Sexual Offending - References

VALIDATED TOOLS RM2000 Barnett, G. D., Wakeling, H. C. and Howard, P. D. (2010) ‘An Examination of the Predictive Validity of the Risk Matrix 2000 in England and Wales.’ Sexual Abuse 22(4), 443–470. Access Here.

Beech, A. R., Fisher, D. D. and Thornton, D. (2003) ‘Risk assessment of sex offenders.’

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(4), 339-352. Access Here.

Bengtson, S. (2008) ‘Is newer better? A cross-validation of the Static-2002 and the Risk Matrix 2000 in a Danish sample of sexual offenders.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 14(2), 85-106. Access Here.

Craig, L. A., Browne, K. D. and Stringer, l. (2004) ‘Comparing Sex Offender Risk Assessment Measures on a UK Sample.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 48(1), 7–27. Access Here.

Craig, L. A., Browne, K. D., Stringer, I. and Hogue, T. E. (2008) ‘Sexual reconviction rates in the United Kingdom and actuarial risk estimates.’ Child Abuse & Neglect 32(1), 121-138. Access Here.

Grubin, D. (1998) Sexual Offending Against Children: Understanding the Risk. London: Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Access Here.

Grubin, D. (2011) ‘A Large-Scale Evaluation of Risk Matrix 2000 in Scotland.’ Sexual Abuse, 23(4), 419–433. Access Here.

Hanson, R. K. and Thornton, D. (2000) ‘Improving Risk Assessments for Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Three Actuarial Scales.’ Law and Human Behavior 24(1), 119-136. Access Here.

Helmus, L., Hanson, R. K., Babchishin, K. M. and Thornton, D. (2015) ‘Sex offender risk assessment with the risk matrix 2000: validations and guidelines for combining with the STABLE-2007.’ Journal of Sexual Aggression 21(2), 136-157. Access Here.

Howard, P. and Wakeling, H. (2019) ‘Comparing two predictors of sexual recidivism: the Risk Matrix 2000 and the OASys Sexual Reoffending Predictor [Ministry of Justice Analytical Series].

HMPPS: Unpublished report. [Not accessible] Kingston, D. A., Yates, P. M., Firestone, P., Babchishin, K. and Bradford, J. M. (2008) ‘Long-Term Predictive Validity of the Risk Matrix 2000: A Comparison With the Static-99 and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide.’ Sexual Abuse 20(4), 466–484. Access Here.

Knight, R. A. and Thornton, D. (2007) Evaluating and Improving Risk Assessment Schemes for Sexual Recidivism: A Long-Term Follow-Up of Convicted Sexual Offenders. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of Justice. Access Here.

Langton, C. M., Hogue, T. E., Daffern, M., Mannion, A. and Howells, K. (2009) ‘Prediction of institutional aggression among personality disordered forensic patients using actuarial and structured clinical risk assessment tools: prospective evaluation of the HCR-20, VRS, Static-99, and Risk Matrix 2000.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 15(7), 635-659. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Lehmann, R. J. B., Thornton, D., Helmus, L. M. and Hanson, R. K. (2016) ‘Developing Nonarbitrary Metrics for Risk Communication: Norms for the Risk Matrix 2000.’ Criminal Justice Behavior 43(12), 1661-1687. Access Here.

Lindsay, W. R., Hogue, T. E., Taylor, J. L., Steptoe, L., Mooney, P., O’Brien, G., Johnston, S., Smith, A. H. W. (2008) Risk Assessment in Offenders With Intellectual Disability: A Comparison Across Three Levels of Security.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(1), 90–111. Access Here.

Looman, J. and Abracen, J. (2010) ‘Comparison of Measures of Risk for Recidivism in Sexual Offenders.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25(5), 791–807. Access Here.

Middleton, D. (2008) ‘From research to practice: the development of the internet sex offender treatment programme (i-SOTP).’ Irish Probation Journal 5, 49-64. Access Here.

Nicholls, C. M. and Webster, S. (2014) ‘Sex offender management and dynamic risk: pilot evaluation of the Active Risk Management System (ARMS).’ Ministry of Justice Analytical Series.

Access Here.

Osborn, J., Elliott, I. A., Middleton, D. and Beech, A. R. (2010) ‘The use of actuarial risk assessment measures with UK internet child pornography offenders. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2(3), 16-24. Access Here.

Parent, G., Guay, J. P. and Knight, R. A. (2011) ‘An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: one size doesn’t fit all.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(2), 188-209.

Access Here.

Pryboda, J., Tully, R. J. and Browne, K. D. (2015) ‘Is the Risk Matrix 2000 applicable to intellectually disabled sex offenders?’ Aggression and Violent Behavior 25(A), 184-190. Access Here.

Smid, W. J., Kamphuis, J. H., Weaver, E. C. and Van Beek, D. J. (2014) ‘A comparison of the predictive properties of nine sex offender risk assessment instruments.’ Psychological Assessment 26(3), 691-703. Access Here.

Thornton, D. (2010) Scoring guide for Risk Matrix 2000.10/SVC. London, England: Ministry of Justice. [Not accessible] Thornton, D. and Helmus, M. (2015) ‘Adjusting Risk Matrix Categories for Older Age and Time Offense-Free.’ ATSA Conference, 16th October. Montreal, Quebec. [Not accessible] Tully, R. J. and Browne, K. B. (2015) ‘Appraising the Risk Matrix 2000 Static Sex Offender Risk Assessment Tool.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59(2), 21—224. Access Here.

Wakeling, H. C., Howard, P. and Barnett, G. (2011) ‘Comparing the Validity of the RM2000 Scales and OGRS3 for predicting recidivism by internet sexual offenders.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 23(1), 146-168. Access Here.

Wakeling, H. C., Mann, R. E. and Milner, R. J. (2011) ‘Interrater Reliability of Risk Matrix 2000/s.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 55(8), 1324– 1337. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Webb, L., Craissati, J. and Keen, S. (2007) ‘Characteristics of Internet child pornography offenders: A comparison with child molesters.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 19(4), 449-465. Access Here.

RRASOR Beech, A. R., Fisher, D. D. and Thornton, D. (2003) ‘Risk assessment of sex offenders.’

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(4), 339-352. Access Here.

Blacker, J., Beech, A. R., Wilcox, D. T. and Boer, D. P. (2011) ‘The assessment of dynamic risk and recidivism in a sample of special needs sexual offenders.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 17(1), 75-92. Access Here.

Craig, L. A., Browne, K. D. and Stringer, l. (2004) ‘Comparing Sex Offender Risk Assessment Measures on a UK Sample.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 48(1), 7–27. Access Here.

Hanson, R. K. (1997) The development of a brief actuarial risk scale for sexual offense recidivism. Ottawa, Ontario: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada. Access Here.

Hanson, R. K. and Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2009) ‘The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies.’ Psychological Assessment 21(1), 1-21. Access Here.

Knight, R. A. and Thornton, D. (2007) Evaluating and Improving Risk Assessment Schemes for Sexual Recidivism: A Long-Term Follow-Up of Convicted Sexual Offenders. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of Justice. Access Here.

Långström, N. (2004) ‘Accuracy of Actuarial Procedures for Assessment of Sexual Offender Recidivism Risk May Vary Across Ethnicity.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16(2), 107-120. Access Here.

Langton, C. M., Barbaree, H. E., Seto, M. C., Peacock, E. J., Harkins, L. and Hansen, K. T. (2007) ‘Actuarial Assessment of Risk for Reoffense Among Adult Sex Offenders: Evaluating the Predictive Accuracy of the Static-2002 and Five Other Instruments.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 34(1), 37–59. Access Here.

Looman, J. and Abracen, J. (2010) ‘Comparison of Measures of Risk for Recidivism in Sexual Offenders.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25(5), 791–807. Access Here.

Parent, G., Guay, J. P. and Knight, R. A. (2011) ‘An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: one size doesn’t fit all.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(2), 188-209.

Access Here.

Rettenberger, M., Matthes, A., Boer, D. P. and Eher, R. (2010) ‘Prospective Actuarial Risk Assessment: A Comparison of Five Risk Assessment Instruments in Different Sexual Offender Subtypes.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(2), 169–186. Access Here.

Sjöstedt, G. and Långström, N. (2002) ‘Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: A Comparison of four different measures.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 8(1), 25-40. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Yates, H. M. (2005) A Review of Evidence-Based Practice in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders. Mechanicsburg, PA: Office of Planning, Research, Statistics and Grants, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. Access Here.

RSVP Darjee, R. Russell, K., Forrest, L., Milton, E., Savoie, V., Baron, E., Kirkland, J. and Stobie, S. (2016) Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP): A real world study of the reliability, validity and utility of a structured professional judgement instrument in the assessment and management of sexual offenders in South East Scotland. Edinburgh: NHS Lothian Sex Offender Liaison Service. Access Here.

Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., Laws, D. R., Klaver, J., Logan, C. and Watt, K. A. (2003) The Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP): Structured Professional Guidelines for Assessing Risk of Sexual Violence. British Columbia, Canada Simon Fraser University: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University. [Not accessible] Hart, S. D., Michie, C. and Cooke, D. J. (2007) ‘Precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments: Evaluating the ‘margins of error’ of group v. individual predictions of violence.’

British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (suppl. 49), s60-s65. Access Here.

Hart, S. D. and Boer, D. P. (2010) ‘Structured professional judgment guidelines for sexual violent risk assessment.’ In R. K. Otto and K. S. Douglas. Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment. New York, London: Routledge, 269-294. Access Here.

Jackson, K. J. (2016) Validation of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol in Adult Sexual Offenders. Doctoral thesis. British Columbia, Canada Simon Fraser University. Access Here.

Sutherland, A. A. (2010). Sexual violence risk assessment: An investigation into the interrater reliability of the RSVP in Scotland. Doctoral thesis. Glasgow, UK: Section of Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow. Access Here.

Sutherland, A.A., Johnstone, L., Davidson., K.M., Hart, S., Cooke, D.J., Kropp, P.R., Logan, C., Michie, C. and Stocks, R. (2012) ‘Sexual violence risk assessment: An investigation of the interrater reliability of professional judgements made using the risk of sexual violence protocol.’

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 11(2), 119-133. Access Here.

Watt, K. A., Hart, S., Wilson, C., Guy, L. and Douglas, K. S. (2006) ‘An evaluation of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP) in high risk offenders: Inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity.’ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Law Society, St Petersburg, Florida, USA. [Not accessible] Watt, K. A. and Jackson, K. (2008) ‘Inter-rater and structural reliabilities of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol.’ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Vienna, Austria. [Not accessible] SA07 Cortoni, F., Hanson, K. R. and Coache, M.-È. (2010) ‘The Recidivism Rates of Female Sexual Offenders Are Low: A Meta-Analysis.’ Sexual Abuse 22(4), 387–401. Access Here.

Eher, R., Rettenberger, M., Matthes, A. and Schilling, F. (2010) ‘Stable dynamic risk factors in child sexual abusers: The incremental predictive power of narcissistic personality traits beyond RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

the Static-99/Stable-2007 priority categories on sexual reoffense.’ Sex Offender Treatment 5(1). Access Here.

Eher, R, Mattes, A, Schilling, F, Haubner-MacLean, T & Rettenberger, M (2011) ‘Dynamic Risk Assessment in Sexual Offenders Using STABLE-2000 and the STABLE-2007: An Investigation of predictive and Incremental Validity.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 20(10), 1-24. Access Here.

Eher, R., Olver, M. E., Heurix, I., Schilling, F. and Rettenberger, M. (2015) ‘Predicting reoffence in pedophilic child molesters by clinical diagnoses and risk assessment.’ Law and Human Behavior 39(6), 571-580. Access Here.

Fabian, J. (2011) ‘Assessing the Sex Offender With Asperger’s Disorder: A Forensic Psychological and Neuropsychological Perspective.’ Sex Offender Law Report 12(5), 65-80.

[Not accessible] Fernandez, Y. (2008) An examination of the inter-rater reliability of the STATIC-99 and STABLE2007. Poster presentation at the 27th Annual Research and Treatment conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Atlanta, GA, in October. [Not accessible] Fernandez, Y., Harris, A. J. R., Hanson, R. K. and Sparks, J. (2012) STABLE-2007 coding manual – revised 2012. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety Canada. [Not accessible] Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J. R., Scott, T. and Helmus, L. (2007) Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project. Ontario, Canada: Public Safety Canada. Access Here.

Hanson, K. R., Helmus, L.-M. and Harris, R., A. J. (2015) ‘Assessing the Risk and Needs of Supervised Sexual Offenders: A Prospective Study Using STABLE-2007, Static-99R, and Static2002R.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(12), 1205–1224. Access Here.

Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K. and Thornton, D. (2010) ‘Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 22(2), 191-217. Access Here.

McNaughton Nicholls, C., Callanan, M., Legard, R., Tomaszewski, W., Purdon, S. and Webster, S. (2010) ‘Examining implementation of the Stable and Acute dynamic risk assessment tool pilot in England and Wales.’ Research Series 4/10. London: Ministry of Justice. Access Here.

Smid, W. J., Kamphuis, J. H., Weaver, E. C. and Van Beek, D. J. (2014) ‘A comparison of the predictive properties of nine sex offender risk assessment instruments.’ Psychological Assessment 26(3), 691-703. Access Here.

Sowden, J. N. and Olver, M. E. (2017) ‘Use of the violent risk scale – sexual offender version and the Stable 2007 to assess dynamic sexual violence risk in a sample of treated sexual offenders.’ Psychological Assessment 29(3), 293-303. Access Here.

Tamatea, Amran J. (2014) ‘Predictive validity of the Stable-2007: A New Zealand Study.’ Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand 6(1), 57-72. Access Here.

Thornton, D. (2002) ‘Constructing and Testing a Framework for Dynamic Risk Assessment.’

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14 (2), 139-153. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Walker, M. and O’ Rourke M. (2013) ‘Probation Officers’ Experience of Using Risk Matrix 2000 and Stable and Acute 2007 when supervising sex offenders living in the community.’ Irish Probation Journal 10, 162-176. Access Here.

SORAG Ducrol, C. and Pham, T. (2006) ‘Evaluation of the SORAG and the Static-99 on Belgian Sex Offenders Committed to a Forensic Facility.’ Sexual Abuse 18(1), 15–26. Access Here.

Eher, R., Rettenberger, M., Schilling, F. and Pfäfflin, F. (2008) ‘Failure of Static-99 and SORAG to predict relevant reoffense categories in relevant sexual offender subtypes: A prospective study.’ Sexual Offender Treatment 3(1). Access Here.

Langton, C. M., Hogue, T. E., Daffern, M., Mannion, A. and Howells, K. (2009) ‘Prediction of institutional aggression among personality disordered forensic patients using actuarial and structured clinical risk assessment tools: prospective evaluation of the HCR-20, VRS, Static-99, and Risk Matrix 2000.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 15(7), 635-659. Access Here.

Looman, J. (2006) ‘Comparison of Two Risk Assessment Instruments for Sexual Offenders.’

Sexual Abuse 18(2), 193–206. Access Here.

Nunes, K. L., Firestone, P., Bradford, J. M., Greenberg, D. M. and Broom, I. (2002) ‘A comparison of modified versions of the Static-99 and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide.’ Sexual Abuse: A journal of Research and Treatment 14(2), 253-269. Access Here.

Parent, G., Guay, J.-P. and Knight, R. A. (2011) ‘An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: one size doesn’t fit all.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(2), 188-209.

Access Here.

Pham, T.-H. and Ducro, C. (2008) ‘Évaluation du risque de récidive en Belgique francophone: Données préliminaires d'analyse factorielle de la “Sex Offender Recidivism Appraisal Guide” (SORAG) et de la Statique-99 [Risk assessment in social defence: Preliminary factorial analysis of the Sex Offender Recidivism Appraisal Guide (SORAG) and the Static-99].’ Annales MédicoPsychologiques 166(7), 575-579. Access Here.

Rettenberger, M. and Eher, R. (2007) ‘Predicting reoffence in sexual offender subtypes: A prospective validation study of the German version of the Sexual Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG).’ Sexual Offender Treatment, 2(2), 1-12. Access Here.

Rettenberger, M., Matthes, A., Boer, D. P. and Eher, R. (2010) ‘Prospective Actuarial Risk Assessment: A Comparison of Five Risk Assessment Instruments in Different Sexual Offender Subtypes.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(2), 169–186. Access Here.

Rettenberger, M., M. E. Rice, G. T. Harris and R. Eher. (2017) ‘Actuarial risk assessment of sex offenders: the psychometric properties of the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG).’

Psychological Associaiton 29(6), 624-638. Access Here.

Rice, M. E. and G. T. Harris. (2016) ‘The Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide.’ In Phenix, A. and Hoberman, H. (eds.) Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management. New York: Springer, 471-488. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Rossegger, A.; Gerth, J.; Singh, J. P. and Endrass, J. (2013) ‘Examining the predictive validity of the SORAG in Switzerland.’ Sex Offender Treatment 8(2), 1-12. Access Here.

Quinsey, L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. and Cormier, C. A. (2006) Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing the Risk. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. [Not accessible] Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A. and Thornton, D. (2009) ‘The latent structure of sexual violence risk: A taxometric analysis of widely used sex offender actuarial risk measures.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(3), 290-306. Access Here.

Yates, H. M. (2005) A Review of Evidence-Based Practice in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders. Mechanicsburg, PA: Office of Planning, Research, Statistics and Grants, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. Access Here.

Static-2002R Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K. and Helmus, L. (2011) The RRASOR, Static-99R, and Static2002R All Add Incrementally to the Prediction of Recidivism among Sex Offenders. Corrections research user report no. 2011-02. Ottawa, Canada: Public Safety Canada. Access Here.

Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K. and Helmus, L. (2012) ‘Communicating risk for sex offenders: risk ratios for Static-2002R.’ Sexual Offender Treatment 7(2), 1-12. Access Here.

Brouillette-Alarie, S., Proulx, J. and Hanson, R. K. (2017)’Three central dimensions of sexual recidivism risk: understanding the latent constructs of the Static-99R and Static 2002R.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 30(6), 676-704. Access Here.

Hanson, K. R., Harris, R., A. J., Helmus, L. and Thornton, D. (2014) ‘High-Risk Sex Offenders May Not Be High Risk Forever.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29(15), 2792–2813. Access Here.

Hanson, R. K., Babchishin, K. M., Helmus, L. M., Thornton, D. and Phenix, A. (2017) ‘Communicating the results of criterion referenced prediction measures: Risk categories for the Static-99R and Static-2002R sexual offender risk assessment tools.’ Psychological Assessment 29(5), 582-597. Access Here.

Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J., Letourneau, E., Helmus, L. M. and Thornton, D. (2018) ‘Reductions in risk based on time offense-free in the community: Once a sexual offender, not always a sexual offender.’ Psychology, Public Policy and Law 24(1), 48-63. Access Here.

Helmus, L. (2009) Re-norming Static-99 recidivism estimates: Exploring base rate variability across sex offender samples. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Ontario, Canada: Carleton University.

Access Here.

Helmus, L., Thornton, D., Hanson, R. K., & Babchishin, K. M. (2012). Improving the predictive accuracy of Static-99 and Static-2002 with older sex offenders: Revised age weights. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 24(1), 64-101. Access Here.

Jung, S., Ennis, L., Hermann, C. A., Pham, A. T., Choy, A. L., Corabian, G. and Hock, T. (2017) ‘An evaluation of the reliability, construct validity and actor structure of the Static-2002R.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61(4), 464-487.

Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Lee, S. C. (2019) Cross-Cultural Validity of Actuarial Risk Assessment Instruments for Individuals in North America with a History of Sexual Offending: Static-99R and Static-2002R. Doctoral thesis. Carleton University: Ottawa, Ontario. Access Here.

Parent, G., Guay, J. P. and Knight, R. A. (2011) ‘An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: one size doesn’t fit all.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(2), 188-209.

Access Here.

Phenix, A., Doren, D., Helmus, L., Hanson, R. K. and Thornton, D. (2009) Coding rules for Static2002. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety Canada. Access Here.

Reeves, S. G., Ogloff, J. R. P. and Simmons, M. (2017) ‘The predictive validity of the Static-99, Static-99R and Static-2002/r: which one to use?’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 30(8), 887-907. Access Here.

Rohrer, D. M. (2019) Replication of a Three-Factor Solution: Exploring the Underlying Constructs of the Static-99R and Static-2002R. Master of Arts thesis. Brandeis University: Waltham, Massachusetts. Access Here.

SVR-20 Blacker, J., Beech, A. R., Wilcox, D. T. and Boer, D. P. (2011) ‘The assessment of dynamic risk and recidivism in a sample of special needs sexual offenders.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 17(1), 75-92. Access Here.

Craig, L. A., Beech, A. and Browne, K. D. (2006a) ‘Cross-validation of the Risk Matrix 2000 Sexual and Violent scales.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(5), 612-633. Access Here.

Craig, L. A., Beech, A. and Browne, K. D. (2006b). ‘Evaluating the Predictive Accuracy of Sex Offender Risk Assessment Measures on UK Samples: A Cross-Validation of the Risk Matrix 2000 Scales.’ Sexual Offender Treatment 1(1). Access Here.

De Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., van Beek, D. and Mead, G. (2004) ‘Predictive validity of the SVR-20 and Static-99 in a Dutch sample of treated sex offenders.’ Law and Human Behavior 28(3), 235-251. Access Here.

Dietiker, J., Dittmann, V. and Graf, M. (2007) ‘Risk assessment of sex offenders in a Germanspeaking sample. applicability of PCL-SV, HCR-20+3, and SVR-20.’ Nervenarzt 78(1), 53-61.

Access Here.

Hart, S. D. and Boer, D. P. (2010) ‘Structured professional judgment guidelines for sexual violent risk assessment.’ In R. K. Otto and K. S. Douglas. Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment. New York, London: Routledge, 269-294. Access Here.

Hill, A., Habermann, N., Klusmann, D., Berner, W. and Briken, P. (2008) ‘Criminal Recidivism in Sexual Homicide Perpetrators.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 52(1), 5-20. Access Here.

Kanters, T., Hornsveld, R. H. J., Nunes, K. L., Zwets, A. J., Muris, P. and Van Marie, H. J. C. (2017) ‘The Sexual Violence Risk-20: factor structure and psychometric properties.’ The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 28(3), 368-387. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Knight, R. A. and Thornton, D. (2007) Evaluating and Improving Risk Assessment Schemes for Sexual Recidivism: A Long-Term Follow-Up of Convicted Sexual Offenders. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of Justice. Access Here.

Parent, G., Guay, J. P. and Knight, R. A. (2011) ‘An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: one size doesn’t fit all.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(2), 188-209.

Access Here.

Ramírez, M. P., Illescas, S. R., García, M. M., Forero, C. G. and Pueyo, A. A. (2008) ‘Predicción de riesgo de reincidencia en agresores sexuales [Recidivism risk assessment in sex offenders].’

Psicothema 20(2), 205-210. Access Here.

Rettenberger, M., Matthes, A., Boer, D. P. and Eher, R. (2010) ‘Prospective Actuarial Risk Assessment: A Comparison of Five Risk Assessment Instruments in Different Sexual Offender Subtypes.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(2), 169–186. Access Here.

Rettenberger, M., Boer, D. P. and Eher, R. (2011) ‘The Predictive Accuracy of Risk Factors in the Sexual Violence Risk–20 (Svr-20).’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(10), 1009–1027. Access Here.

Sjöstedt, G. and Långström, N. (2002) ‘Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: A Comparison of four different measures.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 8(1), 25-40. Access Here.

Witte, T., Di Placido, C. and Wong, S. (2001) How dangerous are dangerous sex offenders? An estimation of recidivism and level of risk using a matched control group. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: Regional Psychiatric Centre. [Not accessible] VRS:SO Beggs, S. M. and Grace, R. C. (2010) ‘Assessment of Dynamic Risk Factors: An Independent Validation Study of the Violence Risk Scale: Sexual Offender Version.’ Sexual Abuse 22(2), 234–251. Access Here.

Maltais, N. and Sribney, C. (2018) Assessing the Convergent Validity of the VRS:SO and the CPORT with a Community Sample. Poster presentation at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Vancouver, B.C., 17-19 October. Access Here.

Olver, M. E. (2004) ‘The development and validation of the Violence Risk Scale: Sexual Offender version (VRS:SO) and its relationship to psychopathy and treatment attrition.’ Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 64(9-B), 4628. Access Here.

Olver, M. E., Wong, S. C. P., Nicholaichuk, T. and Gordon, A. (2007) ‘The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender version: Assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change.’ Psychological Assessment 19(3), 318-329. Access Here.

Olver, M. E., Beggs Christofferson, S. M., Grace, R. C., and Wong, S. C. P. (2014) ‘Incorporating Change Information Into Sexual Offender Risk Assessments Using the Violence Risk Scale– Sexual Offender Version.’ Sexual Abuse 26(5), 472–499. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Olver, M. E., Nicholaichuk, T. P., Kingston, D. A. and Wong, S. C. P. (2014) ‘A multisite examination of sexual violence risk and therapeutic change.’ Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 82(2), 312-324. Access Here.

Olver, M. E., Neumann, C. S., Kingston, D. A., Nicholaichuk, T. P. and Wong, S. C. P. (2016) ‘Construct validity of the violence risk scale –sexual offender version instrument in a multisite sample of treated sexual offenders.’ Assessment 25(1), 40-55. Access Here.

Olver, M. E., Mundt, J. C., Thornton, D., Beggs Christofferson, S. M., Kingston, D. A., Sowden, J. N., Nicholaichuck, T. P., Goprdon, A., and Wong, S. C. P. (2018a) ‘Using the Violence Risk ScaleSexual Offence Version in Sexual Violence Risk Assessments: updated risk categories and recidivism estimates from a multisite sample of treated sexual offenders.’ Psychological Assessment 30(7), 941-955. Access Here.

Olver, M. E., Neumann, C. S., Kingston, D. A., Nicholaichuk, T. P. and Wong, S. C. P. (2018b) ‘Construct validity of the Violence Risk Scale – Sexual Offender Version instrument in a multisite sample of treated sexual offenders.’ Assessment 25(1), 40-55. Access Here.

Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C. and Norcross, J. C. (1992) ‘In search of how people change: Applications to the addictive behaviors.’ American Psychologist 47(9), 1102-1114. Access Here.

Sowden, J. N. (2013) Examining the Relationship of Risk, Treating Readiness and Therapeutic Change to Recidivism in a Sample of Treated Sex Offenders. Doctoral thesis. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. Access Here.

Sowden, J. N. and Olver, M. E. (2017) ‘Use of the violent risk scale – sexual offender version and the Stable 2007 to assess dynamic sexual violence risk in a sample of treated sexual offenders.’ Psychological Assessment 29(3), 293-303. Access Here.

TOOLS AWAITING VALIDATION BARR-2002R Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K. and Blais, J. (2013) User Guide for the Brief Assessment for Recidivism Risk-2002R (BARR-2002R). Based on a paper presented by K. Babchishin at the 32nd Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, October 30th, Chicago, Illinois. Access Here.

Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K. and Blais, J. (2016) ‘Less is more: using Static-2002R subscales to predict violent and general recidivism among sexual offenders.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 28(3), 187-217. Access Here.

Jung, S., Wielinga, F. and Ennis, L. (2018) ‘Can we keep it simple? Using the Barr-2002R with a community-based sex offender sample.’ Journal of Sexual Aggression 24(1), 25-36. Access Here.

Jung, S. and Wielinga, F. (2019) ‘Simplifying the estimation of violence risk by police among individuals charged for sexual assault.’ Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 6(1), 38-50. Access Here.

CPORT Eke, A. W., Maaike Helmus, L. and Seto, M. C. (2018) ‘A Validation Study of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT).’ Sexual Abuse. Access Here.

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Eke, A. W. and Seto, M. C. (2016) Scoring guide for the child pornography offender risk tool (CPORT). Access Here.

Gunnarsdóttir, H. Ó. (2019) Risk Assessment of convicted Child Pornography Offenders in Iceland 2000-2017. Master of Clinical Psychology Thesis. Iceland: Skemann University. Access Here.

Maltais, N. and Sribney, C. (2018) Assessing the Convergent Validity of the VRS:SO and the CPORT with a Community Sample. Poster presentation at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Vancouver, B.C., 17-19 October. Access Here.

Pilan, A. J. M. (2016) The predictive validity of general and offence-specific risk assessment tools for child pornography offenders’ reoffending. Degree of Master of Art thesis. Saskatoon, Canada: University of Saskatchewan. Access Here.

Seto, M. C. and Eke, A. W. (2015) ‘Predicting recidivism among adult male child pornography offenders: development of the child pornography offender risk tool (CPORT).’ Law and Human Behavior 39(4), 416-429. Access Here.

Seto, M. C. and Eke, A. W. (2017).’Correlates of Admitted Sexual Interest in Children Among Individuals Convicted of Child Pornography Offenses.’ Law and Human Behavior 41(3), 305313. Access Here.

KIRAT-2 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2012). A picture of abuse: a thematic assessment of the risk of contact child sexual abuse posed by those who possess indecent images of children. London: CEOP. Access Here.

Long, M. L., Alison, L. A. and McManus, M. A. (2013) ‘Child Pornography and Likelihood of Contact Abuse: A Comparison Between Contact Child Sexual Offenders and Noncontact Offenders.’ Sexual Abuse 25(4), 370–395. Access Here.

Long, M., Alison, L., Tejeiro, R., Hendricks, E. and Giles, S. (2016) ‘KIRAT: Law Enforcement’s Prioritization Tool for Investigating Indecent Image Offenders.’ Psychology, Public Policy and Law 22(1), 12-21. Access Here.

McManus, M.A., Long, M. L. and Alison, L. (2011) ‘Child pornography offenders: towards an evidenced-based approach to prioritizing the investigation of indecent image offences.’ In Alison, L. and Rainbow, L. Professionalizing Offender Profiling: Forensic and Investigative Psychology in Practice. London: Routledge, 178-188. Access Here.

SARN Beech, A. R., Fisher, D. D. and Thornton, D. (2003) ‘Risk assessment of sex offenders.’

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(4), 339-352. Access Here.

Hocken, K., Winder, B. and Grayson, A. (2013) ‘Putting responsivity into risk assessment: the use of the Structured Assessment of Risk and Need (SARN) with sexual offenders who have an intellectual disability.’ Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending 4(3/4), 77-89. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Smid, W. J., Kamphuis, J. H., Weaver, E. C. and Van Beek, D. J. (2014) ‘A comparison of the predictive properties of nine sex offender risk assessment instruments.’ Psychological Assessment 26(3), 691-703. Access Here.

Thornton, D. (2002) ‘Constructing and Testing a Framework for Dynamic Risk Assessment.’

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14 (2), 139-153. Access Here.

Tully, R. J., Browne, K. D. and Craig, L. A. (2015) ‘An examination of the predictive validity of the structured assessment of the risk and needs treatment needs analysis (SARN-TNA) in England and Wales.’ Criminal Justice & Behavior 42(5), 509-528. Access Here.

Webster, S. D., Mann, R. E., Carter, A. J., Long, J., Milner, R. J. O’Brien, M. D., Wakeling, H. C. and Ray, N. L. (2006) ‘Inter-rater reliability of dynamic risk assessment with sexual offenders.’

Psychology, Crime and Law 12(4), 439-452. Access Here.

SOTIPS Lasher, M., McGrath, R. J., Wilson, D., and Cumming, G. F. (2015) ‘Collaborative Treatment Planning Using the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Concordance of Therapist Evaluation and Client Self-Evaluation.’ Internal Journal of Forensic Mental Health 14(1), 1-9. Access Here.

Lasher, M. P. and McGrath, R. J. (2017) ‘Desistance from sexual and other violent offending among child sexual abusers: observations using the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS).’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, 416-431. Access Here.

McGrath, R. J., Lasher, M. P. and Cumming, G. F. (2012) ‘The Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Psychometric properties and incremental predictive validity with Static-99R.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 24(5), 431-458.

Access Here.

McGrath, R. J., Cumming, G. F. and Lasher, M. P. (2013) SOTIPS (Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale) Manual. Middlebury: VT. Access Here.

Miner, M. H., Robinson, B. E., Newstrom N. and Strobel-Ayres, C. (2018) Evaluation of the Implementation of the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS).

National Institute of Justice: Washington, D. C. Access Here.

VASOR-2 McGrath, R. J., Hoke, S. E. and Lasher, M. P. (2013) VASOR-2: Vermont Assessment of Sex Offender Risk-2 Manual. Middlebury, VT. Access Here.

McGrath, R. J., Lasher, M. P., Cumming, G. F., Langton, C. M. and Hoke, S. E. (2014) ‘Development of Vermont Assessment of Sex Offender Risk-2 (VASOR-2) Reoffense Risk Scale.’

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment 26(3), 271-290. Access Here.

RATED page updated: August 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019