), 676–685. Access Here.

McDermott, B. E., Dualan, I. V. & Scott, C. L. (2011). The predictive ability of the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) in a forensic psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services, 62(4), 430-433. Access Here.

Meadows, R. J. (2014). Understanding violence and victimization. New York: Pearson Education. Access Here.

Monahan, J. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. New York: Oxford University Press. Access Here.

Monahan, J. (2010) ‘The Classification of Violence Risk.’ In R. K. Otto and K. S. Douglas.

Handbook of violence risk assessment. New York, London: Routledge, 187-198.

Access Here.

Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Robbins, P., Appelbaum, P., Banks, S., Grisso, T., Heilbrun, K., Mulvey, E. P., Roth, L. & Silver, E. (2005). An actuarial model of violence risk assessment for persons with mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 56(7), 810–815.

Access Here.

Persson, M., Belfrage, H., Fredriksson, B. & Kristiansson, M. (2017). Violence during imprisonment, forensic psychiatric care, and probation: Correlations and predictive validity of the risk assessment instruments COVR, LSI-R, HCR-20V3, and SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 16(2), 117-129. Access Here.

Snowden, R. J., Gray, N. S., Taylor, J. & Fitzgerald, S. (2009). Assessing risk of future violence among forensic psychiatric inpatients with the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR).

Psychiatric Services, 60(11), 1522-1526. Access Here.

Snowden, R. J., Gray, N. S. & Taylor, J. (2010). Risk Assessment for future violence in individuals from an ethnic minority group. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(2), 118-123. Access Here.

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Sturup, J., Kristiansson, M. & Lindqvist, P. (2011). Violent behaviour by general psychiatric patients in Sweden. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 161-165. Access Here.

HCR-20 Abbiati, M., Laix, J., Gasser, J. & Malin, V. (2014). Predicting physically violent misconduct in prison: A comparison of four risk assessment instruments. Behavioral Science and the Law, 37(1), 61-77. Access Here.

Arai, K., A. Takano, T. Nagata & N. Hirabayashi. (2016). Predictive accuracy of the HistoricalClinical-Risk-Management-20 for violence in the forensic psychiatric wards in Japan.

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 27(5), 1471-2857. Access Here.

Campbell, M. A., French, S. & Gendreau, P. (2009). The prediction of violence in adult offenders: A meta-analytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment.

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 567–590. Access Here.

Cawood, J. S. (2017). The inter-rater reliability and predictive validity of the HCR-20 V3 in common workplace environments. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 4(1), 1-11. Access Here.

Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Zhang, T., Sizmur, S., Roberts, C., Farrington, D. P., & Rogers, R. D. (2009). Gender differences in structured risk assessment: Comparing the accuracy of five instruments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 337-348.

Access Here. de Vogel, V. & de Ruiter, C. (2005). The HCR-20 in personality disordered female offenders: A comparison with a matched sample of males. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12(3), 226-240. Access Here. de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbé, M., van Kalmthout, W. & Place, C. (2012). Risk assessment of violent women: Development of the “Female Additional Manual” (FAM) [article in Dutch].’ Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 54(4), 329 – 338. Access Here.

Dickens, G. L. & O’Shea, L. E. (2017). Use of the HCR-20 for violence risk assessment: Views of clinicians working in a secure inpatient mental health setting.’ The Journal of Forensic Practice, 19(2), 130-138. Access Here.

Douglas, K. S., Webster, C. D., Hart, S. D. & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2001). HCR-20 violence risk management guide. Burnaby, Canada: Simon Fraser University. [Not accessible] Douglas, K. S. & Belfrage, H. (2014). Interrater reliability and concurrent validity of the HCR20 Version 3.’ The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 130-139.

Access Here.

Douglas, K. S., Guy, L. S., Reeves, K. A.; & Weir, J. (2005). HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Overview and annotated bibliography. Systems and Psychosocial Advances Research Center Publications and Presentations, 335. Access Here.

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Douglas, K. S. & Reeves, K. A. (2010). Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) violence risk assessment scheme: Rationale, application and empirical overview. In R. K. Otto and K. S. Douglas (Eds.), Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 147-186. Access Here.

Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., Belfrage, H., Guy, L. S. & Wilson, C. M. (2014).

Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20, version 3 (HCR-20V3): Development and overview. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 93-108. Access Here.

Doyle, M. & Dolan, M. (2006). Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189(6), 520–526. Access Here.

Doyle, M., Power, L. A., Coid, J., Kallis, C., Ullrich, S. & Shaw, J. (2014). Predicting postdischarge community violence in England and Wales using the HCR-20V3. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 140-147. Access Here.

Garcia-Mansilla, A., Rosenfeld, B. & Cruise, K. R. (2011). Violence risk assessment and women: Predictive accuracy of the HCR-20 in a civil psychiatric sample. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29(5), 623-633. Access Here.

Gray, N. S., Taylor, J. & Snowden, R. J. (2008). Predicting violent reconvictions using the HCR20. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(5), 384-387. Access Here.

Green, D., Schneider, M., Griswold, H., Belfi, B., Herrera, M. & DeBlasi, A. (2016). A comparison of the HCR-20V3 among male and female insanity acquittees: A retrospective file study. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(1), 48-64.

Access Here.

Ho, H., Thomson, L. & Darjee, R. (2009). Violence risk assessment: The use of the PCL-SV, HCR-20, and VRAG to predict violence in mentally disordered offenders discharged from a medium secure unit in Scotland. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(4), 523-541. Access Here.

Jeandarme, I., Pouls, C., De Laender, J., Oei, T. I. & Bogaerts, S. (2017). Field validity of the HCR-20 in forensic medium security units in Flanders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(4), 305-322. Access Here.

Lindsay, W. R., Hogue, T. E., Taylor, J. L., Steptoe, L., Mooney, P., O’Brien, G., Johnstone, S. & Smith, A. H. W. (2008). Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: A comparison across three levels of security. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(1), 90–111. Access Here.

Logan, C. (2014). The HCR-20 version 3: A case study in risk formulation. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 172-180. Access Here.

Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G. & Hemmati, T. (2007). The validity of violence risk estimates: An issue of item performance. Psychological Services, 4(1), 1-12. Access Here.

O’Shea, L. E., Thaker, D. K., Picchioni, M. M., Knight, F. L., Dickens, C. & Dickens, G. L. (2015).

Predictive validity of the HCR-20 for violent and non-violent sexual behaviour in a secure mental health service. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26(5), 366-379.

Access Here.

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Sada, A., Robles-Garcia, R., Martinez-Lopez, N., Hernandez-Ramirez, C. A., Tovilla-Zarate, F. Lopez-Munguila, E., Ayala Suarez-Alvarez, X. & Fresan, A. (2016). Assessing the reliability, predictive and constructive validity of historical, clinical and risk management – 20 (HCR-20) in Mexican psychiatric inpatients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(6), 456-461. Access Here.

Schaap, G., Lammers, S. and de Vogel, V. (2009). Risk assessment in female forensic psychiatric patients: A quasi-prospective study into the validity of the HCR-20 and PCLR. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(3), 354-365. Access Here.

Shepherd, S. M., Campbell, R. E. & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2018). The Utility of the HCR-20 in an Australian sample of forensic psychiatric patients. Psychiatry, Psychology and the Law, 25(2), 273-282. Access Here.

Strub, D. S., Douglas, K. S. & Nicholls, T. L. (2016). Violence risk assessment of civil psychiatric patients with the HCR-20: Does gender matter?’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(1), 81-96. Access Here.

Vitacco, M. J., Tabernik, H. E., Zavodny, D., Bailey, K. & Waggoner, C. (2016). Projecting risk: The importance of the HCR-20 risk management scale in predicting outcomes with forensic patients. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 34(2-3), 308-320. Access Here.

START Alderman, N., Major, G. & Brooks, J. (2016). What can structured professional judgment tools contribute to the management of neurobehavioral disability?: Predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) in acquired brain injury.

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: An International Journal, 28(3), 448-465.

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Braithwaite, E., Charette, Y., Crocker, A. G. & Reyes, A. (2010). The predictive validity of clinical ratings of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START).

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(4), 271-281. Access Here.

Cartwright, J. K., Desmarais, S. L., Hazel, J., Griffith, T. & Azizian, A. (2018). Predictive validity of HCR-20, START and Static-99R assessments in predicting institutional aggression among sexual offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 42(1), 13-25. Access Here.

Chu, C., Thomas, S. D. M.., Ogloff, J. R.P. & Daffern, M. (2011). The predictive validity of the short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) in a secure forensic hospital: Risk factors and strengths. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(4), 337-345.

Access Here.

Collins, M. J., Desmarais, S.L., Nicholls, T.L. & Brink, J. (2008). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): Evaluating perceived utility and user satisfaction in clinical practice. Poster presented at the meetings of the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Vienna, Austria. [Not accessible] Crocker, A. G., Braithwaite, E., Laferrière, D., Gagnon, D., Venegas, C. & Jenkins, T. (2011).

START changing practice: Implementing a risk assessment and management tool in a RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

civil psychiatric setting. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(1), 13-28.

Access Here. de Vogel, V., Bruggeman, M. & Lancel, M. (2019). Gender-sensitive violence risk assessment: Predictive validity of six tools in female forensic psychiatric patients.

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(4), 528-549. Access Here.

Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L., Wilson, C. M. & Brink, J. (2012a). Using dynamic risk and protective factors to predict inpatient aggression: Reliability and validity of START assessments. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 685-700. Access Here.

Desmarais, S. L., Sellers, B. G., Viljoen, J. L., Cruise, K. R., Nicholls, T. L. & Dvoskin, J. A. (2012b). Pilot implementation and preliminary evaluation of START:AV assessments in secure juvenile correctional facilities. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(3), 150-164. Access Here.

Dickens, G. L. & O’Shea, L. E. (2015). How short should short-term risk assessment be?

Determining the optimum interval for START reassessment in a secure mental health service. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 122(6), 397-406. Access Here.

Doyle, M., Lewis, G. & Brisbane, M. (2008). Implementing the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) in a forensic mental health service. Psychiatric Bulletin 32, 406-408. Access Here.

Gray, N. S., Benson, R., Craig, R., Davies, H., Fitzgerald, S., Huckle, P., Maggs, R., Taylor, J., Trueman, M., Williams, T. & Snowden, R. J. (2011). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective study of inpatient behavior. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(4), 305-313. Access Here.

Marriott, R., O’Shea, L. E., Picchichi, M. M. & Dickens, G. L. (2017). Predictive validity of the short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) for multiple adverse outcomes: The effect of diagnosis. Psychiatry Research, 256, 435-443. Access Here.

Kroppan, E., Nesset, M. B., Nonstad, K., Pedersen, T. W., Almvik, R. & Palmstierna, T. (2011).

Implementation of the Short Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) in a forensic high secure unit. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(1), 712. Access Here.

Kroppan, E., Nonstad, K., Iversen, R. B. & Sondenaa, E. (2017). Implementation of the ShortTerm Assessment of Risk and Treatability over two phases. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 10, 321-336. Access Here.

Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D. & Martin, M.-L. (2006). The ShortTerm Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13(3), 313–327. Access Here.

O'Shea, L. E. & Dickens, G. L. (2015). Predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) for aggression and self-harm in a secure mental health service: Gender differences.’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 14(2), 132-146.

Access Here.

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O’Shea, L. E., Picchioni, M. M. & Dickens, G. L. (2016). The predictive validity of the Short-term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) for multiple adverse outcomes in a secure psychiatric inpatient settings. Assessment, 23(2), 150-162. Access Here.

Quinn, R., Miles, H. & Kinane, C. (2013). The validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) in a UK medium secure forensic mental health service.

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 12(3), 215-224. Access Here.

Timmins, K. L. E., Evans, L. & Tully, R. J. (2018). Inter-rater reliability of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 29(6), 968-988. Access Here.

Viljoen, S., Nicholls, T., Greaves, C., de Ruiter, C. & Brink, J. (2011). Resilience and successful community reintegration among female forensic patients: A preliminary investigation.

Behavioral Science and the Law, 29(5), 752-770. Access Here.

Viljoen, J. L., Beneteau, J. L., Gulbransen, E., Brodersen, E., Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L. & Cruise, K. R. (2012). Assessment of multiple risk outcomes, strengths, and change with the START:AV: A short-term prospective study with adolescent offenders.

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(3), 165-180. Access Here.

Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L. & Middleton, C. (2004). Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): Version 1.0 consultation Edition. Hamilton, Canada: St. Joseph's Healthcare; Port Coquitlam, Canada: Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission. [Not accessible] Wilson, C. M., Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls T. L. & Brink, J. (2010). The role of client strengths in assessments of violence risk using the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(4), 282-293.

Access Here.

TRAP-18 Brugh, C.S., Desmarais, S. L., & Simons-Rudolph, J. (2020). Application of the TRAP-18 framework to U.S. and Western European lone actor terrorists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Access Here.

Böckler, N., Hoffmann, J., & Zick, A. (2015). The Frankfurt airport attack: A case study on the radicalization of a lone-actor terrorist. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2(3-4), 153-163. Access Here.

Challacombe, D. J., & Lucas, P. A. (2018). Postdicting violence with sovereign citizen actors: An exploratory test of the TRAP-18. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Advance Online Publication. Access Here.

Erlandsson, A., & Meloy, J. R. (2018). The Swedish school attack in Trollhättan. Journal of Forensic Science, 63(6), 1917-1927. Access Here.

Goodwill, A., & Meloy, J. R. (2019). Visualizing the relationship among indicators for lone actor terrorist attacks: Multidimensional scaling and the validity of the TRAP-18. Behavioral Sciences and the Law [in press] RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

Meloy, J. R., Hoffmann, J., Roshdi, K., & Guldimann, A. (2014). Some warning behaviors discriminate between school shooters and other students of concern. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 1(3), 203-211. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R. (2016). TRAP-18 Manual. New York: Global Institute of Forensic Research. [Not accessible] Meloy, J. R. (2018). The operational development and empirical testing of the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18). Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(5), 483-492. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R. (2019). Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18). In M Lloyd (Ed.).

Extremism risk assessment: A directory. (pp. 33-38). Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R., & Genzmas, J. (2016). The Clinical Threat Assessment of the Lone-Actor Terrorist.

Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 39(4), 649-662. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R., & Gill, P. (2016). The lone-actor terrorist and the TRAP-18. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 3(11), 37-52. Access Here.

Meloy, J., R., Goodwill, A. M., Meloy, M. J., Amat, G., Martinez, M., & Morgan, M. (2019). Some TRAP-18 indicators discriminate between terrorist attacks and other subjects of national security concern. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Advance online publication. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R., Roshdi, L., Giaz-Ocik, J., & Hoffmann, J. (2016). Investigating the individual terrorist in Europe. Threat Assessment and Management, 2(3-4), 140-152. Access Here.

Guldimann, A., & Meloy, J.R. (2020). Assessing the threat of lone-actor terrorism: the reliability and validity of the TRAP-18. Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, 14, 158-166. Access here.

VRAG-R Abbiati, M., Laix, J., Gasser, J. & Malin, V. (2014). Predicting physically violent misconduct in prison: A comparison of four risk assessment instruments. Behavioral Science and the Law, 37(1), 61-77. Access Here.

Andreau-Rodriguez, J. M., Peña-Fernández, M. E. & Loza, W. (2016). Predicting risk of violence through a self-appraisal questionnaire. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8(2), 51-56. Access Here.

Barra, S., Bessler, C., Landolt, M. A. & Aebi, M. (2018). Testing the validity of criminal risk assessment tools in sexually abusive youth. Psychological Assessment, 30(1), 14301443. Access Here.

Brookstein, D., Daffern, M. & Ogloff, J. (2016). For better or worse: The predictive validity of the HCR-20 V3 and the VRAG-R in community settings. International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services Conference, New York, 21-23 June 2016. [Not accessible] RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

Camilleri, J. A. and Quinsey, V. L. (2011). Appraising the risk of sexual and violent recidivism among intellectually disabled offenders.. Psychology, Crime & Law, 17(1), 59-74.

Access Here.

Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Zhang, T., Sizmur, S., Roberts, C., Farrington, D. P. & Rogers, R. D. (2009). Gender differences in structured risk assessment: Comparing the accuracy of five instruments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 337-348.

Access Here.

Cox, J., Fairfax-Columbo, J., DeMatteo, D., Vitacco, M. J., Kopkin, M. R., Parrott, C. T. & Bownes, E. (2018). An update and expansion of the role of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide and Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 in United States case law. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 36(5), 517-531. Access Here.

Daffern, M. (2007). The predictive validity and practical utility of structured schemes used to assess risk for aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 116-130. Access Here.

Doyle, M., Dolan, M. & McGovern, J. (2002). The validity of Northern American risk assessment tools in predicting in-patient behaviour in England. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 7(2), 141-154. Access Here.

Doyle, M. and Dolan, M. (2006). Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189(6), 520-526.

Access Here.

Doyle, M., Carter, S., Shaw, J. & Dolan, M. (2012). Predicting community violence from patients discharged from acute mental health units in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(4), 627-637. Access Here.

Eisenbarth, H., Osterheider, M., Nedopil, N. & Stadtland, C. (2012). Recidivism in female offenders: PCL‐R lifestyle factor and VRAG show predictive validity in a German sample.

Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(5), 575-584. Access Here.

Endrass, J., Rossegger, A., Frischknecht, A., Noll, T. & Urbaniok, F. (2008). Using the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) to predict in-prison aggressive behavior in a Swiss offender population. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(1), 81–89. Access Here.

Glover, A. J. J., Churcher, F. P., Gray, A. L., Mills, J. F., & Nicholson, D. E. (2017). A cross-validation of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide—Revised (VRAG–R) within a correctional sample.

Law and Human Behavior, 41(6), 507-518. Access Here.

Gray, N. S., Fitzgerald, J., Taylor, J. L., MacCulloch, M. J. & Snowden, R. J. (2007). Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-SV, and the HCR-20. Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 474-479.

Access Here.

Harris, G. T., Rice, M.E. & Quinsey, V. L. (2016). Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised, 2013: User guide. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Data Services, Queen’s University Library.

Access Here.

RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Quinsey, V. L. & Cormier, C. A. (2015). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (3rd ed.). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

Access Here.

Hastings, M. E., Krishnan, S., Tangney, J. & Stuewig, J. (2011). Predictive and incremental validity of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide scores with male and female jail inmates.’

Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 174-83. Access Here.

Hertz, P. G., Eher, R., Etzler, S. & Rettenberger, M. (2019). Cross-validation of the revised version of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG-R) in a sample of individuals convicted of sexual offences. Sexual Abuse, 1-25. Access Here.

Ho, H., Thomson, L. & Darjee, R. (2009). Violence risk assessment: the use of the PCL-SV, HCR-20, and VRAG to predict violence in mentally disordered offenders discharged from a medium secure unit in Scotland. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(4), 523-541. Access Here.

Kröner, C., Stadtland, C., Eidt, M., & Nedopil, N. (2007). The validity of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) in predicting criminal recidivism. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17(2), 89-100. Access Here.

Langton, M., C., Barbaree, H., Seto, M., C., Peacock, E. J., Harkins, L. & Hansen, K. (2007).

Actuarial assessment of risk for reoffense among adult sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(1), 37-59. Access Here.

Loza, W. & Dhaliwal, G. K. (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Risk Appraisal Guide (RAG): A tool for assessing violent recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(6), 779– 793. Access Here.

Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G. & Hemmati, T. (2007). The validity of violence risk estimates: An issue of item performance. Psychological Services, 4(1), 1–12. Access Here.

Olver M. E. & Sewall, L. A. (2018). Cross-validation of the discrimination and calibration properties of the VRAG-R in a treated sexual offender sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(6), 741-761. Access Here.

Pouls, C. & Jeandarme, I. (2018). Predicting institutional aggression in offenders with intellectual disabilities using the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide. Journal of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities, 31(2), e265-e271. Access Here.

Quinsey, L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. & Cormier, C. A. (2006). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing the risk. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. [Not accessible] Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., Lang, C. & Chaplin, T. C. (2008). Sexual preferences and recidivism of sex offenders with mental retardation. Sexual Abuse, 20(4), 409–425. Access Here.

Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T. & Lang, C. (2013). Validation of and revision to the VRAG and SORAG: the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R). Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 951-965. Access Here.

RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

Rossegger, A., Laubacher, A., Moskvitin, K., Villmar, T., Palermo, G. B. & Endrass, J. (2011). Risk assessment instruments in repeat offending: The usefulness of FOTRES.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(5), 716–731.

Access Here.

Snowden, R. J., Gray, N. S., Taylor, J. & Fitzgerald, S. (2009). Assessing risk of future violence among forensic psychiatric inpatients with the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR).

Psychiatric Services, 60(11), 1522-1526. Access Here.

Snowden, R. J., Gray, N. S. & Taylor, J. (2010). Risk assessment for future violence in individuals from an ethnic minority group in the UK. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(2), 118-123. Access Here.

Thomson, L., Davidson, M., Brett, C., Steele, J. & Darjee, R. (2008). risk assessment in forensic patients with schizophrenia: The predictive validity of actuarial scales and symptom severity for offending and violence over 8 – 10 years. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 7(2), 173-189. Access Here.

Verbrugge, H. M., Goodman-Delahunty, J. & Frize, M. C. J. (2011). Risk assessment in intellectually disabled offenders: Validation of the suggested ID supplement to the HCR-20.’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(2), 83-91. Access Here.

VRS-2 Andrews, D. A. & Bonta, J. (2010). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (5th edition). Salisbury, UK: Anderson Publishing Ltd. Access Here.

Daffern, M. (2007). The predictive validity and practical utility of structured schemes used to assess risk for aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior 12(1), 116-130. Access Here.

Dolan, M., Fullam, R., Logan, C. & Davies, G. (2008). The Violence Risk Scale second edition (VRS-2) as a predictor of institutional violence in a British forensic inpatient sample.

Psychiatry Research, 158(1), 55-65. Access Here.

Dolan, M. & Fullam, R. (2007). The validity of the Violence Risk Scale second edition (VRS-2) in a British forensic inpatient sample. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 18(3), 381-393. Access Here.

Doyle, M., Carter, S., Shaw, J. & Dolan, M. (2012). Predicting community violence from patients discharged from acute mental health units in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(4), 627-637. Access Here.

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Wong, S. & Gordon, A. (1999). Manual for the Violence Risk Scale. Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Saskatchewan. [Not accessible] RATED page updated: April 2021 © Risk Management Authority 2021

Wong, S. C. P. & Gordon, A. (2006). The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale: A treatment-friendly violence risk assessment tool. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12(3), 279-309. Access Here.

Wong, S. C. P & Parhar, K. K. (2011). Evaluation of the predictive validity of the Violence Risk Scale in a paroled offender sample: a seven-year prospective study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(6), 790-808. Access Here.

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Tools awaiting validation DRAOR Averill, A. E. (2016). An investigation of the dynamic risk assessment for offender re-entry (DRAOR) with New Zealand sexual offenders [Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury].

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Chadwick, N. (2014). Validating the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry (DRAOR) in a sample of U.S. probationers and parolees [Master’s thesis, Carleton University].

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Hanby, L. (2013). A longitudinal study of dynamic risk, protective factors and criminal recidivism: change over time and the impact of assessment timing [Doctoral thesis, Carleton University]. Carleton University Research Virtual Environment (CURVE).

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Perley-Robertson, B. (2019). Predictive validity of the dynamic risk assessment for offender reentry among intimate partner violence offenders. [Master’s thesis, Carleton University].

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Polaschek, D. L. L. & Yesberg, J. A. (2018). High-risk violent prisoners’ patterns of change on parole on the DRAOR’s dynamic risk and protective factors. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(3), 340–363. Access Here.

Tamatea, A. & Wilson, N. (2009). Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry (DRAOR): A pilot study. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Corrections. [Not accessible] Serin, R. C., Lloyd, C. D. & Hanby, L. J. (2010). Enhancing offender re-entry an integrated model for enhancing offender re-entry. European Journal of Probation, 2(2), 53–75.

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Yesberg, J. A. & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2014). What can the DRAOR tell us about high-risk offenders? A preliminary examination. Practice: The New Zealand Corrections Journal, 2(1), 13-19. Access Here.

Yesberg, J. A., Scanlan, J. M. & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2014). Women on parole: do they need their own DRAOR? Practice : The New Zealand Corrections Journal, 2(1), 20-25. Access Here.

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Yesberg, J. A., Scanlan, J. M., Hanby, L. J., Serin, R. C. & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015). Predicting women’s recidivism: validating in dynamic community-based “gender-neutral” tool.

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ERG22+ Dean, C. (2014). The healthy identity intervention: The UK’s development of a psychologically informed intervention to address extremist offending. In M. Lloyd (Ed.). Extremism risk assessment: A directory. (pp. 89-107). Routledge. Access Here.

Dean, C., Lloyd, M., Keane, C., Powis, B., & Randhawa, K. (2019). Intervening with extremist offenders – A pilot study. HM Prison & Probation Service. Access Here.

Hart, S. D., Cook, A. N., Pressman, D. E., Strang, S. & Lim, Y. L. (2017). A concurrent evaluation of threat assessment tools for the individual assessment of terrorism.

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Herzog-Evans, M. (2018). A comparison of two structured professional judgment tools for violent extremism and their relevance in the French context. European Journal of Probation, 10(1), 3-27. Access Here.

HMPPS. (2019). Extremism risk guidelines: ERG22+. In M. Lloyd (Ed.), Extremism risk assessment: A directory. (pp. 12-18). Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats, Access Here.

Lloyd, M. (2019). Extremism risk assessment: A directory. Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. Access Here.

Lloyd, M., & Dean, C. (2015). The development of structured guidelines for assessing risk in extremist offenders. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2(1), 41-52.

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Logan, C., & Lloyd, M. (2018). Violent extremism: A comparison of approaches to assessing and managing risk. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 24(1), 141-161. Access Here.

Powis, B., Randhawa-Horne, K., & Bishopp, D. (2019). The structural properties of the extremism risk guidelines (ERG22+): A structured formulation tool for extremist offenders. Ministry of Justice Analytical Series. Access Here.

Powis, B., Randhawa-Horne, K., & Elliott, I. (2019). Inter-rater reliability of the extremism risk guidelines 22+ (ERG 22+). Ministry of Justice Analytical Series. Access Here.

Skleparis, D., & Knudsen, R.A. (2020). Localising ‘radicalisation’: Risk assessment practices in Greece and the United Kingdom. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(2), 309 – 327. Access here.

Van der Heide, L., van der Zwan, & van Leyenhorst, M. (2019), ‘The practitioner’s guide to the galaxy – A comparison of risk assessment tools for violent extremism’, ICCT research paper (Online). Access Here

MLG Cook, A.N., Hart, S.D., & Kropp, P.R (2019). ‘Multi-level guidelines: MLG version 2’, in Lloyd, M. (ed.) Extremism risk assessment: A directory (pp. 28-32). Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats, 28 – 32. Access Here.

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Hart, S. D., Cook, A. N., Pressman, D. E., Strang, S. & Lim, Y. L. (2017). A concurrent evaluation of threat assessment tools for the individual assessment of terrorism.

Ontario, Canada: The Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, working paper series no 17- 1. Access Here.

Lloyd, M. (2019). Extremism risk assessment: A directory. Lancaster, UK: Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. Access Here.

Logan, C., & Lloyd, M. (2019). Violent extremism: A comparison of approaches to assessing and managing risk. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 24(1), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12140 Cook, A.N. (2014). Risk Assessment and Management of Group-Based Violence [PhD dissertation, Simon Fraser University]. https://summit.sfu.ca/item/14289 RTI International (2017). Countering violent extremism - Developing a research roadmap.

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SAPROF Abbiati, M., Laix, J., Gasser, J. & Malin, V. (2014). Predicting physically violent misconduct in prison: A comparison of four risk assessment instruments. Behavioral Science and the Law, 37(1), 61-77. Access Here.

Abidin, Z., Davoren, M., Naughtor, L., Gibbons, O., Nulty, A. & Kennedy, H. G. (2013).

Susceptibility (risk and protective) factors for in-patient violence and self-harm: Prospective study of structured professional judgment instruments: START and SAPROF, DUNDRUM-3 and DUNDRUM-4 in forensic mental health services.

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Coid, J. W., Kallis, C., Doyle, M., Shaw, J. & Ullrich, S. (2015). Identifying causal risk factors for violence among discharged patients. PLOS One, 10(11), e0142493. Access Here. de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbe, M., de Ruiter, C. & Bauman, Y. H. A. (2011). Assessing protective factors in forensic psychiatric practice: Introducing the SAPROF.’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(3), 171-177. Access Here. de Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., de Bouman, Y. & de Vries Robbé, M. (2009). SAPROF. Guidelines for the assessment of protective factors for violence risk [English version of the Dutch original]. English Version. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Forum Educatief. [Not accessible] de Vries Robbé, M. & de Vogel, V. (2012). SAPROF 2nd edition Manual: updated Research chapter. Utrecht: Van der Hoeven Kliniek. Access Here. de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V. & de Spa, E. (2011). Protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatric patients: A retrospective validation study of the SAPROF.’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(3): 178–186. Access Here. de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V. & Douglas, K. S. (2013). Risk factors and protective factors: a two-sided dynamic approach to violence risk assessment. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 24(4), 440-257. Access Here.

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de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Koster, K. & Bogaerts, S. (2015). Assessing protective factors for sexually violent offending with the SAPROF.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27(1), 51-70. Access Here. de Vries Robbe, M. & Willis, G. M. (2017). Assessment of protective factors in clinical practice.’

Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 32, 55-63. Access Here.

Kashiwagi, H., Kikuchi, A., Koyama, M., Saito, D. & Hirabayashi, N. (2018). Strength-based assessment for future violence risk: A retrospective validation study of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk (SAPROF) Japanese version in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Annals of General Psychiatry, 17(5). Access Here.

Yoon, D., Spehr, A. & Briken, P. (2011). Structured assessment of protective factors: a German pilot study in sex offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(6), 834-844. Access Here.

Yoon, D., Turner, D., Klein, V., Rettenberger, M., Eher, R. & Briken, P. (2016). Factors predicting desistance from reoffending: A validation study of the SAPROF in sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(3), 697-716. Access Here.

VERA-2R Beardsley, N. L., & Beech, A. R. (2013). Applying the violent extremist risk assessment (VERA) to a sample of terrorist case studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 5(10), 4-15. Access Here.

Gilpérez-López, I., Torregrosa, J., Barhamgi, M., & Camacho, D. (2017). An initial study on radicalisation risk factors: Towards an assessment software tool. 28th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. Access Here.

Hart, S. D., Cook, A. N., Pressman, D. E., Strang, S. & Lim, Y. L. (2017). A concurrent evaluation of threat assessment tools for the individual assessment of terrorism.

Ontario, Canada: The Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, working paper series no 17- 1. Access Here.

Herzog-Evans, M. (2018). A comparison of two structured professional judgment tools for violent extremism and their relevance in the French context. European Journal of Probation, 10(1), pp. 3-27. Access Here.

Lloyd, M. (2019). Extremism risk assessment: A directory. Lancaster, UK: Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. Access Here.

Pressman, D. E. (2009). Risk assessment decisions for violent political extremism. Ottawa, Canada: Public Safety Canada, Government of Canada. Access Here.

Pressman, D.E. (2016). ‘The complex dynamic causality of violent extremism: Applications of the VERA-2 risk assessment method to CVE initiatives’, in Masys, A. (ed.) Disaster forensics. Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications. Springer, Cham, 249-269. Access Here.

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Pressman, D. E. & Flockton, J. (2012). Calibrating risk for violent political extremists and terrorists: The VERA 2 structured assessment. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 14(4), pp. 237-251. Access Here.

Pressman, D. E. & Flockton, J. (2014). Violent extremist risk assessment: Issues and applications of the VERA-2 in a high-security correctional setting. in A. Silke (ed.)

Prisons, terrorism and extremism: Critical issues in management, radicalisation and reform. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 122–143. Access Here.

Pressman, D. E., Duits, N., Rinne, T. & Flockton, J. S. (2018). Violent extremism risk assessment, version 2-revised (VERA-2R). Radicalisation Awareness Network. Access Here.

Pressman, D. E., Duits, N., Rinne, T. & Flockton, J. S. (2019) ‘Violent extremism risk assessment version 2 revised (VERA-2R)’, in Lloyd, M. (ed.) Extremism risk assessment: A directory. Lancaster, UK: Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats, 39-45. Access Here.

Sumpter, C. (2020) ‘Realising violent extremist risk assessments in Indonesia: Simplify and collaborate’. Journal for Deradicalization, Spring(22), pp. 97 – 121. Access Here.

Van der Heide, L., van der Zwan, & van Leyenhorst, M. (2019), ‘The practitioner’s guide to the galaxy – A comparison of risk assessment tools for violent extremism’, ICCT research paper (Online). Access Here WAVR-21 Brunt, B. V. (2013). A comparative analysis of threat and risk assessment measures. The Journal of Campus Behavioral Intervention, 1, 111-151. Access Here.

Kienlen, Kristine. (n.d.). Review of the WAVR-21: A structured professional guide for the Workplace Assessment of Violence Risk (second edition). National Institute for the Prevention of Workplace Violence. Access Here.

Meloy, J. R., White, S. G. & Hart, S. (2013). Workplace assessment of targeted violence risk: the development and reliability of the WAVR-21. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(5), 13531358. Access Here.

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