Condoleezza Rice April 10, 2010
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The U.S. and The World April 10, 2010
Lead Patron
Altria Group, Inc.
Host Patron
Troutman Sanders LLP
Producer Patron
IBM Corporation
Producer Patron
Longwood University
Producer Patron
Universal Leaf Tobacco Co., Inc.
Opening program
Richmond Symphony String Quartet
National Anthem
Anne O’Byrne
Opening remarks
Bill Chapman Executive Director The Richmond Forum
Welcome and introduction of tonight’s speaker
Presentation
Linda M.Warren Vice President and Controller Altria Group, Inc. Condoleezza Rice Fifteen Minute Intermission for Collection of Audience Questions
Remarks and introduction
Mr. Chapman
of tonight’s moderator Audience Questions Closing Remarks
Dr. Rice and Dr. Stephen Long Mr. Chapman
Tonight’s presentation may not be recorded or photographed by any means for any purpose. The Forum’s publications are printed by B&B Printing.
tonight ’s pr ogra m
Condoleezza Rice
t o n i g h t ’s l e a d pat r o n
Tonight’s Lead Patron Altria Group is the parent company of Philip Morris USA, the largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States, and U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company and John Middleton - recent acquisitions that provided leading brands in the growing moist smokeless tobacco and machinemade cigar categories. Altria also owns Philip Morris Capital Corporation, Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, and has a minority interest in SABMiller. With this new corporate structure, Altria Group owns the premier tobacco makers and marketers in the United States. Each of these companies brings not only over a century’s worth of history, manufacturing and product development, they’re also the stewards of world class brands like Marlboro, Skoal, Copenhagen and Black & Mild. The strength of their brands, employee expertise, and loyal adult consumer base will continue to contribute to Altria’s long record of providing excellent returns to its shareholders. Altria also understands that industry leadership means more than just financial strength and brand performance. As the parent company, Altria is focused on setting standards and priorities for its companies, including valuing
and respecting employees, working to reduce the harm associated with cigarettes and other tobacco products, and partnering locally to improve the quality of life in the communities where we work and do business. We know that our companies’ future success will also be based on continuing to satisfy adult tobacco consumers while listening and responding to the concerns of our stakeholders and critics. Our companies have a history of taking proactive and voluntary actions that have changed the way the tobacco industry operates. With continued guidance from Altria’s Mission and Values, our companies can discover more ways to responsibly grow and succeed.
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UNIVERSAL LEADERSHIP
The first African-American woman to hold the post of secretary of state of the United States—it is certainly not a distinction people in Birmingham, Alabama in the mid-1950s would have imagined for a young Condoleezza Rice. They would, of course, have been underestimating the determination of a girl who played piano at three, as well as the inspiration provided by her parents—educators who refused to be deterred by the formidable obstacles of segregated life and education. Born in Birmingham in 1954, Dr. Rice is the only child of a Presbyterian minister/ educator father and a high school teacher mother. In 1967, she moved with her family to Denver, Colorado, and in 1970 she enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father was an assistant dean. Through a course taught by Josef Korbel—father of Madeleine Albright— Rice became interested in Soviet studies and international relations. In 1974 at age 19, Phi Beta Kappa honoree Rice earned her B.A. in political science. In 1975, she received a master’s degree in political science from Notre Dame. She then worked as a State Department intern during the Carter administration before returning to the University of Denver to pursue a Ph.D. from the Graduate School for International Studies, which she received in 1981. Rice joined the faculty of Stanford University in 1981 as an assistant professor of political science and served as associate professor from 1987 to 1993. At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, she met and impressed former Ford administration national security advisor Brent Scowcroft. When Scowcroft was reappointed to the security advisor position by President George H.W. Bush, he asked Rice
to be the Soviet expert on the National Security Council where she then served two years. In 1993, she was named provost of Stanford University and a senior fellow of the Institute for International Studies there. During George W. Bush’s presidential campaign in 2000, she took a leave of absence from Stanford to serve as the campaign’s foreign policy advisor. Following the election, she was appointed national security advisor—the first woman to hold that position—and was a key player in the administration’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003 and remove Saddam Hussein. In 2004, following the resignation of Colin Powell, Rice was appointed secretary of state, a position she held through the end of the second Bush term in January of 2009. She traveled widely as secretary of state, pursuing the expansion of democratic governments across the globe and new solutions to hostilities in the Middle East. At the close of the Bush administration, Dr. Rice returned to Stanford where she is currently a professor of political science and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution. The girl who first studied piano at age three is an accomplished non-professional pianist who played Mozart with the Denver Symphony at age 15, studied at the Aspen Music Festival and School, and accompanied cellist Yo-Yo Ma at the National Medal of Arts awards in 2002.
tonight ’s speaker
Condoleezza Rice
IBM Corporation welcomes Dr. Condoleezza Rice to The Richmond Forum.
Let’s Build a Smarter Planet. www.ibm.com/smarterplanet
Tonight’s moderator, Dr. Stephen Long, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Richmond. Prior to assuming his position at the University of Richmond in the fall of 2009, he taught at Kansas State University for four years. Dr. Long’s academic focus is international relations, specifically international conflict and security issues. Currently, he is completing research that uses advanced simulations to evaluate the chances that Iraq’s neighboring states will intervene in Iraqi affairs after the withdrawal of American forces. Long has published articles on how international rivalries change the length
of wars, how a nation’s reputation affects the likelihood of war, and what factors cause military success and failure in war. In addition to his research, Prof. Long teaches the core introductory course in international relations, upper-level courses in foreign policy, international conflict, and related topics in the political science major, as well as courses in the university’s nationally recognized major in international studies. Stephen Long earned a B.A. in political science from Furman University in 1999, an M.A. in political science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2001, and a Ph.D. in political science from UNC-Chapel Hill in 2005. He is married to Debbie Long and they had their first child, Grant, in December 2009.
Richmond Symphony String Quartet The Richmond Symphony String Quartet consists of the four principal string players in the orchestra: the concertmaster, principal second violin, principal viola and principal cello. The String Quartet has been in existence since the Richmond Symphony was founded in 1957 and frequently appears throughout Virginia. Karen Johnson, concertmaster, has been with the Richmond Symphony since 2002. She studied at Juilliard and the University of Maryland. Ellen Cockerham, principal second violin, joined the Richmond Symphony in December 2009. Previously, she held the same title in the Canton (Ohio) Symphony and in CityMusic Cleveland. Molly Sharp, principal viola, holds The Mary Anne Rennolds Chair and has been with the Symphony since 1993. She studied at Vanderbilt
Univer sity/Blair School of Music and the Cleveland Institute of Music. Neal Cary, principal cello, has been with the Richmond Symphony since the 1988-89 season. Prior to moving to Richmond, Karen Johnson he was co-principal cellist of the Kansas City Philharmonic and assistant principal cellist of theTulsa Philharmonic, the San Antonio Symphony, and the Denver Symphony Orchestras. Tonight’s musical performance is made possible by the generous support of Moore Cadillac Company.
t o n i g h t ’s m o d e r at o r a n d m u s i c i a n s
Stephen Long
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President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia Africa and its Place in the World November 6, 2010 Internationally known as Africa’s “Iron Lady,” President Sirleaf is the continent’s first elected female president and a leading promoter of peace, justice and democratic rule. She has lead her war-torn nation of Liberia in the restoration of peace and freedom, while enacting economic, social and political change. In 2009 she chronicled her journey, from an abused young wife to a powerful political figure, in the memoir This Child Will Be Great. President Sirleaf will be the first-ever sitting head of state to address The Richmond Forum.
Laura W. Bush An Evening with the Former First Lady January 15, 2011 Laura Bush was one of the most popular first ladies in American history, and she will be the first to address The Richmond Forum. From her time in the White House to her continuing personal commitment to education, women’s health and human rights, Laura Bush has a unique and wideranging perspective that she will share with our audience. Her much-awaited memoir, Spoken from the Heart, is scheduled for release in May 2010.
Anderson Cooper A 360-Degree Look at World Events February 19, 2011 Anderson Cooper is the Emmy Award-winning anchor of CNN’s Anderson Cooper 360°. In recent years Cooper has covered nearly every major news event around the world, often reporting from the scene; including the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti. Cooper also provides reports for CBS’s 60 Minutes and is the author of the New York Times bestseller, Dispatches from the Edge, based in part on his coverage of the tsunami in South Asia and Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans.
Dr. George Church The Personal Genomics Revolution March 19, 2011 The advent of direct-to-consumer DNA testing means that anyone with cash and curiosity can now glimpse their genetic makeup. Personal genomics will soon become common currency as we strive to understand our individual risk profiles for disease, our physical and biological characteristics, and our personal ancestries. Dr. George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and creator of the Personal Genome Project, will address the benefits, consequences, and societal implications of the “Personal Genomics Revolution.”
David Blaine Does the Human Body have Limits? April 16, 2011 Called a “latter day Houdini,” David Blaine has not only redefined magic but also set new boundaries for human endurance. He holds several world records, including one for holding his breath underwater for 17 minutes and 4 seconds. Blaine will give The Richmond Forum audience a rare look behind the physical feats that have expanded our understanding of what the human body can do; from the sources of the ideas, to his research and physical preparation, to the feats themselves...all undertaken for the purpose of making us believe the unbelievable.
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Congress created the position of Secretary of State as the principal officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs (later renamed Department of State).The Secretary was to perform such duties as the President required, in accordance with the Constitution, relating to correspondence, commission, or instructions to U.S. ministers or consuls abroad, and to conduct negotiations with foreign representatives. The Secretary has also served as principal adviser to the President in the determination and execution of U.S. foreign policy and in recent decades has become responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U.S. Government overseas, except for certain military activities.
1801-1829: Securing the Republic Thomas Jefferson (1790-1793) As the nation’s first Secretary of State, Jefferson successfully balanced the country’s relatively weak geopolitical position and his fear of expansive federal powers with his desire for U.S. territorial and commercial expansion. Edmund Randolph (1794-1795) Randolph assisted in the negotiations of the 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain, opening the Mississippi River to U.S. navigation and fixing the boundaries between Spanish possessions and the United States.The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty, which secured commercial ties with Great Britain. Randolph’s opposition to the Treaty led to his resignation. Timothy Pickering (1795-1800) Pickering followed a pro-British agenda and did not share Presidents Washington’s and Adams’ qualms about political entanglements with warring European powers. The XYZ affair propelled Pickering’s desire to ally with Great Britain in a full-scale war with France. John Marshall (1800-1801) Marshall backed the Convention of 1800 between the U.S. and France, which finally ended the undeclared naval war between the two countries.
James Madison (1801-1809) Together with President Jefferson, he organized the negotiations with France that led to the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Robert Smith (1809-1811) President Madison did not trust Smith’s competence and redrafted many of his diplomatic notes. Smith’s diplomatic mission to improve relations with Great Britain proved a failure. James Monroe (1811-1817) Monroe encouraged Congress to issue a war declaration against Great Britain. He served simultaneously as acting Secretary of War during the War of 1812 and also managed the expansion of the U.S. military occupation of Florida. John Quincy Adams (1817-1825) The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, was largely responsible for the Acquisition of Florida and the U.S. assumption of Spain’s claim to the Oregon Country. Adams also achieved a favorable convention with Russia in 1824 that recognized the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country. Henry Clay (1825-1829) Clay based his foreign policy plan on the socalled “American System,” emphasizing federal support of national economic development, a harbinger of modern U.S. diplomacy.
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U.S. Secretaries of State: Their Challenges & Achievements
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Martin Van Buren (1829-1831) Van Buren reached a settlement with Great Britain to allow trade with the British West Indies; secured a settlement with France gaining reparations for property seized during the Napoleonic Wars; and, settled a commercial treaty with the Ottoman Empire that granted U.S. traders access to the Black Sea. Edward Livingston (1831-1833) Livingston rewrote President Jackson’s famous Nullification Proclamation of 1832 that responded to a crisis over states’ authority to nullify federal law. Louis McLane (1833-1834) McLane’s central achievement was a successful re-organization of the State Department’s staff into distinct bureaus. His main foreign policy success was an arrangement with the Spanish Government that settled U.S. claims for property seized by Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. John Forsyth (1834-1841) Forsyth coordinated with President Jackson on U.S. recognition of an independent Texas Republic. He also labored to diffuse the controversy stirred by the Amistad case. Ultimately the Supreme Court held against the Van Buren Administration’s position, and the African slaves were returned to Sierra Leone in 1842. Daniel Webster (1841-43, 1850-52) Webster negotiated the Anglo-America WebsterAshburton Treaty of 1842 that settled the Maine boundary, increased U.S. involvement in suppressing the African slave trade, and included an extradition clause that would become a model for future treaties. Webster also dedicated significant attention to domestic affairs such as the compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law. Abel Parker Upshur (1843-1844) Upshur pursued a goal of territorial expansion and reopened negotiations for the eventual
Annexation of Texas in 1845. He also worked to settle a prolonged border dispute with Great Britain over the Oregon Territory, resulting in the Oregon Treaty of 1846. John C. Calhoun (1844-1845) Calhoun pressed for annexation of a pro-slavery Texas, which deeply troubled President Tyler, however, Tyler recommended annexation by a joint resolution of Congress that passed days before he left office in 1845.The U.S. also signed its first commercial treaty with China, the Treaty of Wangxia. James Buchanan (1845-1849) Buchanan supported U.S. efforts to annex Texas and was charged with negotiating a settlement on the boundary dispute with Great Britain over the Oregon Territory. John M. Clayton (1849-1850) Clayton’s key achievement was the ClaytonBulwer Treaty over building a proposed AngloAmerican canal through the Central American Republic of Nicaragua. The canal never went beyond the planning stages and was supplanted by the canal in Panama. Edward Everett (1852-1853) During Everett’s four-month tenure he drafted a formal letter to the Emperor of Japan for the Perry Expedition, which facilitated Japanese trade with the West. William L. Marcy (1853-1857) Marcy negotiated many treaties including the Gadsden Treaty, adding nearly 30,000 square miles to the U.S. and making possible a transcontinental railroad. Lewis Cass (1857-1860) Cass negotiated final settlement of the ClaytonBulwer Treaty, limiting both U.S. and British control throughout Latin America. The British also relinquished their claim to the right to search American vessels under Cass’s tenure.
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1830-1860: Diplomacy & Westward Expansion
Jeremiah S. Black (1860-1861) During Black’s three-month commission, he instructed U.S. diplomatic representatives abroad to caution their respective governments against recognition of the Confederacy.
William Henry Seward (1861-1869) Seward carefully managed international affairs during the Civil War, and also negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska, which was mocked by the public as “Seward’s Folly.”
1866-1898: The Continued Expansion of U.S. Interests Elihu B. Washburne (1869-1869) Washburne’s twelve-day appointment remains the shortest term of any Secretary of State. Hamilton Fish (1869-1877) Fish encountered challenges related to the unpopular Johnson-Clarendon Convention, an agreement made to resolve Civil War disputes over issues such as the British-built Confederate warship Alabama. On April 13, 1869, the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Convention. Later in Fish’s tenure he faced Indian raids and poor law enforcement along the border with Mexico. William M. Evarts (1877-1881) The U.S. had followed a policy of recognizing Mexican governments as they came into effective control of Mexico, but Evarts decided to place several conditions on his recognition of Porfirio Díaz’s government, and the right of U.S. troops to cross the Mexican border in pursuit of Indian raiders. Díaz’s government responded by moving troops to the border and war seemed possible. Evarts backed down and extended recognition, but did not withdraw the order allowing pursuit across the border until 1880. Evarts also faced domestic challenges from anti-immigration supporters on the West Coast, who began to make stronger demands that Chinese immigrants be prevented from entering the United States despite the provisions of the 1868 BurlingameSeward treaty. James G. Blaine (1881-1881 & 1889-92) Blaine advocated for American commercial
expansion and increased naval power; negotiated for the release of U.S. citizens who had been arrested and confined without trial in Ireland as part of a British crackdown on Irish nationalist rent boycotts; and, oversaw the Pan-American Conference which covered trade, communication, and legal issues, and eventually led to the establishment of the Pan-American Union. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (1881-1885) Frelinghuysen instructed delegates to the 1884 Berlin Conference, where German leader Otto von Bismarck sought to mediate the European scramble for Africa. Frelinghuysen also oversaw and approved Rear Admiral Robert Shufeldt’s attempt to secure a treaty with Korea. Thomas F. Bayard (1885-1889) Bayard intervened in the ongoing disputes over U.S. fishing rights in Canada and Newfoundland; he oversaw the Senate’s ratification of the renewal of the reciprocity treaty with Hawaii; and, he hosted the inconclusive Washington Conference intended to de-escalate tensions between Germany, Great Britain, and the U.S.’s competition for influence over Samoa. John W. Foster (1892-1893) Foster attempted to counter British attempts at imperial expansion in Samoa and the Mosquito Coast. Foster also worked to negotiate a 99-year lease for a naval base in the Dominican Republic, but financial demands by the Dominican government made Congress unwilling to approve the lease.
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1861-1865: The Civil War & International Diplomacy
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Walter Q. Gresham (1893-1895) Gresham encountered ongoing problems regarding the status and treatment of U.S. citizens in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government, at times, refused re-entry of emigrants who had become U.S. citizens. His attempts to secure rights for U.S. citizens, particularly during a time of Turkish-Armenian tensions, were rebuffed. Gresham attempted to do what was possible for U.S. citizens in the Empire, while continuing a policy of non-intervention in European affairs. Richard Olney (1895-1897) Olney played a significant role in mediating the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guyana.
John Sherman (1897-1898) Sherman’s tenure was marked by tension between him, President McKinley, and Assistant Secretary of State William R. Day. Sherman did wield influence when it came to upholding the American interpretation of most-favored-nation treatment in matters relating to international trade. He also worked to secure U.S. commercial concessions in China; many of his policies would become part of the Open Door Policy at the turn of the century. William R. Day (1898-1898) Day assumed the position of Secretary of State just a few days after the start of the Spanish-American War, which dominated his brief tenure. He worked tirelessly to secure the neutrality of Europe during the war, as well as on the annexation of Hawaii.
Six of America’s first fifteen presidents previously served as Secretary of State. The last to do so was James Buchanan (1845-1849). 1899-1913: Defending U.S. International Interests John Milton Hay (1898-1905) Hay was a proponent of increased trade through the Open Door Policy. He worked to encourage stability in China and to counteract the rising nationalism that threatened foreign interests in China—this included the challenge of the Boxer Rebellion. Hay also secured the settlement of the Alaska-Canada boundary controversy, and he helped secure, by treaty, the right for the U.S. to construct and defend the Panama Canal in 1903. Elihu Root (1905-1909) Root worked to ease tensions in Cuba over the Platt Amendment, and in Colombia over the role the U.S. played in Panamanian independence at the outset of the construction of the Canal. Root also reorganized the Department of State and created the first Foreign Service Exam.
Robert Bacon (1909-1909) Bacon became full Secretary only for the last 37 days of President Theodore Roosevelt’s term. However, he successfully passed treaties between Colombia, Panama and the U.S. regarding the Panama Canal through the Senate. Philander C. Knox (1909-1913) Knox continued the Open Door Policy of his predecessors and pursued an even more aggressive role in encouraging and protecting American investments abroad. His emphasis on trade to promote democracy and stability became known as “Dollar Diplomacy.” Knox also successfully negotiated the Bering Sea controversy that was designed to put an end to the devastating slaughter of seals. The treaty was signed by the U.S., Great Britain, Japan and Russia in 1911.
William Jennings Bryan (1913-1915) Bryan’s major accomplishment was his negotiation of peace treaties that pledged the 30 signatories to refrain from hostilities during arbitration of disputes. He also negotiated the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty in 1914 (ratified by the Senate in 1916), which permitted the United States the latitude to construct an isthmian canal across Nicaragua and rights to build naval bases at the Gulf of Fonseca and on the Corn Islands.
Robert Lansing (1915-1920) Lansing signed the Treaty of 1916 for the purchase of the Danish West Indies and the Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917 with Japan—a pledge between the U.S. and Japan to uphold the Open Door Policy in China, while recognizing that Japan had special interests in China. Lansing was also one of the lead American negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and is credited with establishing the Diplomatic Security Service.
1921-1936: Interwar Diplomacy Bainbridge Colby (1920-1921) Despite Colby’s efforts, the Senate refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty following World War One and contested U.S. membership in Wilson’s League of Nations. Colby formulated a non-recognition policy toward the Soviet Union based on its promotion of international communism and the threat it posed to existing governments and he successfully negotiated recognition and normal diplomatic relations with the Mexican Government following the Mexican Revolution. Charles Evans Hughes (1921-1925) Hughes increased U.S. prestige in Latin America by arbitrating disputes between countries in the Western Hemisphere. During his tenure the U.S. recognized the new government in Mexico and compensated Colombia for the 1903 Panamanian revolt, which the U.S. had supported. Hughes also directed the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-22, which resulted in the Five-Power Treaty, which set the ratio of naval strength among the five largest naval powers; signed several agreements with the Japanese limiting the deployments of Japanese and U.S. military forces in the Pacific Ocean; ended the state of war with Germany with the Treaty of Berlin; and, worked
to improve morale and increase the level of talent in the Department of State by supporting the “Rogers Act,”which would eventually result in a professional, highly-trained Foreign Service. Frank B. Kellogg (1925-1929) Kellogg’s most lasting achievement, was the negotiation of the Kellogg-Briand pact. This multilateral pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy. It was ratified overwhelmingly by the U.S. Senate in 1929, despite criticism that it could never be an effective deterrent to war. Henry L. Stimson (1929-1933) He headed the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference in 1930, which succeeded in limiting the naval race among the largest naval powers, although Japan would withdraw from the agreement in 1935. He also led the U.S. delegation to the Geneva Disarmament Conference in 1932.Upon Japan’s occupation of Manchuria in 1931, Stimson articulated what later became known as the “Stimson Doctrine,” that the U.S. would recognize no diminution of U.S. treaty rights brought about by aggression. He also attempted, unsuccessfully, to limit the economic effects of war debts, but was thwarted by the U.S. Congress’ adoption of the HawleySmoot Tariff.
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1914-1920: World War One & Wilsonian Diplomacy
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Cordell Hull (1933-1944) Hull helped secure the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA), which gave the President the authority to personally negotiate bilateral tariff reductions. Hull also championed the creation of the United Nations. Edward Stettinius Jr. (1944-1945) Stettinius accompanied President Roosevelt to the
Yalta Conference where they met with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin to discuss issues such as the Pacific War with Japan, the future political status of Eastern Europe, and what should be done with Germany following its surrender. Stettinius also chaired the U.S. delegation to the conference, which brought together delegates from 50 Allied nations to create the U.N.
1945-1952: The Early Cold War James F. Byrnes (1945-1947) Byrnes accompanied President Truman to the Potsdam Conference, a critical turning point in U.S.-Soviet relations. He continued to negotiate the post-war alliance at conferences in London and Moscow. He was a proponent of using the newly-developed atomic bomb against Japan, and under his advice, two atomic bombs were detonated over Japan in August, 1945. During Byrnes’ tenure George Kennan authored his famous 1946 “Long Telegram,” advocating a change in policy towards the Soviets. Truman and Byrnes implemented these changes swiftly, laying the foundations for the early Cold War.
George Catlett Marshall (1947-1949) Marshall led the effort to formulate and secure congressional support for the massive aid package to Western Europe that would become known as the Marshall Plan. The U.S. also negotiated the InterAmerican Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Dean Acheson (1949-1953) Acheson recognized that the Soviet Union was not only an ideological opponent, but also a serious geopolitical challenge to U.S. interests. He supported the formation of NATO, a defensive alliance geared to counter the Soviet threat to Europe.
1953-1960: Entrenchment of a Bi-Polar Foreign Policy John Foster Dulles (1953-1959) Dulles worked to secure international mutual security agreements while at the same time reducing the number of troops in the U.S. military and the production of conventional weapons.
Christian Herter (1959-1961) Herter helped oversee U.S. diplomacy during the 1958 invasion of Lebanon, the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis with Communist China, and the U-2 incident in 1960.
1961-1968: Entangling Alliances Dean Rusk (1961-1969) Rusk advocated a “dignified diplomacy” emphasizing civility and communication between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Rusk’s diplomatic orientation and his ability to
evaluate and judge competing points of view defused tensions during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and contributed toward the successful negotiation of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in August 1963.
u . s . s e c r e ta r i e s o f s tat e ( c o n t i n u e d )
1937-1945: Diplomacy & the Road to Another War
u . s . s e c r e ta r i e s o f s tat e ( c o n t i n u e d )
Condoleezza Rice is the sixth former Secretary of State to address The Richmond Forum.
1969-1976: Detente William P. Rogers (1969-1973) Rogers brokered a lasting peace settlement between Israel, its Arab neighbors, and the Palestinian refugees. The “Rogers Plan,” called for the collective action on the part of the U.S., the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France to implement U.N. Resolution 242 which ended the Third Arab-Israeli War. Ultimately, none of the concerned parties were able to agree on a suitable framework for implementing Rogers’ initiative, thereby leading to the outbreak of the Fourth Arab-Israeli War in October 1973.
Henry Kissinger (1973-1977) During the Fourth Arab-Israeli War, Kissinger worked to ensure Israel received an airlift of U.S. military supplies, turning the war in Israel’s favor, and leading OPEC to initiate an oil embargo against the United States. After the implementation of a U.N. sponsored ceasefire, Kissinger began a series of “shuttle diplomacy” missions, in which he traveled between various Middle East capitals to reach disengagement agreements between the enemy combatants. Kissinger’s efforts contributed to OPEC’s decision to lift the embargo.
1977-1980: The Quest for Peace Cyrus Vance (1977-1980) Vance helped negotiate the Panama Canal Treaty, which would relinquish U.S. control of the canal zone; the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty, the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab neighbor; the restoration of full diplomatic relations with China; and a settlement among political factions in Zimbabwe that allowed for majority rule.
Edmund S. Muskie (1980-1981) During Muskie’s nine-month tenure he conducted the first high-level meeting with the Soviet government after its December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. He also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the “Carter Doctrine,” which aimed to limit Soviet expansion into the Middle East and Persian Gulf.
1981-1989: The Denouement of the Cold War Alexander M. Haig, Jr. (1981-1982) Haig was challenged with the Soviet presence in Afghanistan, the Solidarity movement in Poland, disputes with the People’s Republic of China over trade and Taiwan, and a new round of conflict between Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. He strengthened the NATO alliance and helped to re-orient the focus of U.S. foreign policy back toward the Soviet Union.
George P. Schultz (1982-1989) Shultz neogtiated a war-ending agreement between Israel and Lebanon, defused trade disputes with Japan, and helped to draft and sign landmark arms control treaties and other agreements that helped to diminish U.S.-Soviet antagonism. Under Schultz’s leadership, U.S. diplomacy helped to pave the way for the ending of the Cold War during 1989.
James A. Baker III (1989-1992) Baker was influential in overseeing American foreign policy during the tumultuous and touchy times following communism’s downfall in Eastern Europe and the break-up of the former Soviet Union. He was also the driving force behind creating a coalition of nations to repel Saddam Hussein and Iraq from Kuwait during the First Persian Gulf War. Lawrence Eagleburger (1992-1993) Eagleburger gained a reputation as a strong Serbian supporter and denied that there had been atrocities committed in Croatia. He also played a key role during the First Persian Gulf War. Warren Christopher (1993-1997) Under Christopher, Israel, the Palestinians, and Jordanians signed peace treaties, resulting in the Oslo Accords and the Israel-Jordan peace treaty. He promoted the Partnership for Peace Program, which advocated the expansion of NATO eastward into the former Soviet bloc nations; convinced President Clinton to officially restore diplomatic relations with Vietnam; and conducted negotiations between Serbia and Bosnia that resulted in the Dayton Accords and the end of the Bosnian War. Madeleine K. Albright (1997-2001) Albright promoted the expansion of NATO eastward into the former Soviet bloc nations and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons from the former Soviet republics to rogue nations, successfully pressed for military intervention under NATO auspices during the humanitarian crisis in Kosovo in 1999, supported the expansion of free-market democratization and the creation of civil societies in the developing world, favored the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol on Global Climate Change, and furthered the normalization of relations with Vietnam.
Colin L. Powell (2001-2005) Powell’s term was dominated by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. He was one of the foremost supporters of taking swift military action against al-Qaeda and demanded immediate cooperation from Afghanistan and Pakistan in the U.S. search for those who were complicit in the attacks. Powell worked to improve relationships with Russia and China, pushed the Administration to increase its commitment to the international fight against AIDS, and oversaw a doubling of development assistance funding. He also pressed for international cooperation to halt the nuclear weapons programs of North Korea and Iran, and achieved an important nonproliferation success when Libya agreed to give up its weapons programs in 2003. Condoleezza Rice (2005-2009) Rice supported the expansion of democratic governments, and championed the idea of “Transformational Diplomacy.” Rice helped successfully negotiate several agreements in the Middle East, including Israeli withdrawal from and the opening of the Gaza border crossings in 2005 and the 2006 ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah forces in Lebanon. Rice organized the Annapolis Conference, which focused on finding a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian problem. In 2008 one of her most successful negotiations came to fruition, with the signing of the U.S.-India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement), which would allow civil nuclear trade between the two countries. Achievements are greatly abridged for space. Source: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian.
u . s . s e c r e ta r i e s o f s tat e ( c o n t i n u e d )
1989-2010: The Post Cold War Era
previous program
Steve Forbes at The Richmond Forum March 6, 2010 Harrison and Ethan Roday (l to r), Steve Forbes, Lisa and Leon Roday, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, Genworth Financial, Lead Patron for the evening, at the reception.
Martha and Tom Rideout (l to r), and Scott and Suzie Garber, were guests of The Trust Company of Virginia, a Producer Patron for the evening.
Kim Scheeler, President, Greater Richmond Chamber, moderated the Q&A session with Steve Forbes.
Kim and Donna Scheeler shared a moment with Steve Forbes at the reception.
The smooth delivery and unique sound of the Butterbean Jazz Quartet entertained the audience.
previous program
Craig R. Smith, President and CEO, Owens & Minor, Host Patron for the evening, and Cindy Smith, welcomed Steve Forbes to Richmond. Mark Hourigan (standing), President of Hourigan Construction, a Producer Patron for the evening, and his guests (l to r): Susan and Alan Nordlinger, Anne and Lew Boggs, Jayne and Bobby Ukrop.
Tim Butturini (l to r), Regional President, Wachovia, a Wells Fargo Company, in the Greater Virginia area, a Producer Patron for the evening, Grace Butturini, J. Chris Harvie, Senior Vice PresidentInvestments, Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, Karen Harvie, Autumn and Jeff Bosch, at the dinner.
Steve Forbes stressed the importance of capitalism and free markets during his remarks to the sell-out Forum audience.
Steve Forbes (center) poses with some of the students who viewed the program from the Student room, sponsored by The Powell Center for Economic Literacy.
Executive Committee
Judith W. Pahren Chair Capital One Bruce Kelley Vice Chair Program Committee Chair The Martin Agency Jacques J. Moore, Jr. Immediate Past Chair Moore Cadillac Company W. Jefferson O’Flaherty Treasurer Xenith Bank Henry S. Fine* Treasurer Northwestern Mutual Financial Network *Deceased, August 25, 2009
H. Michael Ligon Secretary Universal Leaf Tobacco Co. Douglas M. Nabhan Vice Chair, Legal Affairs Williams Mullen
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pa st speakers
Past Speakers 1987 January February March April
Ted Koppel “Iran: Yesterday and Today” Hodding Carter, Paul Duke and Larry Speakes Diane Sawyer with General Brent Scowcroft Charles Kuralt
1994 November January February March April
“America in the Year 2000” Lamar Alexander, Marvin Cetron, Senator Warren Rudman and Chris Wallace Louis Rukeyser with Frank Cappiello and Michael Holland President George H. W. Bush Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Bob Newhart
1988 January February March April
Oprah Winfrey George Will “The Cold War – Will it Thaw?” Marvin Kalb, Jeane Kirkpatrick and Vladimir Pozner Art Buchwald
1995 November January February March April
General Colin Powell Walter Cronkite with Judy Woodruff Dave Barry Tom Clancy Jack Kemp and Senator George Mitchell
1989 January February March April
Sam Donaldson John Chancellor and Henry Kissinger “Should Drugs be Legalized?” William Buckley and Charles Rangel Dr. Carl Sagan
1996 November January February March April
Ambassador Carla Hills and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney “Space and Flight: The First & Last Men on the Moon” Neil Armstrong, Capt. Eugene Cernan, David Hartman and Dick Rutan Calvin Trillin Charles Kuralt “The Presidency, The Press and The People” Ed Bradley, David Gergen, Pierre Salinger, Sheila Tate and Bob Woodward
1990 January February March April
Paul Duke, Howard Fineman and Charles McDowell “Perspectives – From Right to Left” Frank Carlucci, Bettina Gregory, George McGovern, William Proxmire and William Rusher Mike Wallace Alistair Cooke
1997 November January February March April
Dick Cavett and Carl Reiner Ray Brady with Paul A. Volcker “To Preserve and Protect: The Story of the American Presidency” Doris Kearns Goodwin and David McCullough Sir David Frost interviews Andrew Lloyd Webber “The Legal System in America” Marcia Clark, Philip K. Howard, Prof. Arthur Miller, Dr. Rodney Smolla and The Hon. Kym Worthy
1991 October January February March April
Chancellor Helmut Schmidt “Crisis in the Persian Gulf” Admiral William Crowe, General Alexander Haig, Robert McFarlane and Edwin Newman H. Ross Perot Art Buchwald and Andy Rooney “Space and Beyond” James Burke, Dr. Frank Drake and James Lovell Barbara Walters Margaret Thatcher Larry King with General Norman Schwarzkopf “DNA: From Catching Criminals to Constructing Dinosaurs” Patricia Cornwell, Dr. Victor McKusick and Dr. Marc Micozzi Mark Russell
1998 November January February March April
Bill Moyers Wynton Marsalis Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Dan Raviv Mary Tyler Moore Peter Lynch
1992 October January February March April
1999 November January February March April
Rt. Hon. John Major Robert S. Bennett and Dr. William J. Bennett with Tim Russert Harry S. Dent, Jr. and Lou Dobbs Lily Tomlin Dr. Robert Ballard and Jean-Michel Cousteau
1993 October January February March April
Terry Anderson “Japanese/American Trade Debate” with Hiroki Kato and T. Boone Pickens Dr. Joyce Brothers Bill Cosby Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev with Cokie Roberts
2000 November January February March April
Julie Andrews with Catherine Crier “The Century” Todd Brewster and Peter Jennings “Technology and the New Marketplace” Ray Brady, Michael Connors and John Krubski Archbishop Desmond Tutu James Carville and Newt Gingrich with Tim Russert
Senator John Glenn Tom Brokaw Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu with Daniel Schorr Frank McCourt Dr. William Kelso
2002 November January February March April
Hal Holbrook in “Mark Twain Tonight!” Rabbi Marc Gellman and Msgr. Thomas Hartman Dick Clark Doris Kearns Goodwin and David McCullough The Hon. Madeleine K. Albright and The Hon. James A. Baker III with Gwen Ifill
2003 November January February March April
Ken Burns The Hon. Rudolph W. Giuliani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and Her Majesty Queen Noor with Gwen Ifill FBI Director Louis Freeh Senator Fred Thompson
2004 November January February March April
Cal Ripken, Jr. Robert Shiller and Jeremy Siegel with Geoff Colvin Candice Bergen Rt. Hon. Mary Robinson Thomas L. Friedman
2005 November January February March April
General Tommy Franks Michael Beschloss and Walter Isaacson Tim Russert Fareed Zakaria Frank Gehry
2006 ovember N January February March April
Robert Redford Sherry Lansing General Colin Powell Tom Wolfe Rick Wagoner with Geoff Colvin
2007 November January February March April
Burt Rutan Malcolm Gladwell and Alvin Toffler B.B. King Jim Lehrer Dr. Jared Diamond
2008 November January February March April
President Vicente Fox Carly Fiorina Michael Douglas with Jeffrey Brown Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. David Brooks
2009 November January February March April
Rt. Hon. Tony Blair Reza Aslan and Jon Meacham Smokey Robinson with Daphne Maxwell Reid Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long Marion Nestle and Michael Pollan
2010 November Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson January Greg Mortenson March Steve Forbes
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pa st speakers
2001 November January February March April
Coming to The Richmond Forum May 8, 2010 David Plouffe The Future of the Democratic Process As campaign manager for Barack Obama, David Plouffe is credited with building the most innovative presidential campaign in U.S. history, boldly using Internet-based technologies to set new records for fundraising and grass roots mobilization. Now he brings to The Forum his perspective on the future of the American democratic process in a world of Tweeting senators, blogging constituents, social networks for every special interest and policy position, and untold new ways for administrations to communicate directly with citizens. Plouffe will explore how these new technologies could reshape the political process in America. In 2000, Plouffe joined the political consulting firm AKP&D Message and Media—founded by Obama campaign colleague David Axelrod—and became a partner in the firm in 2004. Plouffe’s book on the 2008 presidential election, The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama’s Historic Victory was released in November.
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